1
|
Charoensakulchai S, Onwan M, Kanchanasurakit S, Flaherty G, Matsee W. Recreational substance use among international travellers. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taae012. [PMID: 38236178 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug tourism reflects the expanding illicit drug market, posing health risks in unfamiliar travel settings. Existing knowledge specifically addressing substance use among international travellers is sparse and has not been reviewed to date. This review aimed to describe the recreational substance abuse in international travellers. METHODS A literature search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus using keywords related to recreational substances and international travellers. A total of 11 021 articles were reviewed, charted and summarized for the evidence on prevalence, patterns and characteristics of substance abuse and their health- and non-health-related problems on international travellers. RESULTS A total of 58 articles were included. Most were cross-sectional studies and review articles. In total, 20 articles addressed the prevalence of substance abuse in travellers, 33 looked at characteristics and patterns of substance abuse in travellers and 39 investigated the health- and non-health-related problems from substance abuse. Estimated prevalence of recreational substances abuse varied from 0.7% to 55.0%. Rates of substances abuse were 9.45-34.5% for cannabis, 20.4-35.9% for alcohol intoxication, 2.82-40.5% for MDMA, 2-22.2% for cocaine, 2-15% for psychedelic agents and 2% for methamphetamine. The prevalence varied according to travellers' characteristics and travel destinations. Direct health problems included neuropsychiatric problems. Indirect problems included accident and unintentional injuries, crime and violence, risky sexual behaviours and sexual violence and blood-borne infections. Non-health-related problems included air rage, deportation and violation of local laws. CONCLUSION Substance abuse among international travellers is an underestimated problem that requires intervention. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing this issue to mitigate both health and well-being problems among travellers whilst promoting safer and more responsible travel experiences. In the context of travel health practices, practitioners should counsel travellers whose itineraries may include substance abuse, informing them about associated risks and consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakarn Charoensakulchai
- Thai Travel Clinic, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Manasvin Onwan
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkarak, Nakorn-nayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Sukrit Kanchanasurakit
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Care, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and Integration (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care, Department of Pharmacy, Phrae Hospital, Phrae 54000, Thailand
| | - Gerard Flaherty
- School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Travel Medicine Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wasin Matsee
- Thai Travel Clinic, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Travel Medicine Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De la Vega-Taboada E, Rodriguez AL, Barton A, Stephens DP, Cano M, Eaton A, Frazier S, Rodriguez A, Cortecero A. Colombian Adolescents’ Perceptions of Violence and Opportunities for Safe Spaces Across Community Settings. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584231164643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
During adolescence, access to safe environments is critical for healthy development. This study analyzed adolescents’ perceptions of safety in personal and public spaces in the semi-rural community of Santa Ana, Colombia on the Island of Barú (95.8% of inhabitants live in poverty). We used thematic analysis to explore adolescents’ experiences and reflections to identify the factors influencing their perception of safety across different community spaces. Four gender-segregated focus group discussions were held with 40 adolescents (20 male and 20 female) from ages 13 to 17 ( M = 14.4, SD = 1.2). Most of them self-identified as Black (86%). The more recurrent spaces in the adolescents’ conversations were the streets, the school, the local sports field, individual homes, and commercial sound system parties known as “Picos.” Adolescents perceived the school as the safest space, while the “Picos” were the most unsafe. The other spaces were considered mixed, meaning that their perceived safety shifts and depends on the presence of certain factors. These factors were risky behaviors, group affiliation, designated authority roles and the relevance of time. The authors discuss the importance of addressing the factors that inform adolescents’ safety perception, particularly within low resource settings cross-culturally.