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Ahlstrom U. Chromosomes of primary carcinomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in the rat. Hereditas 2009; 78:235-44. [PMID: 4463176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1974.tb01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Iype PT, Malan-Shibley L, Raychaudhuri R. Sequential Chromosomal Alterations in Rat Liver Epithelial Cells During Aflatoxin-Induced Neoplastic TransformationIn Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569548909059750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Duesberg P, Li R, Rasnick D, Rausch C, Willer A, Kraemer A, Yerganian G, Hehlmann R. Aneuploidy precedes and segregates with chemical carcinogenesis. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 119:83-93. [PMID: 10867141 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A century ago, Boveri proposed that cancer is caused by aneuploidy, an abnormal balance of chromosomes, because aneuploidy correlates with cancer and because experimental aneuploidy generates "pathological" phenotypes. Half a century later, when cancers were found to be nonclonal for aneuploidy, but clonal for somatic gene mutations, this hypothesis was abandoned. As a result, aneuploidy is now generally viewed as a consequence, and mutated genes as a cause of cancer. However, we have recently proposed a two-stage mechanism of carcinogenesis that resolves the discrepancy between clonal mutation and nonclonal karyotypes. The proposal is as follows: in stage 1, a carcinogen "initiates" carcinogenesis by generating a preneoplastic aneuploidy; in stage 2, aneuploidy causes asymmetric mitosis because it biases balance-sensitive spindle and chromosomal proteins and alters centrosomes both numerically and structurally (in proportion to the degree of aneuploidy). Therefore, the karyotype of an initiated cell evolves autocatalytically, generating ever-new chromosome combinations, including neoplastic ones. Accordingly, the heterogeneous karyotypes of "clonal" cancers are an inevitable consequence of the karyotypic instability of aneuploid cells. The notorious long latent periods, of months to decades, from carcinogen to carcinogenesis, would reflect the low probability of evolving by chance karyotypes that compete favorably with normal cells, in principle analagous to natural evolution. Here, we have confirmed experimentally five predictions of the aneuploidy hypothesis: (1) the carcinogens dimethylbenzanthracene and cytosine arabinoside induced aneuploidy in a fraction of treated Chinese hamster embryo cells; (2) aneuploidy preceded malignant transformation; (3) transformation of carcinogen-treated cells occurred only months after carcinogen treatment, i.e., autocatalytically; (4) preneoplastic aneuploidy segregated with malignant transformation in vitro and with 14 of 14 tumors in animals; and (5) karyotypes of tumors were heterogeneous. We conclude that, with the carcinogens studied, aneuploidy precedes cancer and is necessary for carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/pharmacology
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/toxicity
- Aneuploidy
- Animals
- Carcinogens/pharmacology
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/ultrastructure
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Cytarabine/toxicity
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Methylcholanthrene/pharmacology
- Methylcholanthrene/toxicity
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/chemically induced
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- P Duesberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Li R, Yerganian G, Duesberg P, Kraemer A, Willer A, Rausch C, Hehlmann R. Aneuploidy correlated 100% with chemical transformation of Chinese hamster cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:14506-11. [PMID: 9405643 PMCID: PMC25036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy or chromosome imbalance is the most massive genetic abnormality of cancer cells. It used to be considered the cause of cancer when it was discovered more than 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the gene, the aneuploidy hypothesis has lost ground to the hypothesis that mutation of cellular genes causes cancer. According to this hypothesis, cancers are diploid and aneuploidy is secondary or nonessential. Here we reexamine the aneuploidy hypothesis in view of the fact that nearly all solid cancers are aneuploid, that many carcinogens are nongenotoxic, and that mutated genes from cancer cells do not transform diploid human or animal cells. By regrouping the gene pool-as in speciation-aneuploidy inevitably will alter many genetic programs. This genetic revolution can explain the numerous unique properties of cancer cells, such as invasiveness, dedifferentiation, distinct morphology, and specific surface antigens, much better than gene mutation, which is limited by the conservation of the existing chromosome structure. To determine whether aneuploidy is a cause or a consequence of transformation, we have analyzed the chromosomes of Chinese hamster embryo (CHE) cells transformed in vitro. This system allows (i) detection of transformation within 2 months and thus about 5 months sooner than carcinogenesis and (ii) the generation of many more transformants per cost than carcinogenesis. To minimize mutation of cellular genes, we have used nongenotoxic carcinogens. It was found that 44 out of 44 colonies of CHE cells transformed by benz[a]pyrene, methylcholanthrene, dimethylbenzanthracene, and colcemid, or spontaneously were between 50 and 100% aneuploid. Thus, aneuploidy originated with transformation. Two of two chemically transformed colonies tested were tumorigenic 2 months after inoculation into hamsters. The cells of transformed colonies were heterogeneous in chromosome number, consistent with the hypothesis that aneuploidy can perpetually destabilize the chromosome number because it unbalances the elements of the mitotic apparatus. Considering that all 44 transformed colonies analyzed were aneuploid, and the early association between aneuploidy, transformation, and tumorigenicity, we conclude that aneuploidy is the cause rather than a consequence of transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Stanley Hall, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Benitez J, Carbonell F, Ferro T, Prieto F, Sanchez Fayos J. Cytogenetic studies in 18 patients with secondary blood disorders. