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Hagag U, Nahas AE, Almohamad ZA, Brehm W, Gerlach K. 3T Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the bovine carpus. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:236. [PMID: 35733155 PMCID: PMC9214995 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03346-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lameness in cattle is a major health problem and causes great economic losses. Carpal injury is a common cause of forelimb lameness in cattle. Radiography and/or ultrasonography of the carpus is a challenge due to complex anatomy of the joint. Additional imaging using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be indispensable for reaching a decisive diagnosis. Precise evaluation of the clinical CT and MRI images necessitates an in-depth knowledge of the normal CT and MRI tissue variants. Therefore, our purpose was to provide a detailed description of the normal CT and MRI appearance of the osseous and soft tissue structures of twelve cadaveric bovine carpi using CT and 3 Tesla MRI. Carpi were frozen, transected in sagittal, dorsal and transverse planes then adjoined to their corresponding CT and MRI images. Results The clinically significant articular and peri-articular structures of the bovine carpus were identified and characterized on the CT and MRI images. CT images provided a remarkable delineation of the cortical, subchondral, and cancellous bone. The high-field 3 Tesla MRI offered high definition and distinction of the delicate soft tissues of the bovine carpus. Conclusions 3 Tesla high-field MRI offers new opportunities in soft tissue tomography but cannot be compared with CT in terms of bone imaging. Clinicians have to determine whether CT, MRI or both imaging techniques are required in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Hagag
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Ayman El Nahas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakriya Ali Almohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walter Brehm
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Smith MA. Update on advanced imaging techniques applicable for lesions within long bones in equines. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Smith
- Image Equine Ashwell End Farm Loves Lane Ashwell UK
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Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal dromedary camel tarsus. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:101. [PMID: 33653330 PMCID: PMC7923829 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most versatile and informative imaging modality for the diagnosis of locomotor injuries in many animal species; however, veterinary literature describing the MRI of the dromedary camel tarsus is lacking. Our purpose was to describe and compare the MRI images of twelve cadaveric tarsi, examined in a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, with their corresponding anatomical gross sections. Turbo spin-echo (TSE) T1-weighted (T1), T2-weighted (T2), proton density-weighted (PD), and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences were obtained in 3 planes. Tarsi were sectioned in sagittal, dorsal, and transverse planes. MRI images from different sequences and planes were described and compared with the anatomical sections. Results The soft and osseous tissues of the dromedary camel tarsus could be clearly defined on MRI images and corresponded extensively with the gross anatomic sections. The obtained MRI images enabled comprehensive assessment of the anatomic relationships among the osseous and soft tissues of the camel tarsus. Several structure were evaluated that cannot be imaged using radiography or ultrasonography, including the transverse inter-tarsal ligaments, the talocalcaneal ligament, the short dorsal ligament, branches of the short medial and lateral collateral ligaments and the tarsometatarsal ligaments. Specific anatomical features regarding the dromedary camel tarsus were identified, including the fused second and third tarsal bone, an additional bundle of the short medial collateral ligament connecting the talus and metatarsus and the medial and lateral limbs of the long plantar ligament. Conclusions MRI images provided a thorough evaluation of the normal dromedary camel tarsus. Information provided in the current study is expected to serve as a basis for interpretation in clinical situations.