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ivers JH, Killeen N, Keenan E. Drug use, harm-reduction practices and attitudes toward the utilisation of drug safety testing services in an Irish cohort of festival-goers. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:1701-1710. [PMID: 34545479 PMCID: PMC8452125 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Festival drug-related deaths are a growing public health concern. AIM To examine drug use and related harm-reduction practices and attitudes towards utilisation of drug safety testing services. METHODS Data collection took place over the 2019 festival season (June-October). The questionnaire was self-reported. Data was gathered via the online survey, which was promoted through online and social media platforms and outlets. Social media communication methods were used to reach the targeted population more effectively. RESULTS A total of 1193 Irish festival attendees over the age of 18 completed an anonymous online survey. Alcohol, MDMA powder/crystals, ecstasy pills and cocaine were the highest reported drugs used by Irish festival attendees. The vast majority of participants reported polysubstance use (86.8%/n = 1036). Forty percent of participants (39.98%/n = 477) reported having had sex following the use of a drug at a festival; of these, 66% (n = 316) said that the sex was unprotected. Most participants (84.0%/n = 1003) engaged in some form of harm reduction when taking drugs at festivals. Overwhelmingly, participants reported a willingness to engage with drug-checking services. The vast majority (96.3%; n = 1149) and would use drug checking services more than three-quarters (75.1%/n = 897) reported that they would use an 'amnesty bin' for drugs if it were part of an alert system to notify if dangerous drugs are in circulation. A chi-square test of Independence was conducted to examine whether age and utilisation of drug safety testing service a festival were independent. Moreover, when all cases are taken together, the difference between testing modalities (onsite, offsite and amnesty bin) shows a significant difference p < 001 between those who would use onsite and offsite drug testing facilities. CONCLUSION The evidence from this survey indicates that those young people who use drugs at festivals would be prepared to utilise drug checking services and amnesty bins should help inform the public health response to this important area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Hanna Ivers
- Public Health & Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Nicki Killeen
- Health Service Executive, National Social Inclusion Office, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamon Keenan
- Public Health & Primary Care, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Health Service Executive, National Social Inclusion Office, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jacobs W, Idoko E, Montgomery L, Smith ML, Merianos AL. Concurrent E-cigarette and marijuana use and health-risk behaviors among U.S. high school students. Prev Med 2021; 145:106429. [PMID: 33476680 PMCID: PMC8194044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and marijuana remain prevalent problems among adolescents nationwide. We assessed current (past 30-day) exclusive e-cigarette use, exclusive marijuana use, and concurrent use with unintentional injury and violent behaviors, alcohol and other drug use behaviors, and sexual behaviors among U.S. high school students. We analyzed 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data including 12,578 high school students nationwide. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to compare these health-risk behaviors among exclusive e-cigarette users, exclusive marijuana users, and concurrent users with non-users among the overall sample, and then to compare exclusive e-cigarette users and exclusive marijuana users with concurrent users among current users only. All models adjusted for adolescent sex, grade, and race/ethnicity, and other tobacco product use. Approximately 77% of students were non-users, 5.2% were exclusive e-cigarette users, 9.9% were exclusive marijuana users, and 7.8% were concurrent users. Compared to non-users, exclusive e-cigarette users and exclusive marijuana users were more likely to engage in most negative health-risk behaviors associated with unintentional injuries and violence, alcohol and other drug use, and sexual behaviors. Among current users only, exclusive e-cigarette users and exclusive marijuana users were at reduced odds of engaging in most of these health-risk behaviors when compared to concurrent users of both substances. The relationship between exclusive and concurrent e-cigarette and marijuana use and health-risk behaviors highlights the importance of comprehensive educational efforts during high school. Findings suggest need for more studies on influence of e-cigarette and marijuana use on injury and violence risk among youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wura Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Stanislaus, One University Circle, Turlock, CA 95382, USA.
