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Stutsel M, Jordan L, Smith C, Lee WY, Symonds N, Bell R, Young A. Comparison of distal extremity magnetic resonance imaging findings in Australian racing Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. Aust Vet J 2024. [PMID: 39340248 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Foot-related lameness is common in Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides information on both the soft tissue and osseous structures of the distal extremity. The aim of this study was to determine whether abnormalities identified on distal limb MRI differed between these two racehorse populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The records of Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorse distal extremity MRI examinations conducted at Camden Equine Centre and Ballarat Veterinary Practice between 2013 and 2023 were retrieved. Horses were included if pain causing lameness had been localised to the foot using perineural or intra-articular analgesia. MRI abnormalities of the structures within the distal extremity were recorded and comparisons made between the two groups. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the rate of occurrence of certain MRI abnormalities between the Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorse populations, including distal phalangeal fractures, proximal phalangeal short tau inversion recovery (STIR) hyperintensity (distal aspect), the presence and severity of ungular cartilage ossification, abnormalities of the navicular bone distal border synovial invaginations/vascular channels and navicular bone distal border fragments. The presence of distal extremity STIR hyperintensity and fractures was significantly higher in Standardbred compared to Thoroughbred racehorses when these findings were grouped and considered in combination. CONCLUSION There were many similarities in the distal extremity MRI abnormalities identified in lame Australian Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses. However, distal phalangeal fractures, ungular cartilage ossification and distal extremity STIR hyperintensity were identified in significantly more in Standardbred than Thoroughbred racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stutsel
- Agnes Banks Equine Clinic, Agnes Banks, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Jordan
- Agnes Banks Equine Clinic, Agnes Banks, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Smith
- Agnes Banks Equine Clinic, Agnes Banks, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W Y Lee
- Ballarat Veterinary Practice, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Symonds
- Uni Vets Camden, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rjw Bell
- Uni Vets Camden, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Young
- Alex Young Specialist Veterinary Imaging, Anstead, Queensland, Australia
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Giorio ME, Graham RJ, Berner D, O'Neill HD, Bladon BM. Presence and size of synovial masses within the navicular bursa correlate well between magnetic resonance imaging and bursoscopy and have a guarded prognosis. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:982-988. [PMID: 38131123 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal hyperintense lesions within the navicular bursa emanating from the dorsal border of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) can be recognised on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) and have been attributed to lameness in horses. Removal of these lesions, also referred to as synovial masses, by navicular bursoscopy is currently recommended. OBJECTIVES To investigate the correlation between MRI and navicular bursoscopic findings. It is hypothesised that the prognosis following surgery is proportional to the size of the DDFT lesion. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of clinical records. METHODS Horses undergoing standing low-field MRI and navicular bursoscopy with >1 year follow-up were included. A grading system was developed to classify the size of synovial mass(es) and lesion(s) of the DDFT on MRI and at surgery. Generalised estimating equations were used to evaluate the association between MRI findings and surgery and between outcome and severity of the tendon injury. RESULTS Fifty-nine horses presenting over a 15-year period (2006-2021) fulfilled inclusion criteria. Ninety navicular bursae were examined both on MRI and endoscopically. There was strong correlation between the size of synovial masses and tendon lesions on MRI and bursoscopy (p < 0.001, OR: 25.61, 95% CI 8.71-75.29 and p < 0.001, OR: 7.34, 95% CI 2.70-19.92, respectively). Size of tendon lesion and synovial mass had no impact on prognosis (p = 0.3, OR: 1, 95% CI 1-1 and p = 0.1, OR: 1, 95% CI 1-1, respectively), which was guarded (30.5% return to previous level of exercise). MAIN LIMITATIONS Performance data for conservatively treated horses with MRI-detected synovial masses was not considered, nor was the effect of navicular bursal effusion. Horses were not randomly assigned to treatment protocols. CONCLUSION There is good correlation between MRI and bursoscopic findings of DDFT lesions and synovial masses within the navicular bursa, with no false positives. Size of the synovial masses and DDFT lesions does not influence prognosis following navicular bursoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Giorio
- Equine Referral Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Robyn J Graham
- Equine Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Dagmar Berner
- Equine Referral Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Byrne CA, Voute LC, Marshall JF. Interobserver agreement during clinical magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38946165 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agreement between experienced observers for assessment of pathology and assessment confidence are poorly documented for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the equine foot. OBJECTIVES To report interobserver agreement for pathology assessment and observer confidence for key anatomical structures of the equine foot during MRI. STUDY DESIGN Exploratory clinical study. METHODS Ten experienced observers (diploma or associate level) assessed 15 equine foot MRI studies acquired from clinical databases of 3 MRI systems. Observers graded pathology in seven key anatomical structures (Grade 1: no pathology, Grade 2: mild pathology, Grade 3: moderate pathology, Grade 4: severe pathology) and provided a grade for their confidence for each pathology assessment (Grade 1: high confidence, Grade 2: moderate confidence, Grade 3: limited confidence, Grade 4: no confidence). Interobserver agreement for the presence/absence of pathology and agreement for individual grades of pathology were assessed with Fleiss' kappa (k). Overall interobserver agreement for pathology was determined using Fleiss' kappa and Kendall's coefficient of concordance (KCC). The distribution of grading was also visualised with bubble charts. RESULTS Interobserver agreement for the presence/absence of pathology of individual anatomical structures was poor-to-fair, except for the navicular bone which had moderate agreement (k = 0.52). Relative agreement for pathology grading (accounting for the ranking of grades) ranged from KCC = 0.19 for the distal interphalangeal joint to KCC = 0.70 for the navicular bone. Agreement was generally greatest at the extremes of pathology. Observer confidence in pathology assessment was generally moderate to high. MAIN LIMITATIONS Distribution of pathology varied between anatomical structures due to random selection of clinical MRI studies. Observers had most experience with low-field MRI. CONCLUSIONS Even with experienced observers, there can be notable variation in the perceived severity of foot pathology on MRI for individual cases, which could be important in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lance C Voute
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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van Veggel ECS, Vanderperren K, Selberg KT, Bergman HJ, Hoogelander B. The Evolution of Lesions on Follow-Up Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Proximal Metacarpal Region in Non-Racing Sport Horses That Returned to Work (2015-2023). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1731. [PMID: 38929351 PMCID: PMC11201264 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates the change in an MRI of the proximal metacarpal region in a group of sport horses that returned to work. This retrospective analysis evaluated 18 limbs represented by 17 horses. RESULTS The hyperintense signal within the dorsal collagenous part of the proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) on T1W/T2*W GRE sequences decreased or stayed the same in the majority of cases. The hyperintense STIR signal within the dorsal collagenous part of the PSL resolved in the majority of the patients, and the third metacarpal bone (McIII) hyperintense STIR signal resolved in all patients. The dorsal margin irregularity of the PSL stayed the same, and McIII sclerosis and resorption of the palmar margin of McIII stayed the same in the majority of cases. McIII hyperintense STIR signal resolution carries a broad time range, with a mean of 94 days and a range of 47-202 days. CONCLUSIONS Complete normalization of the dorsal collagenous part of the PSL does not appear necessary for a return to soundness, but a resolution of the McIII hyperintense STIR signal is expected for horses returning to soundness. A rescan period of 120 days for the proximal metacarpal region is suggested. In addition, there was no significant change in the size of the PSL between the initial and final MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kurt T. Selberg
