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Lluesma B, Whitley NT, Hughes JR. Computed tomographic features of canine intracranial and jugular foraminal masses involving the combined glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerve roots. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:308-316. [PMID: 38549218 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A chronic cough, gag, or retch is a common presenting clinical complaint in dogs. Those refractory to conservative management frequently undergo further diagnostic tests to investigate the cause, including CT examination of their head, neck, and thorax for detailed morphological assessment of their respiratory and upper gastrointestinal tract. This case series describes five patients with CT characteristics consistent with an intracranial and jugular foraminal mass of the combined glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and accessory (XI) cranial nerves and secondary features consistent with their paresis. The consistent primary CT characteristics included an intracranial, extra-axial, cerebellomedullary angle, and jugular foraminal soft tissue attenuating, strongly enhancing mass (5/5). Secondary characteristics included smooth widening of the bony jugular foramen (5/5), mild hyperostosis of the petrous temporal bone (3/5), isolated severe atrophy of the ipsilateral sternocephalic, cleidocephalic, and trapezius muscles (5/5), atrophy of the ipsilateral thyroarytenoideus and cricoarytenoideus muscles of the vocal fold (5/5), and an ipsilateral "dropped" shoulder (4/5). Positional variation of the patient in CT under general anesthesia made the "dropped" shoulder of equivocal significance. The reported clinical signs and secondary CT features reflect a unilateral paresis of the combined cranial nerves (IX, X, and XI) and are consistent with jugular foramen syndrome/Vernet's syndrome reported in humans. The authors believe this condition is likely chronically underdiagnosed without CT examination, and this case series should enable earlier CT diagnosis in future cases.
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Reimegård E, Lee HTN, Westgren F. Prevalence of lung atelectasis in sedated dogs examined with computed tomography. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:25. [PMID: 36076254 PMCID: PMC9461193 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Computed tomography (CT) scanning of the lung is known to be a valuable tool when investigating lung pathology of the dog. During CT-scan the dog needs to be immobilized and general anesthesia has historically been considered as gold standard although being a more expensive and time-consuming alternative to sedation. Today, modern high speed multidetector CT-scanners offer new possibilities for sedation as an alternative. Both anesthesia and sedation can cause lung atelectasis, and this can be problematic when reading the CT-images since it potentially can masque or mimic lung pathology leading to misdiagnosis. The objective of this prospective analytic study was to investigate the prevalence of lung atelectasis and changes in lung attenuation over time in dogs that receive intravenous sedation and positioned in sternal recumbency. Results 20 dogs without known lung pathology underwent three consecutive CT-scans of the lung; the first scan was initiated as soon as the dog was sufficiently sedated, the second scan approximately 5 min after the first one and the last scan after the dog’s orthopaedic scan was completed. The dogs received intravenous sedation in a combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol and were kept positioned in a strict sternal recumbency during sedation and exam. Each lung lobe was individually examined in an axial plane and measurements of dorsal, ventral, and mean lung attenuation were made. Atelectasis or areas with poorly aerated lung tissue were not detected as all parts of the lobes were normally aerated at all three scans. A statistically significant increase in lung attenuation between the first and the second scan (P = 0.03) and between the first and the third scan (P = 0.0004) was seen in the ventral part of the lobes. Conclusions This study indicates that CT-examination of the lungs can be performed on sedated dogs that are kept in a sternal recumbency without development of atelectasis. It also suggests that there is an early correlation between time and increase in lung attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Reimegård
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Evidensia Södra Djursjukhuset, Månskärsvägen 13, Kungens Kurva, 141 75, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Helena T Nyman Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Evidensia Södra Djursjukhuset, Månskärsvägen 13, Kungens Kurva, 141 75, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Frida Westgren
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Evidensia Södra Djursjukhuset, Månskärsvägen 13, Kungens Kurva, 141 75, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Falerno I, Paolini A, Tamburro R, Aste G, De Bonis A, Terragni R, Vignoli M. Imaging and endoscopic diagnosis of lung diseases in small animals. A review. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 51:100701. [PMID: 36041659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. Radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, and endoscopy are important tools for achieving a diagnosis. The choice of diagnostic procedure varies according to the patient, the suspected diagnosis and the risk/benefit ratio. Culture, cytology and histology are nearly always necessary to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Several biopsy sampling techniques are described. Surgical biopsies are the gold standard for the diagnosis of bronchiolitis or interstitial lung diseases but often not performed due to the high risk. In humans, the introduction of transbronchial cryobiopsies has led to excellent results in the study of interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Falerno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Andrea Paolini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Tamburro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Aste
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Andrea De Bonis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | | | - Massimo Vignoli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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4
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Hunt TD, Wallack ST. Minimal atelectasis and poorly aerated lung on thoracic CT images of normal dogs acquired under sedation. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:647-656. [PMID: 34672040 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia optimizes image quality of thoracic CT in dogs by providing patient immobilization and respiratory control. However, it also comes with disadvantages that may serve as a detractor to the use of CT in veterinary practice. With the use of multidetector helical CT combined with injectable sedation for restraint, parameters such as atelectasis and poorly aerated lung should not be appreciably different from what has been observed in dogs under general anesthesia. This prospective pilot study aimed to evaluate the mean lung attenuation and the amount of atelectasis and poorly aerated lung on thoracic CT images acquired under injectable sedation in normal dogs. The entire thorax of 10 client-owned dogs was scanned. Attenuation measurements were generated by three-dimensional reconstruction software. Mean ± SD lung attenuation was -707.0 ± 60.0. Atelectasis was not identified on any of the scans. Hypoinflated lung, the percentage of lung parenchyma with attenuation greater than -500 and -250 Hounsfield units (HU), was 10.7 ± 4.7% and 2.4 ± 1.2% (mean ± SD), respectively. There was no significant change in these percentages over time. Compared to previously published data, thoracic CT images obtained under sedation had mean attenuation comparable to normal expiratory lung and a lower percentage of poorly aerated lung compared to that of anesthetized dogs. Using sedation to complete canine thoracic CT does not itself lead to alterations of lung attenuation and may confer less hypoinflation and atelectasis than general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania D Hunt
- Veterinary Imaging Center of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Seth T Wallack
- Veterinary Imaging Center of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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5
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Kormpou F, Taeymans O, Esmieu SL, Ribas A, Caine A. Two cases (a cat and a dog) illustrating computed tomographic features distinguishing an accessory lung lobe mass from a caudal mediastinal origin. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Kormpou
- Diagnostic Imaging Dick White Referrals Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire UK
| | - Olivier Taeymans
- Diagnostic Imaging Dick White Referrals Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire UK
| | - Shanti Lucie Esmieu
- Diagnostic Imaging Dick White Referrals Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire UK