| | - Ehikowoicho Idoko
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, 2929 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - LaTrice Montgomery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 670559, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Matthew Lee Smith
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab, College Station, TX 77843, USA; School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210068, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanchez ZM, Santos MGR, Sanudo A, Carlini CM, Martins SS. Sexual Aggression in Brazilian Nightclubs: Associations with Patron's Characteristics, Drug Use, and Environmental Factors. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:609-618. [PMID: 30552603 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bars and nightclubs are main locations for sexual assault outcomes such as rape, attempted rape, stalking, and other forms of sexual harassment. Alcohol use is strongly associated with violence in nightlife settings. The present study aimed to identify individual and environmental factors, such as different types of nightclubs, music styles, and physical environment associated with nightclub patron's report of being victims of sexual aggression inside nightclubs in São Paulo, Brazil. Two levels of data were collected: observational data inside nightclubs and individual-level survey data of 2422 patrons at the entrance and 1822 patrons (1111 men; 711 women) at the exit of 31 nightclubs. Among patrons, 11.5% (95% CI 7.9-16.2%) reported being a victim of sexual aggression inside the venues in the night of the survey. Groping and forced kissing were the most prevalent forms of sexual aggression (9.8%; [7.2-13.1%]), which was more strongly associated with environmental factors such as crowding (OR = 2.9 [1.6-5.2%]), entrance consumption fee (OR = 4.2 [2.5-7.0%]), and music style than with individual-level factors. In funk (OR = 3.3 [1.6-6.9%]), electronic (OR = 3.2 [1.8-5.8%]), and pop dance (OR = 7.9 [2.2-29.1%]) nightclubs, patrons had higher chances of being a victim of sexual aggression compared to those ones at the eclectic nightclubs. Presence of reserved areas for sex increased the chances of reporting sexual aggression (OR = 1.8 [1.2-2.8%]). No significant gender differences for sexual aggression were detected. Results suggest a requirement of security improvement where environmental characteristics are potential predictors of victimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zila M Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 740, Floor 4, 04023-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Adriana Sanudo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 740, Floor 4, 04023-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia M Carlini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 740, Floor 4, 04023-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pollack HA. Harm reduction when it's for our own kids: comment on Hagit Bonny-Noach, "The evolution of Israeli public policy for drug-using backpackers. Isr J Health Policy Res 2018; 7:65. [PMID: 30355301 PMCID: PMC6199804 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-018-0253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hagit Bonny-Noach notes the challenging history of illicit substance use among Israeli backpackers. Few Israeli practices are more normative than the backpacking-trip as a rite of passage. Unsurprisingly, backpacking in far-off locales provides occasion to experiment with the various intoxicating experiences young adult life has to offer. Some such experimentation is expected, and often developmentally appropriate. It also carries real risks and causes real harms. Israeli policymakers’ efforts to address this issue underscore both the necessity and the difficulty of harm reduction. Bonny-Noach usefully notes the importance of social class as both a facilitator and a barrier to effective public health policies to protect young adults from drug-related harms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Pollack
- Helen Ross Professor of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, 969 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu D, Yang T, Cottrell RR, Zhou H, Feng X. Prevalence and behavioural associations of unintentional injuries among Chinese college students: a 50-University population-based study. Inj Prev 2018; 25:52-59. [PMID: 30194259 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence, demographic characteristics and behavioural correlates of unintentional injuries among Chinese college students. METHODS A cross-sectional multistage survey sampling process was conducted among 11 770 undergraduates from 50 universities in China. Students were asked to report different types of unintentional injuries that required medical attention from a doctor over the past year. The χ² test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with these injuries. RESULTS The overall unintentional injury prevalence was 47.9% (95% CI 47.6% to 48.2%). Most injuries occurred at sport venues (24.0%), following by home/dormitory injuries (20.5%) and traffic injuries (13.0%). Some behavioural factors exhibiting significant associations with overall unintentional injuries were: sleeping less than 7 hours (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.37), smoking (OR=1.28, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.32), alcohol consumption (OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.69 to 1.78) and heavy internet use (OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.52 to 1.67). Male students were more likely to be involved in traffic and sport injuries than female students. Students majoring in non-medical fields had a higher risk of sport and home injuries than students majoring in medical fields. Those who drank alcohol, slept less than 7 hours or who reported heavy internet use were more likely to experience all types of injuries than students who did not participate in these behaviours. Finally, students who smoked had a higher likelihood of traffic and sport injuries than non-smoking students. CONCLUSIONS A substantial number of college students reported injuries in the past year, and several key behavioural factors were associated with injuries. These findings could be beneficial for the design, implementation and assessment of injury intervention programme with college students. Based on these findings, policy implications for unintentional injury prevention and control were also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Psychology/Research Center for Quality of Life and Applied Psychology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Tingzhong Yang
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China .,Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Randall R Cottrell
- Public Health Studies Program, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Huan Zhou
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Flaherty GT, Maxemous KK, Nossier RE, Bui YG. The highs and lows of drug tourism: a travel medicine perspective. J Travel Med 2017; 24:4191323. [PMID: 29088481 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tax068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard T Flaherty
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Karl K Maxemous
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ramez E Nossier
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yen-Giang Bui
