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Büttelmann G, Harder LK, Nolte I, Wefstaedt P. Impact of body weight and sex in selected dog breeds on the canine adrenal gland dimensions measured by computed tomographic imaging. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:99. [PMID: 37516850 PMCID: PMC10385925 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to investigate possible influences of body weight and sex on adrenal gland size in endocrinologically healthy dogs. Possible factors influencing the adrenal size are discussed in relation to a universal upper reference value from the literature of 7.4 mm as the thickness in the caudal pole of the adrenal gland. The adrenal size was measured by computed tomography (CT) from 66 normal dogs of six different breeds (Labrador Retriever (n = 16), German Shepherd (n = 10), Boxer (n = 8), Beagle (n = 14), Dachshund (n = 6) and Jack Russell Terrier (n = 12); male n = 38 (thereof neutered n = 23), female n = 28 (thereof neutered n = 17)) based on volume quantification and linear measurements using the data processing software Amira. For interbreed comparability, a ratio consisting of the third root of adrenal volume to aortic diameter (Ratio volume-aorta, RVA) was introduced. Additionally, breed-related attenuation values in contrast-enhanced CT data sets were measured. RESULTS The measured volumes ranged from 0.34 to 1.93 cm3 for the right and from 0.39 to 2.23 cm3 for the left adrenal gland. The present study was able to demonstrate a body weight effect on the adrenal volume as well as on length and height. In terms of adrenal size, no significant differences between male and female, nor between intact and neutered dogs were obtained due to the RVA. In addition, for the weight classes, a breed independent threshold for dogs less (left 1.4; right gland 1.5) or more than 20 kg body weight (left 1.1; right gland 1.2) based on RVA was defined. Breed-related significant differences with respect to attenuation were determined only for the left adrenal gland, with lower attenuation values in large dog breeds. CONCLUSION The present study points out the importance of weight-related data when assessing CT data of the canine adrenal gland regarding volume, size and attenuation. The use of a universal reference value for the assessment of adrenal size appears unsuitable considering weight-related volume and linear measurements. Sex seems not to affect adrenal gland size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Büttelmann
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D- 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Harder
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D- 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D- 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wefstaedt
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D- 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Swepson R, Hosgood G, Stander N. Algorithmic estimation of adrenal volume based on body weight and CT landmarks in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:264-271. [PMID: 34997659 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomographic (CT) methods for quantifying adrenal size are helpful for identifying and directing management of adrenal disease in dogs. This retrospective, observational study aimed to use CT to determine anatomic landmarks associated with adrenal gland volume in dogs, and subsequently develop an algorithm to estimate adrenal volume for individual subjects. Abdominal CT images from 150 dogs without adrenal disease were assessed. The volume of the left and right adrenals, as well as dimensions from anatomic structures, were measured. Predictive models for adrenal volume were examined with cross validation. A further 29 dogs were used for external validation and model fit. Dogs in the test cohort weighed from 3.1 to 67.5 kg (mean 24.4 kg) with left (VLA ) and right (VRA ) adrenal volume ranging from 0.23 to 2.84 cm3 (mean 1.22 cm3 ) and 0.14 to 2.97 cm3 (mean 1.11 cm3 ), respectively. A predictive model for each adrenal based on weight (W) and L1 height (HL1 ) best explained the adrenal volume, with external validation confirming model fit. The final models, adjusted for bias, were: VLA = 0.154 + (0.02 × W) + (0.07 × HL1 ) (adjR2 = 0.62); and VRA = -0.116 + (0.02 × W) + (0.06 × HL1 ) (adjR2 = 0.64). In dogs undergoing CT, these algorithms can be used to estimate expected adrenal volume and allow comparison with the actual volume measured on CT, facilitating interpretation of CT findings, and clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Swepson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Giselle Hosgood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Nerissa Stander
- Vet Imaging Specialists, The Animal Hospital at Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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Lauteri E, Mariella J, Beccati F, Roelfsema E, Castagnetti C, Pepe M, Peric T, Barbato O, Montillo M, Rouge S, Freccero F. Adrenal Gland Ultrasonographic Measurements and Plasma Hormone Concentrations in Clinically Healthy Newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred Foals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061832. [PMID: 34205258 PMCID: PMC8233797 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulates many physiologic and metabolic functions and plays a central role in the inflammatory response to illness. Clinically, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function can be evaluated by combined assessment of adrenal hormones, adrenocorticotropin plasma concentrations and ultrasonographic examination of the adrenal glands in other species. Multiple individual variables have been demonstrated to affect ultrasonographic measurements of adrenal glands in several species. Ultrasonographic measurements of the adrenal glands and plasma concentration of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, aldosterone and adrenocorticotropin/adrenal hormone ratios were assessed and compared between Thoroughbred and Standardbred healthy neonatal foals. The effect of age, weight and sex on ultrasonographic measurements of the adrenal glands was also investigated. The width of whole adrenal glands and the medulla differed significantly between Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. Cortisol and adrenocorticotropin were, respectively, higher and lower in Thoroughbreds than in