| | - Ariadna Ribas
- Diagnostic Imaging Dick White Referrals Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire UK
| | - Abby Caine
- Diagnostic Imaging Dick White Referrals Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire UK
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6
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride) is a toxic herbicide. Accidental ingestion of paraquat in animals and humans causes respiratory failure and death. AIM To describe the radiographic features of confirmed paraquat intoxication in a group of dogs and determines whether any identified features can facilitate this diagnosis. METHODS Eleven dogs diagnosed with paraquat intoxication were selected from two institutions between November 2014 and August 2019 comprising five males (all intact) and six females (one intact and five spayed). The mean age was 3.9 ± 2.9 (SD) years and their mean weight was 11.6 ± 5.0 kg. The tentative diagnosis was confirmed through analysis of their urine samples using a colorimetric assay (paraquat concentation 0.39 μg/ml ranging from 0.19-0.65 μg/ml), and their clinical signs were reviewed. Thoracic radiographs were evaluated for the presence of pneumomediastinum, lung patterns (interstitial or alveolar) and their locations (caudodorsal, cranioventral, diffuse, or symmetrical), subcutaneous emphysema, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumothorax. RESULTS The most common clinical signs were dyspnea (11/11, 100%) and anorexia (9/11, 82%). Pneumomediastinum (10/11, 91%) and symmetrically increased lung opacity (7/11, 65%) were the most common radiographic features. Pneumothorax (3/11, 27%), pleural effusion (3/11, 27%), subcutaneous emphysema (2/11, 18%), and pneumoretroperitoneum (1/5, 20%) were the less common findings. None of the dogs survived. CONCLUSION Pneumomediastinum and diffuse or symmetrical interstitial or alveolar lung patterns are the most common radiographic features in dogs with paraquat intoxication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In countries where this herbicide is not banned, paraquat intoxication should be considered if dogs with no history of trauma present with pneumomediastinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wun Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Shuan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Sheng Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Eiras-Diaz A, FrykforsvonHekkel A, Hanot E, Stanzani G, Florey J, Miller R, Llabres-Diaz F. CT findings, management and short-term outcome of dogs with pyothorax: 101 cases (2010 to 2019). J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:959-966. [PMID: 34254321 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe diagnosis, CT findings, management and short-term outcome of a large population of canine pyothorax cases. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 101 canine pyothorax cases at two UK referral centres. Medical records and CT images were reviewed. Dogs were included if pre- and post-contrast CT was performed within 48 hours of presentation. RESULTS CT abnormalities included pleural thickening (84.1%), pannus (67.3%), pneumothorax (61.4%), mediastinal effusion (28.7%), pulmonary (13.8%) and mediastinal (7.9%) abscessation, foreign body presence (7.9%), foreign body tracts (6.9%) and pneumonia (6.9%). Seventy-one percent of dogs were managed surgically, of which 90.2% survived, and 29% were managed medically, of which 72.4% survived. Overall mortality was 14.8% and 86.6% of these dogs died within 48 hours of admission. All dogs with evidence of a foreign body on CT underwent surgery. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Mortality in our population was low and most dogs that died did so within 48 hours of hospitalisation, regardless of management type.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eiras-Diaz
- Dick White Referrals, Newmarket, Station Farm, London Road, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK.,Southfields Veterinary Specialists, 1 Bramston Way, Basildon, SS15 6TP, UK
| | - A FrykforsvonHekkel
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - E Hanot
- Dick White Referrals, Newmarket, Station Farm, London Road, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - G Stanzani
- Dick White Referrals, Newmarket, Station Farm, London Road, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK.,Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J Florey
- Dick White Referrals, Newmarket, Station Farm, London Road, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - R Miller
- Dick White Referrals, Newmarket, Station Farm, London Road, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - F Llabres-Diaz
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
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Raue K, Raue J, Hauck D, Söbbeler F, Morelli S, Traversa D, Schnyder M, Volk H, Strube C. Do All Roads Lead to Rome? The Potential of Different Approaches to Diagnose Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Infection in Cats. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050602. [PMID: 34069100 PMCID: PMC8157210 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An infection with the cat lungworm, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, can be subclinical, but it can also cause severe respiratory clinical signs. Larvae excretion, antibody levels, clinical assessment findings of the respiratory system and diagnostic imaging findings were recorded and compared for six cats with experimental aelurostrongylosis. In five cats, patency started 33-47 days post infection (pi), but two cats excreted larvae only in long intervals and low numbers. Positive ELISA results were observed in four cats with patent aelurostrongylosis, starting between five days before and 85 days after onset of patency. One seropositive cat remained copromicroscopically negative. Mild respiratory signs were observed in all cats examined. A computed tomographic (CT) examination of the lungs displayed distinct alterations, even in absence of evident clinical signs or when larvae excretion was low or negative. The thoracic radiograph evaluation correlated with the CT results, but CT was more distinctive. After anthelmintic treatment in the 25th week post infection, pulmonary imaging findings improved back to normal within 6-24 weeks. This study shows that a multifaceted approach, including diagnostic imaging, can provide a clearer diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. Furthermore, a CT examination provides an alternative to post mortem examination and worm counts in anthelmintic efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Raue
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.R.); (D.H.)
| | - Jonathan Raue
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.R.); (F.S.); (H.V.)
| | - Daniela Hauck
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.R.); (D.H.)
| | - Franz Söbbeler
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.R.); (F.S.); (H.V.)
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Manuela Schnyder
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Holger Volk
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.R.); (F.S.); (H.V.)
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.R.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Morelli S, Diakou A, Colombo M, Di Cesare A, Barlaam A, Dimzas D, Traversa D. Cat Respiratory Nematodes: Current Knowledge, Novel Data and Warranted Studies on Clinical Features, Treatment and Control. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040454. [PMID: 33920104 PMCID: PMC8069686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematodes Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior and Capillaria aerophila are the most important parasites inhabiting the airways of cats. They are receiving growing attention from academia, pharmaceutical companies and veterinarians, and are now considered a primary cause of respiratory diseases in feline clinical practice and parasitology. In the past few years, several studies have been conducted in both natural and experimental settings to increase knowledge, provide new insights and fill gaps on respiratory parasitoses of cats. Awareness and knowledge of clinical scenarios towards appropriate and timely diagnosis and prompt and efficacious treatment options have become a priority to investigate. At the same time, chemopreventative approaches have been evaluated to assess the geographical spreading of these parasites and the rise in the number of clinical cases in cat populations of different countries. Given the intense accumulation of novel data, this review presents and discusses the state of the art and the latest updates on the clinical features, treatment, and control of major respiratory parasitoses of cats. Moreover, food for thought is also provided with the aim of spurring on new studies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (D.D.)
| | - Mariasole Colombo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Alessandra Barlaam
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Dimitris Dimzas
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (D.D.)
