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Gibson EA, Culp WTN. Canine Prostate Cancer: Current Treatments and the Role of Interventional Oncology. Vet Sci 2024; 11:169. [PMID: 38668436 PMCID: PMC11054006 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide in men, with over 3 million men currently living with prostate carcinoma. In men, routine screening and successful treatment schemes, including radiation, prostatectomy, or hormone therapy, have allowed for high survivability. Dogs are recognized as one of the only mammals to spontaneously develop prostate neoplasia and are an important translational model. Within veterinary medicine, treatment options have historically been limited in efficacy or paired with high morbidity. Recently, less invasive treatment modalities have been investigated in dogs and people and demonstrated promise. Below, current treatment options available in dogs and people are reviewed, as well as a discussion of current and future trends within interventional treatment for canine PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Gibson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19123, USA
| | - William T. N. Culp
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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2
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McKenna C, Poirier VJ, Oblak ML, Nykamp S, Mutsaers AJ. Reason for euthanasia in dogs with urothelial carcinoma treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both: A retrospective observational study. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1127-1134. [PMID: 38317542 PMCID: PMC10937484 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clients want to know the ultimate cause of death in their pet after cancer treatment. The cause of euthanasia and investigation of urinary obstruction in treated dogs with urothelial carcinoma (UC) has not been specifically reported in veterinary literature. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Our hypothesis was that the majority of treated dogs with UC are euthanized secondary to primary tumor factors, such as urinary obstruction. ANIMALS Fifty-nine client-owned dogs diagnosed with UC. METHODS Retrospective observational study on clinical signs and disease at euthanasia of dogs with UC treated by radiation therapy or chemotherapy or both. RESULTS The median overall survival time (OST) of all dogs was 339 days (range, 17-1996; 95% confidence interval [CI], 185-392; interquartile range [IQR], 112-505). Of dogs deemed to have been euthanized because of UC (50/59, 85%), the primary cause was considered to be local progression in 31/50 (62%), most often because of perceived complete or partial urinary obstruction (24/31, 77%). No variables were found to be predictive of urinary obstruction. The overall documented metastatic rate was 56%. In dogs euthanized because of UC, metastasis was deemed to be the cause in 19/50 (38%) dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Regardless of the type of treatment, UC in dogs has a poor prognosis and there is a continuing need to improve treatments that focus on local control of the primary tumor, given its high contribution to the decision for euthanasia. Proactive management to avoid the high frequency of urinary obstruction may be worthy of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly McKenna
- Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
- Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Valerie J. Poirier
- Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Michelle L. Oblak
- Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Stephanie Nykamp
- Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Anthony J. Mutsaers
- Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
- Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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3
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Jornet-Rius O, Agulla B, López MC, Viñeta C, García-Ferrer A, Serrano B, Marco A, Palomares A, Novellas R, Espada Y, Roura X, Solano-Gallego L. Needle tract seeding and malignant transformation of hepatocellular adenoma into well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:507-513. [PMID: 37202832 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An 11-year-old neutered female Golden Retriever was referred for investigation of marked increases in liver enzyme activities. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a large pedunculated liver mass. Diagnosis of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) was made when the mass was excised after a first unsuccessful attempt through ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy. One and a half years after presentation, a nodule embedded between muscles of the abdominal wall appeared. The mass was first diagnosed as a well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through cytologic examination, which was later confirmed with histopathology. Ki 67 immunostaining of the abdominal wall nodule showed an increased immunoreactivity compared with the liver mass. Therefore, the present case documents the first needle-tract seeding of a hepatocellular epithelial tumor with possible malignant transformation of HCA into a well-differentiated HCC in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Jornet-Rius
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Agulla
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Viñeta
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bárbara Serrano
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Marco
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Palomares
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Novellas
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yvonne Espada
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Nógrádi AL, Cope I, Arany-Toth A, Müller L, Csatári D, Hetyey C, Dudás-Györki Z, Manczur F, Schuster N, Jakab C, Németh T. Primary Urinary Bladder Tumors in Three Guinea Pigs (Cavia Porcellus). Top Companion Anim Med 2023; 56-57:100805. [PMID: 37607617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Urinary bladder tumors are not common in guinea pigs, but case numbers being diagnosed have increased in the past years. The authors present 3 referred cases of primary urinary bladder tumors in pet guinea pigs diagnosed using diagnostic imaging (CT, radiography, and ultrasonography) and exploratory laparotomy. Excision was not possible in the first case as the tumor was located at the neck of the urinary bladder and the owner opted for intraoperative euthanasia. The second and third cases both had tumors originating from the apex of the urinary bladder. The third guinea pig went into cardiac arrest during surgery and resuscitation was unsuccessful. The tumor was removed from the urinary bladder using partial cystectomy in the second case and 1-month postsurgery ultrasonographic examination showed no signs of tumor reoccurrence. Late recognition is the main reason for a negative outcome, as by this time tumors are already large and extensive. Whenever prolonged symptoms of hematuria are present and urolithiasis has been ruled out, ultrasonography should be undertaken to determine if a urinary tumor is the cause. Rechecks should be scheduled on a regular basis for guinea pigs when a definitive diagnosis can not be made at the initial presentation for vague clinical signs, as outcome and survival can reduce significantly when definitive treatment is delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Linda Nógrádi
- Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Iain Cope
- Newmarket Vets4Pets, Inside Pets at Home, Studland Retail Park, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - Attila Arany-Toth
- Department and Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Linda Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Csatári
- Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetyey
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Dudás-Györki
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Manczur
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Tibor Németh
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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5
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McNally A, Rossanese M, Suárez‐Bonnet A, Hardas A, Yale AD. Urinary bladder hemangiosarcoma in a cat treated with partial cystectomy and adjuvant metronomic cyclophosphamide and thalidomide. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1488-1492. [PMID: 37381579 PMCID: PMC10365030 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral hemangiosarcomas (HSA) are rare in cats and typically associated with aggressive biologic behavior and poor prognosis. A 4-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented with a 3-month history of hematuria and stranguria; ultrasonography identified a large bladder mass. Complete excision was achieved by partial cystectomy. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor confirmed HSA. The cat was treated using adjuvant cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and meloxicam for 8 months. Abdominal ultrasonography repeated at 2 months and computed tomography repeated at 5 and 19 months after diagnosis showed no evidence of local recurrence or metastasis. The cat was alive at last follow-up (896 days). Although the cat described in this report experienced a more favorable prognosis compared to other visceral HSA locations, additional cases are needed to further understand the biological behavior of bladder HSAs and guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail McNally
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, HatfieldHertfordshire AL9 7TAUnited Kingdom
- Present address:
Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile BottomCambridgeshire CB8 0UHUnited Kingdom
| | - Matteo Rossanese
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, HatfieldHertfordshire AL9 7TAUnited Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Suárez‐Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology & Population SciencesThe Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, HatfieldHertfordshire AL9 7TAUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Hardas
- Department of Pathobiology & Population SciencesThe Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, HatfieldHertfordshire AL9 7TAUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Yale
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, HatfieldHertfordshire AL9 7TAUnited Kingdom
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6