Standardbreds. The cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone ratio was higher in Thoroughbreds than in Standardbreds. The results of this study provide reference ranges for healthy neonatal Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals and suggest the presence of breed-related differences in ultrasonographic measurements, plasmatic cortisol and adrenocorticotropin concentrations. The higher cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone ratio of Thoroughbred foals may suggest a different response to stress and environmental stimulation between the two breeds. Abstract Adrenal hormones, ACTH plasma concentrations and the ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands are considered complementary in clinical evaluations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function in several species. In dogs, age, size and weight have a significant effect on the ultrasonographic size of the adrenal glands. In neonatal foals, ultrasonographic evaluation and measurements of the adrenal glands have been demonstrated to be reliable; however, the effect of individual variables on ultrasonographic features has not been investigated, and the clinical usefulness of adrenal gland ultrasonography is still not known. The aims of this study were: (i) to provide and compare adrenal glands ultrasound measurements in healthy newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and assess any effect of age, weight and sex on them; (ii) to assess and compare ACTH and steroid hormone concentrations in healthy neonatal foals of the two breeds. Venous blood samples and ultrasonographic images of the adrenal glands were collected from 10 healthy neonatal Thoroughbred and 10 healthy neonatal Standardbred foals. Ultrasonographic measurements of the adrenal glands were obtained and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone (P4) and aldosterone plasma concentrations were assessed. The ACTH/cortisol, ACTH/progesterone, ACTH/aldosterone, ACTH/DHEA and cortisol/DHEA ratios were calculated. A significant positive correlation was found between the height of the right adrenal gland and the foal’s weight; the width of the right and left adrenal gland and the medulla was significantly lower in Thoroughbreds than in Standardbreds. Cortisol and ACTH plasma concentrations were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in Thoroughbreds compared with Standardbreds. The cortisol/DHEA ratio was significantly higher in Thoroughbreds. This study provides reference ranges for neonatal Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and suggests the presence of breed-related differences in ultrasonographic adrenal gland measurements, plasmatic cortisol and ACTH concentrations. The higher cortisol/DHEA ratio detected in Thoroughbred foals could suggest a different response to environmental stimulation in the two breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lauteri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
- Clinèquine, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy-l’Etoile, 69280 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-340-924-9803
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (J.M.); (C.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Beccati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Ellen Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (J.M.); (C.C.); (F.F.)
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Tanja Peric
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/B, 33100 Udine, Italy; (T.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Olimpia Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Marta Montillo
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/B, 33100 Udine, Italy; (T.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Stefanie Rouge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.B.); (M.P.); (O.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (J.M.); (C.C.); (F.F.)
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Lauteri E, Mariella J, Beccati F, De Graaf-Roelfsema E, Castagnetti C, Pepe M, Peric T, Barbato O, Montillo M, Rouge S, Freccero F. Ultrasonographic measurement of the adrenal gland in neonatal foals: reliability of the technique and assessment of variation in healthy foals during the first five days of life. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e117. [PMID: 33024010 DOI: 10.1136/vr.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal gland ultrasonographic measurements are useful in clinical evaluation of patients with adrenal dysfunction in several species. In human healthy neonates, the ultrasonographic size of the adrenal glands decreases during the first days of life. Ultrasonography of adrenal glands was demonstrated to be feasible in neonatal foals. The aims of this study were to describe a technique for ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland size to test its reliability in neonatal foals, and to assess any variation of ultrasonographic measurements during the first five days of life in healthy foals. METHODS First, measurements of the adrenal glands were retrospectively obtained by three observers in 26 adrenal gland images of 13 healthy and sick neonatal foals. The interobserver and intraobserver agreement were tested. Later, adrenal gland ultrasonographic images and measurements were acquired by one operator in 11 healthy neonatal foals at one, three and five days of life and differences among the measurements obtained at the different time points were assessed. RESULTS Interobserver agreement ranged from fair to excellent (0.48-0.92), except for cortex width (<0.4); intraobserver agreement ranged from good to excellent (0.52-0.98). No significant differences were found among the measurements obtained at one, three and five days of life. CONCLUSION Adrenal glands ultrasonographic measurements can be obtained consistently in equine neonates, and in contrast to people they do not vary during the first five days of life in healthy foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lauteri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy .,Clinèquine, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Francesca Beccati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ellen De Graaf-Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.,Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Marco Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tanja Peric