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (A.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Smith AJ, Sutton DR, Major AC. CT appearance of presumptively normal intrathoracic lymph nodes in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:875-881. [PMID: 31710271 PMCID: PMC10814401 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19886672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thoracic CT is commonly performed in cats and has been shown to be more sensitive than radiography for the detection of lymphadenopathy. However, no studies to date have reported the normal CT appearance of feline intrathoracic lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution, number, size and attenuation of presumed normal intrathoracic lymph nodes in cats. METHODS Retrospective analysis of the imaging archive in a teaching hospital identified cats that had undergone thoracic CT and were deemed to have no evidence of either intra- or extrathoracic disease that would influence the size of the intrathoracic lymph nodes. Lymph nodes were classified into lymph centres based on anatomical references. Descriptions of the position of each node, number of nodes in each centre, size of each node and attenuation pre- and post-contrast were recorded. Statistical analysis aimed to assess for correlations between these factors and the age, weight and sex of the subjects. RESULTS Twenty cats were included in the study. One or more lymph nodes were identified in the sternal (n = 19/20), cranial mediastinal (n = 14/20) and tracheobronchial (n = 15/20) centres, while none were identified in other locations. Size varied between lymph centres and within lymph centres where more than one lymph node was identified. Tracheobronchial and sternal nodes were consistent in location, while mediastinal nodes were variable. All nodes were round to ellipsoid in shape and showed moderate enhancement post-contrast. No significant correlations were found with age, weight or sex. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study describes the CT characteristics of presumed normal intrathoracic lymph nodes in cats, and only identified nodes in the sternal, cranial mediastinal and tracheobronchial locations. This study serves as a reference point for CT analysis of feline thoracic lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn R Sutton
- Small Animal Referral Hospital, Langford Vets, Langford, UK
| | - Alison C Major
- Small Animal Referral Hospital, Langford Vets, Langford, UK
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11
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Ruby J, Secrest S, Sharma A. Radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses in dogs and cats can be challenging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:385-393. [PMID: 32400045 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to differentiate thoracic masses of mediastinal and pulmonary origins is often confounded by their complex spatial relationship. The objectives of this retrospective, observational cross-sectional study were to assess radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses, and to determine if there are any correlations with specific radiographic findings. Thoracic radiographs of 75 dogs and cats with mediastinal and/or pulmonary masses identified on CT were reviewed. Radiographic studies were anonymized, randomized, and reviewed twice by three reviewers. Reviewers categorized the origin of each mass(es) as mediastinal, pulmonary, or both. On the second review, the presence or absence of 21 different radiographic findings was recorded for each mass. Agreement between the radiographic and CT categorization of mass origin, as well as inter- and intraobserver agreement, was calculated. Overall agreement between radiographs and CT was moderate for both mediastinal (68.6%) and pulmonary masses (63%). Overall, interobserver agreement was moderate (κ = 0.50-0.74), with moderate to strong intraobserver agreement (κ = 0.58-0.93). Masses within the mediastinum were significantly more likely to displace other mediastinal structures. Alternatively, masses lateral to midline and in the caudal thorax were found to be significantly positively correlated with a pulmonary origin. The results of this study highlight the limitations of radiography for differentiation of mediastinal and pulmonary masses, with mass location and displacement of other mediastinal structures potentially useful for radiographic findings that may help improve accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ruby
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Scott Secrest
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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12
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Abstract
Cough is one of the most common complaints in human medicine. In veterinary medicine cough is equally frequent and plays a significant role in an owner's perception of their pet's quality of life. In human and veterinary medicine, therapy for chronic cough is often ineffective. The complexity of the cough pathway and species differences have made it difficult to develop an effective antitussive agent for veterinary patients. The few effective antitussive agents currently available are associated with significant adverse effects. Fortunately, several promising drugs currently being studied in human clinical trials may offer options for use of novel antitussive therapies in small animal patients. This article reviews current understanding about cough pathophysiology, diagnostic strategies used to uncover underlying etiology of cough, and examines available options for controlling cough, including novel antitussive therapies used in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa M Hsieh
- Internal Medicine, Southern Arizona Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Alicia K Beets
- Internal Medicine, MedVet Medical and Cancer Centers for Pets, Metairie, LA, United States
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13
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Dancer SC, Le Roux C, Fosgate GT, Kirberger RM. Radiography is less sensitive relative to CT for detecting thoracic radiographic changes in dogs affected by blunt trauma secondary to a motor vehicle accident. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:648-658. [PMID: 31353781 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic injuries caused by blunt trauma are commonly encountered emergencies in veterinary medicine. However, published studies are lacking that compare radiology to CT in blunt trauma caused by motor vehicle accidents in canine patients. The aim of this prospective diagnostic accuracy, methods comparison study were to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of thoracic radiology relative to CT for detecting lung contusions, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and rib fractures. The study further aimed to develop a severity scoring system for radiology and CT and to compare the findings between the two modalities. The hypothesis was that radiology would be less sensitive than CT at detecting these injuries and that radiology would underestimate the severity of lung contusions. Fifty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. Radiology underestimated the presence of lung contusions (Se = 69%, 95% confidence interval) and overestimated the severity of the contusions relative to CT. There was high interobserver variability in evaluating lung contusion severity (coefficient of variation = 91%). Both the three-view thoracic and horizontal beam radiography had poor sensitivities for the detecting pneumothorax (Se = 19% and 63%, respectively) and pleural effusions (Se = 43% and 71%, respectively). Similarly, the sensitivity (56%) of radiographs for the detection of rib fractures was poor relative to CT. Findings from the current study indicated that thoracic radiography had low sensitivity for detecting lesions related to blunt thoracic trauma caused by motor vehicle accidents and supported the use of CT as an additional diagnostic imaging modality in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumari C Dancer
- Departments of Companion Animal Clinical Studies and University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Christelle Le Roux
- Departments of Companion Animal Clinical Studies and University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Robert M Kirberger