- Johnson Family Equine Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Hendrik-Jan Bergman
- Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre (SMDC), 5384 RC Heesch, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda Hoogelander
- Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre (SMDC), 5384 RC Heesch, The Netherlands
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Germonpré J, Vandekerckhove LMJ, Raes E, Chiers K, Jans L, Vanderperren K. Post-mortem feasibility of dual-energy computed tomography in the detection of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot: a proof of concept. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1201017. [PMID: 38249561 PMCID: PMC10797750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this proof-of-concept study, the post-mortem feasibility of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in the detection of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot is described in agreement with the gold standard imaging technique, which is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods A total of five equine cadaver feet were studied, of which two were pathological and three were within normal limits and served as references. A low-field MRI of each foot was performed, followed by a DECT acquisition. Multiplanar reformations of DECT virtual non-calcium images were compared with MRI for the detection of bone edema-like lesions. A gross post-mortem was performed, and histopathologic samples were obtained of the navicular and/or distal phalanx of the two feet selected based on pathology and one reference foot. Results On DECT virtual non-calcium imaging, the two pathological feet showed diffuse increased attenuation corresponding with bone edema-like lesions, whereas the three reference feet were considered normal. These findings were in agreement with the findings on the MRI. Histopathology of the two pathologic feet showed abnormalities in line with bone edema-like lesions. Histopathology of the reference foot was normal. Conclusion DECT virtual non-calcium imaging can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot. Further examination of DECT in equine diagnostic imaging is warranted in a larger cohort, different locations, and alive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Germonpré
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Louis M. J. Vandekerckhove
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Raes
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lennart Jans
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Faulkner JE, Joostens Z, Broeckx BJG, Hauspie S, Mariën T, Vanderperren K. Follow-Up Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sagittal Groove Disease of the Equine Proximal Phalanx Using a Classification System in 29 Non-Racing Sports Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:34. [PMID: 38200766 PMCID: PMC10778323 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Evolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in horses with sagittal groove disease (SGD) of the proximal phalanx is relatively sparsely described. This retrospective, descriptive, longitudinal study describes the findings of sequential low-field MRI fetlock examinations in horses with SGD of the proximal phalanx using a classification system. Twenty-nine horses were included, predominantly warmbloods used for show jumping (79%). For 29 limbs re-examined during the initial rehabilitation period, classification remained constant (n = 18), increased (n = 2), decreased (n = 7), and fluctuated (n = 2). Notably, two limbs with initial classification 4b (bone oedema-like signal with subchondral microfissure) and one with 4c (bone oedema-like signal with subchondral demineralisation) progressed to classification 5 (incomplete macrofissure/fracture), highlighting their potential as prodromal or imminent fissure pathology. Following conservative (n = 28) and surgical (n = 1) treatment, 86% of the horses re-entered full training and competition with a mean ± sd recovery time of 9.4 ± 4.4 months. In total, 20% of horses in the study subsequently presented for repeat MRI due to recurrent lameness after resuming full work, with classification that was the same (n = 2), increased (n = 2), or decreased (n = 2) compared with the last scan. This study underscores the variability in progression of SGD MRI findings, emphasising the need for further larger-scale research into patterns of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E. Faulkner
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Zoë Joostens
- Equitom Equine Clinic, Paalstraat 8, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - Bart J. G. Broeckx
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stijn Hauspie
- Equitom Equine Clinic, Paalstraat 8, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - Tom Mariën
- Equitom Equine Clinic, Paalstraat 8, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Barrett MF, Goorchenko GE, Frisbie DD. Comparison of Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Identifying Soft Tissue Abnormalities in the Palmar Aspect of the Equine Digit. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2328. [PMID: 37508105 PMCID: PMC10376038 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the soft tissue structures of the digit is a common source of equine lameness. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the most complete diagnostic imaging of the equine digit, ultrasound is more readily available and less expensive. This prospective diagnostic accuracy study compares ultrasound to MRI for the diagnosis of injuries visible with ultrasound within the digit, including the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL), and navicular bursa. Clinical patients underwent an MRI of the digit and a blinded ultrasound of the digit between the heel bulbs, and results of the two modalities were compared. A total of 70 ultrasound and MRI exams of 45 horses were included. Ultrasound had good sensitivity (85%), moderate specificity (60%), and accuracy of 70% for evaluating the dorsal tearing of the DDFT. Accuracy was lower for navicular bursa effusion (67%), navicular bursa proliferation (61%), and CSL enlargement (61%). Tearing of the DDFT distal to the navicular bone was identified with MRI in 27 limbs, 20 of which also had dorsal damage proximal to the navicular bone identified with ultrasound. Ultrasound evaluation remains a useful screening tool, particularly for the assessment of DDFT tearing proximal to the navicular bone but risks under-diagnosing pathology to the navicular bursa and CSL. Clinically significant concurrent damage to the distal DDFT and other osseous and soft tissues in the hoof capsule is unlikely to be identified without MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra F Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - David D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Garrett KS. When radiography and ultrasonography are not enough: the use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for equine lameness cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1113-1123. [PMID: 35544423 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.03.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MRI and CT have enhanced our diagnostic abilities for equine lameness beyond what is available using radiography and ultrasonography. This has allowed veterinarians to better prognosticate and treat lameness conditions, improving patient outcomes. This article discusses the basic principles behind MRI and CT, their advantages and disadvantages, the different types of equipment available for clinical use in horses, the typical diagnostic workup prior to pursuing advanced imaging, and common regions where MRI and CT are used clinically. The companion Currents in One Health by Spriet, AJVR, July 2022, discusses even more advanced equine imaging in the form of positron emission tomography. Combined, these future directions of MRI, CT, and positron emission tomography may include improved ability to image standing horses or screen for injury prevention.
