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Poot-Poot W, Rodas-Junco BA, Muñoz-Sánchez JA, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT. Protoplasts: a friendly tool to study aluminum toxicity and coffee cell viability. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1452. [PMID: 27652028 PMCID: PMC5005246 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aluminum toxicity is a major limiting factor with regard to crop production and quality in most acidic soils around the world. We propose the use of C. arabica L. protoplasts to evaluate the toxic effects of aluminum, the nuclear localization of aluminum and propensity of aluminum to cause DNA damage. RESULTS After protoplasts were exposed to aluminum (Al) for varying periods of time (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min), we detected a reduction in protoplast viability. Additionally, we observed a rapid decline in the ability of protoplasts to synthesize DNA following exposure to Al for 30 min. Furthermore, DNA damage was observed after 10 min of treatment with Al. CONCLUSIONS Protoplasts can be used to evaluate the effects of Al upon entry into the cell, which affects the structure of the nucleus. These results indicate that protoplasts provide a useful model for the study Al toxicity at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilberth Poot-Poot
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, YUC Mexico
| | - Beatriz A. Rodas-Junco
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, YUC Mexico
- CONACYT, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte, Km 33.5, Tablaje catastral 13615 Col Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97203 Mérida, YUC Mexico
| | - J. Armando Muñoz-Sánchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, YUC Mexico
| | - S. M. Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, YUC Mexico
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Zhang H, Jiang Z, Qin R, Zhang H, Zou J, Jiang W, Liu D. Accumulation and cellular toxicity of aluminum in seedling of Pinus massoniana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:264. [PMID: 25267390 PMCID: PMC4189629 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) is one of the most important timber species with adaptable, fast growing, versatile advantages in southern China. Despite considerable research efforts, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of A1 toxicity and resistance in P. massoniana are still poorly understood. The effects of Al on uptake and translocation of Al and other minerals, cell division and nucleolus in P. massoniana were investigated. RESULTS The results indicated that Al accumulated mainly in the roots, and small amounts were transported to aboveground organs. In the presence of Al, the contents of Mg and Fe in stems increased and decreased in roots. Accumulation of Mn in the organs was inhibited significantly. Evidence from cellular experiments showed that Al had an inhibitory effect on the root growth at all concentrations (10⁻⁵ - 10⁻² M) used. Chromosome fragments, chromosome bridges, C-mitosis and chromosome stickiness were induced during mitosis in the root tip cells. Al induced the formation of abnormal microtubule (MT) arrays, consisting of discontinuous wavy MTs or short MT fragments at the cell periphery. MT organization and function of the mitotic spindle and phragmoplast were severely disturbed. The nucleolus did not disaggregate normally and still remained its characteristic structure during metaphase. Nucleolar particles containing argyrophilic proteins were accumulated and leached out from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Evidence confirmed that these proteins contained nucleophosmin (B23), nucleolin (C23) and fibrillarin. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that the contents of three nucleolar proteins increased significantly. CONCLUSION Based on the information provided in this article, it is concluded that root tips of plants are the most sensitive organ to environmental stresses and the accumulation of Al ions primarily is in roots of P. massoniana, and small amounts of Al are transported to aboveground. Root apical meristems play a key role in the immediate reaction to stress factors by activating signal cascades to the other plant organs. Al induces a series of the cellular toxic changes concerning with cell division and nucleolus. The data presented above can be also used as valuable and early markers in cellular changes induced by metals for the evaluation of metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhang
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Ze Jiang
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Rong Qin
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
- />School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510631 PR China
| | - Huaning Zhang
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Jinhua Zou
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Wusheng Jiang
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
| | - Donghua Liu
- />Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 PR China
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Qin R, Zhang H, Li S, Jiang W, Liu D. Three major nucleolar proteins migrate from nucleolus to nucleoplasm and cytoplasm in root tip cells of Vicia faba L. exposed to aluminum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10736-43. [PMID: 24870286 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Results from our previous investigation indicated that Al could affect the nucleolus and induce extrusion of silver-staining nucleolar particles containing argyrophilic proteins from the nucleolus into the cytoplasm in root tip cells of Vicia faba L. So far, the nucleolar proteins involved have not been identified. It is well known that nucleophosmin (B23), nucleolin (C23), and fibrillarin are three major and multifunctional nucleolar proteins. Therefore, effects of Al on B23, C23, and fibrillarin in root tip cells of V. faba exposed to 100 μM Al for 48 h were observed and analyzed using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. The results from this work demonstrated that after 100 μM of Al treatment for 48 h, B23 and C23 migrated from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm and fibrillarin from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. In some cells, fibrillarin was present only in the cytoplasm. Western blotting data revealed higher expression of the three major nucleolar proteins in Al-treated roots compared with the control and that the B23 content increased markedly. These findings confirmed our previous observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Qin R, Jiang W, Liu D. Aluminum can induce alterations in the cellular localization and expression of three major nucleolar proteins in root tip cells of Allium cepa var. agrogarum L. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:827-34. [PMID: 23111171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A 50 μM aluminum (Al) could induce nucleolar materials containing the argyrophilic proteins scattered in the nuclei and extruded from the nuclei into the cytoplasm in the root tip cells of Allium cepa. Unfortunately, what kinds of nucleolar proteins are affected has not been reported till now. In order to go deeper into the understanding of the cytological effects of Al on nucleolus and nucleolar proteins, alterations in the cellular localization and expression of three major nucleolar proteins: nucleophosmin, nucleolin, and fibrillarin were further examined under the treatment with Al in the root tip cells of A. cepa in the present study. Cytological effects of Al on nucleolus were observed by silver-staining method and three major nucleolar proteins: nucleophosmin, nucleolin, and fibrillarin were examined by western blotting. The results indicated that in the presence of 50 μM Al for 48 h the nucleolar proteins were translocated from nucleolus to nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Western blotting data demonstrated the relatively higher expression of the three major nucleolar proteins when compared with control. Evidence from the present investigation indicated that Al had toxic effects on Ag-NOR proteins, nucleophosmin and nucleolin, and other kinds of nucleolar proteins, fibrillarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
