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Lee DJ, Kim P, Kim HY, Park J, Lee SJ, An H, Heo JS, Lee MJ, Ohshima H, Mizuno S, Takahashi S, Jung HS, Kim SJ. MAST4 regulates stem cell maintenance with DLX3 for epithelial development and amelogenesis. Exp Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s12276-024-01264-5. [PMID: 38945953 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric division of stem cells permits the maintenance of the cell population and differentiation for harmonious progress. Developing mouse incisors allows inspection of the role of the stem cell niche to provide specific insights into essential developmental phases. Microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase family member 4 (Mast4) knockout (KO) mice showed abnormal incisor development with low hardness, as the size of the apical bud was decreased and preameloblasts were shifted to the apical side, resulting in amelogenesis imperfecta. In addition, Mast4 KO incisors showed abnormal enamel maturation, and stem cell maintenance was inhibited as amelogenesis was accelerated with Wnt signal downregulation. Distal-Less Homeobox 3 (DLX3), a critical factor in tooth amelogenesis, is considered to be responsible for the development of amelogenesis imperfecta in humans. MAST4 directly binds to DLX3 and induces phosphorylation at three residues within the nuclear localization site (NLS) that promotes the nuclear translocation of DLX3. MAST4-mediated phosphorylation of DLX3 ultimately controls the transcription of DLX3 target genes, which are carbonic anhydrase and ion transporter genes involved in the pH regulation process during ameloblast maturation. Taken together, our data reveal a novel role for MAST4 as a critical regulator of the entire amelogenesis process through its control of Wnt signaling and DLX3 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joon Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Histology, Dankook University College of Dentistry, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
| | - Pyunggang Kim
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Hyun-Yi Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- NGeneS Inc., Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15495, Korea
| | - Jinah Park
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Haein An
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Jin Sun Heo
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea.
- Medpacto Inc., Seoul, 06668, Korea.
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Hassan GS, AbouZaid BH, Ghouraba RF, Ibrahim HF. Cemental and alveolar bone defects after chronic exposure to amoxicillin in rats (histopathologic and radiographic study). Arch Oral Biol 2024; 158:105870. [PMID: 38091768 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to shed new light on the potential detrimental effects on cementum and adjacent alveolar bone after chronic exposure to amoxicillin. METHODS Six pregnant adult Albino rats were equally divided into two groups. Saline solution and amoxicillin (100 mg/Kg) were given to rats of control and amoxicillin group, respectively from the 13th to the 21st day of pregnancy. The same treatment was given to the pups till the 42nd day. The cementum of the first molar teeth and the surrounding alveolar bone were examined qualitatively by histopathological and scanning electron microscope, and quantitatively by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and cone beam computed tomography. RESULTS Amoxicillin group depicted cemental and alveolar bone defects along with resorption lacunae. Statistically significant decreases in calcium and calcium/phosphorus ratio in cementum and in calcium only in alveolar bone were evident (p ≤ 0.05). Overall cementum and alveolar bone densities also showed statistically significant decreases (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Chronic amoxicillin administration displayed destructive effects on cementum and the surrounding alveolar bone which may disturb tooth attachment integrity. Therefore, it is recommended to minimize its haphazard usage during pregnancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan S Hassan
- Assistant professor of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - Basant H AbouZaid
- Lecturer of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - Rehab F Ghouraba
- Lecturer of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - H F Ibrahim
- Lecturer of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt.
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Turner MD, Lawson MJ, Smith KD. "The Terrors of Kingly Power": The Unusual Dental Pathology of King Pyrrhus of Epirus. Cureus 2023; 15:e42356. [PMID: 37621791 PMCID: PMC10445241 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrhus of Epirus, widely respected and feared by his contemporaries, was a legendary figure in the ancient world. In this paper, we investigate Plutarch's description of the king's unique dental pathology. There are several possibilities to explain the ancient king's presentation, including several different types of developmental dysplasia. However, our conclusion is that it was likely due to a significant dental calculus overgrowth, often seen in the ancient Greek diet of the time. Whatever the underlying cause, Pyrrhus' intimidating visage helped secure the king a legacy that lasts to this day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Turner
- Emergency Department, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| | - Michael J Lawson
- Dermatology Department, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, USA
| | - Kevin D Smith
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Madigan Army Medical Center, Lakewood, USA
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Broutin A, Blanchet I, Canceill T, Noirrit-Esclassan E. Association between Dentofacial Features and Bullying from Childhood to Adulthood: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:934. [PMID: 37371166 DOI: 10.3390/children10060934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Bullying occurs when an individual is repeatedly victimised by negative actions performed by peers. As oral features, like malocclusion and dental structural defects, can promote psychological distress, which is also found in those who are bullied, we aimed to study the association between orofacial conditions and bullying. A systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42022331693), including articles dealing with bullying and dentofacial traits, was performed following the PRISMA chart. The iterative search of eligible publications was carried out on 27 March 2023 on four databases (PubMed, PubPsych, Web of Science and Cochrane Reviews) and in the grey literature. Among the 25 articles included, 4 referred to qualitative studies, which analysed 632 interviews with children, 8 interviews with parents, 292 letters, and 321 Twitter posts. The other 21 were cross-sectional studies, which included 10,026 patients from 7 to 61 years old. Two of the qualitative studies and seven of the cross-sectional studies rated a low risk of bias, according to Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Tools. The majority of studies (88%) reported a relationship between malocclusion or structural defects and exposure to bullying among young adolescents. Structural dental abnormalities and severe malocclusion should be managed, among others, for psychological questions because they crystallise the loss of self-confidence and increase the risk of bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Broutin
- Paediatric Dentistry, University Toulouse III, CHU Toulouse, Centre for Anthropobiology & Genomics of Toulouse (CAGT) CNRS UMR 5288, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Blanchet
- Paediatric Dentistry, UMR 7268 ADES CNRS EFS Aix-Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Thibault Canceill
- InCOMM (Intestine ClinicOmics Microbiota & Metabolism), UMR 1297, INSERM, 31400 Toulouse, France
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High prevalence of taurodontism in North China and its relevant factors: a retrospective cohort study. Oral Radiol 2023; 39:266-274. [PMID: 35771318 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-022-00630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and relevant factors of taurodontism in North China. METHODS We retrospectively analysed the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of 1025 patients (496 male and 529 female) aged between 10 and 59 years. The crown-body/root (CB/R) ratios of the maxillary and mandibular molars were measured. The prevalence of hypotaurodontism, mesotaurodontism, and hypertaurodontism was then calculated and the incidence of taurodontism along with its relevant factors, was evaluated. RESULTS The overall rate of taurodontism in North China was as high as 78.9%. If the third molars (opsigenes) were excluded, which have a big morphological variation from each other, the rate was 52.4%. The mean CB/R ratio of taurodontism differs from tooth position: maxillary mandibular third molars > maxillary third molars > maxillary second molars > maxillary first molars > mandibular second molars > mandibular first molars (P < 0.05). In addition, the 1025 patients were divided into different age groups, and it was found that the mean CB/R ratio decreased with age (P < 0.05). Moreover, the CB/R ratio of the mandibular first and second molars in female patients was higher than males (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study revealed that taurodontism is widely prevalent in North China. The incidence of taurodontism increases the closer the tooth is to the back end of the dental arch, and quite a few of the maxillary and mandibular third molars teeth have tapered roots. And the taurodontism is decreased by age, as there were more affected female than male patients.