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Ehrle A, Lilge S, Clegg PD, Maddox TW. Equine flexor tendon imaging part 2: Current status and future directions in advanced diagnostic imaging, with focus on the deep digital flexor tendon. Vet J 2021; 278:105763. [PMID: 34678501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexor tendon injuries are a common cause of lameness and early retirement in equine athletes. While ultrasonography is most frequently utilised, advanced diagnostic imaging modalities are becoming more widely available for detection and monitoring of flexor tendon lesions. Part two of this literature review details current experience with low- and high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of equine flexor tendinopathy with a focus on the deep digital flexor tendon. Implications of the 'magic angle' artefact as well as injection techniques and the use of contrast media are discussed. Future developments in tendon imaging aim to gain enhanced structural information about the tendon architecture with the prospect to prevent injury. Techniques as described for the assessment of the human Achilles tendon including ultra-high field MRI and positron emission tomography are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ehrle
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Equine Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, 10965 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Svenja Lilge
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, 10965 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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Evrard L, Joostens Z, Vandersmissen M, Audigié F, Busoni V. Comparison Between Ultrasonographic and Standing Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Podotrochlear Apparatus of Horses With Foot Pain. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:675180. [PMID: 34291100 PMCID: PMC8287171 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.675180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study aimed to blindly compare the ultrasonographic and standing magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) findings in deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), navicular bone, and navicular bursa in horses with foot pain, positive digital analgesia, and without definitive radiographic diagnosis. Ultrasonography detected more DDFT abnormalities (32/34 feet vs. 27/34 with sMRI) but identified less palmar navicular abnormalities (23/34 feet vs. 30/34 with sMRI). In suprasesamoidean DDFT lesions, which were mainly dorsally located, changes in echogenicity did not correspond to a particular pattern of sMRI signal change. Transcuneal ultrasonography did not allow assessment of morphology and extent of distal DDFT lesions, and sporadically discriminated the affected lobe compared to sMRI. Defects of the palmar compact bone were identified with both modalities except a parasagittal defect, which was only seen at sMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Evrard
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zoë Joostens
- Medical Imaging Department, Equitom Equine Clinic, Lummen, Belgium
| | - Maxime Vandersmissen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Audigié
- Centre d'Imagerie et de Recherche sur les Affections Locomotrices Equines, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Goustranville, France
| | - Valeria Busoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Chronic Collateral Sesamoidean Desmopathy in Draft Horses: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histopathological Findings. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 98:103362. [PMID: 33663715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Desmopathy of the collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL) is an unusual disorder in draft horses. This study records the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of chronic CSL desmopathy in eight draft horses and confirms these features by histopathology. The recorded chronic CSL desmopathy has usually affected the forelimbs (100%) and commonly bilateral (62.5%). All horses showed positive proximal digital nerve block, positive front digital flexion test, and negative interphalangeal extension test. Radiography revealed no osseous abnormalities in all feet. MRI features of chronic CSL desmopathy included thickening of the ligament with increased moderate intensity in fast low-angle shot, T1 turbo spin echo, and proton density images in the affected part of the ligament. Chronic CSL desmopathy was concomitant with deep digital flexor tendon injury and distal sesamoidean impar desmitis. In most chronic cases of CSL desmopathy, heterogeneous signal intensities were seen with multiple foci of low signal intensities interlaced with increased moderate signal intensities of thickened CSL. Histopathology confirmed the MRI findings and revealed separated bundles and fascicles by septa of less organized and loose connective tissues containing fibroblasts and loose collagen fibers. Multifocal islands of cartilaginous metaplasia, mineralized areas, and dystrophic calcification were observed in the injured ligament. In conclusion, chronic CSL desmopathy may progress to cartilaginous metaplasia and dystrophic calcification. MRI is a beneficial diagnostic and prognostic tool for chronic CSL desmopathy, and histopathology is a gold standard to document the MRI findings associated with CSL dysmopathy in draft horses.
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Zubrod CJ, Kristek JW. Metacarpal bone exostosis and associated suspensory ligament desmitis and adhesions: A review. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Werpy N, Chapman K, Griffith L. Non-weight bearing ultrasonographic examination allows the diagnosis of longitudinal fiber disruption (split) in equine suspensory ligament branches not visible on weight bearing examination. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 62:84-97. [PMID: 33089588 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
When evaluating suspensory ligament branch splits, there is a discrepancy between high field MRI findings and weight bearing ultrasonographic imaging characteristics. In this descriptive and retrospective case series, ultrasonographic examination was performed on suspensory ligament branches with the limbs in weight bearing and non-weight bearing positions. Suspensory ligament branch splits were defined as linear regions of decreased echogenicity when imaged with the limb in a weight bearing position that increased in size and became anechoic with the limb in a non-weight bearing position. This appearance was considered an indication of pathologic change in the branch. A total of 62 suspensory ligament branches were included in the study from 37 horses, with 14 partial splits, 11 intrasubstance splits, and 14 complete splits of which two had extension of fetlock synovial fluid and synovial membrane through the split. Recheck ultrasonographic examinations performed in eight horses up to 14 months following the initial examination demonstrated persistence of the split in two horses, partial resolution in five horses, and complete resolution in one horse. Ultrasonographic examination using the non-weight bearing approach proved valuable for increasing the lesion conspicuity as compared to the weight bearing images. Certain abnormalities, such as longitudinal fiber disruption (split) in suspensory ligament branches may only be evident when imaged non-weight bearing. The use of this technique provides a more accurate representation of lesion severity and allows for monitoring over time. A longitudinal study is necessary to determine the clinical relevance of suspensory ligament branch splits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Werpy
- Equine Diagnostic Imaging Inc., Archer, Florida, USA
| | | | - Leah Griffith
- Equine Diagnostic Imaging Inc., Archer, Florida, USA
