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Beck T, Brühschwein A, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Occurrence of tympanic bone spicules and bone crests in domestic cats. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 49:216-221. [PMID: 31702825 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Small and hyperostotic tympanic bone spicules (STBS and HTBS) extending from the tympanic wall or from the septum bullae into the tympanic cavity have been described in large feline species such as Siberian tigers or African lions and in canids such as dogs, red foxes and wolves. Detailed descriptions of prevalence, location and orientation were performed for dogs and African lions by means of necropsy and conventional computed tomography (cCT). Aims of the current study were to describe same characteristics for domestic cats by means of microcomputed tomography (µCT) and cCT. A total of 15 cats or rather 30 ears were examined. Furthermore, new bone formations extending into the tympanic cavity shaped like small lamellae were found and named "tympanic bone crests" (TBCs). The registered phenomenon of a thickened tympanic wall in some cats was named "tympanic wall thickening" (TWT). STBS appeared in 43% of the ears being bilateral in 44% of the cases, whereas HTBS appeared in one ear. TBC was present in 33% of the ears with a bilateral prevalence of 67%, and TWT could be detected in 13% of the ears. The mentioned structures are just barely or not at all detectable with cCT; therefore, µCT is necessary for an identification and detailed description. The origin and the factors inducing the development of examined phenomena are unknown, and it is hypothesized that the occurrence can be assessed as anatomical norm variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Beck
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Brühschwein
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, München, Germany
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Beck T, Kilchling TP, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Differences between µCT-imaging and conventional CT for the diagnosis of possible diseases of the middle and inner cat ear. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:268-276. [PMID: 30868615 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to check the relevance of using in-vivo micro computed tomography (µCT) for the diagnosis of possible diseases of the middle and inner ear of the cat. Therefore, on the one hand, differences of the detail detectability between the two imaging methods conventional computed tomography (cCT) and in-vivo µCT were analyzed. Six healthy cat ears were dissected and scanned several times and the obtained images were compared with each other. On the other hand, histological slices of all ears were prepared and pictures of defined anatomical structures were taken and compared with the identical sectional plane of the µCT-images. This way it was possible to evaluate the quality and clinical limitations of the in-vivo µCT. The results show that an in-vivo µCT is suitable to analyze even the smallest osseous structures, such as the semicircular ducts, the spiral osseous lamina or the ossicles whereas with the help of cCT it is not possible to identify such small osseous structures because of their blurred and less detailed representation. Delicate soft tissue structures as the membranous labyrinth including hearing and vestibular organ cannot be differentiated with as well in-vivo µCT- as with cCT-images. In-vivo µCT represent a good possibility for more detailed diagnosis of extremely fine structures which cannot be detected with cCT. Histological slices can nonetheless not be replaced by in-vivo µCT due to a too low spatial resolution and the limitations of the in-vivo µCT with regard to the evaluation of soft tissue dense structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Beck
- Clinic for small animal surgery and reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Tim P Kilchling
- Clinic for small animal surgery and reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic for small animal surgery and reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, München, Germany
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Salgüero R, Herrtage M, Holmes M, Mannion P, Ladlow J. COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MIDDLE EAR IN NONBRACHYCEPHALIC AND BRACHYCEPHALIC DOGS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY SYNDROME. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:137-43. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Salgüero
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion Hitchin Hertfordshire SG5 3HR UK
| | - Michael Herrtage
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES UK
| | - Mark Holmes
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES UK
| | - Paddy Mannion
- Cambridge Radiology Referrals; The Bunker, University of Cambridge Vet School; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES UK
| | - Jane Ladlow
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES UK
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Parzefall B, Rieger A, Volk HA, Maierl J, Brühschwein A, Blutke A. PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL TYMPANIC BONE SPICULES AND DRUMSTICK-LIKE HYPEROSTOTIC TYMPANIC BONE SPICULES IN THE MIDDLE EAR CAVITY OF DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:25-32. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Parzefall
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; UK
| | - Alexandra Rieger
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; the Institute of Veterinary Pathology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; UK
| | - Johann Maierl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Andreas Brühschwein
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; the Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; the Institute of Veterinary Pathology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