- Department of Public Health, CISSS Montérégie-Centre, Longueuil, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nordfjaern T. Violence involvement among nightlife patrons: The relative role of demographics and substance use. Aggress Behav 2017; 43:398-407. [PMID: 28078788 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The nightlife setting is a risk context for violence involvement that ultimately may cause severe injuries and fatalities. Few studies have examined associations between alcohol and illicit substance use with physical violence involvement among nightlife patrons. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relative role of demographics and substance use characteristics for nightlife violence involvement among Norwegian nightlife patrons. A cross-sectional self-completion survey was conducted outside 12 licensed premises in Oslo (n = 1099, response rate = 76%) and each respondent's BAC level was measured by a breathalyzer and registered on the questionnaire. A total of 103 individuals (10%) reported that they had been involved in physical violence when they were consuming alcohol in the nightlife setting during the last 12 months. Uni-variate results showed that patrons who had been involved in violence were more likely to present a BAC level above 1.00‰ than those who had not been involved. The prevalence of last year illicit substance use was overall high, especially in the violence-involved group. The most important factors associated with violence involvement in multivariate analysis were a high frequency of last year alcohol intoxication and last year illicit substance use. Women and those with high education had a lower risk of violence involvement. The implications for preventive initiatives are that these need to focus on factors additional to alcohol restrictions. Preventive efforts targeted to specific patron groups and measures targeting patrons who are more likely to use illicit substances may hold promise. Aggr. Behav. 43:398-407, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trond Nordfjaern
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Drug Policy; Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
"That's cool, you're a musician and you drink": Exploring entertainers' accounts of their unique workplace relationship with alcohol. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2016; 36:85-94. [PMID: 27598722 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This qualitative research investigates the alcohol experiences of entertainers who perform within licensed premises. Previous, mainly quantitative, studies have found that entertainers, specifically musicians, are an occupational group who drink excessively. This qualitative study draws on a wider sample of entertainers to examine their accounts of drinking in the workplace and the explanations they provide for this. We conducted individual semi-structured interviews (n=24) with band-members, variety acts and DJs in Glasgow, Scotland. This revealed a workplace characterised by continual opportunities for often free alcohol consumption. Unlike most occupations, for entertainers 'drinking-on-the-job' was normative, expected, and sometimes encouraged by peers, the public, employers or sponsors. Entertainers also experienced performance-related incentives to drink before, during and/or after a show; including anxiety, matching their intoxication level to the audience's, and 'reward-drinking'. This qualitative research confirms the unique nature of the entertainer-alcohol link, even in comparison to that found within other leisure industry occupations. While providing some explanation as to why entertainers might drink excessively, participants' accounts also suggested potential strategies for avoiding the negative outcomes of workplace drinking.
Collapse
|
11
|
Santos MGR, Paes AT, Sanudo A, Andreoni S, Sanchez ZM. Gender Differences in Predrinking Behavior Among Nightclubs' Patrons. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1243-52. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G. R. Santos
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Section of Epidemiology; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Angela T. Paes
- Department of Information in Health; Section of Statistics; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adriana Sanudo
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Section of Biostatistics; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Solange Andreoni
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Section of Biostatistics; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Zila M. Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Section of Epidemiology; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Holidays, celebrations, and commiserations: measuring drinking during feasting and fasting to improve national and individual estimates of alcohol consumption. BMC Med 2015; 13:113. [PMID: 25998218 PMCID: PMC4494693 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate measures of alcohol consumption are critical in assessing health harms caused by alcohol. In many countries, there are large discrepancies between survey-based measures of consumption and those based on alcohol sales. In England, surveys measuring typical alcohol consumption account for only around 60% of alcohol sold. Here, using a national survey, we measure both typical drinking and atypical/special occasion drinking (i.e., feasting and fasting) in order to develop more complete measures of alcohol consumption. METHODS A national random probability telephone survey was implemented (May 2013 to April 2014). Inclusion criteria were resident in England and aged 16 years or over. Respondents (n = 6,085) provided information on typical drinking (amounts per day, drinking frequency) and changes in consumption associated with routine atypical days (e.g., Friday nights) and special dinking periods (e.g., holidays) and events (e.g., weddings). Generalized linear modelling was used to identify additional alcohol consumption associated with atypical/special occasion drinking by age, sex, and typical drinking level. RESULTS Accounting for atypical/special occasion drinking added more than 120 million UK units of alcohol/week (~12 million bottles of wine) to population alcohol consumption in England. The greatest impact was seen among 25- to 34-year-olds with the highest typical consumption, where atypical/special occasions added approximately 18 units/week (144 g) for both sexes. Those reporting the lowest typical consumption (≤1 unit/week) showed large relative increases in consumption (209.3%) with most drinking associated with special occasions. In some demographics, adjusting for special occasions resulted in overall reductions in annual consumption (e.g., females, 65 to 74 years in the highest typical drinking category). CONCLUSIONS Typical drinking alone can be a poor proxy for actual alcohol consumption. Accounting for atypical/special occasion drinking fills 41.6% of the gap between surveyed consumption and national sales in England. These additional units are inevitably linked to increases in lifetime risk of alcohol-related disease and injury, particularly as special occasions often constitute heavy drinking episodes. Better population measures of celebratory, festival, and holiday drinking are required in national surveys in order to adequately measure both alcohol consumption and the health harms associated with special occasion drinking.