- Departments of Companion Animal Clinical Studies and University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Kirberger RM, Leisewitz AL, Rautenbach Y, Lim CK, Stander N, Cassel N, Arnot L, deClercq M, Burchell R. Association between computed tomographic thoracic injury scores and blood gas and acid-base balance in dogs with blunt thoracic trauma. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:373-384. [PMID: 31231948 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between thoracic injuries evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and arterial blood gas and acid-base status in dogs with blunt thoracic trauma caused by motor vehicle accidents. DESIGN Prospective observational clinical study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-one client owned traumatized dogs and 15 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES All trauma group dogs underwent a CT scan and simultaneous arterial blood gas analysis within 24 hours, but not before 4 hours, after the traumatic incident within a 45-month enrollment period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Thorax injuries were classified as pulmonary, pleural space, or rib cage and each of these components was scored for severity using a CT composite pulmonary, pleural, and rib score. The trauma group arterial blood gas and acid-base status were evaluated for statistical difference from the control group. The pulmonary-arterial oxygen pressure was significantly lower in the trauma group compared to the control group that was supported by significant differences in the calculated variables of arterial blood oxygenation as well. There was also a significant correlation between the composite lung score and pleural score and the variables of arterial oxygen status. The pulmonary-arterial carbon dioxide pressure was not significantly different to any of the thoracic injury variables indicating normal alveolar ventilation. Acid-base imbalances were generally mild, insignificant, and variable. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Blunt thoracic trauma causes significant pulmonary and pleural injury and the blood oxygen economy is significantly affected by this. The functional measures of arterial blood oxygenation were well correlated with thoracic CT pathology. Alveolar ventilation was mostly spared but a clinically significant ventilation perfusion mismatch was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kirberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Andrew L Leisewitz
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Yolandi Rautenbach
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Chee Kin Lim
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nerissa Stander
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nicky Cassel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Luke Arnot
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Marizelle deClercq
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Richard Burchell
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Oura TJ, Hamel PE, Jennings SH, Bain PJ, Jennings DE, Berg J. Radiographic Differentiation of Cranial Mediastinal Lymphomas from Thymic Epithelial Tumors in Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:187-193. [PMID: 31099608 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In both dogs and cats, the most common cranial mediastinal masses (CMMs) are lymphoma and thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). Pretreatment differentiation of these tumors using fine needle aspiration or biopsy is essential because lymphomas are treated medically, whereas TETs are treated surgically. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether thoracic radiographic findings can be used to aid clinicians in preliminarily differentiating the two tumor types before cytology or histopathology results become available. Medical records, available cytologic or histologic samples, and thoracic radiographs were evaluated for 62 dogs and 28 cats. Seventeen radiographic criteria were assessed by two examiners, and regression modeling was performed to test for significant predictors of tumor type. In dogs, CMMs with at least two well-defined radiographic margins on a lateral view and CMMs causing a rightward shift of the cardiac silhouette on a ventrodorsal or dorsoventral view were significantly more likely to be TETs than lymphomas (P < .001 and P < .01, respectively). No significant predictive variables were identified in cats. Radiographic findings do not eliminate the need for invasive sampling, but in dogs, they may guide the clinician in providing preliminary information to owners regarding the staging and therapeutic measures that may eventually be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha J Oura
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (T.J.O., P.E.H., J.B.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.H.J., P.J.B.), Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts; and Independent Consultant, Libertyville, Illinois (D.E.J.)
| | - Philip E Hamel
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (T.J.O., P.E.H., J.B.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.H.J., P.J.B.), Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts; and Independent Consultant, Libertyville, Illinois (D.E.J.)
| | - Samuel H Jennings
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (T.J.O., P.E.H., J.B.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.H.J., P.J.B.), Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts; and Independent Consultant, Libertyville, Illinois (D.E.J.)
| | - Perry J Bain
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (T.J.O., P.E.H., J.B.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.H.J., P.J.B.), Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts; and Independent Consultant, Libertyville, Illinois (D.E.J.)
| | - Dennis E Jennings
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (T.J.O., P.E.H., J.B.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.H.J., P.J.B.), Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts; and Independent Consultant, Libertyville, Illinois (D.E.J.)
| | - John Berg
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences (T.J.O., P.E.H., J.B.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences (S.H.J., P.J.B.), Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts; and Independent Consultant, Libertyville, Illinois (D.E.J.)
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16
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Carloni A, Terragni R, Morselli-Labate AM, Paninarova M, Graham J, Valenti P, Alberti M, Albarello G, Millanta F, Vignoli M. Prevalence, distribution, and clinical characteristics of hemangiosarcoma-associated skeletal muscle metastases in 61 dogs: A whole body computed tomographic study. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:812-819. [PMID: 30793807 PMCID: PMC6430957 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle metastases (SMMs) have been described sporadically in canine oncology. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence, localization, and clinical signs of SMMs associated with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) in a population of dogs presented for whole body computed tomography (CT). ANIMALS Dogs with a histologically confirmed HSA and a tissue core specimen or fine needle aspirate of suspected metastatic lesions were included in the study. METHODS Retrospective study. Dogs with a final diagnosis of visceral or muscular HSA that underwent whole body CT scan were enrolled in the study. Final diagnosis of primary tumor and SMMs was reached by histology, cytology, or both. Signalment, clinical signs, localization of the primary lesion, and metastases characteristics were reviewed. RESULTS Sixty-one dogs met the inclusion criteria. Skeletal muscle metastases were detected in 15 dogs (24.6%) and all of these dogs had also metastases in ≥1 sites. Presence of SMMs was significantly higher in males but was not significantly related to age, neuter status, breed, localization, and dimensions of the primary tumor. Nine of 15 (60.0%) dogs with SMMs showed lameness or reluctance to move whereas these signs were not recorded in any of the 42 dogs without SMMs (P < .001). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prevalence of SMMs in our population of dogs with HSA was higher in comparison to previous studies in the human and veterinary medical literature. Whole body CT is recommended for staging of dogs with HSA, because SMMs could be missed by clinical examination and traditional diagnostic imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carloni
- Service of Diagnostic Imaging, I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Michaela Paninarova
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Graham
- Canada West Veterinary Specialists, Vancouver, Canada and Idexx Teleradiology, Portland, Oregon
| | - Paola Valenti
- Service of Diagnostic Imaging, I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Alberti
- Service of Diagnostic Imaging, I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Vignoli
- Service of Diagnostic Imaging, I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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17
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Lin CH, Lo PY. Simple technique for aiding thoracic CT scanning of cats without general anaesthesia. Vet Rec 2017; 182:197. [PMID: 29242311 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hui Lin
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lo