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Olimpia Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marta Montillo
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefanie Rouge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
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Agut A, Martinez M, Anson A, Soler M. Ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland-to-aorta ratio as a method of estimating adrenal size in dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 186:e27. [PMID: 31727851 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal size has been used as the principal criterion for differentiating a normal gland from adrenal hyperplasia. The objectives of this study were to establish an ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland-to-aorta (adrenal/Ao) ratio to estimate the adrenal size and to assess the effects of bodyweight, age and sex on the adrenal/Ao ratio in non-adrenal gland disease dogs. METHODS Two hundred and thirty-four dogs (120 entire females and 114 entire males) considered non-adrenal gland disease were included in this study. Dogs were allocated into three bodyweight categories (<10 kg, 10-20 kg and >20 kg), and four age groups (<1 year, 1-5 years, 5-10 years and >10 years old). Measurements of the maximal thickness of caudal pole of both adrenal glands and the aortic luminal diameter in sagittal plane were performed on the ultrasonographic images. Three different ratios were calculated for each dog. RESULTS Sex and age did not influence on the adrenal/Ao ratio. There were differences (P<0.05) between the three dog sizes for adrenal/Ao ratio, being the highest value for small size and the lowest value for large size. CONCLUSIONS In this study, only bodyweight influences the ultrasound measurement of the adrenal/Ao ratio in non-adrenal gland disease dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Agut
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain .,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miryam Martinez
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Basildon, UK
| | - Agustina Anson
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marta Soler
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Bennaim M, Shiel RE, Mooney CT. Diagnosis of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Part 2: Adrenal function testing and differentiating tests. Vet J 2019; 252:105343. [PMID: 31554584 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperadrenocorticism is a relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs that has been extensively described. However, its diagnosis remains challenging because there is no true reference standard test, and a myriad factors can affect the diagnostic performance of the commonly used adrenal function tests. Ultimately, the diagnosis is based on a combination of signalment, history and clinical findings, and a variety of diagnostic test results. The second part of this review aims to appraise available data on diagnostic performance of adrenal function tests in naturally occurring canine hyperadrenocorticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bennaim
- Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Robert E Shiel
- Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Ghavidel M, Mirshahi A, Azizzadeh M, Khoshnegah J. Evaluating the correlation between adrenal gland dimensions and aortic diameter in healthy dogs. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:325-333. [PMID: 31006908 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the relationship of normal adrenal dimensions with weight, aortic diameter, age and sex was evaluated. Moreover, a formula for estimating the normal dimensions of adrenal gland was provided. Thirty-two intact adult dogs that were considered healthy based on history, physical examination, routine blood works and specific adrenal tests as well as absence of any abnormal ultrasonographic findings were included. Adrenal glands and abdominal aorta were imaged in the sagittal plane by ultrasound. Length, maximal height of the cranial and caudal poles, area and circumference of the left and right adrenal glands and also the internal diameter of the abdominal aorta were measured. Analysis showed that there is a positive correlation between the adrenal gland dimensions and weight and aortic diameter. The ratio of adrenal gland dimensions and the aortic diameter was calculated, but this ratio showed a great amount of variability in tandem with a significant correlation to the weight; Meaning that the ratio of the adrenal gland dimensions to the aortic diameter was not a reliable index for evaluating the size of the normal adrenal gland in animals with different weights. Therefore, we used the weight along with adrenal measurements in a linear regression model, and then, we were able to estimate the adrenal gland dimensions in different weights. Knowing the relationship of normal adrenal dimensions with the indices such as weight, age, sex and diameter of abdominal aorta can help the clinicians to diagnose the adrenal gland diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Ghavidel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Mirshahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Azizzadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Khoshnegah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Rose AM, Johnstone T, Finch S, Beck C. The effect of recumbency position on the ultrasound measurement of the canine adrenal gland in non-adrenal gland illness. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2018; 8:87-96. [PMID: 30050860 PMCID: PMC6042504 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s148725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal ultrasound is frequently used to assess the canine adrenal gland (AG) and subjective and objective features of normal AGs have been described. The effect of the dogs’ recumbency position on the accuracy of AG measurement acquisition is not known. This prospective study, performed in dogs with non-adrenal illness, compared ultrasonographic AG measurements made in dogs placed in dorsal recumbency with those made in left or right lateral recumbency. AG length, height and width measurements made in the longitudinal image plane, and height and width measurements from the transverse image plane were assessed. The level and limits of agreement between the dorsal and lateral recumbency for each of the measurements were determined using the Bland–Altman analysis. The measurement with the best agreement between the dorsal and lateral recumbency was the caudal pole thickness (CPT) from the longitudinal image plane. Agreement between lateral and dorsal recumbency was poorer for the measurements derived from the transverse image plane and poorest for measurements of AG length in the longitudinal plane. This study demonstrates that there is some difference in the measurements acquired in dorsal compared with lateral recumbency; however, the difference is small for the CPT from the longitudinal plane. This finding suggests that the CPT from the longitudinal image plane is the most reliable measurement in terms of agreement between dorsal and lateral recumbency in dogs with non-AG illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Rose