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Biedak NR, Penninck D, Biswell E. Ultrasonographic features of a urinary bladder leiomyoma in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231165247. [PMID: 37249943 PMCID: PMC10210528 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231165247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder in cats is infrequently documented in the literature, and a description of the ultrasonographic appearance has never been reported. A 9-year-old female spayed cat presented with a 6-month history of intermittent hematuria and progressive pollakiuria. On abdominal ultrasound, a large ovoid mass of mixed echogenicity was seen originating from the ventral apical bladder wall. The mass had faint peripheral hyperechoic radiating striations and was mildly vascularized, especially at its 1.5 cm point of origin from the wall. A partial cystectomy was performed to remove the mass that filled the bladder lumen. Microscopically, the well-demarcated mass extended from the inner muscular layer of the wall into the submucosal layer and was diagnosed as a leiomyoma. Surgical excision was curative. Relevance and novel information This is the first ultrasonographic description of a bladder leiomyoma in a feline patient. Smooth muscle tumors should be included on the differential diagnosis list in future cases with similar ultrasonographic features and chronic lower urinary clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Biedak
- Nathan R Biedak MS, DVM, Tufts Cummings School of
Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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7
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Néčová S. Guide to lower urogenital tract neoplasia in dogs. IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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8
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Weinekötter J, Gurtner C, Protschka M, von Bomhard W, Böttcher D, Schlinke A, Alber G, Rösch S, Steiner JM, Seeger J, Oechtering GU, Heilmann RM. Tissue S100/calgranulin expression and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in dogs with lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:412. [PMID: 36411489 PMCID: PMC9680134 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common neoplasm of the canine lower urinary tract, affecting approximately 2% of dogs. Elderly female patients of certain breeds are predisposed, and clinical signs of UC can easily be confused with urinary tract infection or urolithiasis. Diagnosis and treatment are challenging given the lack of disease-specific markers and treatments. The S100A8/A9 complex and S100A12 protein are Ca2+-binding proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system and have shown promise as urinary screening markers for UC. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can also aid in distinguishing certain neoplastic from inflammatory conditions. Our study aimed to evaluate the tissue expression of S100/calgranulins and the blood NLR in dogs with UC. Urinary bladder and/or urethral tissue samples from dogs with UC (n = 10), non-neoplastic inflammatory lesions (NNUTD; n = 6), and no histologic changes (n = 11) were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Blood NLRs were analyzed in dogs with UC (n = 22) or NNUTD (n = 26). RESULTS Tissue S100A12-positive cell counts were significantly higher in dogs with lower urinary tract disease than healthy controls (P = 0.0267 for UC, P = 0.0049 for NNUTD), with no significant difference between UC and NNUTD patients. Tissue S100A8/A9-positivity appeared to be higher with NNUTD than UC, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The S100A8/A9+-to-S100A12+ ratio was significantly decreased in neoplastic and inflamed lower urinary tract tissue compared to histologically normal specimens (P = 0.0062 for UC, P = 0.0030 for NNUTD). NLRs were significantly higher in dogs with UC than in dogs with NNUTD, and a cut-off NLR of ≤ 2.83 distinguished UC from NNUTD with 41% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Higher NLRs were also associated with a poor overall survival time (P = 0.0417). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that the S100/calgranulins play a role in the immune response to inflammatory and neoplastic lower urinary tract diseases in dogs, but the tissue expression of these proteins appears to differ from their concentrations reported in urine samples. Further investigations of the S100/calgranulin pathways in UC and their potential as diagnostic or prognostic tools and potential therapeutic targets are warranted. The NLR as a routinely available marker might be a useful surrogate to distinguish UC from inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Weinekötter
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3001 Bern, BE Switzerland
| | - Martina Protschka
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Wolf von Bomhard
- Specialty Center for Veterinary Pathology, Hartelstrasse 30, E80689 Munich, BY Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute for Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An Den Tierkliniken 33, E04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Annika Schlinke
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Sarah Rösch
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, NI Germany
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4474, College Station, TX 77843-4474 USA
| | - Johannes Seeger
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Gerhard U. Oechtering
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
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Schäfer-Somi S. Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In dogs, the most frequent diseases of the prostate gland are benign prostate gland hyperplasia (BPH), acute and chronic prostatitis, squamous metaplasia, and prostate tumors. New diagnostic tools comprise diagnostic markers in the blood and urine, as well as advanced imaging methods. The therapy can be initialized with the 5α-reductase-inhibitor finasteride or an anti-androgenic compound, and prolonged with a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH)-agonist such as deslorelin. In case of prostatitis, effective antibiotics must be applied for weeks. Antibiotics must be able to penetrate into the prostate tissue; fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, and erythromycin are good choices and are in addition effective against mycoplasms. The chronical prostatitis cannot be differentiated from a neoplasia by sonography; a biopsy, histological, and bacteriological examination are required. Tumors of the prostate gland are seldom and mostly occur in castrated but in intact dogs. For the final diagnosis, a biopsy must be taken. Partial and total resection of the prostate gland by use of laser technique is possible but coincedes with many side effects and the prognosis is still futile. Immunotherapy combined with NSAIDs, targeted noninvasive thermotherapy, BRAF gene inhibitors, or prostate artery chemoembolization are promising methods.
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10
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Pierini A, Criscuolo MC, Bonfanti U, Benvenuti E, Marchetti V, Bottero E. Usefulness of squash preparation cytology in the diagnosis of canine urinary bladder carcinomas. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:498-506. [PMID: 35854403 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial cells show varying degrees of cytologic atypia in dogs with nonmalignant lesions (NML) and carcinomas (ubC) of the bladder, making histopathologic examination necessary for a definitive diagnosis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of squash preparation cytology and identify several cytomorphologic features of ubC to assist in diagnoses. METHODS Squash preparations were made and reviewed in dogs that underwent transurethral cystoscopy. The results were compared with histopathologic diagnoses. Two cytopathologists performed blinded assessments using a scoring system established for 11 cytologic features, including the presence of macronuclei, abnormal nucleoli, atypical mitoses, signet ring cells, multinucleated cells, nuclear molding, anisokaryosis, cytoplasmatic microvacuolization, cell arrangements, and neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltrations. Based on cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses, dogs were divided into ubC and NML groups. Associations between cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses were investigated, and agreement between the cytopathologists was calculated. Cytologic features were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression models. The performance of predictors in the final model was evaluated in terms of Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), likelihood ratio positive (LR+), and negative (LR-) values, and the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). RESULTS Forty-four dogs diagnosed with ubC, and 17 with NML were included in the study. Cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses were significantly associated with each cytopathologist. There was an almost perfect agreement between cytopathologists (κ = 0.88). The absence of neutrophilic infiltration, the presence of multinucleated cells, and nuclear molding were associated with ubC; using a combination of these features in parallel testing resulted in Se = 0.98, Sp = 0.65, accuracy = 0.89, PPV = 0.88, NPV = 0.92, LR + =2.77, LR- = 0.04, and DOR = 7.7. CONCLUSIONS Squash preparation cytology could be a reliable technique to diagnose ubC in dogs. The best diagnostic combination was the absence of neutrophilic infiltration, multinucleated cells, and nuclear molding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Bonfanti
- MYLAV La Vallonea, Veterinary Laboratory, Milan, Italy
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11
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Faletti T, Seguin B, Selmic LE, Lapsley J, Worley D, Griffin M, Tremolada G. Potential Seeding From Fine-Needle Aspiration of an Axial Osteosarcoma: A Case Report. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:847933. [PMID: 35573421 PMCID: PMC9101296 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.847933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the first potential case of seeding after fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of a rib osteosarcoma in a dog. An 8-year-old, 28-kg female spayed Golden Retriever was presented to her primary veterinarian with a 3-week history of a 3-cm firm, unpainful, immobile mass arising from the 9th rib. The mass was aspirated and submitted for cytological examination. A subcutaneous nodule developed several days after the FNA was performed in a location immediately overlying but distinct from the primary rib tumor on palpation. Both the primary mass and the newly diagnosed subcutaneous nodule were biopsied and were consistent with an osteosarcoma. Although it cannot be ruled out that the subcutaneous lesion was metastatic, seeding was a reasonable explanation based on where the new mass was located and how quickly it appeared after the FNA was performed. The aim of this case report was to describe the possibility of tumor seeding during FNA for osteosarcoma. It is the authors' opinion that utility of cytological diagnosis of bone tumors outweighs the risk of possible seeding and should continue to be used as a routine diagnostic test for the diagnosis of aggressive bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Faletti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bernard Seguin
- College of Veterinary Medicine Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Laura Elizabeth Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Janis Lapsley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Deanna Worley
- College of Veterinary Medicine Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Maureen Griffin