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Watton TC, Lara-Garcia A, Lamb CR. Can malignant and inflammatory pleural effusions in dogs be distinguished using computed tomography? Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:535-541. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thom C. Watton
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Ana Lara-Garcia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Christopher R. Lamb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
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19
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Fowler J, Stieger-Vanegas SM, Vanegas JA, Bobe G, Poulsen KP. Comparison of Thoracic Radiography and Computed Tomography in Calves with Naturally Occurring Respiratory Disease. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:101. [PMID: 28730151 PMCID: PMC5498470 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the severity and extent of lung disease using thoracic computed radiography (CR) compared to contrast-enhanced multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) of the thorax in calves with naturally occurring respiratory disease and to evaluate the feasibility and safety of performing contrast-enhanced thoracic multi-detector MDCT examinations in sedated calves. Furthermore, to evaluate if combining CR or MDCT with respiratory scoring factors will improve prediction of the chronicity of pulmonary disease in calves. Animals Thirty Jersey heifer calves ranging in age between 25 and 89 days with naturally occurring respiratory disease. Procedures All calves were evaluated via thoracic CR and contrast-enhanced MDCT. All calves were euthanized immediately following thoracic MDCT and submitted for necropsy. Imaging and histopathology results were compared with each other. Results Thoracic MDCT was superior for evaluation of pneumonia in calves due to the lack of summation in all areas of the lungs. Intravenously administered sedation provided an adequate plane of sedation for acquiring MDCT images of diagnostic quality, without the need for re-scanning. A diagnosis of pneumonia was made with equal rate on both thoracic CR and MDCT. Although mild differences in classification of lung pattern and extent of lung disease were seen when comparing an experienced and a less experienced evaluator, the overall differences were not statistically significant. The best intra- and inter-observer agreement was noted when evaluating the cranioventral aspects of the lungs in either modality. Clinical respiratory scoring is inadequate for diagnosing chronicity of pneumonia in calves with naturally occurring pneumonia. Conclusion and clinical importance Both imaging modalities allowed diagnosis of pneumonia in calves. The cranial ventral aspects of the lungs were most commonly affected. Thoracic CR and MDCT provided similar diagnostic effectiveness in diagnosing pneumonia. However, MDCT provided better assessment of subtle details, which may be otherwise obscured due to summation artifact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Fowler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Susanne M Stieger-Vanegas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jorge A Vanegas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Keith P Poulsen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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20
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Lacava G, Zini E, Marchesotti F, Domenech O, Romano F, Manzocchi S, Venco L, Auriemma E. Computed tomography, radiology and echocardiography in cats naturally infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:446-453. [PMID: 26961678 PMCID: PMC11119652 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16636419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aims of the study were to describe the radiographic and computed tomographic features in cats naturally infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, and to identify signs of pulmonary hypertension with echocardiography. Methods Fourteen cats positive on Baermann test for A abstrusus were included in the study. All cats underwent thoracic radiography, CT and echocardiography. Results The most common clinical signs were coughing (10/14) and dyspnoea (5/14). Radiographic findings included a generalised unstructured interstitial pulmonary pattern (8/14), mixed bronchointerstitioalveolar pattern (3/14) and bronchointerstitial pattern with bronchial wall thickening (3/14). Sternal lymphadenopathy was detected on thoracic radiographs in six cats. On CT, features were mixed bronchointerstitioalveolar pattern with ground-glass appearance in six cats, interstitioalveolar with multiple pulmonary nodules in five, interstitial ground-glass infiltrates in three, regional lymph node enlargement in 11 (10 sternal, three cranial mediastinal and three tracheobronchial lymph nodes) and subpleural thickening in four. None of the thoracic radiographs revealed subpleural thickening. In all cases, pulmonary vessels were normal in terms of size, shape and attenuation on both radiography and CT. Pulmonary hypertension and cardiac abnormalities were not observed in any cat during echocardiography. Conclusions and relevance CT provided a more thorough characterisation of pulmonary and mediastinal lesions compared with thoracic radiographs in cats naturally infected with A abstrusus. Although feline aelurostrongylosis has been previously associated with histopathological lesions in lung arteries, in this cohort clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension was not documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lacava
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Oriol Domenech
- Department of Cardiology, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Romano
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Analgesia, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Edoardo Auriemma
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
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Mesquita L, Mortier J, Ressel L, Finotello R, Silvestrini P, Piviani M. Neoplastic pleural effusion and intrathoracic metastasis of a scapular osteosarcoma in a dog: a multidisciplinary integrated diagnostic approach. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:337-343. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mesquita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science; Institute of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - Jeremy Mortier
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science; Institute of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health; Institute of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - Riccardo Finotello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science; Institute of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - Paolo Silvestrini
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science; Institute of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - Martina Piviani
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science; Institute of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
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22
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Lascola KM, Clark-Price SC, Joslyn SK, Mitchell MA, O'Brien RT, Hartman SK, Kline KH. Use of manual alveolar recruitment maneuvers to eliminate atelectasis artifacts identified during thoracic computed tomography of healthy neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1276-1287. [PMID: 27805443 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.11.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of single manual alveolar recruitment maneuvers (ARMs) to eliminate atelectasis during CT of anesthetized foals. ANIMALS 6 neonatal Standardbred foals. PROCEDURES Thoracic CT was performed on spontaneously breathing anesthetized foals positioned in sternal (n = 3) or dorsal (3) recumbency when foals were 24 to 36 hours old (time 1), 4 days old (time 2), 7 days old (time 3), and 10 days old (time 4). The CT images were collected without ARMs (all times) and during ARMs with an internal airway pressure of 10, 20, and 30 cm H2O (times 2 and 3). Quantitative analysis of CT images measured whole lung and regional changes in attenuation or volume with ARMs. RESULTS Increased attenuation and an alveolar pattern were most prominent in the dependent portion of the lungs. Subjectively, ARMs did not eliminate atelectasis; however, they did incrementally reduce attenuation, particularly in the nondependent portion of the lungs. Quantitative differences in lung attenuation attributable to position of foal were not identified. Lung attenuation decreased significantly (times 2 and 3) and lung volume increased significantly (times 2 and 3) after ARMs. Changes in attenuation and volume were most pronounced in the nondependent portion of the lungs and at ARMs of 20 and 30 cm H2O. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Manual ARMs did not eliminate atelectasis but reduced attenuation in nondependent portions of the lungs. Positioning of foals in dorsal recumbency for CT may be appropriate when pathological changes in the ventral portion of the lungs are suspected.