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Byrne CA, Marshall JF, Voute LC. Clinical magnetic resonance image quality of the equine foot is significantly influenced by acquisition system. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:469-480. [PMID: 32767582 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigation of image quality in clinical equine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may optimise diagnostic value. OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of field strength and anaesthesia on image quality in MR imaging of the equine foot in a clinical context. STUDY DESIGN Analytical clinical study. METHODS Fifteen equine foot studies (five studies per system) were randomly selected from the clinical databases of three MR imaging systems: low-field standing (LF St), low-field anaesthetised (LF GA) and high-field anaesthetised (HF GA). Ten experienced observers graded image quality for entire studies and seven clinically important anatomical structures within the foot (briefly, grade 1: textbook quality, grade 2: high diagnostic quality, grade 3: satisfactory diagnostic quality, grade 4: non-diagnostic). Statistical analysis assessed the effect of anaesthesia and field strength using a combination of the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS There was no difference in the proportion of entire studies of diagnostic quality between LF St (90%, 95% CI 78%-97%) and LF GA (88%, 76-95%, P = .7). No differences were evident in the proportion of diagnostic studies or median image quality gradings between LF St and LF GA when assessing individual anatomical structures (both groups all median grades = 3). There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of entire studies of diagnostic quality between LF GA and HF GA (100%, 95% CI lower bound 94%, P = .03). There were statistically significant differences in median image quality gradings between LF GA (all median grades = 3) and HF GA (median grades = 1 (5/7 structures) or 2 (2/7 structures) for all individual anatomical structures (all P < .001). The reasons reported for reduced image quality differed between systems. MAIN LIMITATIONS Randomised selection of cases from clinical databases. Individual observer preferences may influence image quality assessment. CONCLUSIONS Field strength is a more important influencer of image quality than anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot in clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Byrne
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lance C Voute
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Berner D, Mader D, Groß C, Gerlach K. Effect of Scan Plane and Arthrography on Visibility and Interobserver Agreement of the Equine Distal Sesamoidean Impar Ligament on Magnetic Resonance Images. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103227. [PMID: 33077088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations, moderate to severe changes of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL) were found in horses with lameness localized to their feet. Histologic abnormalities were detected more commonly in lame horses. Because of its heterogeneity and small thickness, evaluation of the DSIL in MRI can be challenging. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal sequence and the ideal transverse perpendicular angle for visualization of the DSIL before and after arthrography of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ). Twenty-five cadaver forelimbs were examined with low-field MRI. Sagittal, frontal, and three different angled transverse planes were obtained before and after arthrography of the DIPJ. All planes were acquired in T1w (weighted) Gradient Recall Echo (GRE), T2∗w GRE, T2w Fast Spin Echo (FSE), and Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) FSE and visualization of the DSIL was scored by two observers. Visualization of the DSIL was best on sagittal T2w FSE and STIR FSE images. All transverse planes were inferior compared with sagittal sequences. After arthrography of the DIPJ, visualization of the DSIL origin improved in sagittal T2w FSE sequences, and agreement between observers increased for sagittal T2w FSE and STIR FSE images. Sagittal T2w FSE and STIR FSE images allowed good visualization of the DSIL in low-field MRI. Visualization of the DSIL did not improve for altered angled transverse sequences but increased with arthrography of the DIPJ. Subjective influence between different observers was found but decreased with DIPJ arthrography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Berner
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Equine Referral Hospital, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Daniela Mader
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Groß
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Berner D, Brehm W, Gerlach K, Offhaus J, Scharner D, Burk J. Variation in the MRI signal intensity of naturally occurring equine superficial digital flexor tendinopathies over a 12-month period. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e53. [PMID: 32690762 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal intensity (SI) of equine tendinopathies in MRI differs between the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). In DDFT lesions, short tau inversion recovery (STIR) SI decreases earlier than T2-weighted (T2w) SI, while the latter decreases earlier in SDFT lesions, but long-term results using STIR sequences are lacking. METHODS Standing MRI of eight horses with naturally occurring SDFT lesions was performed at the day of treatment as well as 2, 6 and 12 months after treatment. RESULTS After 12 months, six horses were sound and showed complete resolution of increased SI in T2w fast spin echo (FSE) images, but increased SI was found in STIR images in three horses and persisted in T1w and T2*w gradient recall echo images of all horses. In contrast, hyperintense areas were still visible in the SDFT in T2w FSE images in two horses presenting with re-injury. In the six horses without re-injury, percentage of cross-sectional areas affected and SI decreased over time in all sequences. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that SI in naturally occurring SDFT lesions decreases earlier in T2w FSE than in STIR images, in contrast to the DDFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Berner
- Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College Clinical Services Division, Hatfield, UK .,Department for Horses, University of Leipzig Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Walter Brehm
- Department for Horses, University of Leipzig Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany.,Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department for Horses, University of Leipzig Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Julia Offhaus
- Department for Horses, University of Leipzig Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Doreen Scharner
- Department for Horses, University of Leipzig Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Janina Burk
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology, University of Leipzig Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany.,Equine Clinic (Surgery), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
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17
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Norvall A, Spriet M, Espinosa P, Ariño-Estrada G, Murphy BG, Katzman SA, Galuppo LD. Chondrosesamoidean ligament enthesopathy: Prevalence and findings in a population of lame horses imaged with positron emission tomography. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:451-459. [PMID: 32491220 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased 18 F-Sodium Fluoride (18 F-NaF) uptake at the chondrosesamoidean ligament (ChSL) attachment on the distal phalanx was identified in an exploratory positron emission tomography (PET) study. The prevalence and significance of this lesion has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of this lesion, its association with other imaging findings and with clinical signs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional analytical study. METHODS All horses with 18 F-NaF PET and computed tomography (CT) imaging of the feet performed between October 2016 and December 2017 were included in the study. All PET scans were independently assessed by two radiologists for increased uptake at the ChSL attachment site and concurrent imaging was reviewed. Clinical findings, treatment and outcome were retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS Fourteen of 30 horses (20/56 feet) had increased 18 F-NaF uptake in the region of interest. ChSL enthesopathy was the primary lesion in three horses. Other PET abnormalities included navicular bone uptake (13 feet) and ipsilateral palmar process uptake (9 feet). There was no significant association between ChSL enthesopathy and other lesions. ChSL enthesopathy was significantly associated with foot lameness. CT abnormalities at the ChSL attachment were initially identified in one foot, and retrospectively noted in another five following the results of PET imaging. MAIN LIMITATIONS The study is retrospective and there was a limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS PET led to identification of ChSL enthesopathy in a large proportion of horses with foot pain. This finding is most commonly associated with other lesions but may also represent the main abnormality. The axial border of the palmar processes of the distal phalanx should be carefully assessed on cross sectional imaging to identify this lesion. ChSL enthesopathy may be an important but previously not recognised component of foot pathology in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Norvall