Collapse
|
13
|
Santos MGR, Paes AT, Sanudo A, Sanchez ZM. Factors associated with pre-drinking among nightclub patrons in the city of São Paulo. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 50:95-102. [PMID: 25164117 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to describe the phenomenon of pre-drinking (alcohol consumption before entering nightclubs or bars) and to identify factors associated with pre-drinking practices among patrons in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS Individual-level data were collected by a portal survey of 2422 patrons at the entrance and at the exit of 31 nightclubs. The nightclubs were selected by two-stage sampling using a probability proportional to the establishments' capacity in the first stage and a systematic sample of patrons in the second stage. Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) was measured. Face-to-face interview identified pre-drinking characteristics and past-year risk behaviors. Analysis used sample weights to compensate for nightclubs or patrons that were possibly over- or under-represented. RESULTS Of the study participants, 41.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 33.7-49.3) engaged in pre-drinking on the night of the interview. Being male (odds ratio (OR) = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.45-2.71), past-year binge drinking (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.70-3.07), previous episodes of severe effects from drunkenness (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.40-2.22) and sexual risk behavior (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.20-2.33) were associated with recent pre-drinking. Pre-drinking predicted higher BrACs at the nightclub exit. CONCLUSION Pre-drinking is prevalent among nightclub patrons and associated with risk behaviors, and is associated with alcohol intoxication at nightclub exits. Environmental prevention strategies must consider pre-drinking as a potential risk factor for alcohol intoxication in nightclubs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G R Santos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Section of Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela T Paes
- Department of Information in Health, Section of Statistics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sanudo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Section of Bioestatistics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zila M Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Section of Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calafat A, Bellis M, Fernández del Rio E, Juan M, Hughes K, Morleo M, Becoña E, Duch M, Stamos A, Mendes F. Nightlife, verbal and physical violence among young European holidaymakers: what are the triggers? Public Health 2013; 127:908-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Calafat A, Hughes K, Blay N, Bellis MA, Mendes F, Juan M, Lazarov P, Cibin B, Duch MA. Sexual harassment among young tourists visiting Mediterranean resorts. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2013; 42:603-613. [PMID: 22733155 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-012-9979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the known increase in substance use and risky sexual behaviors among young people during holiday periods, issues of sexual harassment (SH) and having sex against one's will (SAW) have not received adequate attention. We implemented a cross-sectional airport-based study to identify experience of SH and SAW in 6,502 British and German holidaymakers aged 16-35 years visiting tourist resorts in Southern Europe (Crete, Cyprus, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) in summer 2009. Across all participants, 8.6 % reported SH during their holiday and 1.5 % reported SAW. Women reported higher levels of SH than heterosexual males. However, gay and bisexual males reported SH levels similar to females and the highest levels of SAW. Of 19 predictor variables tested, ten were independently associated with SH. SH was increased in those who were visitors to Mallorca or Crete, British, younger, female, gay or bisexual, frequently drunk on holiday, cocaine users, and attracted to bars where people get drunk, or where there are opportunities for sex. Among 13 predictor variables tested for SAW, four were significant. SAW reduced in those visiting Cyprus, and was strongly associated with being a gay or bisexual male, using cannabis on holiday and being attracted to bars where there were opportunities for sex. Holiday resorts represent a key location for SH and SAW, especially for holidaymakers who get drunk and use drugs. Preventive programs can raise awareness of the risks of unwanted sexual encounters on holiday and work with the tourist industry and tourist authorities to develop environments where sexual aggression is not tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amador Calafat
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention Irefrea, Rambla, 15, 2º, 3ª 07003, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|