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Liu D, Jiang W, Lu C, Zhao F, Hao Y, Guo L. Effects of Copper Sulfate on the Nucleolus of Allium Cepa Root-Tip Cells. Hereditas 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1994.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Miyasaka SC, Hawes MC. Possible role of root border cells in detection and avoidance of aluminum toxicity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:1978-87. [PMID: 11299377 PMCID: PMC88853 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.4.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2000] [Revised: 09/30/2000] [Accepted: 12/10/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root border cells are living cells that surround root apices of most plant species and are involved in production of root exudates. We tested predictions of the hypothesis that they participate in detection and avoidance of aluminum (Al) toxicity by comparing responses of two snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars (cv Dade and cv Romano) known to differ in Al resistance at the whole-root level. Root border cells of these cultivars were killed by excess Al in agarose gels or in simple salt solutions. Percent viability of Al-sensitive cv Romano border cells exposed in situ for 96 h to 200 microM total Al in an agarose gel was significantly less than that of cv Dade border cells; similarly, relative viability of harvested cv Romano border cells was significantly less than that of cv Dade cells after 24 h in 25 microM total Al in a simple salt solution. These results indicate that Al-resistance mechanisms that operate at the level of whole roots also operate at the cellular level in border cells. Al induced a thicker mucilage layer around detached border cells of both cultivars. Cultivar Dade border cells produced a thicker mucilage layer in response to 25 microM Al compared with that of cv Romano cells after 8 h of treatment and this phenomenon preceded that of observed cultivar differences in relative cell viability. Release of an Al-binding mucilage by border cells could play a role in protecting root tips from Al-induced cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Miyasaka
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Science, University of Hawaii, Hawaii Branch Station, 461 West Lanikaula Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA.
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Matsumoto H. Cell biology of aluminum toxicity and tolerance in higher plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2001; 200:1-46. [PMID: 10965465 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(00)00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum is the major element in the soil and exists as a stable complex with oxygen and silicate in neutral and weakly acidic soil. When the soil pH is lower than 4.5-5.0, Al is solubilized in the soil water and absorbed by plant roots. Absorbed Al inhibits root elongation severely, and the elongation of roots exposed to Al3+ as low as mumol level is inhibited within an hour(s). Thus much research has been conducted to understand the mechanism of Al toxicity and tolerance. Al is located specifically at the root apex. Al-sensitive plants absorb more Al than do Al-tolerant plants, and thus the exclusion mechanism of Al is the major idea for Al tolerance. The understanding of Al stress in plants is important for stable food production in future. Al is a complicated ion in its chemical form and biological function. In this chapter, mechanisms of Al toxicity and tolerance proposed during the past few decades as well as future topics are described from physiological and molecular points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Japan
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Zhang Y. Effects of aluminum chloride on the nucleus and nucleolus in root tip cells of Hordeum vulgare. Mutat Res 1995; 335:137-42. [PMID: 7477044 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(95)00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of aluminum chloride at different concentrations (1 x 10(-4)-5 x 10(-2) M) on the nucleus and the nucleolus in root tip cells of Hordeum vulgare were investigated using the carbol fuchsin staining method and the silver staining technique separately. Results showed that aluminum chloride could induce nuclear aberrations comprising elongated, irregular, ruptured and fractured nuclei and micronucleus formation. After the treatment with aluminum, it was observed that the nucleolar material was extruded from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. The nucleolar material in the cytoplasm was disintegrated, forming silver-stained particulate material, which occurred in both the inner root meristem cells and the root cap cells. The possible mechanism of the aluminum toxicity on the nucleus and nucleolus is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Liu D, Jiang W, Li D. Effects of aluminium ion on root growth, cell division, and nucleoli of garlic (Allium sativum L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1993; 82:295-9. [PMID: 15091779 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1992] [Accepted: 09/22/1992] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different concentrations of aluminium chloride on root growth, cell division, chromosome morphology and nucleoli in root tip cells of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were studied. The concentrations of aluminium chloride (AlCl(3)) used were 10(-5), 10(-4), 10(-3), 10(-2) and 10(-1) m. Aluminium chloride inhibited root growth and caused mitotic irregularities, including c-mitosis, anaphase bridges, and chromosome stickiness. Nucleolar material was extruded from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Extrusion was observed in inner root meristem and root cap cells. The poisoning by Al(3+) of the root tip cells of Allium sativum may result from the uptake and accumulation of Al and inhibition of Ca uptake, distribution of physiological activities of calmodulin (CaM) and the inhibition of some enzyme reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Department of Biology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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