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Espinosa
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Larry D Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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18
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Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD, Werpy NM, Gold SJ, Olguin S, Schaeffer DJ. Standing MRI lesions of the distal interphalangeal joint and podotrochlear apparatus occur with a high frequency in warmblood horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:336-345. [PMID: 32162431 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot pain is a common presenting complaint in Warmblood horses. The aim of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to determine the spectrum of foot lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Warmblood horses used for dressage, jumping, and eventing. The medical records of 550 Warmblood horses with foot pain that were scanned using standing MRI were reviewed and the following data were recorded: signalment, occupation, lameness, diagnostic analgesia, imaging results, treatments, and follow-up assessments. Associations between standing MRI lesions and chronic lameness following treatment were tested. Abnormalities of the navicular bone (409 horses, 74%), distal interphalangeal joint (362 horses, 65%), and deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon (260 horses, 47%) occurred with the highest frequency. The following abnormalities were significantly associated (P < .05) with chronic lameness following conservative therapy: moderate to severe MRI lesions in the trabecular bone of the navicular bone, mild or severe erosions of the flexor surface of the navicular bone, moderate sagittal/parasagittal DDF tendinopathies, and moderate collateral sesamoidean desmopathies. Also, identification of concurrent lesions of the DDF tendon, navicular bone, navicular bursa, and distal sesamoidean impar ligament was associated with chronic lameness after conservative therapy. Development of effective treatment options for foot lesions that respond poorly to conservative therapy is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago D Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | | | - Silvia Olguin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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19
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Kottmeier LK, Seehusen F, Helweg M, Rohn K, Stadler P, Hellige M. High-field (3 Tesla) MRI of the navicular apparatus of sound horses shows good agreement to histopathology. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 61:48-57. [PMID: 31825150 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging and the correlation to histopathological findings of the equine palmar foot of lame horses have been described previously, using 0.27 and 1.5 T systems. Compared to these, 3 T systems provide superior spatial resolution and imaging contrast. The aim of our prospective anatomic study was to characterize the imaging anatomy of the navicular region on 3 T MRI in comparison to histopathological findings. We hypothesized that 3 T MRI allows a good visualization of the entire navicular apparatus and reliable measurements of navicular cartilage and cortical bone thickness. Twenty front feet of sound horses were examined using a 3 T MRI system. For histopathological examination, sagittal tissue sections of the navicular bones and adjacent ligaments were prepared. Alterations in magnetic resonance signal were graded for each region and compared to corresponding histological slices. Overall, there was good visualization of the anatomical detail and a very good agreement between MRI and histology for compact bone and spongiosa, good agreement for the fibrocartilage and the distal sesamoidean impar ligament, but only moderate agreement for the hyaline cartilage and the collateral sesamoidean ligament. A comparative measurement of cartilage and cortical bone thickness on magnetic resonance images and histological sections was performed. In MRI, the hyaline cartilage of the articular surface appeared significantly thinner and the fibrocartilage of the flexor surface appeared significantly thicker compared to histology. Findings indicated that MRI at a field strength of 3 T allows reliable depiction of anatomic details of the navicular apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena K Kottmeier
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Helweg
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Stadler
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Ribitsch I, Gueltekin S, Keith MF, Minichmair K, Peham C, Jenner F, Egerbacher M. Age-related changes of tendon fibril micro-morphology and gene expression. J Anat 2019; 236:688-700. [PMID: 31792963 PMCID: PMC7083562 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is hypothesized to be associated with changes in tendon matrix composition which may lead to alteration of tendon material properties and hence propensity to injury. Altered gene expression may offer insights into disease pathophysiology and thus open new perspectives toward designing pathophysiology‐driven therapeutics. Therefore, the current study aimed at identifying naturally occurring differences in tendon micro‐morphology and gene expression of newborn, young and old horses. Age‐related differences in the distribution pattern of tendon fibril thickness and in the expression of the tendon relevant genes collagen type 1 (Col1), Col3, Col5, tenascin‐C, decorin, tenomodulin, versican, scleraxis and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein were investigated. A qualitative and quantitative gene expression and collagen fibril diameter analysis was performed for the most frequently injured equine tendon, the superficial digital flexor tendon, in comparison with the deep digital flexor tendon. Most analyzed genes (Col1, Col3, Col5, tenascin‐C, tenomodulin, scleraxis) were expressed at a higher level in foals (age ≤ 6 months) than in horses of 2.75 years (age at which flexor tendons become mature in structure) and older, decorin expression increased with age. Decorin was previously reported to inhibit the lateral fusion of collagen fibrils, causing a thinner fibril diameter with increased decorin concentration. The results of this study suggested that reduction of tendon fibril diameters commonly seen in equine tendons with increasing age might be a natural age‐related phenomenon leading to greater fibril surface areas with increased fibrillar interaction and reduced sliding at the fascicular/fibrillar interface and hence a stiffer interfascicular/interfibrillar matrix. This may be a potential reason for the higher propensity to tendinopathies with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Ribitsch
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sinan Gueltekin
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Franziska Keith
- Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Minichmair
- Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Peham
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florien Jenner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Egerbacher
- Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Osteoarticular radiographic findings of the distal forelimbs in Tbourida Horses. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02514. [PMID: 31687602 PMCID: PMC6819765 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tbourida is a traditional Moroccan equestrian sport in which 15 horses gallop 200 m in a line while riders fire into the sky with muskets. The stop is the finale and representative demands of this equestrian event. Such particular sudden stop after a fast gallop requires a hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Indeed, it is well known that Tbourida show predisposes horses to different injuries of the hard and soft tissues of the distal forelimbs. Yet, there is a paucity of research that examined such lesions. The aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time the type and the prevalence of osteoarticular findings in the distal forelimbs of Tbourida horses using radiographic images. The study was conducted on 127 Tbourida horses aged between 2.5 and 15 years old with 6-year-old horses being the most affected. Data analysis showed that 93,7% of horses exhibit degenerative joint lesions of the fetlock, 86,6% showed ossification of the ungual cartilage, 78,7% had enthesophytes associated with the deep digital flexor tendons, 81,1% had enthesophytes associated with the suspensory ligament branches, and 19,6% showed a particular exostosis on the first phalanx. This large number of lesions reflects how this sport is difficult for horses and also argues that animals are suffering from a lack of welfare and care in their husbandry management.