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Huguet EE, Porter EG, Chapman KA, Saunders FC, Davis B, Berry CR. Radiographic anatomy of the equine distal tibia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:497-506. [PMID: 32602266 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiographic anatomy of the equine distal tibia is complex and is not widely described in the current literature. Superimposition and radiographic similarities between the different osseous structures of the equine distal tibia can make it difficult for anatomic localization of pathology. The purpose of this prospective, descriptive, anatomic study was to detail the normal anatomy of the equine distal tibia using routine radiographic projections and CT of the equine tarsus. Radiographic identification of the different osseous protuberances of the distal tibia on three cadaveric limbs was achieved using radiopaque markers and evaluation of multiplanar and 3D CT reconstructions to create anatomical maps. It was found that the lateral malleolus is composed of cranial and caudal protuberances that are superimposed over the intermediate cochlear ridge of the distal tibia on the lateromedial, dorsal 45° lateral-plantaromedial, and dorsal 65° medial-plantarolateral oblique views, thereby hindering visualization of the cranial protuberance of the lateral malleolus. The medial malleolus is a simple rounded protuberance with discrete margins. On the dorsal 65° medial-plantarolateral oblique, the medial malleolus is ill-defined due to superimposition with the talus. The intermediate cochlear ridge of the distal tibia extends in a craniolateral to caudomedial direction, with its cranial protuberance largely superimposed with the calcaneus and talus on the dorsoplantar view. In summary, the distal tibial anatomy is complex and a thorough anatomical reference is necessary when reviewing radiographs of the equine tarsus for pathology. A plantaro 15° distal 85° lateral-dorsoproximomedial oblique projection is proposed to isolate all distal tibial protuberances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie E Huguet
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Erin G Porter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kristina A Chapman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Bobbie Davis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Clifford R Berry
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,VetCT Telemedicine Consultations, VetCT, Orlando, Florida
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Casillas JM, Jacobs CC, Manfredi JM. Radiographic localization of the attachments of soft tissue structures in the tarsal region of horses. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:406-415. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.5.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Arencibia A, Matos J, Encinoso M, Gil F, Artiles A, Martínez-Gomariz F, Vázquez JM. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging study of a normal tarsal joint in a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:126. [PMID: 31035987 PMCID: PMC6487530 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this research, using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we provide a thorough description of the standard appearance of a right tarsal joint in a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris). CT scans were performed using a bone and soft tissue window setting, and three-dimensional surface reconstructed CT images were obtained. The MRI protocol was based on the use of Spin-echo (SE) T1-weighted and Gradient-echo (GE) STIR T2-weighted pulse sequences. Magnetic resonance (MR) images were taken in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes. We also performed anatomical dissections to facilitate the interpretation of the different structures of the tarsus joint and allow comparisons with CT and MRI images. Results The CT images allowed us to observe differences between the bones and soft tissues of the tarsal joint. When applying the bone window setting, the obtained footage showed the anatomy between the medulla and cortex. Additionally, the trabecular bone was delineated. By contrast, the soft tissue window allowed the main soft tissue structures of the tarsal joint, including ligaments, muscles and tendons, to be differentiated. Footage of the main anatomical structures of the standard tiger tarsus was obtained through MRI. The SE T1-weighted images showed the best evaluation of the cortical, subchondral and trabecular bone of the tibia, fibula, tarsus and metatarsus bones. Nonetheless, the GE STIR T2-weighted images allowed us to better visualize the articular cartilage and synovial fluid. In both MRI pulse sequences, the ligaments and tendons appeared with low signal intensity compared with muscles that were visible with intermediate signal intensity. Conclusions The results of this CT and MRI study of the Bengal tiger tarsal joint provide some valuable anatomical information and may be useful for diagnosing disorders in this large non-domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Arencibia
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Jorge Matos
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mario Encinoso
- Veterinary Hospital Los Tarahales, Recta de Los Tarahales 15, 35013, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Francisco Gil
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Artiles
- Veterinary Hospital Los Tarahales, Recta de Los Tarahales 15, 35013, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez-Gomariz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Maria Vázquez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain
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Biggi M, Dyson SJ. Use of high-field and low-field magnetic resonance imaging to describe the anatomy of the proximal portion of the tarsal region of nonlame horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:299-310. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Magnetic resonance imaging of plantar soft tissue structures of the tarsus and proximal metatarsus in foals and adult horses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 26:192-7. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-12-06-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: The object of this study was to describe previously defined soft tissue structures by using spin and gradient sequences in a 0.5 Tesla magnetic resonance system in order to improve the characterisation of tendon and ligaments at the plantar region of the equine tarsus and metatarsus while considering possible age-related variations.Methods: Cadaveric hindlimbs from twenty-two Warmblood horses with an age range from one month to twenty-five years were examined in spin and gradient echoes. The proximal suspensory ligament from six limbs was dissected to assign the signal intensities histologically. For statistical analysis, horses were divided into two groups (≤3 years and >3 years) for evaluating signal intensity and homogeneity of the plantar tendons and ligaments.Results: Focal increase of the signal intensity within the deep digital flexor tendon was significantly more present in horses older than three years. Signal alterations of the long plantar ligament were seen without a significant dependency to age. The accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon could not be visualized on all images within the region of interest. The morphology of the proximal suspensory ligament was not affected by age-related changes.Clinical relevance: Spin and gradient echoes in MRI were suitable to identify and assess soft tissue structures at the plantar aspect of the equine tarsus and proximal metatarsus. Age-related appearance must be considered when interpreting magnetic resonance images.