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Suzuki A, Yoshioka H, Liu T, Gull A, Singh N, Le T, Zhao Z, Iwata J. Crucial Roles of microRNA-16-5p and microRNA-27b-3p in Ameloblast Differentiation Through Regulation of Genes Associated With Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Front Genet 2022; 13:788259. [PMID: 35401675 PMCID: PMC8990915 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.788259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a congenital disorder within a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by enamel hypoplasia. Patients suffer from early tooth loss, social embarrassment, eating difficulties, and pain due to an abnormally thin, soft, fragile, and discolored enamel with poor aesthetics and functionality. The etiology of amelogenesis imperfecta is complicated by genetic interactions. To identify mouse amelogenesis imperfecta-related genes (mAIGenes) and their respective phenotypes, we conducted a systematic literature review and database search and found and curated 70 mAIGenes across all of the databases. Our pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were enriched in tooth development-associated pathways, forming four distinct groups. To explore how these genes are regulated and affect the phenotype, we predicted microRNA (miRNA)-gene interaction pairs using our bioinformatics pipeline. Our miRNA regulatory network analysis pinpointed that miR-16-5p, miR-27b-3p, and miR-23a/b-3p were hub miRNAs. The function of these hub miRNAs was evaluated through ameloblast differentiation assays with/without the candidate miRNA mimics using cultured mouse ameloblast cells. Our results revealed that overexpression of miR-16-5p and miR-27b-3p, but not miR-23a/b-3p, significantly inhibited ameloblast differentiation through regulation of mAIGenes. Thus, our study shows that miR-16-5p and miR-27b-3p are candidate pathogenic miRNAs for amelogenesis imperfecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Teng Liu
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aania Gull
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Naina Singh
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thanh Le
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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Khan MI, Ahmed N, Neela PK, Unnisa N. The Human Genetics of Dental Anomalies. Glob Med Genet 2022; 9:76-81. [PMID: 35707781 PMCID: PMC9192175 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of tooth is a highly complex procedure and mastered by specific genetic programs. Genetic alterations, environmental factors, and developmental timing can disturb the execution of these programs, and result in various dental anomalies like hypodontia/oligodontia, and supernumerary teeth, which are commonly seen in our clinical practice. Advances in molecular research enabled the identification of various genes involved in the pathogenesis of dental anomalies. In the near future, it will help provide a more accurate diagnosis and biological-based treatment for these anomalies. In this article, we present the molecular phenomenon of tooth development and the genetics of various dental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamad Irfanulla Khan
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- General Dental Practitioner, Max Dental Specialties, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Neela
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nayeem Unnisa
- General Dental Practitioner, The Dental Clinic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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8
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Insights into dental mineralization from three heritable mineralization disorders. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107597. [PMID: 32758526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Teeth are comprised of three unique mineralized tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, that are susceptible to developmental defects similar to those affecting bone. X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), caused by PHEX mutations, leads to increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-driven hypophosphatemia and local extracellular matrix disturbances. Hypophosphatasia (HPP), caused by ALPL mutations, results in increased levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a mineralization inhibitor. Generalized arterial calcification in infancy (GACI), caused by ENPP1 mutations, results in vascular calcification due to decreased PPi, later compounded by FGF23-driven hypophosphatemia. In this perspective, we compare and contrast dental defects in primary teeth associated with XLH, HPP, and GACI, briefly reviewing genetic and biochemical features of these disorders and findings of clinical and preclinical studies to date, including some of our own recent observations. The distinct dental defects associated with the three heritable mineralization disorders reflect unique processes of the respective dental hard tissues, revealing insights into their development and clues about pathological mechanisms underlying such disorders.
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Giavitto AE, Meehan LJ. Congenital hypodontia in three horses diagnosed by computed tomography. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Giavitto
- Langford Equine Referral Hospital University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences Langford, Bristol UK
| | - L. J. Meehan
- Langford Equine Referral Hospital University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences Langford, Bristol UK
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10
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Kim YJ, Seymen F, Kang J, Koruyucu M, Tuloglu N, Bayrak S, Tuna EB, Lee ZH, Shin TJ, Hyun HK, Kim YJ, Lee SH, Hu J, Simmer J, Kim JW. Candidate gene sequencing reveals mutations causing hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:1481-1487. [PMID: 30120606 PMCID: PMC6378126 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a rare hereditary disorder affecting the quality and quantity of the tooth enamel. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic etiology of hypoplastic AI families based on the candidate gene approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited three Turkish families with hypoplastic AI and performed a candidate gene screening based on the characteristic clinical feature to find the pathogenic genetic etiology. RESULTS The candidate gene sequencing of the LAMB3 gene for family 1 revealed a heterozygous nonsense mutation in the last exon [c.3431C > A, p.(Ser1144*)]. FAM20A gene sequencing for families 2 and 3 identified a homozygous deletion [c.34_35delCT, p.(Leu12Alafs*67)] and a homozygous deletion-insertion (c.1109 + 3_1109 + 7delinsTGGTC) mutation, respectively. CONCLUSION The candidate gene approach can be successfully used to identify the genetic etiology of the AI in some cases with characteristic clinical features. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Identification of the genetic etiology of the AI will help both the family members and dentist understand the nature of the disorder. Characteristic clinical feature can suggest possible genetic causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Figen Seymen
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jenny Kang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Seoul, Chongno-gu, 110-768, South Korea
| | - Mine Koruyucu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuray Tuloglu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Sule Bayrak
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Elif Bahar Tuna
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zang Hee Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Teo Jeon Shin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Seoul, Chongno-gu, 110-768, South Korea
| | - Hong-Keun Hyun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Seoul, Chongno-gu, 110-768, South Korea
| | - Young-Jae Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Seoul, Chongno-gu, 110-768, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Seoul, Chongno-gu, 110-768, South Korea
| | - Jan Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan Dental Research Lab, 1210 Eisenhower Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - James Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan Dental Research Lab, 1210 Eisenhower Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 275-1 Yongon-dong, Seoul, Chongno-gu, 110-768, South Korea.
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Abu-Siniyeh A, Khabour OF, Owais AI. The role of PAX9 promoter gene polymorphisms in causing hypodontia: a study in the Jordanian population. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2018; 11:145-149. [PMID: 30538524 PMCID: PMC6254497 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s183212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The congenital absence of one or few teeth, hypodontia, is considered one of the utmost dental ageneses in human beings. Several genes have been shown to be involved in the development of hypodontia such as paired box gene 9 (PAX9). The expression of PAX9 is controlled by several polymorphic elements in the promoter region of the gene on 14q13.3 locus. The aim of this study was to find any association between PAX9 c.-912T>C (rs2073247) and c.-1031G>A (rs2073244) promoter polymorphisms and the development of hypodontia among the Jordanian population. Methods Genotyping of the polymorphisms in 72 unrelated subjects with hypodontia was performed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique and compared with that of 72 normal healthy unrelated control individuals. Results The hypodontia group had a significantly higher -1031GG genotype (P<0.01) and a significantly lower -912TC genotype (P<0.01) compared with the control group. The results suggest that the transcriptional activity of PAX9 gene is affected by polymorphisms in the promoter region of this gene and is associated with hypodontia phenotype. Conclusion The rs2073247) and rs2073244 promoter polymorphisms of PAX9 might play a role in the development of hypodontia in the Jordanian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abu-Siniyeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan,
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan,
| | - Arwa I Owais
- Department of Applied Dental Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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12
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Matsuishi YI, Kato H, Masuda K, Yamaza H, Hirofuji Y, Sato H, Wada H, Kiyoshima T, Nonaka K. Accelerated dentinogenesis by inhibiting the mitochondrial fission factor, dynamin related protein 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1655-1660. [PMID: 29223396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated odontogenic epithelium and dental papilla cells differentiate into ameloblasts and odontoblasts, respectively, both of which are essential for tooth development. These differentiation processes involve dramatic functional and morphological changes of the cells. For these changes to occur, activation of mitochondrial functions, including ATP production, is extremely important. In addition, these changes are closely related to mitochondrial fission and fusion, known as mitochondrial dynamics. However, few studies have focused on the role of mitochondrial dynamics in tooth development. The purpose of this study was to clarify this role. We used mouse tooth germ organ cultures and a mouse dental papilla cell line with the ability to differentiate into odontoblasts, in combination with knockdown of the mitochondrial fission factor, dynamin related protein (DRP)1. In organ cultures of the mouse first molar, tooth germ developed to the early bell stage. The amount of dentin formed under DRP1 inhibition was significantly larger than that of the control. In experiments using a mouse dental papilla cell line, differentiation into odontoblasts was enhanced by inhibiting DRP1. This was associated with increased mitochondrial elongation and ATP production compared to the control. These results suggest that DRP1 inhibition accelerates dentin formation through mitochondrial elongation and activation. This raises the possibility that DRP1 might be a therapeutic target for developmental disorders of teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko I Matsuishi
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keiji Masuda
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Haruyoshi Yamaza
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Hirofuji
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroko Wada
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nonaka
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Goutham B, Bhuyan L, Chinnannavar SN, Kundu M, Jha K, Behura SS. Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Odisha Population: A Panoramic Radiographic Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18:549-553. [PMID: 28713106 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental anomalies (DAs) in Odisha population using panoramic radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 1,080 panoramic radiographs were evaluated for DAs. Dental records were reviewed for diagnostic confirmation. Anomalies related to the shape, size, position of teeth, and number of roots (supernumerary roots) were evaluated. RESULTS The study results showed the prevalence of DAs to be 35.27%. The most prevalent was dilaceration, which was seen in 46.71% cases followed by peg laterals in 20.99%. CONCLUSION Dental anomalies were present in more than one-third of the study group, which was mostly related to shape of the teeth. Early diagnosis of these DAs helps in avoiding complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification of DAs requires proper examination and thereby subsequent correct diagnosis. These anomalies can pose complications in normal functioning of orofacial complex. The knowledge of the prevalence of such anomalies aids dental practitioners for a proper treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanya Goutham
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Lipsa Bhuyan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sangamesh N Chinnannavar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Madhurima Kundu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kunal Jha
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shyam S Behura
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, Phone: +919178358687, e-mail:
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Genetic evaluations of Chinese patients with odontohypophosphatasia resulting from heterozygosity for mutations in the tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase gene. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51569-51577. [PMID: 28881669 PMCID: PMC5584270 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypophosphatasia is a rare heritable metabolic disorder characterized by defective bone and tooth mineralization accompanied by a deficiency of tissue-non-specific (liver/bone/kidney) isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase activity, caused by a number of loss-of-function mutations in the alkaline phosphatase liver type gene. We seek to explore the clinical manifestations and identify the mutations associated with the disease in a Chinese odonto- hypophosphatasia family. Results The proband and his younger brother affected with premature loss of primary teeth at their 2-year-old. They have mild abnormal serum alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxy vitamin D values, but the serum alkaline phosphatase activity of their father, mother and grandmother, who showed no clinical symptoms of hypophosphatasia, was exhibited significant decreased. In addition to premature loss of primary teeth, the proband and his younger brother showed low bone mineral density, X-rays showed that they had slight metaphyseal osteoporosis changes, but no additional skeletal abnormalities. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing and analysis revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism c.787T>C (p.Y263H) in exon 7 and/or a novel mutation c.-92C>T located at 5’UTR were found in the affected individuals. Materials and Methods We examined all individuals of an odonto- hypophosphatasia family by clinical and radiographic examinations as well as laboratory assays. Furthermore, all 12 exons and the exon-intron boundaries of the alkaline phosphatase liver type gene were amplified and directly sequenced for further analysis and screened for mutations. Conclusion Our present findings suggest the single nucleotide polymorphism c.787T>C and c.-92C>T should be responsible for the odonto- hypophosphatasia disorders in this family.