- College of Veterinary Medicine Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Giovanni Tremolada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Tremolada
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12
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Rasteiro AM, Sá e Lemos E, Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM. Molecular Markers in Urinary Bladder Cancer: Applications for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030107. [PMID: 35324835 PMCID: PMC8950778 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the urinary bladder is a neoplasm with considerable importance in veterinary medicine, given its high incidence in several domestic animal species and its life-threatening character. Bladder cancer in companion animals shows a complex and still poorly understood biopathology, and this lack of knowledge has limited therapeutic progress over the years. Even so, important advances concerning the identification of tumour markers with clinical applications at the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic levels have recently been made, for example, the identification of pathological BRAF mutations. Those advances are now facilitating the introduction of targeted therapies. The present review will address such advances, focusing on small animal oncology and providing the reader with an update on this field. When appropriate, comparisons will be drawn with bladder cancer in human patients, as well as with experimental models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Rasteiro
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
- Garden Veterinary Group, Chippenham SN15 1NQ, UK
| | - Eva Sá e Lemos
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Postgraduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, University Hospital (HUUFMA), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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13
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Spediacci C, Manfredi M, Sala G, Liuti T, Israeliantz N, Zani DD, Di Giancamillo M, Longo M. Fall time may be a reliable discriminator between neoplastic and non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in dogs undergoing contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a pilot study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:609-619. [PMID: 35679465 PMCID: PMC9796640 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can provide quantitative information on enhancement patterns and perfusion of lesions, based on time-intensity curves (TICs). No published studies have compared CEUS parameters in neoplastic and non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in dogs. The aim of the current prospective, pilot study was to quantitatively characterize the CEUS pattern of neoplastic and non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in dogs, assessing the influence of contrast arrival time (CAT) on the final appearance of the curves. Fourteen dogs with cyto-histopathological diagnoses were included (seven malignant and seven inflammatory lesions). B-mode ultrasound was performed followed by CEUS examination after an intravenous bolus injection of 0.04 mL/kg of contrast medium, and TICs were elaborated by dedicated software. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) for each TIC parameter were obtained. Neoplastic lesions had subjectively shorter rise time (RT), time to peak (TTP) and fall time (FT) than inflammatory lesions. Based on ROC curve analyses, fall time ≥ 10.49 s was the most reliable parameter for diagnosing non-neoplastic disease in this small sample of dogs (area under the curve [AUC] 0.75, sensitivity 83.33%, specificity 66.67%). No difference was found between ROCs calculated for each parameter of TICs by adding or removing CAT. Results of the current study provide background for future, larger scale studies evaluating use of a CEUS FT threshold of 10.49 s as a possible discriminator for urinary bladder neoplastic lesions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Spediacci
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Martina Manfredi
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Giulia Sala
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghScotlandUK
| | - Nicolas Israeliantz
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghScotlandUK
| | - Davide Danilo Zani
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Maurizio Longo
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
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Gedon J, Kehl A, Aupperle-Lellbach H, von Bomhard W, Schmidt JM. BRAF mutation status and its prognostic significance in 79 canine urothelial carcinomas: A retrospective study (2006-2019). Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:449-457. [PMID: 34878687 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common tumour of the canine urinary bladder. Recently, BRAF mutation testing emerged as a diagnostic option, but its prognostic significance is unknown. This study investigates the relationship between BRAF (variant V595E) mutation status and overall survival in UC-bearing dogs. Seventy-nine patients histologically diagnosed with UC of the bladder and/or urethra between 2006 and 2019 were included in this retrospective single-centre-study. Treatment consisted of meloxicam (n = 39, group 1 'Melox'), mitoxantrone and meloxicam (+/- followed by metronomic chlorambucil; n = 23, group 2 'Chemo') or partial cystectomy followed by meloxicam +/- mitoxantrone (n = 17, group 3 'Sx'). Survival was significantly influenced by treatment (p = .0002) and tumour location (p < .001) in both uni- and multivariable analyses. BRAF mutation was identified in 51 tumours (=64.6%) and had no statistically significant influence on overall survival: MST for BRAF-negative patients 359 versus 214 days for BRAF-positive dogs (p = .055). However, in BRAF-positive dogs, survival depended significantly on type of treatment in univariable analysis: MSTs for groups 1-3 were 151, 244 and 853 days, respectively (p = .006); In BRAF-positive group 2 ('Chemo')-patients, adjuvant metronomic chlorambucil after mitoxantrone more than doubled MST compared to patients receiving mitoxantrone alone (588 vs. 216 days; p = .030). In contrast, MSTs were not significantly different in BRAF-negative patients among the three treatment groups (p = .069). Multivariate analysis of these data was not possible due to group size limitations. This study identified tumour location and treatment type, but not BRAF mutation status, as independent prognostic factors for overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gedon
- Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
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15
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Shimizu N, Hamaide A, Soliveres E, Heimann M, Noel S, Bolen G. Ultrasound-guided transurethral urinary bladder biopsy using an endoscopic biopsy forceps in dogs: 27 cases (2016-2019). J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:788-794. [PMID: 33977543 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe an ultrasound-guided transurethral bladder biopsy technique using endoscopic forceps and its results in dogs of different sizes with different lesion locations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of dogs that underwent ultrasound-guided transurethral bladder biopsy with endoscopic forceps were retrospectively reviewed. Patient signalment, lesion location, use of urinary catheter as a guide, outcome of the procedure and histopathology results were retrieved. RESULTS Twenty-seven dogs underwent this procedure. Biopsy samples were successfully obtained in 23 dogs. Insertion of the endoscopic forceps without a urinary catheter allowed the procedure to be performed in patients with a small urethral diameter without complication. The procedure was unsuccessful in dogs with a urethral diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the biopsy forceps (i.e. 1.8 mm), either due to small patient size or obstructive urethral lesion. All biopsy samples allowed histopathological diagnosis. No complications were reported after the procedure. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This non-invasive biopsy technique should be considered in patients with bladder lesions in which histopathological diagnosis is needed, especially when endoscopic examination is not feasible. By use of the Doppler mode, biopsy retrieval was safe also when the lesion was highly vascularised.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Small Animals and Equids), FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - A Hamaide
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Small Animals and Equids), FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - E Soliveres
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Small Animals and Equids), FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - M Heimann
- Anapet SPRL, Anatomie Pathologique Vétérinaire Pour Animaux de Compagnie, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - S Noel
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Small Animals and Equids), FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - G Bolen
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Small Animals and Equids), FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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16
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Merickel JL, Lawrence J, Young SJ, Thomson CB. Cutaneous seeding of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder after placement of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device in a dog with bilateral ureteral obstruction. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:877-882. [PMID: 33825539 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.8.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 12-year-old spayed female Jack Russell Terrier was presented with pollakiuria and stranguria. CLINICAL FINDINGS Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder trigone and urethra was diagnosed via CT, cystoscopic, and histologic examinations. Azotemia developed 2 weeks following diagnosis, secondary to bilateral ureteral obstruction. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Percutaneous antegrade ureteral stenting was unsuccessful; therefore, a subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device with 2 nephrostomy and 1 cystostomy catheters was surgically placed. Two months following placement of the SUB device, the dog developed a firm, multilobulated cutaneous mass at the site of the subcutaneous access port of the SUB device. Results of cytologic examination of cells aspirated from the mass were consistent with TCC. Within 1 month of confirmation of TCC of the cutaneous mass, the mass was ulcerated and infected, and the dog was euthanized because of signs of pain and perceived poor quality of life. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Seeding of neoplastic cells is a known complication of needle aspiration or biopsy or surgery in people and dogs with carcinomas. The occurrence of TCC at the SUB port site suggested caution with the placement of a SUB device in dogs with obstructive TCC.