- U-Vet Animal Hospital Werribee, The University of Melbourne,
| | - Thurid Johnstone
- U-Vet Animal Hospital Werribee, The University of Melbourne, .,TRACTS Translational Research and Clinical Trial Study Group, The University of Melbourne
| | - Sue Finch
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathy Beck
- U-Vet Animal Hospital Werribee, The University of Melbourne,
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Fernandez S, Feliciano M, Borin-Crivellenti S, Crivellenti L, Maronezi M, Simões A, Silva P, Uscategui R, Cruz N, Santana A, Vicente W. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography of adrenal glands in healthy adult dogs. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT To describe the ARFI elastography in the evaluation of the adrenal glands in adult dogs, to evaluate the stiffness of adrenal parenchyma and to determine the qualitative and quantitative standards of the ARFI technique, which have not yet been described in veterinary medicine. Sixty adrenal glands from thirty healthy adult dogs were evaluated by B-mode and qualitative and quantitative ARFI elastography to assess the stiffness of healthy parenchyma and to determine the quality and quantity (shear velocity) standards of ARFI technique in body, cranial and caudal adrenal poles. Findings of ultrasonography evaluations were normal. Qualitative elastography showed that adrenal glands were not deformable and presented homogeneous middle-gray areas. The results of shear wave velocity were similar statically (P = 0.3087): 1) left adrenal - 1.42 m/s for cranial polar, 1.31 m/s for body region, and 1.71 m/s for caudal polar; 2) right adrenal - 1.42 m/s for cranial polar, 1.74 m/s for body region and 1.63 m/s for caudal pole. Quantitative and qualitative ARFI elastography of dogs' adrenal glands is feasible, well tolerated, easily implemented and may provide baseline data in the study of this structure to allow the use of ARFI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M.A.R. Feliciano
- UNESP, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Brazil
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Raharison F, Bourges Abella N, Sautet J, Deviers A, Mogicato G. Anatomy, histology, and ultrasonography of the normal adrenal gland in brown lemur: Eulemur fulvus. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:25-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fidiniaina Raharison
- Département d'Enseignement de Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire; Faculté de Médecine; Université d'Antananarivo; Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Nathalie Bourges Abella
- INP; ENVT; Unité d'Anatomie Pathologique et Histologie; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Jean Sautet
- INP; ENVT; Unité d'Anatomie - Imagerie; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Alexandra Deviers
- INP; ENVT; Unité d'Anatomie - Imagerie; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center; Inserm; UPS; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Giovanni Mogicato
- INP; ENVT; Unité d'Anatomie - Imagerie; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center; Inserm; UPS; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
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Pagani E, Tursi M, Lorenzi C, Tarducci A, Bruno B, Borgogno Mondino EC, Zanatta R. Ultrasonographic features of adrenal gland lesions in dogs can aid in diagnosis. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:267. [PMID: 27894345 PMCID: PMC5126813 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonography to visualize adrenal gland lesions and evaluate incidentally discovered adrenal masses in dogs has become more reliable with advances in imaging techniques. However, correlations between sonographic and histopathological changes have been elusive. The goal of our study was to investigate which ultrasound features of adrenal gland abnormalities could aid in discriminating between benign and malignant lesions. To this end, we compared diagnosis based on ultrasound appearance and histological findings and evaluated ultrasound criteria for predicting malignancy. RESULTS Clinical records of 119 dogs that had undergone ultrasound adrenal gland and histological examination were reviewed. Of these, 50 dogs had normal adrenal glands whereas 69 showed pathological ones. Lesions based on histology were classified as cortical adrenal hyperplasia (n = 67), adenocarcinoma (n = 17), pheochromocytoma (n = 10), metastases (n = 7), adrenal adenoma (n = 4), and adrenalitis (n = 4). Ultrasonographic examination showed high specificity (100%) but low sensitivity (63.7%) for identifying the adrenal lesions, which improved with increasing lesion size. Analysis of ultrasonographic predictive parameters showed a significant association between lesion size and malignant tumors. All adrenal gland lesions >20 mm in diameter were histologically confirmed as malignant neoplasms (pheochromocytoma and adenocarcinoma). Vascular invasion was a specific but not sensitive predictor of malignancy. As nodular shape was associated with benign lesions and irregular enlargement with malignant ones, this parameter could be used as diagnostic tool. Bilaterality of adrenal lesions was a useful ultrasonographic criterion for predicting benign lesions, as cortical hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal appearance of structural features on ultrasound images (e.g., adrenal gland lesion size, shape, laterality, and echotexture) may aid in diagnosis, but these features alone were not pathognomic. Lesion size was the most direct ultrasound predictive criterion. Large and irregular masses seemed to be better predictors of malignant neoplasia and lesions <20 mm in diameter and nodular in shape were often identified as cortical hyperplastic nodules or adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pagani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Tursi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Chiara Lorenzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Alberto Tarducci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Barbara Bruno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Enrico Corrado Borgogno Mondino