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Dyson S, Blunden A, Murray R. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, GROSS POSTMORTEM, AND HISTOLOGICAL FINDINGS FOR SOFT TISSUES OF THE PLANTAR ASPECT OF THE TARSUS AND PROXIMAL METATARSAL REGION IN NON-LAME HORSES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 58:216-227. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park; Kentford, Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
| | - Anthony Blunden
- Centre for Preventative Medicine; Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park; Kentford, Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
| | - Rachel Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park; Kentford, Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
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Hagag U, Tawfiek M, Brehm W, Gerlach K. Computed Tomography of the Normal Bovine Tarsus. Anat Histol Embryol 2016; 45:469-478. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Hagag
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21 Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Surgery; Anesthesiology and Radiology; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef 62511 Egypt
| | - M. Tawfiek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef 62511 Egypt
| | - W. Brehm
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - K. Gerlach
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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New Concepts in Standing Advanced Diagnostic Equine Imaging. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:239-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Judy
- Alamo Pintado Equine Medical Center; California USA
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Bolt DM, Read RM, Weller R, Sinclair C, David FH. Standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging of a comminuted central tarsal bone fracture in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Bolt
- Equine Referral Hospital; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - R. M. Read
- Equine Referral Hospital; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - R. Weller
- Equine Referral Hospital; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - C. Sinclair
- Equine Referral Hospital; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - F. H. David
- Equine Referral Hospital; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
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Daniel AJ, Judy CE, Rick MC, Saveraid TC, Herthel DJ. Comparison of radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging for detection of specific conditions of the distal tarsal bones of horses: 20 cases (2006–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:1109-14. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.9.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Raes EV, Bergman EHJ, van der Veen H, Vanderperren K, Van der Vekens E, Saunders JH. Comparison of cross-sectional anatomy and computed tomography of the tarsus in horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 72:1209-21. [PMID: 21879979 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare computed tomography (CT) images of equine tarsi with cross-sectional anatomic slices and evaluate the potential of CT for imaging pathological tarsal changes in horses. SAMPLE 6 anatomically normal equine cadaveric hind limbs and 4 tarsi with pathological changes. PROCEDURES Precontrast CT was performed on 3 equine tarsi; sagittal and dorsal reconstructions were made. In all limbs, postcontrast CT was performed after intra-articular contrast medium injection of the tarsocrural, centrodistal, and tarsometatarsal joints. Images were matched with corresponding anatomic slices. Four tarsi with pathological changes underwent CT examination. RESULTS The tibia, talus, calcaneus, and central, fused first and second, third, and fourth tarsal bones were clearly visualized as well as the long digital extensor, superficial digital flexor, lateral digital flexor (with tarsal flexor retinaculum), gastrocnemius, peroneus tertius, and tibialis cranialis tendons and the long plantar ligament. The lateral digital extensor, medial digital flexor, split peroneus tertius, and tibialis cranialis tendons and collateral ligaments could be located but not always clearly identified. Some small tarsal ligaments were identifiable, including plantar, medial, interosseus, and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments; interosseus talocentral, centrodistal, and tarsometatarsal ligaments; proximal and distal plantar ligaments; and talometatarsal ligament. Parts of the articular cartilage could be assessed on postcontrast images. Lesions were detected in the 4 tarsi with pathological changes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE CT of the tarsus is recommended when radiography and ultrasonography are inconclusive and during preoperative planning for treatment of complex fractures. Images from this study can serve as a CT reference, and CT of pathological changes was useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els V Raes
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Sherlock CE, Eggleston RB, Peroni JF, Parks AH. Desmitis of the medial tarsal collateral ligament in 7 horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wright IM, Minshall GJ. Injuries of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon in 19 horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:136-42. [PMID: 21848537 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Injuries of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon and their relationship to displacement of the tendon from the calcaneus have not previously been reported. OBJECTIVES To describe findings made on clinical cases with disruption of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) including observations on their role in horses with unstable subluxation of the tendon. To describe novel surgical techniques and the results of treatment. HYPOTHESES Disruption of the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT is associated with lameness and distension of the calcaneal bursa. Unstable displacement of the SDFT from the calcaneus is a more complex injury than incomplete disruption of one of its calcaneal insertions. METHODS The case records and diagnostic images of horses with lesions involving the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT, which were confirmed by endoscopic evaluation of calcaneal bursa between 2005 and 2009, were reviewed. RESULTS Nineteen horses were identified including 7 that had unstable displacement of the tendon from the calcaneus. Following endoscopic surgery, 9 of 12 horses with stable tendons and 6 of 7 horses with unstable displaced SDFTs returned to work. CONCLUSION Tearing of the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT is associated with lameness and distension of the calcaneal bursa; endoscopic removal of the torn tissue carries a good prognosis. Horses with unstable displacement of the tendon have also disruption of the tendon fibrocartilage cap. Removal of this results in stable subluxation and can return horses to athletic activity. Both lesions can be detected by preoperative ultrasonography. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Tearing of the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT should be included in the differential diagnoses of lame horses with distended calcaneal bursae. Tearing of the tendon fibrocartilage cap in horses with unstable displacement of the SDFT is a plausible explanation of the clinical features of the injury and explains previously unreliable results of reconstructive surgeries. Subtotal resection is a technically demanding technique but appears to offer an improved prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Wright
- Newmarket Equine Hospital, Cambridge Road, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
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Biggi M, Zani DD, De Zani D, Di Giancamillo M. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of bone marrow lesions in the equine distal tarsus. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ehlert A, Ferguson J, Gerlach K. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Normal Bovine Tarsus. Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 40:234-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Raes EV, Vanderperren K, Pille F, Saunders JH. Ultrasonographic findings in 100 horses with tarsal region disorders. Vet J 2010; 186:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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RODRÍGUEZ MJ, AGUT A, SOLER M, LÓPEZ-ALBORS O, ARREDONDO J, QUEROL M, LATORRE R. Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine temporomandibular joint anatomy. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:200-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The importance of correlating anatomical studies with diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in practice has long been recognised. Such studies in the horse have, until recently, lagged behind this discipline in human medicine and surgery. Clinical techniques by which this correlation is achieved include radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This review presents published literature on the subject and, in addition, describes the part played by plastination, a recently developed technique for the preservation of biological specimens. In this, tissue fluids and part of the lipids are replaced by certain polymers yielding specimens that can be handled without gloves, do not smell or decay, and even retain microscopic properties of the original sample. The technique has proved to be a useful tool to correct previously presented anatomical descriptions and is one now favoured by human surgeons. Studies of the horse employing this technique include those of the temporomandibular joint and tarsus. The aim of the review is to stimulate further correlations of anatomical structure and equine medical and surgical procedures, thereby advancing knowledge and understanding in practice and teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Latorre
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
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Mair TS, Kinns J, Jones RD, Bolas NM. Magnetic resonance imaging of the distal limb of the standing horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vanderperren K, Ghaye B, Snaps FR, Saunders JH. Evaluation of computed tomographic anatomy of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:631-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.5.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish an injection site for the gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa (GCB), to identify communication patterns between the calcaneal bursae, to estimate the proximal and distal extents of the intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB) and to identify variations from previous anatomic descriptions. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive anatomic study. ANIMALS Cadaveric equine hindlimbs (n=18) from 9 adult horses. METHODS Communication between the ICB and GCB was determined in 18 cadaveric hindlimbs by injection of a latex mixture, followed by examination of sequential sagittal sections and documentation of the distribution of the latex mixture and communication sites. The distal and proximal extents of the ICB and subcutaneous calcaneal bursa (SCB), relative to the tuber calcanei (TC) were recorded. RESULTS Communication between the ICB and the GCB was confirmed on the medial and lateral aspect in 100% and 50% of limbs, respectively. Communication between the SCB and the ICB, and therefore the GCB, was identified in 39% of limbs. Plantar reflections of the ICB existed in 33% of limbs. Mean extent of the ICB relative to the TC was 7.0 cm distally and 9.6 cm proximally. The SCB often occupies a more distal position than previously reported. CONCLUSIONS The ICB and the GCB should be considered 1 synovial structure with 2 communicating compartments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The GCB may be an alternative site for synoviocentesis when there is septic calcaneal bursitis. Improved knowledge of calcaneal bursae anatomy may aid in diagnosis and treatment of lesions involving these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Post
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Veterinary Field Station, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