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17
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Griffin S. Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What's normal? What's abnormal? Renal pelvis, ureters and urinary bladder. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:847-865. [PMID: 32845227 PMCID: PMC11135665 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20941786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the urinary tract provides important information useful in the investigation of several conditions including ureteral obstruction and cystitis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even for the experienced ultrasonographer, differentiating between incidental findings, such as lipid droplets in the bladder, and pathological changes can be challenging. AIM This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the ultrasonographic examination of the normal and diseased renal pelvis, ureters and urinary bladder. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material. Ultrasound examination of the kidneys and perinephric space was discussed in an article published in May 2020. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
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18
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Scharf VF, Milovancev M, Townsend KL, Luff JA. Use of a bipolar sealing device to seal partial cystectomy with and without augmentation with a single-layer simple continuous suture pattern in an ex vivo canine model. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1043-1051. [PMID: 32386271 PMCID: PMC7321922 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of a bipolar sealing device (BSD) to seal canine bladder tissue and to determine the influence of suture augmentation on resistance to leakage of sealed partial cystectomies. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo, simple randomized study. SAMPLE POPULATION Urinary bladders harvested from canine cadavers (n = 23). METHODS Partial cystectomy of the cranial third of each bladder was performed with a BSD. This seal was augmented with a simple continuous pattern of 4-0 polydioxanone in half of the specimens. A pressure transducer inserted through the ureter measured intraluminal pressure at initial leakage and catastrophic failure as dyed saline was infused via a catheter inserted through the urethra. Initial leakage pressure and pressure at catastrophic failure were compared between sutured and nonsutured sealed partial cystectomies. RESULTS Sutured sealed cystectomies showed initial leakage at lower pressures compared to non-sutured cystectomies (8.6 vs. 17.7 mm Hg; P = .0365) but were able to sustain greater pressures at catastrophic failure (34.3 vs. 21.8 mm Hg; P = .007). Catastrophic failure occurred along the seam of all nonsutured sealed cystectomies and at the suture holes in 10 of the 12 sutured bladders. CONCLUSION Partial cystectomies were effectively sealed with a BSD in this canine cadaveric bladder model. Augmentation with a simple continuous suture pattern increased the pressure at which catastrophic leakage occurred but lowered initial leak pressure. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides evidence supporting the evaluation of BSD use for partial cystectomy in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery F Scharf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Milan Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Oregon, USA
| | - Katy L Townsend
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer A Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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19
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Jegatheeson S, Dandrieux JR, Cannon CM. Suspected pancreatic carcinoma needle tract seeding in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2020; 6:2055116920918161. [PMID: 32537237 PMCID: PMC7268146 DOI: 10.1177/2055116920918161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 15-year-old male neutered domestic longhair cat was referred for investigation of a pancreatic nodule. Fine-needle aspiration of the nodule was performed on two occasions, 2 weeks apart, and cytology revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation and moderately dysplastic exocrine pancreatic epithelium, suspicious for neoplasia. Thoracic radiographs were unremarkable and a partial pancreatectomy was performed. On histopathology, the nodule was diagnosed as a moderately differentiated pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Two weeks after surgery, a firm subcutaneous nodule was detected on the left ventrolateral abdomen. Cytology of the nodule was suggestive of pancreatic carcinoma and needle tract seeding was suspected. With palliative treatment, the cat lived a further 136 days. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, this represents the first report of suspected transabdominal needle tract seeding of pancreatic carcinoma following fine-needle aspiration in veterinary medicine. Veterinarians should consider this when discussing risks of pancreatic fine-needle aspiration with owners and should attempt to minimise the number of needle aspirations where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvi Jegatheeson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Julien Rs Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire M Cannon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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20
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Mantziaras G. Imaging of the male reproductive tract: Not so easy as it looks like. Theriogenology 2020; 150:490-497. [PMID: 32241560 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging is one of the most important tools in the breeding soundness evaluation of dogs and cats with reproduction problems. In recent years several imaging techniques have been developed, trying to aid the diagnosis and to differentiate between abnormal findings. This review presents the current knowledge on the imaging of normal and abnormal testes, spermatic cord, excurrent duct system, scrotum, accessory sex glands, penis and muscles for protrusion, erection and ejaculation of the dog and of cat. It also highlights the weak points and disadvantages of each imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mantziaras
- EchoVet Small Animal Clinic, Kifissias Avenue 22, Marousi, Athens, 15125, Greece.
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21
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Pey P, Diana A, Rossi F, Mortier J, Kafka U, Veraa S, Groth A, MacLellan M, Marin C, Fracassi F. Safety of percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of adrenal lesions in dogs: Perception of the procedure by radiologists and presentation of 50 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:626-635. [PMID: 32159260 PMCID: PMC7096638 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Percutaneous ultrasound (US)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of adrenal gland lesions is controversial in veterinary medicine. Objective To evaluate the frequency and radiologists' perception of the risk of the procedure as well as determining the incidence of complications. Methods Retrospective study. A first survey was submitted by e‐mail to all board‐certified radiologists of the American College of Veterinary Radiology (ACVR) and European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging (ECVDI). A second survey was sent to radiologists who declared having performed the procedure at least once in their career (observational cross‐sectional case study). Results The first survey was sent to 977 diplomates and answered by 138. Of 138 diplomates, 40 currently performed the procedure and 98 did not; 44 of the 98 gave the hypertensive crisis risk in pheochromocytoma as a reason. To the second survey, 12 of 65 responded positively; 50 dogs with 58 lesions were recruited, including 23 pheochromocytomas. Complications were reported in 4 of 50 dogs; 3 hemorrhages (1 mild and 1 moderate) and 1 death from acute respiratory distress syndrome (possibly related to laryngeal paralysis). No hypertensive crisis was reported. There was no relationship between the method of FNA/type of needle used and occurrence of complications. Based on the recollection of these 65 radiologists, who performed approximately 200 FNA of adrenal lesions, a death rate of approximately 1% was estimated. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Percutaneous US‐guided FNA of adrenal lesions can be considered a minimally risky procedure, despite the negative perception by radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Pey
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Jeremy Mortier
- Service of Diagnostic Imaging, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Kafka
- James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stefanie Veraa
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Groth
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chiara Marin
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Milovancev M, Scharf VF, Townsend KL, Singh A, Tremolada G, Worley D, Schmiedt CW. Partial cystectomy with a bipolar sealing device in seven dogs with naturally occurring bladder tumors. Vet Surg 2020; 49:794-799. [PMID: 32039489 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of a bipolar sealing device (BSD) for partial cystectomy in dogs undergoing excision of bladder tumors. STUDY DESIGN Multicenter, prospective, clinical pilot study. SAMPLE POPULATION Seven client-owned dogs with nontrigonal urinary bladder lesions. METHODS Dogs underwent a sealed partial cystectomy with a BSD, with or without cystoscopic guidance of the resection. The sealed cystectomy site was oversewn with a single-layer simple continuous pattern with monofilament absorbable suture. RESULTS Sealed partial cystectomy was successfully performed in all dogs, with a median surgical duration of 69 minutes (range, 50-120). Lesions were located at the apex in six dogs and on the ventral midbody of the bladder in one dog. No urine leakage from the BSD luminal seal was visible prior to suture closure in three dogs, while varying amounts of urine leaked from the sealed site in four dogs. Suture was placed over the seal in grossly normal bladder tissue in six dogs and in the BSD peripheral thermal effect zone in one dog; in this latter dog, revision cystorrhaphy was required 3 days later because of uroabdomen. The other six dogs had no clinical evidence of urinary bladder healing complications. CONCLUSION The integrity of the seal generated by the BSD tested here on partial cystectomies varied between dogs and was unpredictable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Sealed partial cystectomy with a BSD may reduce exposure of urinary bladder luminal contents to the surgical site. However, the placement of sutures over the seal and through grossly normal bladder tissue is recommended to prevent postoperative uroabdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Valery F Scharf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Katy L Townsend
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Ameet Singh
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giovanni Tremolada
- Flint Animal Cancer Center and Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Deanna Worley
- Flint Animal Cancer Center and Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Schrank M, Romagnoli S. Prostatic Neoplasia in the Intact and Castrated Dog: How Dangerous is Castration? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E85. [PMID: 31948021 PMCID: PMC7022700 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elective gonadectomy in the dog is a topic of interest for clinicians, pet-owners, and society. Although canine prostatic neoplasia (CPN) has a low incidence (0.35%), reports of an increased risk for castrated dogs attract attention and cause concern in pet-owners. Our aim is to provide professionals and non-professionals with a detailed description of this possible side effect of gonadectomy in the dog. The mean age at diagnosis of CPN ranges from 8.5 to 11.2 years. Medium to large size breeds are more frequently affected. Symptoms and findings of non-invasive examinations are not pathognomonic, therefore, cytological or histological examinations are needed for diagnosis. Overall, the incidence of metastasis reaches up to 80%, yet lung metastasis reportedly has no negative impact on median survival time (MST). It has been reported that castrated males have a significantly higher MST than intact males. Differences in inclusion criteria for studied populations make a comparison of studies difficult. Citation of odds ratios without consideration of the context of the reference may result in premature conclusions. We conclude that elective gonadectomy of adult male dogs under six years of age cannot be excluded from the veterinary practice due to concern of causing CPN until clear and strong evidence is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Schrank