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Suzuki M, Everett ET, Whitford GM, Bartlett JD. 4-phenylbutyrate Mitigates Fluoride-Induced Cytotoxicity in ALC Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:302. [PMID: 28553235 PMCID: PMC5425599 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic fluoride over-exposure during pre-eruptive enamel development can cause dental fluorosis. Severe dental fluorosis is characterized by porous, soft enamel that is vulnerable to erosion and decay. The prevalence of dental fluorosis among the population in the USA, India and China is increasing. Other than avoiding excessive intake, treatments to prevent dental fluorosis remain unknown. We previously reported that high-dose fluoride induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress in ameloblasts. Cell stress induces gene repression, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. An aromatic fatty acid, 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) is a chemical chaperone that interacts with misfolded proteins to prevent ER stress. We hypothesized that 4PBA ameliorates fluoride-induced ER stress in ameloblasts. To determine whether 4PBA protects ameloblasts from fluoride toxicity, we analyzed gene expression of Tgf-β1, Bcl2/Bax ratio and cytochrome-c release in vitro. In vivo, we measured fluorosis levels, enamel hardness and fluoride concentration. Fluoride treated Ameloblast-lineage cells (ALC) had decreased Tgf-β1 expression and this was reversed by 4PBA treatment. The anti-apoptotic Blc2/Bax ratio was significantly increased in ALC cells treated with fluoride/4PBA compared to fluoride treatment alone. Fluoride treatment induced cytochrome-c release from mitochondria into the cytosol and this was inhibited by 4PBA treatment. These results suggest that 4PBA mitigates fluoride-induced gene suppression, apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in vitro. In vivo, C57BL/6J mice were provided fluoridated water for six weeks with either fluoride free control-chow or 4PBA-containing chow (7 g/kg 4PBA). With few exceptions, enamel microhardness, fluorosis levels, and fluoride concentrations of bone and urine did not differ significantly between fluoride treated animals fed with control-chow or 4PBA-chow. Although 4PBA mitigated high-dose fluoride toxicity in vitro, a diet rich in 4PBA did not attenuate dental fluorosis in rodents. Perhaps, not enough intact 4PBA reaches the rodent ameloblasts necessary to reverse the effects of fluoride toxicity. Further studies will be required to optimize protocols for 4PBA administration in vivo in order to evaluate the effect of 4PBA on dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Suzuki
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric T Everett
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and The Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gary M Whitford
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents UniversityAugusta, GA, USA
| | - John D Bartlett
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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Okawa R, Iijima O, Kishino M, Okawa H, Toyosawa S, Sugano-Tajima H, Shimada T, Okada T, Ozono K, Ooshima T, Nakano K. Gene therapy improves dental manifestations in hypophosphatasia model mice. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:471-478. [PMID: 27561677 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited skeletal disorder characterized by defective bone mineralization and deficiency of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) activity. The disease is caused by mutations in the liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL) encoding TNSALP. Early exfoliation of primary teeth owing to disturbed cementum formation, periodontal ligament weakness and alveolar bone resorption are major complications encountered in oral findings, and discovery of early loss of primary teeth in a dental examination often leads to early diagnosis of hypophosphatasia. Although there are no known fundamental treatments or effective dental approaches to prevent early exfoliation of primary teeth in affected patients, several possible treatments have recently been described, including gene therapy. Gene therapy has also been applied to TNSALP knockout mice (Alpl-/- ), which phenocopy the infantile form of hypophosphatasia, and improved their systemic condition. In the present study, we investigated whether gene therapy improved the dental condition of Alpl-/- mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Following sublethal irradiation (4 Gy) at the age of 2 d, Alpl-/- mice underwent gene therapy using bone marrow cells transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a bone-targeted form of TNSALP injected into the jugular vein (n = 3). Wild-type (Alpl+/+ ), heterozygous mice (Alpl+/- ) and Alpl-/- mice were analyzed at 9 d of age (n = 3 of each), while Alpl+/+ mice and treated or untreated Alpl-/- mice were analyzed at 1 mo of age (n = 3 of each), and Alpl+/- mice and Alpl-/- mice with gene therapy were analyzed at 3 mo of age (n = 3 of each). A single mandibular hemi-section obtained at 1 mo of age was analyzed using a small animal computed tomography machine to assess alveolar bone formation. Other mandibular hemi-sections obtained at 9 d, 1 mo and 3 mo of age were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin, a marker of cementum. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin, a marker of acellular cementum, revealed that Alpl-/- mice displayed impaired formation of cementum and alveolar bone, similar to the human dental phenotype. Cementum formation was clearly present in Alpl-/- mice that underwent gene therapy, but did not recover to the same level as that in wild-type (Alpl+/+ ) mice. Micro-computed tomography examination showed that gene therapy improved alveolar bone mineral density in Alpl-/- mice to a similar level to that in Alpl+/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that gene therapy can improve the general condition of Alpl-/- mice, and induce significant alveolar bone formation and moderate improvement of cementum formation, which may contribute to inhibition of early spontaneous tooth exfoliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Okawa
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - O Iijima
- Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kishino
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Okawa
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Toyosawa
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - T Okada
- Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ozono
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Ooshima
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Nakano
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Yin K, Lei Y, Wen X, Lacruz RS, Soleimani M, Kurtz I, Snead ML, White SN, Paine ML. SLC26A Gene Family Participate in pH Regulation during Enamel Maturation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144703. [PMID: 26671068 PMCID: PMC4679777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bicarbonate transport activities of Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 are essential to physiological processes in multiple organs. Although mutations of Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 have not been linked to any human diseases, disruption of Slc26a1, Slc26a6 or Slc26a7 expression in animals causes severe dysregulation of acid-base balance and disorder of anion homeostasis. Amelogenesis, especially the enamel formation during maturation stage, requires complex pH regulation mechanisms based on ion transport. The disruption of stage-specific ion transporters frequently results in enamel pathosis in animals. Here we present evidence that Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 are highly expressed in rodent incisor ameloblasts during maturation-stage tooth development. In maturation-stage ameloblasts, Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 show a similar cellular distribution as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr) to the apical region of cytoplasmic membrane, and the distribution of Slc26a7 is also seen in the cytoplasmic/subapical region, presumably on the lysosomal membrane. We have also examined Slc26a1 and Slc26a7 null mice, and although no overt abnormal enamel phenotypes were observed in Slc26a1-/- or Slc26a7-/- animals, absence of Slc26a1 or Slc26a7 results in up-regulation of Cftr, Ca2, Slc4a4, Slc4a9 and Slc26a9, all of which are involved in pH homeostasis, indicating that this might be a compensatory mechanism used by ameloblasts cells in the absence of Slc26 genes. Together, our data show that Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 are novel participants in the extracellular transport of bicarbonate during enamel maturation, and that their functional roles may be achieved by forming interaction units with Cftr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Yin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yuejuan Lei
- Department of Operative and Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo S. Lacruz
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ira Kurtz
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Malcolm L. Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shane N. White
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Paine