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, L. Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Renato Zanatta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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12
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Pagani E, Tarducci A, Borrelli A, Iotti B, Tursi M, Zanatta R. Accuracy of Ultrasonographic Measurements of Adrenal Glands in Dogs: Comparison with Necroscopic Findings. Anat Histol Embryol 2016; 46:187-194. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Pagani
- Section of Clinical Sciences; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - A. Tarducci
- Section of Clinical Sciences; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - A. Borrelli
- Section of Clinical Sciences; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - B. Iotti
- Section of Epidemiology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - M. Tursi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - R. Zanatta
- Section of Clinical Sciences; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Turin; L. Paolo Braccini 2 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
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13
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Kirberger RM, Tordiffe AS. Ultrasonographic adrenal gland findings in healthy semi-captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Zoo Biol 2016; 35:260-8. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Kirberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; Department of Companion; Animal Clinical Studies; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Adrian S.W. Tordiffe
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; Department of Paraclinical Studies; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa; Pretoria South Africa
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14
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Bento PL, Center SA, Randolph JF, Yeager AE, Bicalho RC. Associations between sex, body weight, age, and ultrasonographically determined adrenal gland thickness in dogs with non-adrenal gland illness. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:652-60. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.6.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Cook AK, Spaulding KA, Edwards JF. Clinical findings in dogs with incidental adrenal gland lesions determined by ultrasonography: 151 cases (2007-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 244:1181-5. [PMID: 24786166 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.10.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of and clinical features associated with incidental adrenal gland lesions (IAGLs) discovered during abdominal ultrasonography in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 151 dogs with an IAGL and 400 control dogs. PROCEDURES Reports of ultrasonographic examinations of the abdomen of dogs performed during a 3.5-year period were reviewed. Adrenal glands were classified as having an IAGL if a nodule or mass was described or the width of either gland was ≥ 10 mm. For dogs with an IAGL, information regarding signalment, concurrent disorders, and outcome was obtained from the medical record. Findings were compared with those in a control population of 400 dogs examined during the same period. RESULTS An IAGL was detected in 151 of 3,748 (4%) dogs. Dogs with an IAGL were significantly older (median age, 11.25 years) and heavier (median body weight, 21 kg [46.2 lb]) than the control population (median age, 9.5 years; median body weight, 14 kg [30.8 lb]). Malignant tumors were reported in 6 of 20 (30%) dogs that underwent adrenal glandectomy or necropsy and had a maximum IAGL dimension that ranged from 20 to 46 mm; benign lesions all had a maximum dimension < 20 mm. Various coincidental conditions were reported in dogs with an IAGL, including nonadrenal gland malignant neoplasia in 43 (28.5%) dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IAGLs were more likely in dogs ≥ 9 years of age. On the basis of this small data set, malignancy should be suspected for IAGLs ≥ 20 mm in maximum dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey K Cook
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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16
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Soulsby SN, Holland M, Hudson JA, Behrend EN. ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF ADRENAL GLAND SIZE COMPARED TO BODY WEIGHT IN NORMAL DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:317-26. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy N. Soulsby
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn AL 36849-5540
| | - Merrilee Holland
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn AL 36849-5540
| | - Judith A. Hudson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn AL 36849-5540
| | - Ellen N. Behrend
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn AL 36849-5540
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17
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Garcia DAA, Froes TR. Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:630-4. [PMID: 25377227 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the effect of fasting on the technical success of abdominal ultrasonography specifically in respect of examination of the gall bladder, duodenum, pancreas, adrenal glands and portal vein in dogs. METHODS Randomised, prospective study of 150 dogs with a variety of physical characteristics. Animals were divided into two groups of 75 dogs each. Dogs in Group 1 were fasted for 8 to 12 hours before ultrasonographic evaluation and those in Group 2 were not but received food anytime between 10 minutes and 2 hours before the procedure. RESULTS Intraluminal gas can influence the visibility of organs, but intraluminal gas accumulation occurred independently of fasting status. The assessment of abdominal organs was not affected by whether or not an animal was fasted. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Routine fasting of dogs before abdominal ultrasonography is not essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A A Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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18