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Foster A, Morandi F, May E. Prevalence of ear disease in dogs undergoing multidetector thin-slice computed tomography of the head. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:18-24. [PMID: 25046431 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports describing the prevalence of ear diseases in dogs have primarily been based on dogs presenting with clinical signs of disease. The prevalence of subclinical ear disease remains unknown. The purpose of this cross-sectional retrospective study was to describe the prevalence of lesions consistent with middle and external ear disease in dogs presented for multidetector computed tomography (CT) of the head and/or cranial cervical spine at our hospital during the period of July 2011 and August 2013. For each included dog, data recorded were signalment, CT findings, diagnosis, and treatment. A total of 199 dogs met inclusion criteria. Nineteen dogs (9.5%) were referred for evaluation of suspected ear disease and 27 dogs (13.5%) had histories or physical examination findings consistent with otitis externa. A total of 163 dogs (81.9%) had CT lesions consistent with external ear disease (i.e. ear canal mineralization, external canal thickening, and/or narrowing of the external canal). Thirty-nine dogs (19.5%) had CT lesions consistent with middle ear disease (i.e. soft tissue attenuating/fluid material in the tympanic bullae, bulla wall thickening or lysis, and/or periosteal proliferation of the temporal bone). Findings from this study indicated that the prevalence of external and middle ear disease in dogs could be higher than that previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Foster
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Rm C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Knoxville, TN, 37996
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Novales M, Ginel PJ, Diz A, Blanco B, Zafra R, Guerra R, Mozos E. Mucoperiosteal Exostoses in the Tympanic Bulla of African Lions (Panthera leo). Vet Pathol 2014; 52:377-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814531499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucoperiosteal exostoses (MpEs) of the tympanic bulla (TB), also referred as middle-ear otoliths, have been occasionally described in dogs and cats in association with clinical signs of otitis media or as an incidental finding, but they have not been recorded in other species. In this report, we describe the radiographic, gross, and histopathologic features of MpEs in 8 African lions ( Panthera leo). All animals (5 males and 3 females) were adults that had been kept in captivity and had their skeletons conserved as part of an anatomic academic collection. A radiographic study revealed mineralized structures in the TB consistent with MpEs in 7 of the 16 examined TB; a computed tomography study identified MpEs in 12 of the 16 TB. Six TB from 4 lions were sectioned, and several MpEs were demineralized for histopathologic analysis. Grossly, MpEs appeared variable in number and shape. Some were globular structures that were loosely attached to the mucosal surface of the TB; others were isolated to coalescent bone spicules extending from the mucoperiosteum. Position was also variable, but MpEs frequently developed in the hypotympanum, especially on the ventromedial aspect of the TB wall. Microscopically, MpEs were composed of osteonal bone growing from the periosteum and not by dystrophic calcification of necrotic tissue debris, as is hypothesized in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Novales
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - P. J. Ginel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A. Diz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - B. Blanco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - R. Zafra
- IUSA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - R. Guerra
- Zoological Garden of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - E. Mozos
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Kraeling M. Proposed treatment for geriatric vestibular disease in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2014; 29:6-9. [PMID: 25103883 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sudden-onset vestibular dysfunction in the canine is a commonly seen condition in veterinary practice, with some veterinarians reporting several cases each month. However, traditional veterinary medicine has little to offer these patients other than symptomatic relief for the severe nausea that accompanies the vertigo and supportive advice for the owners. Owners of affected dogs are informed that these symptoms usually resolve within a few days. As physical therapists, we often see cases of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in our human practice clinics, and effective protocols for diagnosis and treatment of the condition have been developed for this condition. A modified testing and repositioning postural maneuver used successfully on 12 canine patients in our canine rehabilitation clinic (The Canine Fitness Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada) is hereby described.
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Ohlerth S, Scharf G. Computed tomography in small animals – Basic principles and state of the art applications. Vet J 2007; 173:254-71. [PMID: 16516508 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since its clinical introduction, computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized veterinary medicine and is considered to be one of the most valuable tools for the imaging work-up of neurological, oncological and orthopaedic canine and feline patients. In small animals with acute trauma, particularly those involving complex anatomic areas such as the head, spine or pelvis, CT has been established as a standard imaging method. With the increasing availability of radiation therapy in veterinary medicine, CT has also become the principal tool to stage a tumour, assess response, and guide radiation therapy. The increasing availability of helical CT in veterinary medicine has allowed novel techniques such as spiral CT angiography and high-resolution CT. This review provides a brief overview of the historical and technical development of CT and literature reviews of the major clinical CT applications in small animals such as intracranial and extracranial lesions, the spine, the appendicular skeleton, and abdominal and thoracic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ohlerth
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging and Radio-Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Diseases of the ear often cause signs of neurologic dysfunction because of damage of peripheral nervous system structures associated with the middle and inner ear. Vestibular dysfunction, facial paralysis, Horner's syndrome, and hearing deficits are the most common neurologic deficits that accompany middle and inner ear disease. Differentiating these signs from disease of the central nervous system is crucial for an accurate diagnosis and prognosis but can be difficult. Understanding the normal anatomy of the ear and its association with the brain is crucial to interpretation of the neurologic examination. This article reviews neurologic dysfunction commonly associated with diseases of the ear and differentiating these signs from central disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Cook
- Animal Neurological Clinic, 352 Warren Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA.
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