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tavares ALP, Artinger KB, Clouthier DE. Regulating Craniofacial Development at the 3' End: MicroRNAs and Their Function in Facial Morphogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:335-75. [PMID: 26589932 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defects in craniofacial development represent a majority of observed human birth defects, occurring at a rate as high as 1:800 live births. These defects often occur due to changes in neural crest cell (NCC) patterning and development and can affect non-NCC-derived structures due to interactions between NCCs and the surrounding cell types. Proper craniofacial development requires an intricate array of gene expression networks that are tightly controlled spatiotemporally by a number of regulatory mechanisms. One of these mechanisms involves the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs that repress gene expression by binding to miRNA recognition sequences typically located in the 3' UTR of target mRNAs. Recent evidence illustrates that miRNAs are crucial for vertebrate facial morphogenesis, with changes in miRNA expression leading to facial birth defects, including some in complex human syndromes such as 22q11 (DiGeorge Syndrome). In this review, we highlight the current understanding of miRNA biogenesis, the roles of miRNAs in overall craniofacial development, the impact that loss of miRNAs has on normal development and the requirement for miRNAs in the development of specific craniofacial structures, including teeth. From these studies, it is clear that miRNAs are essential for normal facial development and morphogenesis, and a potential key in establishing new paradigms for repair and regeneration of facial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L P Tavares
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristin B Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David E Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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19
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Monsoro-Burq AH. PAX transcription factors in neural crest development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:87-96. [PMID: 26410165 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nine vertebrate PAX transcription factors (PAX1-PAX9) play essential roles during early development and organogenesis. Pax genes were identified in vertebrates using their homology with the Drosophila melanogaster paired gene DNA-binding domain. PAX1-9 functions are largely conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, in particular during central nervous system and neural crest development. The neural crest is a vertebrate invention, which gives rise to numerous derivatives during organogenesis, including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, craniofacial skeleton and mesenchyme, the heart outflow tract, endocrine and pigment cells. Human and mouse spontaneous mutations as well as experimental analyses have evidenced the critical and diverse functions of PAX factors during neural crest development. Recent studies have highlighted the role of PAX3 and PAX7 in neural crest induction. Additionally, several PAX proteins - PAX1, 3, 7, 9 - regulate cell proliferation, migration and determination in multiple neural crest-derived lineages, such as cardiac, sensory, and enteric neural crest, pigment cells, glia, craniofacial skeleton and teeth, or in organs developing in close relationship with the neural crest such as the thymus and parathyroids. The diverse PAX molecular functions during neural crest formation rely on fine-tuned modulations of their transcriptional transactivation properties. These modulations are generated by multiple means, such as different roles for the various isoforms (formed by alternative splicing), or posttranslational modifications which alter protein-DNA binding, or carefully orchestrated protein-protein interactions with various co-factors which control PAX proteins activity. Understanding these regulations is the key to decipher the versatile roles of PAX transcription factors in neural crest development, differentiation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Monsoro-Burq
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; Institut Curie Research Division, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France; UMR 3347 CNRS, U1021 Inserm, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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20
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Foster BL, Ao M, Willoughby C, Soenjaya Y, Holm E, Lukashova L, Tran AB, Wimer HF, Zerfas PM, Nociti FH, Kantovitz KR, Quan BD, Sone ED, Goldberg HA, Somerman MJ. Mineralization defects in cementum and craniofacial bone from loss of bone sialoprotein. Bone 2015; 78:150-64. [PMID: 25963390 PMCID: PMC4466207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein found in mineralized tissues, including bone, cartilage, tooth root cementum (both acellular and cellular types), and dentin. In order to define the role BSP plays in the process of biomineralization of these tissues, we analyzed cementogenesis, dentinogenesis, and osteogenesis (intramembranous and endochondral) in craniofacial bone in Bsp null mice and wild-type (WT) controls over a developmental period (1-60 days post natal; dpn) by histology, immunohistochemistry, undecalcified histochemistry, microcomputed tomography (microCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Regions of intramembranous ossification in the alveolus, mandible, and calvaria presented delayed mineralization and osteoid accumulation, assessed by von Kossa and Goldner's trichrome stains at 1 and 14 dpn. Moreover, Bsp(-/-) mice featured increased cranial suture size at the early time point, 1 dpn. Immunostaining and PCR demonstrated that osteoblast markers, osterix, alkaline phosphatase, and osteopontin were unchanged in Bsp null mandibles compared to WT. Bsp(-/-) mouse molars featured a lack of functional acellular cementum formation by histology, SEM, and TEM, and subsequent loss of Sharpey's collagen fiber insertion into the tooth root structure. Bsp(-/-) mouse alveolar and mandibular bone featured equivalent or fewer osteoclasts at early ages (1 and 14 dpn), however, increased RANKL immunostaining and mRNA, and significantly increased number of osteoclast-like cells (2-5 fold) were found at later ages (26 and 60 dpn), corresponding to periodontal breakdown and severe alveolar bone resorption observed following molar teeth entering occlusion. Dentin formation was unperturbed in Bsp(-/-) mouse molars, with no delay in mineralization, no alteration in dentin dimensions, and no differences in odontoblast markers analyzed. No defects were identified in endochondral ossification in the cranial base, and craniofacial morphology was unaffected in Bsp(-/-) mice. These analyses confirm a critical role for BSP in processes of cementogenesis and intramembranous ossification of craniofacial bone, whereas endochondral ossification in the cranial base was minimally affected and dentinogenesis was normal in Bsp(-/-) molar teeth. Dissimilar effects of loss of BSP on mineralization of dental and craniofacial tissues suggest local differences in the role of BSP and/or yet to be defined interactions with site-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Foster
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - M Ao
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - C Willoughby
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Y Soenjaya
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - E Holm
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - L Lukashova
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - A B Tran
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - H F Wimer
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - P M Zerfas
- Office of Research Services, Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 112 Building 28A, MSC 5230, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - F H Nociti
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - K R Kantovitz
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - B D Quan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 320A Mining Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - E D Sone
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 320A Mining Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - H A Goldberg
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; School of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - M J Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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MicroRNA 224 Regulates Ion Transporter Expression in Ameloblasts To Coordinate Enamel Mineralization. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2875-90. [PMID: 26055330 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01266-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel mineralization is accompanied by the release of protons into the extracellular matrix, which is buffered to regulate the pH value in the local microenvironment. The present study aimed to investigate the role of microRNA 224 (miR-224) as a regulator of SLC4A4 and CFTR, encoding the key buffering ion transporters, in modulating enamel mineralization. miR-224 was significantly downregulated as ameloblasts differentiated, in parallel with upregulation of SLC4A4 and CFTR. Overexpression of miR-224 downregulated SLC4A4 and CFTR expression in cultured human epithelial cells. A microRNA luciferase assay confirmed the specific binding of miR-224 to the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of SLC4A4 and CFTR mRNAs, thereby inhibiting protein translation. miR-224 agomir injection in mouse neonatal incisors resulted in normal enamel length and thickness, but with disturbed organization of the prism structure and deficient crystal growth. Moreover, the enamel Ca/P ratio and microhardness were markedly reduced after miR-224 agomir administration. These results demonstrate that miR-224 plays a pivotal role in fine tuning enamel mineralization by modulating SLC4A4 and CFTR to maintain pH homeostasis and support enamel mineralization.