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Combes A, Pey P, Paepe D, Rosenberg D, Daminet S, Putcuyps I, Bedu AS, Duchateau L, de Fornel-Thibaud P, Benchekroun G, Saunders JH. Ultrasonographic appearance of adrenal glands in healthy and sick cats. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:445-57. [PMID: 23234721 PMCID: PMC10816315 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12469523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The first part of the study aimed to describe prospectively the ultrasonographic features of the adrenal glands in 94 healthy cats and 51 chronically sick cats. It confirmed the feasibility of ultrasonography of adrenal glands in healthy and chronically sick cats, which were not statistically different. The typical hypoechoic appearance of the gland surrounded by hyperechoic fat made it recognisable. A sagittal plane of the gland, not in line with the aorta, may be necessary to obtain the largest adrenal measurements. The reference intervals of adrenal measurements were inferred from the values obtained in the healthy and chronically sick cats (mean ± 0.96 SD): adrenal length was 8.9-12.5 mm; cranial height was 3.0-4.8 mm; caudal height was 3.0-4.5 mm. The second part of the study consisted of a retrospective analysis of the ultrasonographic examination of the adrenal glands in cats with adrenal diseases (six had hyperaldosteronism and four had pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism) and a descriptive comparison with the reference features obtained in the control groups from the prospective study. Cats with hyperaldosteronism presented with unilateral severely enlarged adrenal glands. However, a normal contralateral gland did not preclude a contralateral infiltration in benign or malignant adrenal neoplasms. The ultrasonographic appearance of the adrenal glands could not differentiate benign and malignant lesions. The ultrasonographic appearance of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism was mainly a symmetrical adrenal enlargement; however, a substantial number of cases were within the reference intervals of adrenal size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Combes
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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19
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de Chalus T, Combes A, Bedu AS, Pey P, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Saunders JH. Ultrasonographic Adrenal Gland Measurements in Healthy Yorkshire Terriers and Labrador Retrievers. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 42:57-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. de Chalus
- Department of Medical Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - A. Combes
- Department of Medical Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - A.-S. Bedu
- Pôle Imagerie; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle; 94704; Maisons-Alfort; France
| | - P. Pey
- Department of Medical Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - S. Daminet
- Department of Small Animals Medicine and Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - L. Duchateau
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
| | - J. H. Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133; 9820; Merelbeke; Belgium
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20
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de Brito Galvao JF, Chew DJ. Metabolic complications of endocrine surgery in companion animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:847-68, v. [PMID: 21889689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic complications of endocrine surgery occur commonly and precautions should be taken to avoid potentially life-threatening situations and to lessen expense associated with a more extended hospital stay. Common complications of endocrine surgery as well as prevention strategies will be reviewed for pancreatic, parathyroid, and adrenal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Felipe de Brito Galvao
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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21
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Mogicato G, Layssol-Lamour C, Conchou F, Diquelou A, Raharison F, Sautet J, Concordet D. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands in healthy dogs: repeatability, reproducibility, observer-dependent variability, and the effect of bodyweight, age and sex. Vet Rec 2011; 168:130. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Mogicato
- Anatomie - Imagerie Médicale - Embryologie; École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - C. Layssol-Lamour
- Groupe de Recherches pour Animaux de Compagnie (GRAC); École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - F. Conchou
- Groupe de Recherches pour Animaux de Compagnie (GRAC); École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - A. Diquelou
- Groupe de Recherches pour Animaux de Compagnie (GRAC); École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - F. Raharison
- Anatomie - Imagerie Médicale - Embryologie; École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - J. Sautet
- Anatomie - Imagerie Médicale - Embryologie; École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - D. Concordet
- UMR181 Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Expérimentales; INRA; École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse Cedex 3 France
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22
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CHOI J, KIM H, YOON J. Ultrasonographic Adrenal Gland Measurements in Clinically Normal Small Breed Dogs and Comparison with Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:985-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye CHOI
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University
| | | | - Junghee YOON
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University