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22
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Mizobe F, Nomura M, Ueno T, Yamada K. Bone marrow oedema-type signal in the proximal phalanx of Thoroughbred racehorses. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:593-597. [PMID: 30828037 PMCID: PMC6483912 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on 8 Thoroughbred racehorses showing bone marrow oedema-type signal in
the proximal sagittal groove of the proximal phalanx, with the aim of understanding its
clinical significance. Standing magnetic resonance imaging played an important role in
assessing osseous abnormalities that were not radiographically identifiable. Further, a
histopathological result from one of the cases showed there was oedema surrounding adipose
tissues with increase in density of trabecular scaffolding. This may indicate presence of
osseous injury within the area of decreased elasticity due to subchondral bone modeling.
This study suggests that detection of osseous abnormality based on bone marrow oedema-type
signal, and application of appropriate care following injury would contribute to prevent
deterioration of stress-related fractures of the proximal phalanx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Mizobe
- Racehorse Hospital, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Motoi Nomura
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Takanori Ueno
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Yamada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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23
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Rovel T, Audigié F, Coudry V, Jacquet-Guibon S, Bertoni L, Denoix JM. Evaluation of standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of advanced distal interphalangeal primary degenerative joint disease in horses: 12 cases (2010–2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 254:257-265. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Faramarzi B, Kepler A, Dong F, Dobson H. Morphovolumetric Analysis of the Hoof in Standardbred Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Harcourt M, Smith C, Bell R, Young A. Magnetic resonance and radiographic imaging of a case of bilateral bipartite navicular bones in a horse. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:464-469. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Harcourt
- Wollondilly Equine; Oakbank NSW Australia
| | - C Smith
- Agnes Banks Equine Clinic; Agnes Banks NSW Australia
| | - R Bell
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden; University of Sydney; Camden NSW Australia
| | - A Young
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Queensland Australia
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26
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Beccati F, Pepe M, Antinori L, Pascucci L, Chiaradia E, Mandara MT. Sympathetic Innervation and Adrenergic Receptors in Equine Deep Digital Flexor Tendinopathy: Preliminary Results. J Comp Pathol 2018; 163:33-37. [PMID: 30213372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to delineate the pattern of sympathetic innervation in the suprasesamoidean region of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) in horses with tendinopathy by immunohistochemical labelling for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-1 adrenergic receptor (α1-AR). Twelve forelimbs were obtained from 10 horses with DDFT tendinopathy and six feet obtained from six horses were used as healthy controls. Post-mortem radiographic, ultrasonographic and gross examinations were performed on the suprasesamoidean area of the DDFT to assess the presence of tendinopathy. Longitudinal sections were collected and processed. Lesions were classified as core lesions, dorsal border lesions and parasagittal oblique splits. Immunohistochemistry was performed and the degree of immunoreaction was classified as absent, mild or marked. Seven core lesions, four dorsal border lesions and one parasagittal oblique split were identified. There was no increased expression of sympathetic innervation in samples with a dorsal border lesion of the DDFT compared with healthy samples. In contrast, core lesions showed increased expression of α1-AR and reduced expression of TH, which supports the hypothesis of a compensatory imbalance between the sympathetic mediator and the sympathetic receptors as a cause or effect of structural damage. In addition, adrenergic activation could stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation within these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Beccati
- Sport Horses Studies Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia, Italy.
| | - M Pepe
- Sport Horses Studies Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Antinori
- Clinica Veterinaria Roma Sud, Via Pilade Mazza, 24, Roma, Italy
| | - L Pascucci
- Sport Horses Studies Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Chiaradia
- Sport Horses Studies Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia, Italy
| | - M T Mandara
- Sport Horses Studies Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia, Italy
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27
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Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD, McCoy AM, Selberg KT. Recent advances in conservative and surgical treatment options of common equine foot problems. Vet J 2018; 237:9-15. [PMID: 30089549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot problems are very common causes of lameness in horses. With the recent diagnostic advances to evaluate and treat foot pathology as well as to monitor response to therapy, it is now possible to more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of many of these treatments. This review details some of the recent advances of the most common conservative and surgical treatment options for foot problems in horses, including an overview of evidence on the efficacy to support the use of these treatment options and on factors that may affect prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - A M McCoy
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K T Selberg
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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28
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Pezzanite L, Contino E, Kawcak C. Lameness originating from the proximal metacarpus/tarsus: A review of local analgesic techniques and clinical diagnostic findings. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Pezzanite
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - E. Contino
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Janvier V, Olive J, Rossier Y. Magnetic Resonance Assessment of the Equine Distal Phalanx Facies Flexoria. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Humbach KE, Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD. Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon for treatment of chronic deep digital flexor tendinopathy in three Quarter Horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Humbach
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois USA
| | - S. D. Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois USA
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Brokken MT, Schneider RK, Roberts GD, Holmes SP, Gavin PR, Sampson SN, Farnsworth KD, Dahlgren LA. Evaluation of a New Surgical Treatment for Equine Hind Limb Proximal Suspensory Desmitis. Vet Surg 2016; 45:868-878. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Brokken
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Robert K. Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Gregory D. Roberts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Shannon P. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Patrick R. Gavin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Sarah N. Sampson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Kelly D. Farnsworth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Linda A. Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia
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Gerlach K, Mader D, Delling U, Theuß T, Müller K, Offhaus J, Berner D. [Low-field magnetic resonance imaging of penetrating hoof injuries in 10 horses]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2016; 44:231-41. [PMID: 27174819 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-150441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to verify the diagnostic validity of low-field magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI) findings in septic diseases of the foot region following penetrating sole injuries caused by nails. MATERIALS AND METHODS MRI examinations were performed in 10 horses with injuries in the foot region. The diagnostic findings were validated by conventional methods (clinical, surgical, radiological, sonographic, and computed tomographic findings and/or post-mortem histological examination). RESULTS Navicular bone involvement was revealed most accurately, with a high degree of predictability, and was best detected by fat-suppressed T2 or short-TI inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. MRI examinations of defects in the deep digital flexor tendon showed a high level of sensitivity, but these findings were less specific than changes to the navicular bone. They could be best reproduced in transverse T2-weighted fast spin echo sequences (T2w FSE). The penetration tract was recognisable in all cases and in all planes, and the T2w FSE proved to be very suitable for diagnosis. Septic bursitis was revealed least accurately by MRI. Bursal disease was best recognised in the sagittal plane. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE MRI is a reliable method for confirming the diagnosis of diseases in the foot region after injuries caused by foreign bodies, particularly nails. A transverse T2w FSE is best suited for demonstrating a penetration tract and tendon damage. Visualisation of the penetration tract and secondary reactions of the navicular bone are crucial for diagnosing bursitis. Fat-suppressed sequences can clearly show bone involvement when the penetration tract has not reached the bone. The cases described illustrate that MRI is an appropriate method for evaluating puncture wounds in the foot region. Only MRI allows for intravital assessment of various structures within the hoof capsule. This information is essential for deciding upon targeted therapy while avoiding unnecessary therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Gerlach