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22
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Mobley CG, Kuzynski M, Zhang H, Jani P, Qin C, Napierala D. Dspp-independent Effects of Transgenic Trps1 Overexpression on Dentin Formation. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1128-34. [PMID: 25999324 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515586709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trps1 transcription factor is highly expressed in dental mesenchyme and preodontoblasts, while in mature, secretory odontoblasts, it is expressed at low levels. Previously, we have shown that high Trps1 levels in mature odontoblasts impair their function in vitro and in vivo. Col1a1-Trps1 transgenic (Trps1-Tg) mice demonstrate defective dentin secretion and mineralization, which are associated with significantly decreased Dspp expression due to direct repression of the Dspp gene by Trps1. Here, by crossing Trps1-Tg and Col1a1-Dspp transgenic (Dspp-Tg) mice, we generated Col1a1-Trps1;Col1a1-Dspp double transgenic (double-Tg) mice in which Dspp was restored in odontoblasts overexpressing Trps1. Comparative micro-computed tomography analyses revealed partial correction of the dentin volume and no improvement of dentin mineralization in double transgenic mice in comparison with Trps1-Tg and wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, dentin of double-Tg mice has an irregular mineralization pattern characteristic for dentin in hypophosphatemic rickets. Consistent with this phenotype, decreased levels of Phex, Vdr, and Fam20c proteins are detected in both Trps1-Tg and double-Tg odontoblasts in comparison with WT and Dspp-Tg odontoblasts. This suggests that the Dspp-independent dentin mineralization defects in Trps1-Tg mice are a result of downregulation of a group of proteins critical for mineral deposition within the dentin matrix. In summary, by demonstrating that Trps1 functions as a repressor of later stages of dentinogenesis, we provide functional significance of the dynamic Trps1 expression pattern during dentinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Mobley
- Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Kuzynski
- Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - P Jani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - C Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D Napierala
- Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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23
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Zhang Z, Tian H, Lv P, Wang W, Jia Z, Wang S, Zhou C, Gao X. Transcriptional factor DLX3 promotes the gene expression of enamel matrix proteins during amelogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121288. [PMID: 25815730 PMCID: PMC4376716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of distal-less homeobox 3 (DLX3) is responsible for human tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (TDO) with amelogenesis imperfecta, indicating a crucial role of DLX3 in amelogenesis. However, the expression pattern of DLX3 and its specific function in amelogenesis remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DLX3 on enamel matrix protein (EMP) genes. By immunohistochemistry assays of mouse tooth germs, stronger immunostaining of DLX3 protein was identified in ameloblasts in the secretory stage than in the pre-secretory and maturation stages, and the same pattern was found for Dlx3 mRNA using Realtime PCR. In a mouse ameloblast cell lineage, forced expression of DLX3 up-regulated the expression of the EMP genes Amelx, Enam, Klk4, and Odam, whereas knockdown of DLX3 down-regulated these four EMP genes. Further, bioinformatics, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase assays revealed that DLX3 transactivated Enam, Amelx, and Odam through direct binding to their enhancer regions. Particularly, over-expression of mutant-DLX3 (c.571_574delGGGG, responsible for TDO) inhibited the activation function of DLX3 on expression levels and promoter activities of the Enam, Amelx, and Odam genes. Together, our data show that DLX3 promotes the expression of the EMP genes Amelx, Enam, Klk4, and Odam in amelogenesis, while mutant-DLX3 disrupts this regulatory function, thus providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the enamel defects of TDO disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (HT); (CZ)
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhuqing Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sainan Wang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chunyan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (HT); (CZ)
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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24
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Counter-regulatory phosphatases TNAP and NPP1 temporally regulate tooth root cementogenesis. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:27-41. [PMID: 25504209 PMCID: PMC4817535 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cementum is critical for anchoring the insertion of periodontal ligament fibers to the tooth root. Several aspects of cementogenesis remain unclear, including differences between acellular cementum and cellular cementum, and between cementum and bone. Biomineralization is regulated by the ratio of inorganic phosphate (Pi) to mineral inhibitor pyrophosphate (PPi), where local Pi and PPi concentrations are controlled by phosphatases including tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1). The focus of this study was to define the roles of these phosphatases in cementogenesis. TNAP was associated with earliest cementoblasts near forming acellular and cellular cementum. With loss of TNAP in the Alpl null mouse, acellular cementum was inhibited, while cellular cementum production increased, albeit as hypomineralized cementoid. In contrast, NPP1 was detected in cementoblasts after acellular cementum formation, and at low levels around cellular cementum. Loss of NPP1 in the Enpp1 null mouse increased acellular cementum, with little effect on cellular cementum. Developmental patterns were recapitulated in a mouse model for acellular cementum regeneration, with early TNAP expression and later NPP1 expression. In vitro, cementoblasts expressed Alpl gene/protein early, whereas Enpp1 gene/protein expression was significantly induced only under mineralization conditions. These patterns were confirmed in human teeth, including widespread TNAP, and NPP1 restricted to cementoblasts lining acellular cementum. These studies suggest that early TNAP expression creates a low PPi environment promoting acellular cementum initiation, while later NPP1 expression increases PPi, restricting acellular cementum apposition. Alterations in PPi have little effect on cellular cementum formation, though matrix mineralization is affected.
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25
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Cash TP, Pita G, Domínguez O, Alonso MR, Moreno LT, Borrás C, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Santiago C, Garatachea N, Lucia A, Avellana JA, Viña J, González-Neira A, Serrano M. Exome sequencing of three cases of familial exceptional longevity. Aging Cell 2014; 13:1087-90. [PMID: 25116423 PMCID: PMC4326919 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceptional longevity (EL) is a rare phenotype that can cluster in families, and co-segregation of genetic variation in these families may point to candidate genes that could contribute to extended lifespan. In this study, for the first time, we have sequenced a total of seven exomes from exceptionally long-lived siblings (probands ≥ 103 years and at least one sibling ≥ 97 years) that come from three separate families. We have focused on rare functional variants (RFVs) which have ≤ 1% minor allele frequency according to databases and that are likely to alter gene product function. Based on this, we have identified one candidate longevity gene carrying RFVs in all three families, APOB. Interestingly, APOB is a component of lipoprotein particles together with APOE, and variants in the genes encoding these two proteins have been previously associated with human longevity. Analysis of nonfamilial EL cases showed a trend, without reaching statistical significance, toward enrichment of APOB RFVs. We have also identified candidate longevity genes shared between two families (5–13) or within individual families (66–156 genes). Some of these genes have been previously linked to longevity in model organisms, such as PPARGC1A,NRG1,RAD52, RAD51, NCOR1, and ADCY5 genes. This work provides an initial catalog of genes that could contribute to exceptional familial longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orlando Domínguez
- Genomics Core Unit; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO); Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3 28029 Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Consuelo Borrás
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; University of Valencia/INCLIVA; Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15 46010 Valencia Spain
| | - Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas
- Department of Geriatrics; University Hospital of Getafe; Autovía de Toledo km 11 Getafe 28905 Madrid Spain
| | - Catalina Santiago
- European University; C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón 28670 Madrid Spain
| | - Nuria Garatachea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science; University of Zaragoza; Ronda de Misericordia 5 22001 Huesca Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- European University; C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón 28670 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A. Avellana
- Geriatric Unit; University Hospital Ribera; Carretera Corbera km 1 Alzira 46600 Valencia Spain
| | - Jose Viña
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; University of Valencia/INCLIVA; Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15 46010 Valencia Spain
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26
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McGee-Lawrence ME, Carpio LR, Bradley EW, Dudakovic A, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Kakar S, Hsu W, Westendorf JJ. Runx2 is required for early stages of endochondral bone formation but delays final stages of bone repair in Axin2-deficient mice. Bone 2014; 66:277-86. [PMID: 24973690 PMCID: PMC4125446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 and Axin2 regulate skeletal development. We recently determined that Axin2 and Runx2 molecularly interact in differentiating osteoblasts to regulate intramembranous bone formation, but the relationship between these factors in endochondral bone formation was unresolved. To address this, we examined the effects of Axin2 deficiency on the cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) phenotype of Runx2(+/-) mice, focusing on skeletal defects attributed to improper endochondral bone formation. Axin2 deficiency unexpectedly exacerbated calvarial components of the CCD phenotype in the Runx2(+/-) mice; the endocranial layer of the frontal suture, which develops by endochondral bone formation, failed to mineralize in Axin2(-/-):Runx2(+/-) mice, resulting in a cartilaginous, fibrotic and larger fontanel than observed in Runx2(+/-) mice. Transcripts associated with cartilage development (e.g., Acan, miR140) were expressed at higher levels, whereas blood vessel morphogenesis transcripts (e.g., Slit2) were suppressed in Axin2(-/-):Runx2(+/-) calvaria. Cartilage maturation was impaired, as primary chondrocytes from double mutant mice demonstrated delayed differentiation and produced less calcified matrix in vitro. The genetic dominance of Runx2 was also reflected during endochondral fracture repair, as both Runx2(+/-) and double mutant Axin2(-/-):Runx2(+/-) mice had enlarged fracture calluses at early stages of healing. However, by the end stages of fracture healing, double mutant animals diverged from the Runx2(+/-) mice, showing smaller calluses and increased torsional strength indicative of more rapid end stage bone formation as seen in the Axin2(-/-) mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate a dominant role for Runx2 in chondrocyte maturation, but implicate Axin2 as an important modulator of the terminal stages of endochondral bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Hsu