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23
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Major A, Holmes A, Warren-Smith C, Lalor S, Littler R, Schwarz T, Gunn-Moore D. Computed tomographic findings in cats with mycobacterial infection. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:510-7. [PMID: 26045480 PMCID: PMC11185229 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to describe the CT imaging findings associated with confirmed mycobacterial infection in cats. METHODS CT images from 20 cats with confirmed mycobacterial disease were retrospectively reviewed. Five cats underwent conscious full-body CT in a VetMouseTrap device. All other cats had thoracic CT performed under general anaesthesia, with the addition of CT investigation of the head/neck, abdomen and limbs in some cases. RESULTS Mycobacterial infection was seen most frequently in adult (mean age 7.4 years; range 0.6-14 years) neutered male cats (11/20). The most common infections were Mycobacterium microti (6/20) and Mycobacterium bovis (6/20). CT abnormalities were most commonly seen in the thorax, consisting of bronchial (9/20), alveolar (8/20), ground glass (6/20) or structured interstitial (15/20) lung patterns, which were often mixed. Tracheobronchial, sternal and cranial mediastinal lymphadenomegaly were common (16/20). Other abnormalities included abdominal (8/13) or peripheral (10/18) lymphadenomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly (7/13), mixed osteolytic/osteoproliferative skeletal lesions (7/20) and cutaneous or subcutaneous soft tissue masses/nodules (4/20). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE CT of feline mycobacteriosis shows a wide range of abnormalities, often involving multiple organ systems and mimicking many other feline diseases. Mycobacteriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of thoracic, abdominal and skeletal disorders in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Major
- Alison Major MA, VetMB, MRCVS, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andrea Holmes
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol/Langford Veterinary Services, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher Warren-Smith
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol/Langford Veterinary Services, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephanie Lalor
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, UK
| | | | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, UK
| | - Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, UK
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25
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Diagnostic Imaging of the Lower Respiratory Tract in Neonatal Foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:497-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Niesterok C, Piesnack S, Köhler C, Ludewig E, Alef M, Kiefer I. [Computed tomography with computer-assisted detection of pulmonary nodules in dogs and cats]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2015; 43:381-388. [PMID: 26582331 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the potential benefit of computer-assisted detection (CAD) of pulmonary nodules in veterinary medicine. Therefore, the CAD rate was compared to the detection rates of two individual examiners in terms of its sensitivity and false-positive findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 51 dogs and 16 cats with pulmonary nodules previously diagnosed by computed tomography. First, the number of nodules ≥ 3 mm was recorded for each patient by two independent examiners. Subsequently, each examiner used the CAD software for automated nodule detection. With the knowledge of the CAD results, a final consensus decision on the number of nodules was achieved. The software used was a commercially available CAD program. RESULTS The sensitivity of examiner 1 was 89.2%, while that of examiner 2 reached 87.4%. CAD had a sensitivity of 69.4%. With CAD, the sensitivity of examiner 1 increased to 94.7% and that of examiner 2 to 90.8%. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The CAD-system, which we used in our study, had a moderate sensitivity of 69.4%. Despite its severe limitations, with a high level of false-positive and false-negative results, CAD increased the examiners' sensitivity. Therefore, its supportive role in diagnostics appears to be evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Niesterok
- Christian Niesterok, Klinik für Kleintiere, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, E-Mail:
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Drees R, Johnson RA, Stepien RL, Munoz Del Rio A, Saunders JH, François CJ. QUANTITATIVE PLANAR AND VOLUMETRIC CARDIAC MEASUREMENTS USING 64 MDCT AND 3T MRI VS. STANDARD 2D AND M-MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: DOES ANESTHETIC PROTOCOL MATTER? Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:638-57. [PMID: 26082285 PMCID: PMC5006684 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional imaging of the heart utilizing computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be superior for the evaluation of cardiac morphology and systolic function in humans compared to echocardiography. The purpose of this prospective study was to test the effects of two different anesthetic protocols on cardiac measurements in 10 healthy beagle dogs using 64-multidetector row computed tomographic angiography (64-MDCTA), 3T magnetic resonance (MRI) and standard awake echocardiography. Both anesthetic protocols used propofol for induction and isoflourane for anesthetic maintenance. In addition, protocol A used midazolam/fentanyl and protocol B used dexmedetomedine as premedication and constant rate infusion during the procedure. Significant elevations in systolic and mean blood pressure were present when using protocol B. There was overall good agreement between the variables of cardiac size and systolic function generated from the MDCTA and MRI exams and no significant difference was found when comparing the variables acquired using either anesthetic protocol within each modality. Systolic function variables generated using 64-MDCTA and 3T MRI were only able to predict the left ventricular end diastolic volume as measured during awake echocardiogram when using protocol B and 64-MDCTA. For all other systolic function variables, prediction of awake echocardiographic results was not possible (P = 1). Planar variables acquired using MDCTA or MRI did not allow prediction of the corresponding measurements generated using echocardiography in the awake patients (P = 1). Future studies are needed to validate this approach in a more varied population and clinically affected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jimmy H Saunders
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UGent, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christopher J François
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792
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Stillion JR, Letendre JA. A clinical review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pyothorax in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:113-29. [PMID: 25582193 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current literature in reference to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pyothorax in dogs and cats. ETIOLOGY Pyothorax, also known as thoracic empyema, is characterized by the accumulation of septic purulent fluid within the pleural space. While the actual route of pleural infection often remains unknown, the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract appear to be the most common source of microorganisms causing pyothorax in dogs and cats. In human medicine, pyothorax is a common clinical entity associated with bacterial pneumonia and progressive parapneumonic effusion. DIAGNOSIS Thoracic imaging can be used to support a diagnosis of pleural effusion, but cytologic examination or bacterial culture of pleural fluid are necessary for a definitive diagnosis of pyothorax. THERAPY The approach to treatment for pyothorax varies greatly in both human and veterinary medicine and remains controversial. Treatment of pyothorax has classically been divided into medical or surgical therapy and may include administration of antimicrobials, intermittent or continuous thoracic drainage, thoracic lavage, intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy, video-assisted thoracic surgery, and traditional thoracostomy. Despite all of the available options, the optimal treatment to ensure successful short- and long-term outcome, including the avoidance of recurrence, remains unknown. PROGNOSIS The prognosis for canine and feline pyothorax is variable but can be good with appropriate treatment. A review of the current veterinary literature revealed an overall reported survival rate of 83% in dogs and 62% in cats. As the clinical presentation of pyothorax in small animals is often delayed and nonspecific, rapid diagnosis and treatment are required to ensure successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenefer R Stillion
- Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Mueller MS, Cunningham SM, Sato AF. What is your diagnosis? Heart base tumors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:1135-7. [PMID: 24786158 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.10.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela S Mueller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Foster Hospital for Small Animals, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536
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Lascola KM, O'Brien RT, Wilkins PA, Clark-Price SC, Hartman SK, Mitchell MA. Qualitative and quantitative interpretation of computed tomography of the lungs in healthy neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res 2014; 74:1239-46. [PMID: 23977897 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.9.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To qualitatively describe lung CT images obtained from sedated healthy equine neonates (≤ 14 days of age), use quantitative analysis of CT images to characterize attenuation and distribution of gas and tissue volumes within the lungs, and identify differences between lung characteristics of foals ≤ 7 days of age and foals > 7 days of age. ANIMALS 10 Standardbred foals between 2.5 and 13 days of age. PROCEDURES Foals were sedated with butorphanol, midazolam, and propofol and positioned in sternal recumbency for thoracic CT. Image analysis software was used to exclude lung from nonlung structures. Lung attenuation was measured in Hounsfield units (HU) for analysis of whole lung and regional changes in attenuation and lung gas and tissue components. Degree of lung attenuation was classified as follows: hyperinflated or emphysema, -1,000 to -901 HU; well aerated, -900 to -501 HU; poorly aerated, -500 to -101 HU; and nonaerated, > -100 HU. RESULTS Qualitative evidence of an increase in lung attenuation and patchy alveolar patterns in the ventral lung region were more pronounced in foals ≤ 7 days of age than in older foals. Quantitative analysis revealed that mean ± SD lung attenuation was greater in foals ≤ 7 days of age (-442 ± 28 HU) than in foals > 7 days of age (-521 ± 24 HU). Lung aeration and gas volumes were lower than in other regions ventrally and in the mid lung region caudal to the heart. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Identified radiographic patterns and changes in attenuation were most consistent with atelectasis and appeared more severe in foals ≤ 7 days of age than in older neonatal foals. Recognition of these changes may have implications for accurate CT interpretation in sedated neonatal foals with pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Lascola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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31
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Ivančić M, Solano M, Smith CR. Computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the thorax of the live bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:901-15. [PMID: 24596254 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary disease is one of the leading causes of cetacean morbidity and mortality in the wild and in managed collections. The purpose of this study was to present the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the thorax of the live bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) out-of-water and to describe the technical and logistical parameters involved in CT image acquisition in this species. Six thoracic CT evaluations of four conscious adult bottlenose dolphins were performed between April 2007 and May 2012. Animals were trained to slide out of the water onto foam pads and were transported in covered trucks to a human CT facility. Under light sedation, animals were secured in sternal recumbency for acquisition of CT data. Non-contrast helical images were obtained during an end-inspiratory breath hold. Diagnostic, high quality images were obtained in all cases. Respiratory motion was largely insignificant due to the species' apneustic respiratory pattern. CT findings characteristic of this species include the presence of a bronchus trachealis, absence of lung lobation, cranial cervical extension of the lung, lack of conspicuity of intrathoracic lymph nodes, and presence of retia mirabilia. Dorsoventral narrowing of the heart relative to the thorax was seen in all animals and is suspected to be an artifact of gravity loading. Diagnostic thoracic computed tomography of live cetaceans is feasible and likely to prove clinically valuable. A detailed series of cross-sectional reference images is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ivančić
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California
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Drees R, François CJ, Saunders JH. INVITED REVIEW-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY (CTA) OF THE THORACIC CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN COMPANION ANIMALS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:229-40. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Pintore L, Bertazzolo W, Bonfanti U, Gelain ME, Bottero E. Cytological and histological correlation in diagnosing feline and canine mediastinal masses. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 55:28-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Pintore
- I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital; Zola Predosa Bologna Italy
| | | | | | - M. E. Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padova; Padova Italy
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Cooley SD, Schlipf JW, Stieger-Vanegas SM. Computed tomographic characterization of the pulmonary system in clinically normal alpacas. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:572-8. [PMID: 23531065 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize and quantitatively assess the typical pulmonary anatomy of healthy adult alpacas with multidetector row CT. ANIMALS 10 clinically normal adult female alpacas. PROCEDURES CT examination of the thorax was performed before and after IV administration of iodinated contrast medium in sedated alpacas in sternal recumbency. Measurements of the trachea, bronchi and related blood vessels, and selected vertebrae as well as the extent and density of lung parenchyma were performed with a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) viewer. Morphometric and quantitative data were summarized. RESULTS Separation of individual lung lobes could not be identified, except for the accessory lung lobe. In all alpacas, both lungs extended farther caudally at the medial aspect than at the lateral aspect. The right lung extended farther in both cranial and caudal directions than did the left lung. The branching pattern of the bronchial tree varied only slightly among alpacas and consisted of 1 cranial bronchus and 3 caudal bronchi bilaterally, with a right accessory bronchus. Luminal diameters of first-generation bronchi ranged from 3 to 9 mm. Mean ± SD parenchymal lung density was -869 ± 40 Hounsfield units (HU) before contrast injection and -825 ± 51 HU after contrast injection. Mean difference in diameter between bronchi and associated arteries or veins was 0.8 ± 0.9 mm. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of the typical anatomy of the lungs and bronchial tree in healthy alpacas as determined via CT will aid veterinarians in clinical assessment and bronchoscopic evaluation of alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Cooley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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Abstract
