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Zhang H, Ge S, Ni B, He K, Zhu P, Wu X, Shao Y. Augmenting ATG14 alleviates atherosclerosis and inhibits inflammation via promotion of autophagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages. Autophagy 2021; 17:4218-4230. [PMID: 33849389 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1909833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of macroautophagy/autophagy in macrophages contributes to atherosclerosis. Impaired autophagy-lysosomal degradation system leads to lipid accumulation, facilitating atherosclerotic plaque. ATG14 is an essential regulator for the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Whether ATG14 plays a role in macrophage autophagy dysfunction in atherosclerosis is unknown. To investigate the effects of ATG14 on macrophage autophagy, human atherosclerotic plaque, apoe-/- mice and cultured mouse macrophages were evaluated. Overexpression of ATG14 by adenovirus was used to reveal its function in autophagy, inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Results showed that impaired autophagy function with reduction of ATG14 expression existed in macrophages of human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques. Ox-LDL impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion with reduction of ATG14 expression in macrophages. Overexpression of ATG14 in macrophages enhanced fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and promoted lipid degradation, decreasing Ox-LDL-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response. Augmenting ATG14 expression reversed the autophagy dysfunction in macrophages of apoe-/- mice plaque, blunted SQSTM1/p62 accumulation, inhibited inflammation, and upregulated the population of Treg cells, resulting in alleviating atherosclerotic lesions.AbbreviationsABCC1: ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 1; ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1; Ad-Atg14: adenovirus vector carrying the mouse Atg14 gene; Ad-LacZ: adenovirus vector carrying the gene for bacterial β-galactosidase; apoe-/-: apolipoprotein E knockout; ATG14: autophagy-related 14; CD68: CD68 antigen; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; Dil-ox-LDL: Dil-oxidized low density lipoprotein; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HFD: high-fat diet (an atherogenic diet); IL: interleukin; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; LDL-C: low density lipoprotrein cholesterol; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; ND: normal diet; Ox-LDL: oxidized low density lipoprotein; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SREBF1/SREBP1c: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1; SREBF2/SREBP2: sterol regulatory element binding factor 2; STX17: syntaxin 17; TC: serum total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IFN: interferon; Treg cell: regulatory T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Ge
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Buqing Ni
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keshuai He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Esenwa CC, Elkind MS. Inflammatory risk factors, biomarkers and associated therapy in ischaemic stroke. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:594-604. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Effects of Intravenous Injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis on Rabbit Inflammatory Immune Response and Atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:364391. [PMID: 26063970 PMCID: PMC4433690 DOI: 10.1155/2015/364391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of intravenous injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) on rabbit inflammatory immune response and atherosclerosis were evaluated by establishing a microamount Pg bacteremia model combined with high-fat diet. Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into Groups A-D (n = 6). After 14 weeks, levels of inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) in peripheral blood were detected by ELISA. The aorta was subjected to HE staining. Local aortic expressions of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), TLR-4, TNF-α, CRP, IL-6, matrix metallopeptidase-9, and MCP-1 were detected by real-time PCR, and those of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) proteins were detected by Western blot. Intravenous injection of Pg to the bloodstream alone induced atherosclerotic changes and significantly increased systemic and local aortic expressions of inflammatory factors, NF-κB p65, phospho-p38-MAPK, and JNK, especially in Group D. Injection of microamount Pg induced inflammatory immune response and accelerated atherosclerosis, in which the NF-κB p65, p38-MAPK, and JNK signaling pathways played important roles. Intravenous injection of Pg is not the same as Pg from human periodontitis entering the blood stream. Therefore, our results cannot be extrapolated to human periodontitis.
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Ponnusamy T, Srikanth KV, Manjunatha R, Kakkar VV, Mundkur L. Circulating Th17 and Tc17 Cells and Their Imbalance with Regulatory T Cells Is Associated with Myocardial Infarction in Young Indian Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/wjcd.2015.512043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pryshchep S, Goronzy JJ, Parashar S, Weyand CM. Insufficient deactivation of the protein tyrosine kinase lck amplifies T-cell responsiveness in acute coronary syndrome. Circ Res 2009; 106:769-78. [PMID: 20035083 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.206052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, T cells may destabilize the tissue structure through direct cell-injurious effector functions. T cells transmit environmental signals, such as recognition of antigen, into cellular responses through regulated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins, with the Src family kinase Lck (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase) in critical membrane-proximal position of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascade. The balance between protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation defines the signal transduction threshold and determines appropriate T-cell responses. OBJECTIVE We have examined whether abnormal calibration of intracellular signaling pathways renders acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients susceptible to disproportionate T-cell responses. METHODS AND RESULTS Intracellular signaling cascades were quantified in CD4 T cells from ACS patients and control individuals after stimulation with major histocompatibility complex class II-superantigen complexes. ACS T cells mobilized more intracellular calcium and accumulated higher levels of phosphotyrosine than control T cells. Proximal steps in TCR signaling, such as recruitment of ZAP-70 and clustering of TCR complexes in the immune synapse, were abnormally enhanced in ACS T cells. Acceleration of the signaling cascade derived from a proximal defect in ACS T cells, which failed to phosphorylate Lck at Tyr505, extending activation of the Src kinase. Abnormalities in TCR signaling did not correlate with systemic inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS An intrinsic abnormality in the signaling machinery of ACS T cells resulting in the accumulation of active Lck lowers the TCR threshold and renders lymphocytes hyperreactive and capable of unwanted immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Pryshchep
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Feng J, Zhang Z, Kong W, Liu B, Xu Q, Wang X. Regulatory T cells ameliorate hyperhomocysteinaemia-accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84:155-63. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Pertovaara M, Raitala A, Juonala M, Lehtimäki T, Huhtala H, Oja SS, Jokinen E, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT, Hurme M. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme activity correlates with risk factors for atherosclerosis: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:106-11. [PMID: 17349013 PMCID: PMC1868844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme involved in the catabolism of tryptophan, suppresses T cell activity and is up-regulated by various inflammatory stimuli. The ratio of kynurenine, the main metabolite of tryptophan, to tryptophan (kyn/trp) reflects IDO activity. We calculated IDO activity and measured carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), a presymptomatic predictor of atherosclerosis, in 986 young adults (544 female, 442 male) for whom data on levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride, high sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and smoking habits were available. IDO activity correlated significantly with IMT in female subjects, but not in males. In a multivariate linear regression model, IDO did not correlate independently with IMT in female subjects. However, IDO activity correlated significantly with several risk factors for atherosclerosis in females, i.e. with age, LDL-C, BMI, weakly with CRP and inversely with HDL-C and triglyceride. In males IDO activity correlated significantly with CRP and inversely with HDL-C. In conclusion, our results suggest that the IDO enzyme is involved in the immune regulation of early atherosclerosis, particularly in young female adults, and could constitute a novel marker of immune activation in early atherosclerosis in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pertovaara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tampere, Medical School, Finland.