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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27
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Oliveira FV, Dionísio TJ, Neves LT, Machado MAAM, Santos CF, Oliveira TM. Amelogenin gene influence on enamel defects of cleft lip and palate patients. Braz Oral Res 2014; 28:S1806-83242014000100245. [PMID: 25166767 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2014.vol28.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of mutations in the amelogenin gene (AMELX) in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and enamel defects (ED). A total of 165 patients were divided into four groups: with CLP and ED (n=46), with CLP and without ED (n = 34), without CLP and with ED (n = 34), and without CLP or ED (n = 51). Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva followed by conducting a Polymerase Chain Reaction and direct DNA sequencing of exons 2 through 7 of AMELX. Mutations were found in 30% (n = 14), 35% (n = 12), 11% (n = 4) and 13% (n = 7) of the subjects from groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Thirty seven mutations were detected and distributed throughout exons 2 (1 mutation - 2.7%), 6 (30 mutations - 81.08%) and 7 (6 mutations - 16.22%) of AMELX. No mutations were found in exons 3, 4 or 5. Of the 30 mutations found in exon 6, 43.34% (n = 13), 23.33% (n = 7), 13.33% (n = 4) and 20% (n = 6) were found in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. c.261 C > T (rs2106416), a silent mutation, was detected in 26 subjects, and found more significantly (p = 0.003) in patients with CLP (groups 1 and 2 - 23.75%), compared with those without CLP (groups 3 and 4 - 8.23%). In the groups without ED, this silent mutation was also found more significantly (p = 0.032) among subjects with CLP (17.65% in group 2), compared with those without CLP (7.8% in group 4). In conclusion, this study suggested that AMELX may be a candidate gene for cleft lip and palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Veronese Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucimara Teixeira Neves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Marchini Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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28
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Abstract
Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is susceptible to similar developmental failures as bone. Here we discuss conditions fitting under the umbrella of rickets, which traditionally referred to skeletal disease associated with vitamin D deficiency but has been more recently expanded to include newly identified factors involved in endocrine regulation of vitamin D, phosphate, and calcium, including phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog, X-linked, fibroblast growth factor 23, and dentin matrix protein 1. Systemic mineral metabolism intersects with local regulation of mineralization, and factors including tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase are necessary for proper mineralization, where rickets can result from loss of activity of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Individuals suffering from rickets often bear the additional burden of a defective dentition, and transgenic mouse models have aided in understanding the nature and mechanisms involved in tooth defects, which may or may not parallel rachitic bone defects. This report reviews dental effects of the range of rachitic disorders, including discussion of etiologies of hereditary forms of rickets, a survey of resulting bone and tooth mineralization disorders, and a discussion of mechanisms, known and hypothesized, involved in the observed dental pathologies. Descriptions of human pathology are augmented by analysis of transgenic mouse models, and new interpretations are brought to bear on questions of how teeth are affected under conditions of rickets. In short, the rachitic tooth will be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Foster
- National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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29
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Liu H, Han D, Wong S, Nan X, Zhao H, Feng H. rs929387 of GLI3 is involved in tooth agenesis in Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80860. [PMID: 24278334 PMCID: PMC3835326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is one of the most common anomalies of human dentition. Recent studies suggest that a number of genes are related to both syndromic and non-syndromic forms of hypodontia. In a previous study, we observed that polymorphism in rs929387 of GLI3 might be associated with hypodontia in the Chinese Han population based on a limited population. To further confirm this observation, in this study, we employed 89 individuals diagnosed with sporadic non-syndromic oligodontia (40 males and 49 females) to investigate the relationship between polymorphism in rs929387 of GLI3 and tooth agenesis. These individuals were analyzed with 273 subjects (125 males and 148 females) diagnosed with non-syndromic hypodontia and 200 healthy control subjects (100 males and 100 females). DNA was obtained from whole blood or saliva samples and genotyping was performed by a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) method. Significant differences were observed in the allele and genotype frequencies of rs929387 of GLI3. Distributions of genotypes TT, TC and CC of rs929387 polymorphism were significantly different between the case group and the control group (P = 0.013) and C allelic frequency was higher in case group [P = 0.002, OR = 1.690, 95% CI (1.200-2.379)]. Additionally, our analysis shows that this difference is more pronounced when compared between the male case group and the male control group. The function study suggests that variation in GLI3 caused by rs929387 leads to a decrease in its transcriptional activity. These data demonstrated an association between rs929387 of GLI3 and non-syndromic tooth agenesis in Chinese Han individuals. This information may provide further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tooth agenesis. Furthermore, GLI3 can be regarded as a marker gene for the risk of tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Singwai Wong
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Nan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongshan Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HF); (HZ)
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HF); (HZ)
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30
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Wang Y, Ye Y, Lin J, Meyer L, Wu X, Lu K, Liang D. Genetic variants in matrix metalloproteinase genes as disposition factors for ovarian cancer risk, survival, and clinical outcome. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:430-9. [PMID: 25867973 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading female cancers in the United States. Challenges remain in early diagnosis of this deadly disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family genes are paradoxically involved in cancer promotion and suppression. We hypothesize that genetic variants in MMP genes are associated with ovarian cancer development, so they could be potential markers for ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In this study of 417 ovarian cancer cases and 417 healthy controls, we genotyped a comprehensive panel of 266 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 23 MMP genes and analysed their associations with ovarian cancer risk, overall survival and treatment response in ovarian cancer cases who received platinum-based chemotherapy with surgery. In the analysis on 339 Caucasian cases and 349 Caucasian controls, 4 SNPs were significantly associated with cancer risk. The most significant association was observed for rs2292730 (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.39-2.96, P = 0.0002). Classification and regression tree analysis identified four terminal nodes with differential risk of ovarian cancer. Thirty-four SNPs were significantly associated with overall survival and four of which showed significant association with response to chemotherapy. Unfavourable genotype analysis of top SNPs on overall risk of death showed significant gene-dosage effect, survival tree analysis differentiated patients into distinct risk groups based on their genetic profiles with median survival times (MSTs) ranging from 17.7 to 151.7 months. In conclusion, our results suggest that genetic variants in MMP pathway genes may modulate the risk and clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer, both individually and jointly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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31
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Andersson EM, Axelsson S, Gjølstad LF, Storhaug K. Taurodontism: A minor diagnostic criterion in Laurence-Moon/Bardet-Biedl syndromes. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71:1671-4. [PMID: 23638763 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.794389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to present the prevalence of taurodontism in the permanent dentition in individuals with Laurence-Moon/Bardet-Biedl syndromes (LM/BBS). METHODS AND PARTICIPANTS Thirty-nine individuals were studied, which comprises the whole population of known LM/BBS patients in Norway. Data were collected retrospectively. Panoramic radiographs (OPG) were evaluated to document taurodontism. RESULTS Taurodontism was found in 82.9% of the individuals with LM/BBS. The second mandibular molars had the highest (72.3%) prevalence of taurodontism and the first mandibular molars the lowest (58.2%). CONCLUSION This study suggests that taurodontism should be included as a minor diagnostic criterion for the Laurence-Moon/Bardet-Biedl syndromes (LM/BBS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Els-Marie Andersson
- TAKO-Centre, National Resource Centre for Oral Health in Rare Medical Conditions, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital , Oslo , Norway
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32
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Klein OD, Oberoi S, Huysseune A, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Peterkova R. Developmental disorders of the dentition: an update. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:318-32. [PMID: 24124058 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dental anomalies are common congenital malformations that can occur either as isolated findings or as part of a syndrome. This review focuses on genetic causes of abnormal tooth development and the implications of these abnormalities for clinical care. As an introduction, we describe general insights into the genetics of tooth development obtained from mouse and zebrafish models. This is followed by a discussion of isolated as well as syndromic tooth agenesis, including Van der Woude syndrome (VWS), ectodermal dysplasias (EDs), oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndrome type I, Rieger syndrome, holoprosencephaly, and tooth anomalies associated with cleft lip and palate. Next, we review delayed formation and eruption of teeth, as well as abnormalities in tooth size, shape, and form. Finally, isolated and syndromic causes of supernumerary teeth are considered, including cleidocranial dysplasia and Gardner syndrome.