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35122 Padova PD, Italy;
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24
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Walz JZ, Desai N, Van Asselt N, Poirier VJ, Hansen K, Selmic L. Definitive-intent intensity-modulated radiation therapy for treatment of canine prostatic carcinoma: A multi-institutional retrospective study. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:381-388. [PMID: 31811693 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
No standard of care is currently recognized for treatment of canine prostatic carcinoma (PC). This retrospective study assesses outcome following definitive-intent, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (RT) in dogs with PC. Medical records review was performed, including 18 patients from four institutions undergoing definitive-intent intensity-modulated radiotherapy to treat PC. Diagnosis was incidental in 7/18 (39%) patients. Five dogs (28%) had evidence of metastasis to loco-regional lymph nodes at diagnosis. Seventeen patients received concurrent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; 15/18 (83%) patients received maximally-tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy, with variable drugs and protocols employed. Total prescribed radiation dose ranged from 48 to 54 Gy (median 50 Gy) delivered as daily doses of 2.5-2.8 Gy. One patient was euthanized prior to completing radiotherapy. Acute toxicity was observed in nine patients; Grade 1-2 diarrhoea was the most common toxicity observed. Suspected late toxicity (urethral stricture, ureteral stricture and hindlimb oedema) was observed in three patients. Median event-free survival (EFS) following RT was 220 days, and median overall survival was 563 days. Local progression occurred in seven patients at a median of 241 days. Median overall survival was significantly longer in incidentally diagnosed dogs (581 vs 220 days in symptomatic dogs, P = .042). EFS was significantly longer in patients treated with MTD chemotherapy (241 vs 25 days, P < .001), and significantly shorter in patients presenting with evidence of metastatic disease (109 days) vs those without (388 days, P = .008). These findings suggest that definitive-intent radiotherapy is a valuable treatment option for local control of canine PC with moderate risk of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Z Walz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Oncology, MSPCA-Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Noopur Desai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nathaniel Van Asselt
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Valerie J Poirier
- Animal Cancer Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Katherine Hansen
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Laura Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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25
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Griffin MA, Culp WTN, Giuffrida MA, Ellis P, Tuohy J, Perry JA, Gedney A, Lux CN, Milovancev M, Wallace ML, Hash J, Mathews K, Liptak JM, Selmic LE, Singh A, Palm CA, Balsa IM, Mayhew PD, Steffey MA, Rebhun RB, Burton JH, Kent MS. Lower urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma in cats: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes in 118 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:274-282. [PMID: 31721288 PMCID: PMC6979092 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is an important but rarely described disease of cats. Objectives To report the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in a cohort of cats with lower urinary tract TCC and to test identified variables for prognostic relevance. Animals One‐hundred eighteen client‐owned cats with lower urinary tract carcinoma. Methods Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain information regarding clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Recorded variables were analyzed statistically. Results Median age of affected cats was 15 years (range, 5.0‐20.8 years) and median duration of clinical signs was 30 days (range, 0‐730 days). The trigone was the most common tumor location (32/118; 27.1%) as assessed by ultrasound examination, cystoscopy, or both. Treatment was carried out in 73 of 118 (61.9%) cats. Metastatic disease was documented in 25 of 118 (21.2%) cats. Median progression‐free survival and survival time for all cats were 113 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 69‐153) and 155 days (95% CI, 110‐222), respectively. Survival increased significantly (P < .001) when comparing cats across the ordered treatment groups: no treatment, treatment without partial cystectomy, and treatment with partial cystectomy. Partial cystectomy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17‐0.87) and treatment with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33‐0.93) were significantly associated with longer survival times. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The results support treatment using partial cystectomy and NSAIDs in cats with TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Griffin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - William T N Culp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michelle A Giuffrida
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Peter Ellis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James A Perry
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Allison Gedney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cassie N Lux
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Milan Milovancev
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Mandy L Wallace
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Hash
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Kyle Mathews
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Julius M Liptak
- VCA Canada-Alta Vista Animal Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura E Selmic
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Ameet Singh
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carrie A Palm
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ingrid M Balsa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Philipp D Mayhew
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michele A Steffey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jenna H Burton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michael S Kent
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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Abstract
Molecular diagnostics have revolutionized human oncology to allow early detection, targeted therapy, monitoring throughout treatment, and evidence of recurrence. By identifying genetic signatures associated with cancers, liquid biopsy techniques have been developed to diagnose and monitor cancer in noninvasive or minimally invasive ways. These techniques offer new opportunities for improving cancer screening, diagnosis, and monitoring the impact of therapy on the patients over time. Liquid biopsy also drives drug development programs. Similar diagnostics hold promise for comparable results in the veterinary field. Several noninvasive/minimally invasive techniques have been described in veterinary medicine that could be referred to as liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Wiley
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, CVM Research Building, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Catherine F Wise
- Program in Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, CVM Research Building, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, CVM Research Building, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, CVM Research Building, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Arai S, Rist P, Clancey N, Gilroy C, Stryhn H, Amsellem P. Fine-needle aspiration of cutaneous, subcutaneous, and intracavitary masses in dogs and cats using 22- vs 25-gauge needles. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:287-292. [PMID: 31210389 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a common procedure as a diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine. However, it is unclear whether the gauge of the needle affects the quality of cytology. OBJECTIVE This study compared the quality of cytologic samples obtained via FNA using 22- or 25-gauge needles. METHODS Fine-needle aspiration was performed on 50 masses (cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intracavitary) obtained from client-owned animals. The size of the needle was randomly assigned using either of the following two sequences: 22-25-22 gauge or 25-22-25 gauge. Samples were evaluated by two board-certified clinical pathologists to assess cellularity, blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, degree of cellular trauma, and the overall ability to make a diagnosis for each sample. RESULTS No significant difference was detected between the 22- and 25-gauge needle samples for cellularity, whereas a significant difference was present for blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, and degree of cellular trauma. The overall ability to make a diagnosis was not significantly affected by the needle gauge. The degree of cellular trauma was significantly increased in intracavitary samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Needle gauge is a contributing factor to FNA sample quality. However, it did not affect the overall ability to make a diagnosis. Samples obtained using 25-gauge needles resulted in less blood contamination yet increased cellular trauma compared to 22-gauge needle samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Arai
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Paul Rist
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Noel Clancey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Cornelia Gilroy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Pierre Amsellem
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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28
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Lane J, Fung C, Gould E, Pfeiffer I, Fasina O, Newkirk K. Suspected Iatrogenic Seeding of Oral Melanoma Secondary to Endotracheal Intubation in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:e55405. [PMID: 31099603 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 10 yr old castrated male pug was presented with a 3 day history of intermittent dyspnea, cough, inappetence, and inability to breathe while sleeping. He had previously received hypofractionated radiation therapy for an amelanotic oral malignant melanoma (OMM) 7 mo prior to presentation. At presentation, the dog was gasping and dyspneic. Oral examination identified the OMM on the right hard palate. Thoracic radiographs revealed an angular soft-tissue opacity within the trachea just distal to the thoracic inlet. No evidence of pulmonary metastatic disease was seen. Tracheoscopy identified a pedunculated, nonpigmented mass within the lumen of the distal trachea near the carina. Treatment options were presented to the owners and included tracheal stenting or tracheal resection and anastomosis. Because of the poor prognosis, the owners elected humane euthanasia. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of melanoma in the distal trachea; no other sites of OMM metastasis were identified. The cause of OMM development in the distal trachea in this case is suspected to have resulted from mechanical tumor cell seeding during endotracheal tube placement for general anesthesia 7 mo prior to presentation. Despite the reported rarity of mechanical tumor seeding, this potential complication warrants consideration in dogs with OMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Lane
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (J.L., C.F., E.G., I.P.), and Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (O.F., K.N.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Canny Fung
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (J.L., C.F., E.G., I.P.), and Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (O.F., K.N.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Emily Gould
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (J.L., C.F., E.G., I.P.), and Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (O.F., K.N.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Isabella Pfeiffer