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Branch MV, Murray RC, Dyson SJ, Goodship AE. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Equine Tarsus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bischofberger AS, Konar M, Ohlerth S, Geyer H, Lang J, Ueltschi G, Lischer CJ. Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and histology of the suspensory ligament origin: a comparative study of normal anatomy of warmblood horses. Equine Vet J 2006; 38:508-16. [PMID: 17124840 DOI: 10.2746/042516406x156109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The diagnosis of lameness caused by proximal metacarpal and metatarsal pain can be challenging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the possibility for further diagnosis but there have been no studies on the normal MRI appearance of the origin of the suspensory ligament (OSL) in conjunction with ultrasonography and histology. OBJECTIVES To describe the MRI appearance of the OSL in fore- and hindlimbs of sound horses and compare it to the ultrasonographic and histological appearance. The findings can be used as reference values to recognise pathology in the OSL. METHODS The OSL in the fore- and hindlimbs of 6 sound horses was examined by ultrasonography prior to death, and MRI and histology post mortem. Qualitative evaluation and morphometry of the OSL were performed and results of all modalities compared. RESULTS Muscular tissue, artefacts, variable SL size and shape complicated ultrasonographic interpretation. In MRI and histology the forelimb OSL consisted of 2 portions, the lateral being significantly thicker than medial. The hindlimb SL had a single large area of origin. In fore- and hindlimbs, the amount of muscular tissue was significantly larger laterally than medially. Overall SL measurements using MRI were significantly higher than using histology and ultrasonography and histological higher than ultrasonographic measurements. Morphologically, there was a good correlation between MRI and histology. CONCLUSIONS MRI provides more detailed information than ultrasonography regarding muscle fibre detection and OSL dimension and correlates morphologically well with histology. Therefore, ultrasonographic results should be regarded with caution. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE MRI may be a diagnostic aid when other modalities fail to identify clearly the cause of proximal metacarpal and metatarsal pain; and may improve selection of adequate therapy and prognosis for injuries in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bischofberger
- Equine Hospital, Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radio-Oncology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich
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Latorre R, Arencibia A, Gil F, Rivero M, Henry RW, Ramírez G, Váquez JM. Correlation of magnetic resonance images with anatomic features of the equine tarsus. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:756-61. [PMID: 16649906 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.5.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To correlate anatomic features of the equine tarsus identified in plastinated sections with images obtained via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ANIMALS 4 horses. PROCEDURE MRI (1.5-Tesla magnet) of the tarsus was performed on the pelvic limbs of 4 clinically normal horses following euthanasia. After imaging, tarsocrural joint spaces and vasculature were injected with colored latex. Sagittal and transverse sections of the tarsi were plastinated to facilitate interpretation of MR images. RESULTS Relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled on the plastinated tissue slices and corresponding MR images. Results indicated high correlations between MRI findings and those of plastinated sections. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The data obtained provided certain reference standards for normal anatomic structure sizes and positions in the equine tarsus. This information may aid future physiologic or clinical studies of this joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Latorre
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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Mair TS, Kinns J. DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDONITIS IN THE EQUINE FOOT DIAGNOSED BY LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE STANDING PATIENT: 18 CASES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46:458-66. [PMID: 16396260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the distal aspects of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) is an important cause of lameness in horses. The purpose of this study was to review the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 18 horses affected by DDFT injuries in the foot. The MRI was performed with the horses standing using an open low-field (0.21 T) MRI scanner. The results were compared with those previously reported for horses using high-field MRI. Eighteen of 84 horses (21%) with undiagnosed forefoot pain were found to have lesions affecting the DDFT. The history, clinical findings and results of radiography, diagnostic ultrasonography and nuclear scintigraphy of these horses were reviewed. The duration of lameness ranged from 1 to 12 months, and the severity varied from 1/10 to 6/10. Fifteen horses had unilateral lameness (right fore in nine, left fore in six), whereas three horses were bilaterally foreleg lame. Radiological changes, considered of equivocal significance, were found in six of 18 horses. Ultrasonographic changes involving the DDFT were identified in only one of nine horses. DDFT lesions were detected in both T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences. Four different types of lesions were identified: core lesions, sagittal splits, dorsal border lesions, and insertional lesions. Combinations of different lesion types within the same horse were common. The types and locations of the DDFT lesions were similar to those previously reported using high-field MRI. The use of low-field standing MRI avoids the necessity for general anesthesia and access to conventional high-field MRI scanners. However, studies comparing the results of standing low-field MRI with high-field MRI (and other imaging procedures) are required before the sensitivity and specificity of the technique can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim S Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Maidstone, Kent ME18 5GS, UK.