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33
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Liu H, Zhang J, Song S, Zhao H, Han D, Feng H. A case-control study of the association between tooth-development gene polymorphisms and non-syndromic hypodontia in the Chinese Han population. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:378-85. [PMID: 22984994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing; China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing; China
| | - Shujuan Song
- Department of Medical Genetics; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing; China
| | | | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing; China
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing; China
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34
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Napierala D, Sun Y, Maciejewska I, Bertin TK, Dawson B, D'Souza R, Qin C, Lee B. Transcriptional repression of the Dspp gene leads to dentinogenesis imperfecta phenotype in Col1a1-Trps1 transgenic mice. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1735-45. [PMID: 22508542 PMCID: PMC3399940 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) is a hereditary defect of dentin, a calcified tissue that is the most abundant component of teeth. Most commonly, DGI is manifested as a part of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) or the phenotype is restricted to dental findings only. In the latter case, DGI is caused by mutations in the DSPP gene, which codes for dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). Although these two proteins together constitute the majority of noncollagenous proteins of the dentin, little is known about their transcriptional regulation. Here we demonstrate that mice overexpressing the Trps1 transcription factor (Col1a1-Trps1 mice) in dentin-producing cells, odontoblasts, present with severe defects of dentin formation that resemble DGI. Combined micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histological analyses revealed tooth fragility due to severe hypomineralization of dentin and a diminished dentin layer with irregular mineralization in Col1a1-Trps1 mice. Biochemical analyses of noncollagenous dentin matrix proteins demonstrated decreased levels of both DSP and DPP proteins in Col1a1-Trps1 mice. On the molecular level, we demonstrated that sustained high levels of Trps1 in odontoblasts lead to dramatic decrease of Dspp expression as a result of direct inhibition of the Dspp promoter by Trps1. During tooth development Trps1 is highly expressed in preodontoblasts, but in mature odontoblasts secreting matrix its expression significantly decreases, which suggests a Trps1 role in odontoblast development. In these studies we identified Trps1 as a potent inhibitor of Dspp expression and the subsequent mineralization of dentin. Thus, we provide novel insights into mechanisms of transcriptional dysregulation that leads to DGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrawa Napierala
- Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.
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35
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An unusual occurrence of multiple dental anomalies in a single nonsyndromic patient: a case report. Case Rep Dent 2012; 2012:426091. [PMID: 22792499 PMCID: PMC3389659 DOI: 10.1155/2012/426091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental anomalies are the formative defects caused by genetic disturbances or environmental factors during tooth morphogenesis. Simultaneous occurrence of various multiple anomalies has been reported previously, particularly in cases of chromosomal abnormalities that often manifest with multisystem involvement. Very few cases of multiple anomalies have been documented in patients with no known generalized abnormalities. The present paper shows an unusual occurrence of a combination of dental anomalies like mandibular canine transmigration, taurodontism in permanent mandibular molars, congenital agenesis of 14 numbers of permanent teeth excluding third molars, canine impaction, primary molars with pyramidal roots, midline diastema and generalized microdontia in an apparently normal 13-year-old Indian girl.
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36
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Abstract
Enamel is a hard nanocomposite bioceramic with significant resilience that protects the mammalian tooth from external physical and chemical damages. The remarkable mechanical properties of enamel are associated with its hierarchical structural organization and its thorough connection with underlying dentin. This dynamic mineralizing system offers scientists a wealth of information that allows the study of basic principels of organic matrix-mediated biomineralization and can potentially be utilized in the fields of material science and engineering for development and design of biomimetic materials. This chapter will provide a brief overview of enamel hierarchical structure and properties and the process and stages of amelogenesis. Particular emphasis is given to current knowledge of extracellular matrix protein and proteinases, and the structural chemistry of the matrix components and their putative functions. The chapter will conclude by discussing the potential of enamel for regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Moradian-Oldak
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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37
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Li D, Du X, Zhang R, Shen B, Huang Y, Valenzuela RK, Wang B, Zhao H, Liu Z, Li J, Xu Z, Gao L, Ma J. Mutation identification of the DSPP in a Chinese family with DGI-II and an up-to-date bioinformatic analysis. Genomics 2012; 99:220-6. [PMID: 22310900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, through linkage analysis of a four-generation Chinese family with multiple members afflicted with DGI (type II), we identified a novel missense mutation in DSPP. The mutation was located in exon 2 at the second nucleotide position of the last codon and resulted in a substitution of a proline with a leucine residue (c.50C>T, p.P17L, g.50C>T). To assess the potential effects of this novel mutation, we utilized various bioinformatics analysis programs. The results indicate that the mutation likely affects protein cleavage/trafficking. We also analyzed previously reported mutations of DSPP. In summary, our finding supports that the genomic sequence that corresponds to the P17 residue of DSPP is a mutational hotspot and P17 may be critical for the function of DSPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxu Li
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
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38
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39
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Prevalence of Taurodont and Pyramidal Molars in a German Population. J Endod 2011; 37:158-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Wei KW, Xuan K, Liu YL, Fang J, Ji K, Wang X, Jin Y, Watanabe S, Watanabe K, Ojihara T. Clinical, pathological and genetic evaluations of Chinese patients with autosomal-dominant hypophosphatasia. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:1017-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Cao Z, Jiang B, Xie Y, Liu CJ, Feng JQ. GEP, a local growth factor, is critical for odontogenesis and amelogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:719-29. [PMID: 21152114 PMCID: PMC2999849 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulin epithelin precursor (GEP) is a new growth factor that functions in brain development, chondrogenesis, tissue regeneration, tumorigenesis, and inflammation. The goal of this study was to study whether GEP was critical for odontogenesis and amelogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. The in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry data showed that GEP was expressed in both odontoblast and ameloblast cells postnatally. Knockdown of GEP by crossing U6-ploxPneo-GEP and Sox2-Cre transgenic mice led to a reduction of dentin thickness, an increase in predentin thickness, and a reduction in mineral content in enamel. The in vitro application of recombinant GEP up-regulated molecular markers important for odontogenesis (DMP1, DSPP, and ALP) and amelogenesis (ameloblastin, amelogenin and enamelin). In conclusion, both the in vivo and the in vivo data support an important role of GEP in tooth formation during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguo Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, CHINA
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42
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Abstract
To present current views that are pertinent to the investigation of the genetic etiology of Class III malocclusion. Class III malocclusion is thought to be a polygenic disorder that results from an interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental factors. However, research on family pedigrees has indicated that Class III malocclusion might also be a monogenic dominant phenotype. Recent studies have reported that genes that encode specific growth factors or other signaling molecules are involved in condylar growth under mechanical strain. These genes, which include Indian hedgehog homolog (IHH), parathyroid-hormone like hormone (PTHLH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and variations in their levels of expression play an important role in the etiology of Class III malocclusion. In addition, genome-wide scans have revealed chromosomal loci that are associated with Class III malocclusion. It is likely that chromosomal loci 1p36, 12q23, and 12q13 harbor genes that confer susceptibility to Class III malocclusion. In a case-control association study, we identified erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 (EPB41) to be a new positional candidate gene that might be involved in susceptibility to mandibular prognathism. Most of the earlier studies on the genetic etiology of Class III malocclusion have focused on the patterns of inheritance of this phenotype. Recent investigations have focused on understanding the genetic variables that affect Class III malocclusion and might provide new approaches to uncovering the genetic etiology of this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xue
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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43