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1986; 22:309-17. [PMID: 3460686 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(86)90023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies were carried out in 18 patients with secondary blood diseases; 15 patients had a history of prior malignancy, two had been professionally exposed to carcinogenic agents, and one patient had been treated with immunodepressors. The interval between initial therapy and secondary disease ranged from 13 to 123 months, with a mean of 57.8 months; the mean survival time from the diagnosis of secondary disease was 6 months. Cytogenetic abnormalities were present in 83% of cases, with a trend to hypodiploidy in 90%. The most often involved chromosomes were #5, #7, and 3p. A correlation between the cytogenetic abnormalities and etiologic factors has been analyzed; data from the present series and from the literature suggest a correlation between chromosome #7 and chemical agents, and chromosomes #11, #12, and #17 and physical agents.
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Oshimura M, Barrett JC. Chemically induced aneuploidy in mammalian cells: mechanisms and biological significance in cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 1986; 8:129-59. [PMID: 3510860 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860080112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence from human and animal cancer cytogenetics indicates that aneuploidy is an important chromosome change in carcinogenesis. Aneuploidy may be associated with a primary event of carcinogenesis in some cancers and a later change in other tumors. Evidence from in vitro cell transformation studies supports the idea that aneuploidy has a direct effect on the conversion of a normal cell to a preneoplastic or malignant cell. Induction of an aneuploid state in a preneoplastic or neoplastic cell could have any of the following four biological effects: a change in gene dosage, a change in gene balance, expression of a recessive mutation, or a change in genetic instability (which could secondarily lead to neoplasia). To understand the role of aneuploidy in carcinogenesis, cellular and molecular studies coupled with the cytogenetic studies will be required. There are a number of possible mechanisms by which chemicals might induce aneuploidy, including effects on microtubules, damage to essential elements for chromosome function (ie, centromeres, origins of replication, and telomeres), reduction in chromosome condensation or pairing, induction of chromosome interchanges, unresolved recombination structures, increased chromosome stickiness, damage to centrioles, impairment of chromosome alignment, ionic alterations during mitosis, damage to the nuclear membrane, and a physical disruption of chromosome segregation. Therefore, a number of different targets exist for chemically induced aneuploidy. Because the ability of certain chemicals to induce aneuploidy differs between mammalian cells and lower eukaryotic cells, it is important to study the mechanisms of aneuploidy induction in mammalian cells and to use mammalian cells in assays for potential aneuploidogens (chemicals that induce aneuploidy). Despite the wide use of mammalian cells for studying chemically induced mutagenesis and chromosome breakage, aneuploidy studies with mammalian cells are limited. The lack of a genetic assay with mammalian cells for aneuploidy is a serious limitation in these studies.
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Swindell JA, Ockey CH. Cytogenetic changes during the early stages of liver carcinogenesis in Chinese hamster: an in vivo--in vitro comparison. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1983; 10:23-36. [PMID: 6883298 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(83)90102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic changes were investigated during the early stages of hepatic adenocarcinoma development in Chinese hamsters injected with a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). An in vivo-in vitro comparison was made from 7 to 35 weeks after injection. A partial hepatectomy was used to stimulate mitosis for in vivo analysis, and the excised liver, grown to the primary culture stage, was used for chromosome analysis in vitro. Aneuploidy, tetraploidy, and chromosome aberrations increased significantly in the hepatic cells of DMN-treated animals in vivo, with no significant change over the 7- to 35-week period. No differences, however, could be detected between the primary cultures of control and DMN-treated animals because of an inherent tendency for all cultures to develop aneuploid stem lines at an early stage in culture. A preferential involvement of chromosome #6 in the single trisomic state was demonstrated in vitro and to a minor extent in vivo. The relevance of increased aneuploidy in early carcinogenesis and the differences between the in vivo and in vitro results are discussed.