SUMMARY The primary purpose of diagnostic imaging is to enable clinicians to make correct decisions about a patient's diagnosis and severity of its condition and, thereby, to contribute to effective and efficient treatment. Advanced imaging modalities are inherently better detectors of morphological lesions than radiography; hence, they offer the possibility of more accurate diagnosis and staging, with correspondingly better patient outcomes. However, there is a lack of evidence that better outcomes are being realised for veterinary patients. Furthermore, increased use of advanced imaging carries the possibility of increased misuse, primarily through unnecessary studies that contribute little to patient management other than increased costs. SCOPE This article is intended to be relevant to all veterinary species. Advanced imaging of cats is not sufficiently developed as a specific discipline that a balanced review could be based purely on feline examples or references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Lamb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Reid LE, Dillon AR, Hathcock JT, Brown LA, Tillson M, Wooldridge AA. High-resolution computed tomography bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery diameter ratio in anesthetized ventilated cats with normal lungs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:34-7. [PMID: 22093112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution computed tomography (CT) is the preferred noninvasive tool for diagnosing bronchiectasis in people. A criterion for evaluating dilation of the bronchus is the bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery diameter (bronchoarterial ratio [BA ratio]). A ratio of > 1.0 in humans or > 2.0 in dogs has been suggested as a threshold for identifying bronchiectasis. The purpose of this study was to establish the BA ratio in normal cats. Fourteen specific pathogen-free cats were selected for analysis of thoracic CT images. The BA ratios of the lobar bronchi of the left cranial (cranial and caudal parts), right cranial, right middle, left caudal, and right caudal lung lobes were measured. The mean of the mean BA ratio of all lung lobes was 0.71 +/- 0.05. Individual BA ratios ranged from 0.5 to 1.11. Comparing individual lobes for each cat, there was no significant difference (P = 0.145) in mean BA ratio between lung lobes. A mean BA ratio for these normal cats was 0.71 +/- 0.1, which suggests an upper cut-off normal value > 0.91 (mean +/- 2 standard deviations) between normal and abnormal cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Reid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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Armbrust LJ, Biller DS, Bamford A, Chun R, Garrett LD, Sanderson MW. Comparison of three-view thoracic radiography and computed tomography for detection of pulmonary nodules in dogs with neoplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:1088-94. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.9.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Henao-Guerrero N, Ricco C, Jones JC, Buechner-Maxwell V, Daniel GB. Comparison of four ventilatory protocols for computed tomography of the thorax in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:646-53. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.5.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Reetz
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine; 3900 Delancey Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19014
| | - Elizabeth L. Buza
- Department of Pathobiology; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine; 3900 Delancey Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19014
| | - Erika L. Krick
- Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine; 3900 Delancey Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19014
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Swinbourne F, Baines EA, Baines SJ, Halfacree ZJ. Computed tomographic findings in canine pyothorax and correlation with findings at exploratory thoracotomy. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:203-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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OLIVEIRA CINTIAR, MITCHELL MARKA, O'BRIEN ROBERTT. THORACIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN FELINE PATIENTS WITHOUT USE OF CHEMICAL RESTRAINT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:368-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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OLIVEIRA CINTIAR, RANALLO FRANKN, PIJANOWSKI GERALDJ, MITCHELL MARKA, O'BRIEN MAURIAA, McMICHAEL MAUREEN, HARTMAN SUSANK, MATHESON JODIS, O'BRIEN ROBERTT. THE VETMOUSETRAP™: A DEVICE FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF THE THORAX OF AWAKE CATS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Amory JT, Jones JC, Crisman MV, Zimmerman K, Tyson AR, Larson MM, Saunders GK, O'Rourke LG. Imaging diagnosis--Dorsal mediastinal T-cell lymphoma in an alpaca. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:311-2. [PMID: 20469554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A 14-year-old male alpaca had refractory pleural effusion. The cause of the effusion was not apparent either radiographically or sonographically, or following a pleural fluid cytologic examination. Using computed tomographic (CT) examination, a dorsal paravertebral mass was identified and similar masses were found in the cranial mediastinum, retroperitoneal space, and adjacent to the hepatic entry of the portal vein. The histopathologic diagnosis was multicentric T-cell lymphoma. CT examination may prove to be a valuable imaging modality in the localization and staging of neoplasia in new world camelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Amory
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Duck Pond Drive (0442), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Vigani A, Giordano A, Travetti O. Uncommon mediastinal cyst-like manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Rec 2009; 165:239-41. [PMID: 19700786 DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.8.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vigani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Milan, Via Ponzio 7, Milan 20133, Italy
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JOLY HUGO, D'ANJOU MARCANDRÉ, ALEXANDER KATE, BEAUCHAMP GUY. COMPARISON OF SINGLE-SLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PROTOCOLS FOR DETECTION OF PULMONARY NODULES IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:279-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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SEILER GABRIELA, SCHWARZ TOBIAS, VIGNOLI MASSIMO, RODRIGUEZ DANIEL. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF LUNG LOBE TORSION. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008; 49:504-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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LeBlanc AK, Daniel GB. Advanced imaging for veterinary cancer patients. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007; 37:1059-77; v-i. [PMID: 17950882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an update on the recent advances made in veterinary advanced imaging specifically with regard to cross-sectional modalities (CT and MRI) and nuclear medicine (positron emission tomography [PET] and PET/CT). A brief summary of technical improvements and a review of recent literature are included to provide an overview of the progress made in this important element of the practicing veterinary oncologist's repertoire. An in-depth summary of PET is also included to introduce the technical aspects and potential clinical and research applications of this novel imaging modality in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Knoxville, TN 37996-4544, USA.
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Cardoso L, Gil F, Ramírez G, Teixeira MA, Agut A, Rivero MA, Arencibia A, Vázquez JM. Computed Tomography (CT) of the Lungs of the Dog Using a Helical CT Scanner, Intravenous Iodine Contrast Medium and Different CT Windows. Anat Histol Embryol 2007; 36:328-31. [PMID: 17845220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2007.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of helical computed tomography (CT) for visualizing pulmonary parenchyma and associated formations in normal dogs. CT scan was performed by using intravenous contrast medium and by applying different types of CT windows: soft tissue and lung windows, and high-resolution computed tomography of the lung. This technique allowed, especially with lung window types, a good view of the parenchyma, bronchial tree, vascular structures and pleural cavity. The selected images, with high anatomical quality and tissue contrast, may be a reference for future clinical studies of this organ. Thus, helical CT is a promising non-invasive method of diagnosing a wide variety of pulmonary diseases in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cardoso
- Veterinary Hospital of Canoas, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
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Abstract
Although conventional radiography is still the first diagnostic imaging approach to respiratory disease, CT is proving to be invaluable as an adjunctive procedure in characterizing nasal and thoracic pathologic findings. CT eliminates superimposition of overlying structures and offers superior contrast resolution as compared with conventional radiography. These advantages allow for more precise characterization and localization of lesions and are invaluable for guiding rhinoscopic, bronchoscopic, and surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Johnson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Small Animal Clinic, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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