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Faria-Neto JR, Chyu KY, Li X, Dimayuga PC, Ferreira C, Yano J, Cercek B, Shah PK. Passive immunization with monoclonal IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine reduces accelerated vein graft atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189:83-90. [PMID: 16386745 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylcholine (PC) headgroup is one of the neoantigens exposed by LDL oxidation that can elicit an immune response. Active immunization with Streptococcus pneumoniae, which bears PC on its cell wall, reduced atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice and this effect was attributed to an immune response to PC. In this study we tested the hypothesis that passive immunization with a monoclonal anti-PC IgM antibody can be athero-protective in a murine model of native aortic and vein graft atherosclerosis. Inferior vena cava from 16-week-old donor male apoE-null mice was grafted into right carotid artery of age-matched male recipient apoE-null mice. Anti-PC IgM titers were evaluated before and 4 weeks after surgery. For the immunization protocol, a separate group of mice received weekly intraperitoneal injection of monoclonal anti-PC IgM (400 microg) for 4 weeks, starting the day of surgery. Controls received PBS or pooled polyclonal IgM. Anti-PC IgM titres significantly increased at 4 weeks following surgery. Passive immunization with anti-PC IgM reduced vein graft plaque size and neointimal thickness resulting in a larger luminal area; in addition immunization reduced the inflammatory cell content of the plaques. There was no significant effect on the established native aortic atherosclerotic lesions. Immunization did not affect circulating cholesterol levels. Taken together our data suggest that passive immunization with anti-PC IgM significantly reduces vein graft lesion size with less inflammatory phenotype without affecting cholesterol levels, indicating an athero-protective immune response to PC. Lack of effect on established native aortic lesions may have been due to short duration of therapy and/or reduced efficacy in established lesions as compared to evolving lesions of vein graft atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Faria-Neto
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Xu Y, McDonald J, Perloff E, Butticè G, Schreiber BM, Smith BD. Collagen and major histocompatibility class II expression in mesenchymal cells from CIITA hypomorphic mice. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1709-21. [PMID: 16982097 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.07.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) transactivator (CIITA) is critical for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced repression of collagen [Xu, Y., Wang, L., Buttice, G., Sengupta, P.K., Smith, B.D., 2004. Major histocompatibility class II transactivator (CIITA) mediates repression of collagen (COL1A2) transcription by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). J. Biol. Chem. 279, 41319-41332] and activation of MHC II transcription. To better understand the role of CIITA and IFN-gamma induced repression of collagen, mesenchymal cells (lung fibroblasts, adventitial fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells) were isolated from a CIITA deficient mouse (C2ta(tm1Ccum)). IFN-gamma induced MHC II expression and repressed collagen type I expression in all three cell types isolated from the wild type background. As expected, IFN-gamma treatment of cells isolated from CIITA deficient mice did not induce MHC II production or activate the MHC II promoter. Interestingly, collagen gene expression and promoter activity was similar to that of wild type. Moreover, IFN-gamma induced CIITA mRNA and a truncated form of CIITA protein in all cells isolated from CIITA deficient mice. Most importantly, truncated CIITA occupied the collagen alpha 2(I) gene (col1a2) transcription start site during IFN-gamma treatment, but it did not occupy the MHC II promoter as judged by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Exogenous expression of a similar truncated form of CIITA maintained its ability to repress col1a2 transcription, but lost its ability to activate MHC II gene transcription suggesting a role for the CIITA C-terminal domain in activation, but not repression. IFN-gamma induced primarily types I and IV CIITA isoforms in the mouse cells. All three isoforms of CIITA were capable of repressing col1a2 and activating MHC II gene transcription. These data suggest that the previously described CIITA knockout mouse carries a hypomorphic mutation, rather than a null mutation. The removal of the leucine rich region in CIITA blocks activation of MHC II without altering repression of collagen transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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