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Sasaki M. Current status of cytogenetic studies in animal tumors with special reference to nonrandom chromosome changes. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1982; 5:153-72. [PMID: 7039816 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(82)90006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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MITELMAN FELIX. Cytogenetics of Experimental Neoplasms and Non-random Chromosome Correlations in Man. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-2261(21)00170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bartram CR, Rüdiger HW. [Chromosomal abnormalities in human neoplasia (author's transl)]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1978; 56:733-41. [PMID: 355713 DOI: 10.1007/bf01476762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple connections exist between chromosomal aberrations and malignant tumors. It is the aim of the present article to summarize the data known so far in view of i) cancer-prone chromosome abnormalities, ii) chromosome abnormalities related to tumors and iii) chromosome abnormalities related to carcinogens. In some instances it seemed useful to discuss the findings in man in connection with the results of in vitro experimental data.
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Connell JR, Ockey CH. Analysis of karyotype variation following carcinogen treatment of Chinese hamster primary cell lines. Int J Cancer 1977; 20:768-79. [PMID: 924693 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster primary fibroblasts derived from several embryos were treated with the carcinogens benzo(a)pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Karyotype analysis, sister chromatid exchange frequency, evidence of transformation by growth in agar, cell morphology and reaction to cytocholasin B were tested at regular intervals over many culture passages. Carcinogen treatment was found to shorten the time period before onset of permanent karyotypically changed stem and side lines and in vitro transformation. Chromosomes X, 6 and 10 were more frequently involved in all cultures in these karyotype changes which were usually preceded by a period of chromosome variation. Spontaneous chromatid aberrations and aneuploidy increased in frequency with time in culture and generally appeared prior to the expression of transformation. No specific chromosomes were involved with the different carcinogens. There was no correlation between in vitro transformation and karyotype evolution and the criteria for transformation were present independently of one another. It is suggested that the lack of correlation between the parameters tested indicates that the expression of in vitro transformation is a result of selection for growth advantage from a cell population expressing an increasing degree of genetic instability and variation with time in culture.
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Abstract
The chromosomal aberrations in tumor cells obtained by bone marrow aspiration from a patient with non-endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) are reported. Twenty percent of the cells contained the marker chromosome 14q+ earlier described in endemic Burkitt's tumors. Other marker chromosomes were dound only in mitoses which did not contain the 14q+.
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Kirkland DJ, Venitt S. Chemical transformation of Chinese hamster cells: II. Appearance of marker chromosomes in transformed cells. Br J Cancer 1976; 34:145-52. [PMID: 986826 PMCID: PMC2025144 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1976.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomes of 12 samples of cultured Chinese hamster kidney and prostate cells (4 normal and 8 transformed), whose tissue culture properties have already been described (Kirkland, 1976) have been examined for numerical change and for the appearance of abnormal markers. Six transformed kidney subclones contained a consistent telocentric marker not present in the normal parental cell, and Giemsa banding demonstrated this to be the centromere and the long (q) arm of the number 4 chromosome in all cases. Two transformed prostate subclones also contained a consistent telocentric marker, not present in similarly derived normal subclones or in the normal parental cell, and Giemsa banding demonstrated this to be a different fragment (the centromere and most of the p arm) of the number 4 chromosome. It is believed that the use of a mixed-serum culture medium, designed to stabilize the karyotype of cultured Chinese hamster cells, is at least partly responsible for the detection of these transformation-associated chromosome changes.
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Philip P, Ernst P, Wantzin GL. Karyotypes in infectious mononucleosis. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 1975; 15:201-6. [PMID: 1198063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1975.tb01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Using a trypsin-Giemsa banding procedure, chromosome analysis was performed on blood from 21 consecutive patients hospitalized for infectious mononucleosis. Mitoses were harvested after 2 and 24 h in vitro incubation without PHA and after 48 h with PHA. No abnormalities were seen.
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Dofuku R, Biedler JL, Spengler BA, Old LJ. Trisomy of chromosome 15 in spontaneous leukemia of AKR mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:1515-7. [PMID: 1055422 PMCID: PMC432567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.4.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Karyotypes of spontaneous thymomas of AKR mice were determined by trypsin-Giemsa banding methods. Trisomy of chromosome 15 occurred in 10 of 11 leukemic mice. Seven of the thymomas were predominantly trisomic for chromosome 15, one was trisomic for chromosome 12, and one exhibited multiple trisomies of chromosomes 3, 12, 15, and 17. Trisomy was not found in the norm-l AKR tissues examined.
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