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23
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BARBERET VIRGINIE, PEY PASCALINE, DUCHATEAU LUC, COMBES ANAIS, DAMINET SYLVIE, SAUNDERS JIMMYH. INTRA- AND INTEROBSERVER VARIABILITY OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN HEALTHY BEAGLES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:656-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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24
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Wenger M, Mueller C, Kook PH, Reusch CE. Ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal glands in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism or mimicking diseases. Vet Rec 2010; 167:207-10. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Wenger
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - C. Mueller
- Great Western Referrals, Unit 10 Berkshire House; County Park Business Park, Shrivenham Road Swindon SN1 2NR
| | - P. H. Kook
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - C. E. Reusch
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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25
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SCHULTZ RYANM, WISNER ERIKR, JOHNSON ERICG, MACLEOD JENNIFERS. CONTRAST-ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AS A PREOPERATIVE INDICATOR OF VASCULAR INVASION FROM ADRENAL MASSES IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:625-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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26
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BARBERET VIRGINIE, SCHREURS ELKE, RADEMACHER NATHALIE, NITZL DAGMAR, TAEYMANS OLIVIER, DUCHATEAU LUC, SAUNDERS JIMMYH. QUANTIFICATION OF THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PATIENT AND IMAGE FACTORS ON ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF SELECT CANINE ABDOMINAL ORGANS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008; 49:273-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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27
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Bertolini G, Furlanello T, De Lorenzi D, Caldin M. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC QUANTIFICATION OF CANINE ADRENAL GLAND VOLUME AND ATTENUATION. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 47:444-8. [PMID: 17009504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective study in presumed normal dogs to determine the adrenal gland attenuation and volume values. Multidetector computer tomography (MDCT 16) analysis of the gland was carried out in 48 adult dogs without evidence of adrenal gland disease that underwent CT examination for acute spinal injuries. The mean nonenhanced attenuation value +/- SD of the left adrenal gland was 36.0 +/- 5.3 HU (range: 22.0-42.0 HU). The mean nonenhanced attenuation value +/- SD of the right gland was 34.3 +/- 7.0 HU (range: 20.4-48.6HU). The mean enhanced attenuation value +/- SD were: left gland 101.5 +/- 10.6HU (range: 86.8-128.0 HU), and right gland 97.4 +/- 12.4 HU (range: 58.9-123.6 HU). The mean CT volume +/- SD were: left gland was 0.60 cm3 (range: 0.20-0.95; SD 0.17), and right gland (0.55cm3, range: 0.22-1.01; SD 0.19). Attenuation values and volume data were related to age, weight, and gender, using ANOVA. There was no statistically significant difference between the left and right side or in adrenal measurements, because of body weight class effects. The animal effect was the most important source of variation for all adrenal measurements. Based on our study, CT is an effective method for assessing adrenal characteristics in the dog. Normative CT data are provided to allow estimation of normal adrenal gland size and volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Bertolini
- San Marco Private Veterinary Clinic, Via Sorio 114/c, 35141 Padua, Italy.
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28
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Boozer AL, Behrend EN, Kemppainen RJ, Whitley EM, Smith AN, Busch KA. Pituitary-adrenal axis function in dogs with neoplasia*. Vet Comp Oncol 2005; 3:194-202. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2005.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Llabres-Diaz FJ, Dennis R. Magnetic resonance imaging of the presumed normal canine adrenal glands. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:5-19. [PMID: 12620044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-three dogs without evidence of endocrine disease that underwent spinal or abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for clinical reasons were studied. Because the procedures were not optimized for inclusion of the adrenal glands, they were not always visible in all planes. Eighty-five of the 86 adrenal glands were seen and only the left gland in a 6-month-old Irish wolfhound could not be found. The right adrenal gland lay cranial to the left in all of the animals in which both glands were seen. The best landmarks for localization of the glands were vascular; both adrenal glands were always cranial to the ipsilateral renal vessels and in the region of the celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries. Various measurements were made on all the available scan planes. In some dogs the whole adrenal gland was difficult to visualize clearly, and this hindered the measuring process, especially when the right adrenal gland was in close contact with the caudal vena cava. The adrenal glands were mainly linear in shape but also had a variable degree of modification of their poles, especially the cranial pole of the right adrenal gland, which tended to be consistently wider and to present different shapes (rounded, arrowhead, inverted P, hook-shaped, triangular, or dome-shaped). Two main patterns of signal intensity were seen on fast spin echo (FSE) sequences (T2-weighted, T1-weighted, and T1-weighted after administration of a paramagnetic contrast medium): homogeneous and hypointense to surroundings or a corticomedullary type pattern with a hyperintense central area surrounded by a hypointense rim of tissue. The outline of the left adrenal gland was always very clear. The clarity of outline of the right adrenal gland was more variable, especially if it was in contact with the liver or the caudal vena cava. It was felt that the amount of retroperitoneal fat was not as important as stated in the human literature for visualization of the adrenal glands and that with an appropriate selection of scan planes and pulse sequences good assessment of the adrenal glands can be performed with MRI in canine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Llabres-Diaz