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (J.L., C.F., E.G., I.P.), and Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (O.F., K.N.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Olufemi Fasina
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (J.L., C.F., E.G., I.P.), and Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (O.F., K.N.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Kim Newkirk
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (J.L., C.F., E.G., I.P.), and Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences (O.F., K.N.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee
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29
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Rodak O, Dzimira S, Podolak A, Płóciennik M, Niżański W. Accuracy of ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of prostate diseases in dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 53 Suppl 3:79-84. [PMID: 30474330 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical signs of prostatic diseases in dogs are often non-specific. Appropriate treatment should be based on a detailed investigation using reliable diagnostic tools. The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography (US) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in dogs' prostate diseases. The mean accuracy of FNA cytology and US were 0.72 and 0.88 (n = 13), respectively. US gland size measurements and actual gland dimensions were highly concordant. Obtained results confirm the high diagnostic value of US and FNA biopsy and in prostatic diseases. Diagnosis based on US is highly reliable; however, it should be combined with clinical signs. Therefore, cytological evaluation of prostate gland material may be performed to differentiate or confirm presumptive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rodak
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Podolak
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Płóciennik
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Niżański
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, Wroclaw, Poland
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30
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Abstract
Primary renal tumors are an uncommon diagnosis in small animals. Presentation, treatment, and prognosis depend on tumor type. Surgery with or without chemotherapy are the mainstays of treatment. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common tumor of the urinary system. Clinical signs include hematuria, stranguria, and pollakiuria. Metastatic disease can develop over time within medial iliac lymph nodes, lungs, and vertebrae. Treatment of transitional cell carcinoma centers on chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, vinblastine, or carboplatin. Other agents used with success, include toceranib phosphate and chlorambucil. Interventional surgery, such as stenting and laser ablation, is used in a palliative setting addressing urinary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Elaine Burgess
- Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Carol J DeRegis
- Piper Memorial Veterinary Center, 730 Randolph Road, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
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31
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Abstract
Cytologic evaluation of the urinary tract can be diagnostically rewarding in cases of renomegaly or when discrete kidney or bladder masses are identified. Cytology can often help to distinguish between cystic, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders. Various types of cystic and benign urinary tract lesions, diseases associated with urinary tract inflammation, and the cytologic differences between primary and metastatic neoplasms of the kidney and bladder are described. Basic sampling techniques for urinary tract cytology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Wycislo
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, 5715 West Utopia Road, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
| | - Tara L Piech
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, 5715 West Utopia Road, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
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32
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Griffin MA, Culp WTN, Rebhun RB. Lower Urinary Tract Neoplasia. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5040096. [PMID: 30486368 PMCID: PMC6313859 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract neoplasia in companion animals is a debilitating and often life-threatening disease. Tumors of the bladder, urethra, and prostate often occur independently, although extension of these tumors into adjacent regions of the lower urinary tract is documented frequently. The most common lower urinary tract tumor in dogs and cats is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In both dogs and cats, TCC affecting the urinary bladder is generally considered to be highly aggressive with both local and metastatic disease potential, and this disease poses unique treatment challenges. Whereas much literature exists regarding the TCC disease process, treatment options, and prognosis in dogs, relatively few studies on feline TCC have been published due to the lower incidence of TCC in this species. Prostate tumors, most commonly adenocarcinomas, occur less commonly in dogs and cats but serve an important role as a comparative model for prostate neoplasia in humans. This article serves as a review of the current information regarding canine and feline lower urinary tract neoplasia as well as the relevance of these diseases with respect to their human counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Griffin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - William T N Culp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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33
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Fitzpatrick N, Guthrie JW. Hemipelvic and proximal femoral limb salvage endoprosthesis with tendon ongrowth in a dog. Vet Surg 2018; 47:963-969. [PMID: 30242868 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the clinical application of a hemipelvic and proximal femoral endoprosthesis for limb salvage. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case report. ANIMAL One 5-year-old, neutered female, flat coated retriever with a malignant neoplasia of the left coxofemoral joint. METHODS An invasive soft tissue mass (histiocytic sarcoma) with bone lysis of the femoral head and acetabulum was noted on radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and MRI. Custom-designed hemipelvic and proximal femoral endoprostheses were produced from CT images and manufactured with hydroxyapatite coated surfaces to allow tissue integration. The proximal femoral implant allowed tendon ongrowth and muscle attachment. The pelvic implant was anchored to the ilium and ischium with screws, and the femoral implant was cemented. Chemotherapy consisted of lomustine (CCNU). RESULTS No evidence of implant loosening or local/thoracic metastases was noted on radiographs or CT at 6 weeks and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery. A neurapraxia resolved 14 weeks postoperatively. Intensive rehabilitation was performed. At 12 months, activity was unrestricted with minimal residual lameness. The dog was euthanized at 14 months for metastatic disease. CONCLUSION Limb salvage with a hemipelvic and proximal femoral endoprosthesis resulted in limb function and survival for 14 months. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Neoplasia involving the bones of the coxofemoral joint traditionally requires hemipelvic resection and pelvic limb amputation. This report provides evidence that limb salvage can result in satisfactory levels of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Fitzpatrick
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - James W Guthrie
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom
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34
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Ravicini S, Baines SJ, Taylor A, Amores-Fuster I, Mason SL, Treggiari E. Outcome and prognostic factors in medically treated canine prostatic carcinomas: A multi-institutional study. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:450-458. [PMID: 29806232 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Literature describing medical treatment of canine prostatic carcinoma (PC) is sparse. The aims of this study were to assess outcomes, including time to progression (TTP) and median survival time (MST), of canine PC treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or chemotherapy, and to identify prognostic factors. Records from 8 institutions were searched for dogs with cytologically or histologically confirmed PC without bladder involvement: 67 dogs were included. Presenting signs were urinary (25), gastrointestinal ([GI], 11) and systemic (3); 16 dogs had GI and urinary signs, 7 dogs had systemic signs with concurrent GI or urinary signs and in 5 dogs the tumour was an incidental finding. Out of 27 dogs, 9 (33%) had positive urine culture. Metastases were identified in 26 dogs to lymph nodes (19), lungs (10), bone (2) and liver (1). Treatment included NSAIDs and chemotherapy (32), NSAIDs alone (31) and chemotherapy alone (4). The overall MST was 82 days (range 9-752) and median TTP was 63 days (range 9-752). Dogs receiving NSAIDs combined with chemotherapy experienced a significantly longer MST (106 vs 51 days; P = .035) and TTP (76 vs 44 days; P = .02) compared to dogs receiving NSAIDs alone. Intact dogs and those with metastatic disease had significantly shorter MST (31 vs 90 days, P = .018 and 49 vs 109 days, P = .037, respectively); intact dogs also had significantly shorter TTP (25 vs 63 days, P = .0003). This study suggests that a combination of NSAIDs and chemotherapy may improve outcomes in canine PC. Metastatic disease and being entire negatively influenced prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ravicini
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
| | - S J Baines
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
| | - A Taylor
- Royal Veterinary College, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - I Amores-Fuster
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - S L Mason
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Treggiari
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
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35
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Anesi S, Parry AT, Monti P, Elliott J. Radiographic appearance of an osseous metastasis to the distal radius from a transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Anesi
- Intern, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral CentreSolihullUK
| | - Andrew T Parry
- Department of Diagnostic ImagingWillows Veterinary Centre and Referral CentreSolihullUK
| | - Paola Monti
- Department of Clinical PathologyDWR DiagnosticSix Mile BottomUK
| | - James Elliott
- Department of OncologyWillows Veterinary Centre and Referral CentreSolihullUK
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36
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Liffman R, Courtman N. Fine needle aspiration of abdominal organs: a review of current recommendations for achieving a diagnostic sample. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:599-609. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Liffman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway; Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - N. Courtman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway; Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
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37
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Greci V, Rocchi PM, Sontuoso AF, Olivero D, Capasso A, Raiano V. Primary fibrosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a cat: follow-up after incomplete surgical excision. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917714881. [PMID: 28680699 PMCID: PMC5480633 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917714881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary An 11-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented with haematuria of 2 months’ duration followed by pollakiuria and stranguria. A firm, non-painful mass in the urinary bladder was palpated. Abdominal radiographs and ultrasound were suggestive of a urinary neoplasia. During explorative laparotomy, a partial cystectomy and surgical debulking were performed. Histopathology and immunostaining were consistent with a fibrosarcoma. The cat was discharged 10 days after surgery with a residual mass of about 1.8 cm on ultrasound re-examination. The cat was not given adjuvant therapy. The cat was euthanased 8 months after surgery because of tumour invasion of the urinary trigone and subsequent ureter dilation, hydronephrosis and severe azotaemia. Relevance and novel information Malignant urinary fibrosarcoma in this cat appeared to be only locally invasive. Palliative surgery without adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy in this cat resulted in an 8 month period of good quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vera Raiano