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Zubrod CJ, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, Gavin PR, Ragle CA, Farnsworth KD. Use of magnetic resonance imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in horses: 11 cases (1999-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224:411-8. [PMID: 14765802 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.224.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in the distal limbs of horses. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 11 horses. PROCEDURE Medical records of horses with lameness and subsequent evidence of subchondral bone damage as determined by MR imaging were reviewed. Severity and duration of lameness, results of diagnostic local anesthesia and diagnostic testing, surgical and necropsy findings, and treatment were recorded. Outcome was determined by follow-up information obtained from the owner or referring veterinarian. RESULTS Lameness was localized by physical examination and diagnostic local anesthesia. Lameness was localized to the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint in 4 horses, distal interphalangeal joint in 5 horses, and tarsocrural joint in 2 horses. The duration of lameness ranged from 2 weeks to 20 months. Magnetic resonance imaging of the affected joints revealed abnormal fluid accumulation within the subchondral bone. None of the abnormalities observed by MR imaging were detected by radiography. Subchondral bone damage was diagnosed in all horses. Arthroscopy of the affected joint was performed in 4 horses. Communication with the articular surface of the affected bone was suspected on the basis of results of MR imaging in 4 horses and was confirmed by arthroscopy in 1 horse and by necropsy in 1 horse. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Magnetic resonance imaging was useful for providing a diagnosis when other imaging techniques did not definitively identify the cause of lameness. Subchondral bone damage was clearly identified by MR imaging and should be considered as a cause of lameness in horses in which radiographic findings are unremarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Zubrod
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Tapprest J, Audigie F, Radier C, Anglade MC, Voisin MC, Foucher N, Collobert-Laugier C, Mathieu D, Denoix JM. Magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of stress fractures in a horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:438-42. [PMID: 12939062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice for the diagnosis of stress fractures. In this paper, bilateral stress fracture of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpal bone in a French trotter is described. Results of the radiographic, MR imaging, and histologic examinations are presented, with a focus on the MR signal abnormalities found. Based on this patient, the potential use of MR imaging for the diagnosis of stress fractures in horses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Tapprest
- UMR-INRA Biomécanique et pathologie locomotrice du cheval, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CIRALE, Goustranville 14430, France
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Ferrell EA, Gavin PR, Tucker RL, Sellon DC, Hines MT. Magnetic resonance for evaluation of neurologic disease in 12 horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2002; 43:510-6. [PMID: 12502103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used as a neurodiagnostic modality in the assessment of 12 horses with neurologic disease localized cranial to the foramen magnum. This retrospective study included a mixed population of horse breeds and consisted of three foals and nine adult horses. MR sequences of the head and central nervous system of each horse were acquired. Routine MR sequences included transverse T1 weighted (T1wt), T2 weighted (T2wt), and proton density images. Additional imaging sequences were obtained on a patient-dependent basis. Eight neurologic related diseases were diagnosed. MRI imaging of the horse head is a feasible and valuable neurodiagnostic modality in the assessment of equine neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Ferrell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Arencibia A, Vazquez JM, Ramirez JA, Ramirez G, Vilar JM, Rivero MA, Alayon S, Gil F. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal equine brain. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42:405-9. [PMID: 11678560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to define the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of the brain and associated structures of the equine head. MR images were acquired in oblique dorsal (T2-weighted), sagittal (T1-weighted), and transverse planes (T2-weighted), using a magnet of 1.5 Tesla and a human body coil. Relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent anatomic detail of the cranioencephalic structures. Annotated MR images from this study are intended as a reference for clinical imaging studies of the equine head, specially in the diagnosis of brain diseases in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arencibia
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Tucker RL, Sande RD. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the equine musculoskeletal conditions. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2001; 17:145-57, vii. [PMID: 11488041 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in equine orthopedic patients. It is well established that CT and MR imaging offer superior diagnostic information in a wide variety of musculoskeletal injuries in human beings and small animals. The highly detailed cross-sectional images obtained with these two modalities can often demonstrate pathologic changes undetected with other common imaging techniques. Based on their multiple applications in human beings and small animals, CT or MR imaging may prove to be the optimal diagnostic imaging technique for several types of musculoskeletal disorders of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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