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, England, UK
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30
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Abstract
Canine hyperadrenocorticism is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs. Diagnosis remains difficult in some cases due to factors such as the presence of non-adrenal illness and limitations in the tests. Differentiation between the pituitary and adrenal forms is important for providing accurate prognostic information and delineating treatment options and protocols. This article reviews the tests available for diagnosis (screening) and differentiation and evaluates their advantages and disadvantages. Recommendations for testing are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Behrend
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Endocrine Diagnostic Service, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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31
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Gould SM, Baines EA, Mannion PA, Evans H, Herrtage ME. Use of endogenous ACTH concentration and adrenal ultrasonography to distinguish the cause of canine hyperadrenocorticism. J Small Anim Pract 2001; 42:113-21. [PMID: 11303853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine dogs were diagnosed with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). A single determination of endogenous plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and adrenal ultrasonography were used in a prospective study to differentiate between pituitary-dependent HAC (PDH) and adrenal-dependent HAC (ADH). In 27 out of the 29 dogs (93 per cent), both endogenous plasma ACTH concentrations and adrenal ultrasonography indicated the same cause of HAC. Twenty-one of the 29 cases (72 per cent) were shown to be pituitary-dependent; all had plasma ACTH concentrations of greater than 28 pg/ml (reference range 13 to 46 pg/ml) and both adrenal glands were ultrasonographically of similar size and of normal shape. All 21 cases responded well to mitotane therapy. Six cases (21 per cent) were shown to be adrenal-dependent; all had plasma ACTH concentrations below the limit of the assay (<5 pg/ml) and the presence of an adrenal mass on ultrasonography. The sensitivity and specificity of adrenal ultrasonography and endogenous ACTH determinations to identify the cause of HAC were demonstrated to be 100 per cent and 95 per cent, respectively, for ADH. These discriminatory tests are more accurate than published figures for dexamethasone suppression testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gould
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge
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32
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Abstract
The diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is challenging due to the variable presentations of patients affected with this neoplasm. This report describes four dogs with pheochromocytoma in which radiography, ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) were key diagnostic tools. Computed tomography was the most useful imaging modality for assessment of size, shape and margination of the tumor. CT findings for the pheochromocytoma included a large, irregularly shaped mass in the dorsal midabdomen with multiple foci of low attenuation dispersed in hyperdense, highly vascular tissue. This neoplasm often invades the caudal vena cava and other surrounding organs therefore, although a pheochromocytoma may be identified in the absence of clinical signs, it should not be considered an incidental lesion. The unpredictable growth rate and potential for invasion of major vessels warrants serious consideration. Follow-up ultrasound and CT examinations are recommended for patients with adrenal masses that do not undergo surgical excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Rosenstein
- Department of Small and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1314, USA
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33
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Graham JP, Roberts GD, Newell SM. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the normal canine pituitary gland. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41:35-40. [PMID: 10695877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary glands of six normal dogs were evaluated using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. T1 weighted images were obtained every 13 seconds for three minutes of three contiguous slices through the pituitary gland following a bolus intravenous injection of gadolinium-DTPA. Contrast enhancement was seen initially in the region of the pituitary stalk at 52-65 seconds followed by uniform enhancement at 104-143 seconds post injection. This pattern of enhancement was seen in all subjects and is similar to that reported in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Graham
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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34
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Barthez PY, Nyland TG, Feldman EC. Ultrasonography of the adrenal glands in the dog, cat, and ferret. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1998; 28:869-85. [PMID: 9698619 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(98)50082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonography has become an important modality for imaging adrenal glands in small animals. Normal adrenal glands and structural abnormalities, such as changes in size, shape, and echogenicity, can be identified. In the case of adrenal tumors, ultrasonography is a valuable tool for identifying neoplastic masses with local and regional involvement, as well as potential abdominal metastases. When correlated with clinical findings and results of hematologic, serum biochemical and endocrine tests, ultrasonographic findings make a substantial contribution to the diagnosis of adrenal diseases in dogs, cats, and ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Barthez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University (PYB), Columbus, USA
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