- PD Dr. Kerstin Gerlach, Chirurgische Tierklinik der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103 Leipzig, E-Mail:
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Smith AD, Morton AJ, Winter MD, Colahan PT, Ghivizzani S, Brown MP, Hernandez JA, Nickerson DM. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SCORING OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF POST-TRAUMATIC OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE EQUINE CARPUS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:502-14. [PMID: 27198611 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive imaging modality to detect the early changes of osteoarthritis. Currently, there is no quantifiable method to tract these pathological changes over time in the horse. The objective of this experimental study was to characterize the progression of MRI changes in an equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis using a semiquantitative scoring system for whole-organ evaluation of the middle carpal joint. On day 0, an osteochondral fragment was created in one middle carpal joint (OCI) and the contralateral joint (CON) was sham-operated in 10 horses. On day 14, study horses resumed exercise on a high-speed treadmill until the completion of the study (day 98). High-field MRI examinations were performed on days 0 (preosteochondral fragmentation), 14, and 98 and scored by three blinded observers using consensus agreement. Images were scored based on 15 independent articular features, and scores were compared between and within-groups. On days 14 and 98, OCI joints had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher whole-organ median scores (29.0 and 31.5, respectively), compared to CON joints (21.5 and 20.0, respectively). On day 14, OCI joints showed significant increases in high-signal bone lesion scores, and osteochondral fragment number and size. On day 98, high-signal bone lesion, low-signal bone lesion, osteophyte formation, cartilage signal abnormality, subchondral bone irregularity, joint effusion, and synovial thickening scores were significantly increased in OCI joints. Study results suggest that the MRI whole-organ scoring system reported here may be used to identify onset and progression of pathological changes following osteochondral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Smith
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Alison J Morton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608.
| | - Matthew D Winter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Patrick T Colahan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Steve Ghivizzani
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Univeristy of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Murray P Brown
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Jorge A Hernandez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - David M Nickerson
- Department of Statistics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
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Barrett MF, Frisbie DD, King MR, Werpy NM, Kawcak CE. A review of how magnetic resonance imaging can aid in case management of common pathological conditions of the equine foot. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - D. D. Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - M. R. King
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - N. M. Werpy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
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Development and Evaluation of Ultrasound-Guided Navicular Bursa Injection Using the Palmarodistal Digital Approach in Horses: an Ex Vivo Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Porter EG, Brokken MT, Holmes SP. Diagnosis and treatment of carpometacarpal desmopathy in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. G. Porter
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; USA
| | - M. T. Brokken
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; USA
| | - S. P. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; USA
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Sherlock CE, Mair TS, Ireland J, Blunden T. Do low field magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities correlate with macroscopical and histological changes within the equine deep digital flexor tendon? Res Vet Sci 2014; 98:92-7. [PMID: 25555604 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Correlating magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histopathological findings is essential to validate low field MR imaging in lame horses. This study aimed to compare signal changes in the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) of the distal limb on low field MR imaging with macroscopical and histological findings. Cadaver limbs from lame horses with DDFT lesions were selected. The DDFT MR imaging findings and histopathological results were graded, and macroscopical abnormalities were recorded. There was a strong correlation between MR imaging and histopathology grades (rs = 0.76, p < 0.001) in the foot. There was moderate agreement (Kappa statistic 0.52) between the MR and histopathology grades; agreement was superior further proximal in the foot. The presence and severity of pathology in the DDFT are well represented by the presence and severity of MR imaging signal changes. The study supports the use of low field MR imaging for diagnosis of equine distal limb DDFT lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Sherlock
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Kent ME18 5GS, UK.
| | - T S Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Mereworth, Kent ME18 5GS, UK
| | - J Ireland
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - T Blunden
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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Boyde A, Davis GR, Mills D, Zikmund T, Cox TM, Adams VL, Niker A, Wilson PJ, Dillon JP, Ranganath LR, Jeffery N, Jarvis JC, Gallagher JA. On fragmenting, densely mineralised acellular protrusions into articular cartilage and their possible role in osteoarthritis. J Anat 2014; 225:436-46. [PMID: 25132002 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High density mineralised protrusions (HDMP) from the tidemark mineralising front into hyaline articular cartilage (HAC) were first described in Thoroughbred racehorse fetlock joints and later in Icelandic horse hock joints. We now report them in human material. Whole femoral heads removed at operation for joint replacement or from dissection room cadavers were imaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dual echo steady state at 0.23 mm resolution, then 26-μm resolution high contrast X-ray microtomography, sectioned and embedded in polymethylmethacrylate, blocks cut and polished and re-imaged with 6-μm resolution X-ray microtomography. Tissue mineralisation density was imaged using backscattered electron SEM (BSE SEM) at 20 kV with uncoated samples. HAC histology was studied by BSE SEM after staining block faces with ammonium triiodide solution. HDMP arise via the extrusion of an unknown mineralisable matrix into clefts in HAC, a process of acellular dystrophic calcification. Their formation may be an extension of a crack self-healing mechanism found in bone and articular calcified cartilage. Mineral concentration exceeds that of articular calcified cartilage and is not uniform. It is probable that they have not been reported previously because they are removed by decalcification with standard protocols. Mineral phase morphology frequently shows the agglomeration of many fine particles into larger concretions. HDMP are surrounded by HAC, are brittle, and show fault lines within them. Dense fragments found within damaged HAC could make a significant contribution to joint destruction. At least larger HDMP can be detected with the best MRI imaging ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boyde
- Biophysics, Oral Growth and Development, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK
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Claerhoudt S, Bergman EHJ, Saunders JH. Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Equine Foot. Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:395-402. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Claerhoudt
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | | | - J. H. Saunders