- Veterinary Hospital Gregorio VII, Rome, Italy
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38
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Steffey MA. Principles and Applications of Surgical Oncology in Exotic Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016; 20:235-254. [PMID: 27890291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of cancer in exotic species is a rapidly evolving area of veterinary medicine. In general, surgical excision remains pivotal in cancer treatment, although optimal outcomes are achieved when a coherent and thorough diagnostic and therapeutic plan is created prior to surgery. While surgical cure is not always achieveable, multimodal treatment plans can offer a variety of options, and palliative procedures may be used to improve quality of life. Treatment goals, whether curative intent or palliative intent, should be identified before surgery, and practitioners should endeavor to adhere to surgical principles in order to attain the best outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Steffey
- Surgical Oncology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Livet V, Sonet J, Saadeh D, Pillard P, Carozzo C. Needle‐tract implantation after fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of a renal cell carcinoma in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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40
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Moore AR, Coffey E, Leavell SE, Krafsur G, Duncan C, Dowers K, Santangelo KS. Canine bicavitary carcinomatosis with transient needle tract metastasis diagnosed by multiplex immunocytochemistry. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:495-500. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Emily Coffey
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Sarah E. Leavell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Greta Krafsur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Colleen Duncan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Kristy Dowers
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Kelly S. Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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41
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Cirla A, Rondena M, Bertolini G. Automated tru-cut imaging-guided core needle biopsy of canine orbital neoplasia. A prospective feasibility study. Open Vet J 2016; 6:114-20. [PMID: 27540512 PMCID: PMC4980476 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of imaging-guided core needle biopsy for canine orbital mass diagnosis. A second excisional biopsy obtained during surgery or necropsy was used as the reference standard. A prospective feasibility study was conducted in 23 canine orbital masses at a single centre. A complete ophthalmic examination was always followed by orbital ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) examination of the head. All masses were sampled with the patient still on the CT table using ultrasound (US) guided automatic tru-cut device. The most suitable sampling approach to the orbit was chosen each time based on the CT image analysis. One of the following different approaches was used: trans-orbital, trans-conjunctival or trans-masseteric. In all cases, the imaging-guided biopsy provided a sufficient amount of tissue for the histopathological diagnosis, which concurred with the biopsies obtained using the excisional technique. CT examination was essential for morphological diagnosis and provided detailed topographic information that allowed us to choose the safest orbital approach for the biopsy. US guided automatic tru-cut biopsy based on CT images, performed with patient still on the CT table, resulted in a minimally invasive, relatively easy, and accurate diagnostic procedure in dogs with orbital masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cirla
- San Marco Veterinary Laboratory, via Sorio 114/c - 35141 Padova, Italy
| | - M Rondena
- San Marco Veterinary Laboratory, via Sorio 114/c - 35141 Padova, Italy
| | - G Bertolini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, via Sorio 114/c - 35141 Padova, Italy
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42
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Sweeney SK, Luo Y, O'Donnell MA, Assouline J. Nanotechnology and cancer: improving real-time monitoring and staging of bladder cancer with multimodal mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Cancer Nanotechnol 2016; 7:3. [PMID: 27217840 PMCID: PMC4846680 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-016-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite being one of the most common cancers, bladder cancer is largely inefficiently and inaccurately staged and monitored. Current imaging methods detect cancer only when it has reached “visible” size and has significantly disrupted the structure of the organ. By that time, thousands of cells will have proliferated and perhaps metastasized. Repeated biopsies and scans are necessary to determine the effect of therapy on cancer growth. In this report, we describe a novel approach based on multimodal nanoparticle contrast agent technology and its application to a preclinical animal model of bladder cancer. The innovation relies on the engineering core of mesoporous silica with specific scanning contrast properties and surface modification that include fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast. The overall dimensions of the nano-device are preset at 80–180 nm, depending on composition with a pore size of 2 nm. Methods To facilitate and expedite discoveries, we combined a well-known model of bladder cancer and our novel technology. We exposed nanoparticles to MB49 murine bladder cancer cells in vitro and found that 70 % of the cells were labeled by nanoparticles as measured by flow cytometry. The in vivo mouse model for bladder cancer is particularly well suited for T1- and T2-weighted MRI. Results Under our experimental conditions, we demonstrate that the nanoparticles considerably improve tumor definition in terms of volumetric, intensity and structural characteristics. Important bladder tumor parameters can be ascertained, non-invasively, repetitively, and with great accuracy. Furthermore, since the particles are not biodegradable, repetitive injection is not required. This feature allows follow-up diagnostic evaluations during cancer treatment. Changes in MRI signals show that in situ uptake of free particles has predilection to tumor cells relative to normal bladder epithelium. The particle distribution within the tumors was corroborated by fluorescent microscopy of sections of excised bladders. In addition, MRI imaging revealed fibrous finger-like projections into the tumors where particles insinuated themselves deeply. This morphological characteristic was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Conclusions These findings may present new options for therapeutic intervention. Ultimately, the combination of real-time and repeated MRI evaluation of the tumors enhanced by nanoparticle contrast may have the potential for translation into human clinical studies for tumor staging, therapeutic monitoring, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Sweeney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, 1402 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ; NanoMedTrix, LLC, 2500 Crosspark Road, Suite E119, Coralville, IA 52241-4710 USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 3204 Medical Education Research Facility, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Michael A O'Donnell
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Jose Assouline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, 1402 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ; NanoMedTrix, LLC, 2500 Crosspark Road, Suite E119, Coralville, IA 52241-4710 USA
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Mochizuki H, Shapiro SG, Breen M. Detection of BRAF Mutation in Urine DNA as a Molecular Diagnostic for Canine Urothelial and Prostatic Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144170. [PMID: 26649430 PMCID: PMC4674145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the lower urinary tract and prostatic carcinoma (PC) are aggressive genitourinary cancers in dogs, characterized by invasion to surrounding tissues and high metastatic potential. Current diagnosis of canine UC and PC requires histopathological examination of a biopsy. Such specimens require specialized medical equipment and are invasive procedures, limiting the availability of diagnosis by histopathology for many canine patients. Access to a non-invasive means to confirm diagnosis is currently an unmet need. Recently, the canine BRAF V595E mutation was detected in ~80% of canine UCs and PCs. In this study, we developed a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay for detection of the canine BRAF V595E mutation in canine urogenital tumors. The assay was evaluated in DNA samples prepared from biopsy specimens of UC (n = 48) and PC (n = 27), as well and non-neoplastic bladder epithelium (n = 38). In addition the assay was assessed for use with DNA isolated from free catch urine samples derived from canine patients with UC (n = 23), PC (n = 3), as well as from dogs with cystitis and healthy controls (n = 37). In all cases the sensitivity to detect the mutant allele was compared with conventional Sanger sequencing. ddPCR had superior sensitivity for detection of the V595E mutation: 75% of UC, 85% of PC, and 0% of control samples were mutation positive, respectively, and the V595E mutation was detected at a level as low as just 1 in 10,000 alleles (~0.01%). Furthermore, the ddPCR assay identified the mutation in free catch urine samples from 83% of canine UC and PC patients, demonstrating its utility as a non-invasive means of diagnosis. We have shown that ddPCR is a sensitive molecular technique with the potential to facilitate accurate and non-invasive means of canine UC and PC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mochizuki
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susan G. Shapiro
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Detection of Copy Number Imbalance in Canine Urothelial Carcinoma With Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:764-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815614975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common neoplasm of the canine urinary tract. Clinical presentation of UC is shared with several other, more common urinary tract disorders, and this often delays diagnosis of the UC. Definitive diagnosis of UC requires histopathologic examination of a biopsy specimen, but the cost and invasiveness for these diagnostic tests often result in most diagnoses being made on the basis of clinical findings, diagnostic imaging, and cytologic examination of urine sediment. Regardless of the diagnostic process used, most UCs currently are not diagnosed until they are at an advanced clinical stage and so are associated with poor prognosis. Improved methods for earlier and less invasive detection are needed. In a previous study, the authors demonstrated the presence of highly recurrent DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) in canine UC and hypothesized that detection of these CNAs in tumor cells can be used as a molecular diagnostic for UC. In this study, a multiplexed droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay was detected to detect and quantify CNAs of specific regions of canine chromosomes 8, 13, 19, and 36. The assay was effective at differentiating 31 neoplastic and 25 nonneoplastic bladder tissues based on copy number, with 100% sensitivity and specificity in tissue samples. CNAs were also detected by ddPCR in 67% (12 of 18) of urine DNA specimens derived from UC patients. The findings show that ddPCR is a useful molecular technique to detect CNAs and may be used as a noninvasive molecular diagnostic test for canine UC.