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Choi SJ, Song IS, Feng JQ, Gao T, Haruyama N, Gautam P, Robey PG, Hart TC. Mutant DLX 3 disrupts odontoblast polarization and dentin formation. Dev Biol 2010; 344:682-92. [PMID: 20510228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by abnormalities in the thickness and density of bones and teeth. A 4-bp deletion mutation in the Distal-Less 3 (DLX3) gene is etiologic for most cases of TDO. To investigate the in vivo role of mutant DLX3 (MT-DLX3) on dentin development, we generated transgenic (TG) mice expressing MT-DLX3 driven by a mouse 2.3 Col1A1 promoter. Dentin defects were radiographically evident in all teeth and the size of the nonmineralized pulp was enlarged in TG mice, consistent with clinical characteristics in patients with TDO. High-resolution radiography, microcomputed tomography, and SEM revealed a reduced zone of mineralized dentin with anomalies in the number and organization of dentinal tubules in MT-DLX3 TG mice. Histological and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the decreased dentin was accompanied by altered odontoblast cytology that included disruption of odontoblast polarization and reduced numbers of odontoblasts. TUNEL assays indicated enhanced odontoblast apoptosis. Expression levels of the apoptotic marker caspase-3 were increased in odontoblasts in TG mice as well as in odontoblastic-like MDPC-23 cells transfected with MT-DLX3 cDNA. Expression of Runx2, Wnt 10A, and TBC1D19 colocalized with DLX3 expression in odontoblasts, and MT-DLX3 significantly reduced expression of all three genes. TBC1D19 functions in cell polarity and decreased TBC1D19 expression may contribute to the observed disruption of odontoblast polarity and apoptosis. These data indicate that MT-DLX3 acts to disrupt odontoblast cytodifferentiation leading to odontoblast apoptosis, and aberrations of dentin tubule formation and dentin matrix production, resulting in decreased dentin and taurodontism. In summary, this TG model demonstrates that MT-DLX3 has differential effects on matrix production and mineralization in dentin and bone and provides a novel tool for the investigation of odontoblast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Choi
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Beyeler M, Schild C, Lutz R, Chiquet M, Trueb B. Identification of a fibronectin interaction site in the extracellular matrix protein ameloblastin. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1202-12. [PMID: 20043904 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian teeth are composed of hydroxyapatite crystals that are embedded in a rich extracellular matrix. This matrix is produced by only two cell types, the mesenchymal odontoblasts and the ectodermal ameloblasts. Ameloblasts secrete the enamel proteins amelogenin, ameloblastin, enamelin and amelotin. Odontoblasts secrete collagen type I and several calcium-binding phosphoproteins including dentin sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix protein, bone sialoprotein and osteopontin. The latter four proteins have recently been grouped in the family of the SIBLINGs (small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins) because they display similar gene structures and because they contain an RGD tripeptide sequence that binds to integrin receptors and thus mediates cell adhesion. We have prepared all the other tooth-specific proteins in recombinant form and examined whether they might also promote cell adhesion similar to the SIBLINGs. We found that only ameloblastin consistently mediated adhesion of osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells to plastic or titanium surfaces. The activity was dependent on the intact three-dimensional structure of ameloblastin and required de novo protein synthesis of the adhering cells. By deletion analysis and in vitro mutagenesis, the active site could be narrowed down to a sequence of 13 amino acid residues (VPIMDFADPQFPT) derived from exon 7 of the rat ameloblastin gene or exons 7-9 of the human gene. Kinetic studies and RNA interference experiments further demonstrated that this sequence does not directly bind to a cell surface receptor but that it interacts with cellular fibronectin, which in turn binds to integrin receptors. The identification of a fibronectin-binding domain in ameloblastin might permit interesting applications for dental implantology. Implants could be coated with peptides containing the active sequence, which in turn would recruit fibronectin from the patient's blood. The recruited fibronectin should then promote cell adhesion on the implant surface, thereby accelerating osseointegration of the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beyeler
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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45
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Fleischmannova J, Matalova E, Sharpe PT, Misek I, Radlanski RJ. Formation of the tooth-bone interface. J Dent Res 2009; 89:108-15. [PMID: 20042740 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509355440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Not only are teeth essential for mastication, but also missing teeth are considered a social handicap due to speech and aesthetic problems, with a resulting high impact on emotional well-being. Several treatment procedures are currently available for tooth replacement with mostly inert prosthetic materials and implants. Natural tooth substitution based on copying the developmental process of tooth formation is particularly challenging and creates a rapidly developing area of molecular dentistry. In any approach, functional interactions among the tooth, the surrounding bone, and the periodontium must be established. Therefore, recent research in craniofacial genetics searches for mechanisms responsible for correct cell and tissue interactions, not only within a specific structure, but also in the context of supporting structures. A tooth crown that is not functionally anchored to roots and bone is useless. This review aims to summarize the developmental and tissue homeostatic aspects of the tooth-bone interface, from the initial patterning toward tooth eruption and lifelong interactions between the tooth and its surrounding alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fleischmannova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic.
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46
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Hacking SA, Khademhosseini A. Applications of microscale technologies for regenerative dentistry. J Dent Res 2009; 88:409-21. [PMID: 19493883 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509334774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While widespread advances in tissue engineering have occurred over the past decade, many challenges remain in the context of tissue engineering and regeneration of the tooth. For example, although tooth development is the result of repeated temporal and spatial interactions between cells of ectoderm and mesoderm origin, most current tooth engineering systems cannot recreate such developmental processes. In this regard, microscale approaches that spatially pattern and support the development of different cell types in close proximity can be used to regulate the cellular microenvironment and, as such, are promising approaches for tooth development. Microscale technologies also present alternatives to conventional tissue engineering approaches in terms of scaffolds and the ability to direct stem cells. Furthermore, microscale techniques can be used to miniaturize many in vitro techniques and to facilitate high-throughput experimentation. In this review, we discuss the emerging microscale technologies for the in vitro evaluation of dental cells, dental tissue engineering, and tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hacking
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, PRB, Rm 252, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Kang HY, Seymen F, Lee SK, Yildirim M, Tuna EB, Patir A, Lee KE, Kim JW. Candidate gene strategy reveals ENAM mutations. J Dent Res 2009; 88:266-9. [PMID: 19329462 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509333180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous genetic disorder affecting tooth enamel without other non-oral syndromic conditions. Based on a review of the literature, the authors constructed a candidate-gene-based mutational analysis strategy. To test the strategy, they identified two Turkish families with hypoplastic enamel without any other non-oral syndromic phenotype. The authors analyzed all exons and exon/intron boundaries of the enamelin (ENAM) gene for family 1 and the DLX3 and ENAM genes for family 2, to identify the underlying genetic etiology. The analysis revealed 2 ENAM mutations (autosomal-dominant g.14917delT and autosomal-recessive g.13185-13186insAG mutations). A single T deletion in exon 10 is a novel deletional mutation (g.14917delT, c.2991delT), which is predicted to result in a frameshift with a premature termination codon (p.L998fsX1062). This result supports the use of a candidate-gene-based strategy to study the genetic basis for AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Kang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Haze A, Taylor AL, Haegewald S, Leiser Y, Shay B, Rosenfeld E, Gruenbaum-Cohen Y, Dafni L, Zimmermann B, Heikinheimo K, Gibson CW, Fisher LW, Young MF, Blumenfeld A, Bernimoulin JP, Deutsch D. Regeneration of bone and periodontal ligament induced by recombinant amelogenin after periodontitis. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:1110-24. [PMID: 19228267 PMCID: PMC2889159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of mineralized tissues affected by chronic diseases comprises a major scientific and clinical challenge. Periodontitis, one such prevalent disease, involves destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues, alveolar bone, periodontal-ligament and cementum, often leading to tooth loss. In 1997, it became clear that, in addition to their function in enamel formation, the hydrophobic ectodermal enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) play a role in the regeneration of these periodontal tissues. The epithelial EMPs are a heterogeneous mixture of polypeptides encoded by several genes. It was not clear, however, which of these many EMPs induces the regeneration and what mechanisms are involved. Here we show that a single recombinant human amelogenin protein (rHAM+), induced in vivo regeneration of all tooth-supporting tissues after creation of experimental periodontitis in a dog model. To further understand the regeneration process, amelogenin expression was detected in normal and regenerating cells of the alveolar bone (osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts), periodontal ligament, cementum and in bone marrow stromal cells. Amelogenin expression was highest in areas of high bone turnover and activity. Further studies showed that during the first 2 weeks after application, rHAM+ induced, directly or indirectly, significant recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells, which later differentiated to form the regenerated periodontal tissues. The ability of a single protein to bring about regeneration of all periodontal tissues, in the correct spatio-temporal order, through recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells, could pave the way for development of new therapeutic devices for treatment of periodontal, bone and ligament diseases based on rHAM+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Haze
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University - Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Missing permanent teeth is observed with syndromes or is frequently hereditarily propagated in families. The treatment of these patients is a multi-task of specialists of oral surgery, orthodontics and prosthodontics. DISCUSSION Despite functional and aesthetic considerations, the main problem of all treatment is that it had to be performed in a growing child. This article discusses the conventional and implant-driven concepts to treat patients from childhood to adolescence with selective or multiple missing permanent teeth.
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