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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van Hamel SE, Bergman HJ, Puchalski SM, de Groot MW, van Weeren PR. Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic evaluation of the deep digital flexor tendon in the equine foot compared to macroscopic and histological findings in 23 limbs. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:300-5. [PMID: 23808755 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY Distal deep digital flexor tendinopathy is an important cause of foot lameness in horses that is difficult to diagnose with radiography and ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging is a well-accepted and validated technique for the identification of deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) lesions, but has some practical and financial drawbacks. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) has been proposed as a suitable alternative, but validation studies are currently lacking. OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of CECT for the identification and characterisation of deep digital flexor tendinopathy. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive study of CT, macroscopic and histological findings of the DDFT. METHODS Plain and CECT scans were acquired of 23 limbs of 16 horses with clinical lameness localised to the foot. All horses had lesions of the DDFT that were identified and characterised with CT and CECT with respect to their anatomic location and extent. All horses underwent post mortem examination and gross abnormalities were described. Samples of the DDFT were taken at specific sites (lesion and nonlesion) for histological evaluation. Macroscopic and histological outcomes were compared with CECT findings. RESULTS Of 67 sites in 23 DDFTs that were evaluated, 42 sites in 18 tendons had lesions on CECT images. These 42 sites also had lesions on macroscopic evaluation. There were 3 false negative and 3 false positive results identified on CECT. The sensitivity of CECT for diagnosing lesions of the DDFT in the equine foot was 93%. CONCLUSION CECT is an effective adjunct to the more commonly used diagnostic techniques in equine foot pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E van Hamel
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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42
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Gutierrez-Nibeyro S, Werpy N, White Ii N. Standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging in horses with chronic foot pain. Aust Vet J 2013; 90:75-83. [PMID: 22339118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conventional imaging modalities can diagnose the source of foot pain in most cases, but have limitations in some horses, which can be overcome by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, there are no reports of the MRI appearance and prevalence of foot lesions of a large series of horses with chronic foot lameness. METHODS In the present study, 79 horses with unilateral or bilateral forelimb lameness because of chronic foot pain underwent standing low-field MRI to make a definitive diagnosis. RESULTS Of the 79 horses, 74 (94%) had alterations in >1 structure in the lame or lamest foot. Navicular bone lesions occurred most frequently (78%) followed by navicular bursitis (57%), deep digital flexor tendonopathies (54%) and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint (39%). Effusion of the distal interphalangeal joint was also a frequent finding (53%). CONCLUSION Low-field MRI in a standing patient can detect many lesions of the equine foot associated with chronic lameness without the need for general anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sd Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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Olive J, Vila T, Serraud N. Comparison of inversion recovery gradient echo with inversion recovery fast spin echo techniques for magnetic resonance imaging detection of navicular bone marrow lesions in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:232-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Development of an Increased Signal Intensity in Fat-Suppressed Images into a Navicular Cyst of an 11-Year-Old Warmblood Horse Evidenced by Six Follow-Up Standing Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Examinations Over 2 Years. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Gaschen L, Burba DJ. Musculoskeletal Injury in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Werpy NM. Recheck Magnetic Resonance Imaging Examinations for Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Injury. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Young AC, Dimock AN, Puchalski SM, Murphy B, Spriet M. Magnetic resonance and radiographic diagnosis of osseous resorption of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx in the horse. Equine Vet J 2012:3-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Young
- Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - A. N. Dimock
- Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - S. M. Puchalski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - B. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - M. Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California; Davis California USA
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Black B, Cribb NC, Nykamp SG, Thomason JJ, Trout DR. The effects of perineural and intrasynovial anaesthesia of the equine foot on subsequent magnetic resonance images. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:320-5. [PMID: 23009340 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Artefacts caused by regional anaesthesia can influence image interpretation of ultrasonography and nuclear scintigraphy. Perineural and intrasynovial anaesthesia are commonly performed prior to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and the effects on MR images, if any, are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine if perineural and intrasynovial anaesthesia of structures in the equine foot cause iatrogenic changes detectable with MRI. METHODS A baseline MRI examination of both front feet was performed on 15 horses, 2-6 days prior to mepivacaine injection adjacent to the lateral and medial palmar digital nerves, and into the podotrochlear bursa, digital flexor tendon sheath and distal interphalangeal joint of one randomly assigned forelimb. Magnetic resonance imaging was repeated at 24 and 72 h post injection; then qualitative and quantitative assessments of MRI findings were performed. RESULTS Magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with the palmar digital nerves, podotrochlear bursa and distal interphalangeal joint at 24 and 72 h after mepivacaine injection did not alter significantly from those at baseline. Compared with baseline, a significant increase in synovial fluid volume of the digital flexor tendon sheath was detected with MRI at 24 and 72 h post injection. CONCLUSIONS Perineural anaesthesia of the palmar digital nerves and intrasynovial anaesthesia of the podotrochlear or distal interphalangeal joint did not interfere with the interpretation of MR images acquired at 24 or 72 h after injection. However, intrasynovial anaesthesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath caused an iatrogenic increase in synovial fluid, detectable on MR images for at least 72 h. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Although a definite time frame for resolution of digital flexor tendon sheath distension was not determined, we recommend waiting more than 3 days between intrasynovial anaesthesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath and evaluation with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Black
- Departments of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Morphology of distal border synovial invaginations of the equine distal sesamoid bone: comparison between computed tomography and a hoof-specific radiographic projection. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25:453-9. [PMID: 22836218 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-11-10-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the difference and agreement of the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations on a dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (DPr-PaDiO) projection with hoof-specific angle versus computed tomography. METHODS Computed tomography (CT) images and a DPr-PaDiO radiographic projection with hoof-specific angle were obtained on 50 cadaveric forefeet from 25 Warmblood horses. Computed tomography was assumed to be the gold standard. The number, shape and depth of penetration of distal border synovial invaginations into the distal sesamoid bone were evaluated with both methods, and the comparison of their measurements was statistically described. RESULTS Significantly more invaginations were seen on CT compared to radiography, with an observed average difference of 1.2. In none of the cases did radiography have a higher number than that observed with CT. No statistically significant difference for depth between CT and the DPr-PaDiO projection was seen, however, there was quite a large variation of the actual difference of measurements against their mean found. Radiography was underestimated when high mean values applied. The agreement between both modalities for shape was moderate to good. A very high specificity of the specific DPr-PaDiO projection for shape was found (97%). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The radiographic projection with hoof-specific angle differs significantly from CT concerning the number and depth of the distal border synovial invaginations. Therefore, this specific view may not be considered useful in the evaluation of these invaginations.
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