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Capasso A, Raiano V, Sontuoso A, Olivero D, Greci V. Fibrosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915585019. [PMID: 28491352 PMCID: PMC5362888 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915585019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 5-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented with haematuria, pollakiuria and stranguria of 2 months’ duration, and a firm non-painful mass in the urinary bladder was palpated. Abdominal radiographs showed thickening and irregular cranial margins of the urinary bladder wall. Abdominal ultrasound showed a vascularised mass of mixed echogenicity almost entirely occupying the urinary bladder lumen. During explorative laparotomy, the mass appeared pedunculated and was totally excised. Histopathology was characterised by infiltration of the mucosal, submucosal and muscular layers by proliferated atypical mesenchymal cells; immunochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of fibrosarcoma. The cat was discharged with normal urination 5 days after surgery. The owner declined any imaging follow-up but reported the cat to be free of any clinical signs at 16 months after surgery. Relevance and novel information To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of primary fibrosarcoma of the urinary bladder in the cat. Fibrosarcoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of urinary bladder neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Raiano
- Gregory VII Veterinary Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Budreckis DM, Byrne BA, Pollard RE, Rebhun RB, Rodriguez CO, Skorupski KA. Bacterial urinary tract infections associated with transitional cell carcinoma in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:828-33. [PMID: 25940672 PMCID: PMC4895418 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) are believed to be common in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), but incidence and contributing factors have not been reported. Objectives To determine the frequency and bacterial agents associated with UTI in dogs with TCC and define contributing factors. Animals Eighty‐five dogs with a history of urogenital TCC undergoing treatment with chemotherapy that had at least 1 urine culture performed. Methods Medical records and culture results were retrospectively reviewed and ultrasound images were reviewed when available. Clinical factors were evaluated statistically for association with positive culture. Results Fifty‐five percent (47/85) of dogs had at least 1 positive culture during the course of treatment. Female dogs (80%, 40/50) were more likely than male dogs (29%, 10/35) to have at least 1 positive culture. Ultrasound examination determined that female dogs were more likely to have urethral (74%, 31/42) or trigonal tumor involvement (71%, 30/42) compared to male dogs (32%, 9/28 and 43%, 12/28, respectively). The most commonly isolated organisms were Staphylococcus spp. (23.9%, 29/121) and Escherichia coli (19.8%, 24/121). Dogs with urethral involvement of TCC were significantly more likely to have at least 1 positive culture than dogs without urethral involvement (75%, 30/40 versus 30%, 9/30). Conclusions Urinary tract infection is common in dogs with TCC highlighting the importance of regular monitoring for bacterial cystitis in dogs with TCC. In addition, clinical factors such as tumor location and sex may be predictive of positive culture and can help clinicians assess the risk of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Budreckis
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Center for Companion Animal Health, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - B A Byrne
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - R E Pollard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - R B Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - C O Rodriguez
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - K A Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Abstract
Lower urinary tract neoplasia is uncommon in dogs and cats, though transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common tumor of the lower urinary tract in both species. Clinical signs are not specific for neoplasia, but neoplasia should be considered in patients that are older, have specific risk factors, or have persistent, severe, or relapsing signs. Local disease is often the cause of death or euthanasia; local control is challenging owing to tumor size and location. Systemic therapy is the mainstay of treatment. Prognosis is generally guarded, but therapy can result in improvement in clinical signs and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Cannon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sara D Allstadt
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners, 13160 Magisterial Drive, Louisville, KY 40223, USA.
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Lévy X, Niżański W, von Heimendahl A, Mimouni P. Diagnosis of common prostatic conditions in dogs: an update. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 49 Suppl 2:50-7. [PMID: 24947861 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic diseases account for 3-10% of intact male dogs presented to veterinary surgeons. Conditions vary according to severity and frequency ranging from the most common, such as prostatic hyperplasia and cysts to the rarer conditions such as prostatic abcesses and neoplasia. Different causes of prostatic disease can often not be distinguished by evaluation of clinical signs, as these are not very distinctive and may be similar for many prostatic conditions. Understanding which additional diagnostic tools to use for each of the possible conditions is essential in making a correct diagnosis leading to the proper treatment. This article will discuss the different etiologies, age groups of dogs and the decision-making process which will help the practitioner to choose the right investigative tools, treatments and prognosis when dealing with prostatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lévy
- Center of Canine Reproduction in South-west of France (CRECS), Isle Jourdain, France
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Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: a review. Vet J 2015; 205:217-25. [PMID: 25747698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also referred to as urothelial carcinoma, is the most common form of urinary bladder cancer in dogs, affecting tens of thousands of dogs worldwide each year. Canine TCC is usually a high grade invasive cancer. Problems associated with TCC include urinary tract obstruction, distant metastases in >50% of affected dogs, and clinical signs that are troubling both to the dogs and to their owners. Risk factors for TCC include exposure to older types of flea control products and lawn chemicals, obesity, female sex, and a very strong breed-associated risk. This knowledge is allowing pet owners to take steps to reduce the risk of TCC in their dog. The diagnosis of TCC is made by histopathology of tissue biopsies obtained by cystoscopy, surgery, or catheter. Percutaneous aspirates and biopsies should be avoided due to the risk of tumor seeding. TCC is most commonly located in the trigone region of the bladder precluding complete surgical resection. Medical treatment is the mainstay for TCC therapy in dogs. Although TCC is not usually curable in dogs, multiple drugs have activity against it. Approximately 75% of dogs respond favorably to TCC treatment and can enjoy several months to a year or more of good quality life. Many promising new therapies for TCC are emerging and with the close similarity between TCC in dogs and high grade invasive bladder cancer in humans, new treatment strategies found to be successful in canine studies are expected to help dogs and to be subsequently translated to humans.
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