1
|
Devriendt N, Or M, Peremans K, Serrano G, de Rooster H. Regional cerebral blood flow in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts before surgery and six months after successful closure. Res Vet Sci 2023; 165:105070. [PMID: 37925817 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies both in humans and dogs with chronic liver diseases have shown that regional cerebral brain flow (rCBF) is altered. The current study aimed to assess abnormalities in rCBF in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (cEHPSS), both at diagnosis and after successful surgical attenuation. Furthermore, the influence of age at diagnosis, severity of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and type of cEHPSS on rCBF were explored as a base for future research. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 99mtechnetium-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime tracer was performed before surgical attenuation and six months postoperatively. Twenty-four dogs with cEHPSS had SPECT at time of diagnosis and 13 dogs with a confirmed closed cEHPSS had a second SPECT six months postoperatively. At diagnosis, dogs with cEHPSS had an altered rCBF distribution compared to healthy dogs. This altered rCBF distribution seemed to be most apparent in dogs ≥ one year and in dogs with overt HE at diagnosis. Six months postoperatively, only the rCBF distribution in the subcortical region decreased compared to pre-operatively. In conclusion, all dogs with cEHPSS had altered rCBF which did not seem to normalize completely six months after successful surgical attenuation. Dogs diagnosed at an older age seemed to have more distinct abnormalities in rCBF compared to younger dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nausikaa Devriendt
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Matan Or
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Revalidation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gonçalo Serrano
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huaijantug S, Theeraphun W, Suwanna N, Thongpraparn T, Chanachai R, Aumarm W. Localization of cerebral hypoperfusion in dogs with refractory and non-refractory epilepsy using [99mTc] ethyl cysteinate dimer and single photon emission computed tomography. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:553-558. [PMID: 32188799 PMCID: PMC7273607 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the localization of functional deficit area in epileptogenic zones of the brain in seven refractory and seven non-refractory epilepsy dogs using technetium 99m labeled with
ethyl cysteinate dimer and interictal single photon emission computed tomography [99mTc-ECD SPECT] co-registration with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Regions showing perfusion
deficits in the SPECT images were analyzed by using the standard semiquantitative evaluation method to compare the level of cortical perfusion to the maximum number of counts within the
cerebellum (max C), considered the area of reference. This study showed that SPECT imaging revealed abnormalities in several regions of the brain in both epilepsy groups. The refractory
epilepsy dogs showed more frequency area of hypoperfusion in temporal lobe than non-refractory group with not statistically significance (P=0.28). The result suggests the
lesion in temporal might be relevance with refractory epilepsy in canine patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somkiat Huaijantug
- Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Wuttiwong Theeraphun
- Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nirut Suwanna
- Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Thanapong Thongpraparn
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Rujaporn Chanachai
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Aumarm
- Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hartmann A, von Klopmann C, Lautenschläger IE, Scholz VB, Schmidt MJ. Quantitative analysis of brain perfusion parameters in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy by use of magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:433-442. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.4.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Dockx R, Baeken C, Duprat R, De Vos F, Saunders JH, Polis I, Audenaert K, Peremans K. Changes in canine cerebral perfusion after accelerated high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS): A proof of concept study. Vet J 2018; 234:66-71. [PMID: 29680396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed as a treatment for several neuropsychiatric disorders in human beings, but the neurobiological effects of rTMS in dogs have not been investigated to date. A proof of concept study was designed to evaluate the effect of rTMS on cerebral perfusion, measured with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), in dogs. An accelerated high frequency (aHF)-rTMS (20Hz) protocol was applied to the canine left frontal cortex. To accurately target this area, eight dogs underwent a 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan before stimulation. The left frontal cortex was subjected to five consecutive aHF-rTMS sessions with a figure-of-eight coil designed for human beings at an intensity of 110% of the motor threshold. The dogs underwent 99mTc-d,1 hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) SPECT scans 1 week prior to and 1day after the stimulations. Perfusion indices (PIs) were determined semi-quantitatively; aHF-rTMS resulted in significantly increased PIs in the left frontal cortex and the subcortical region, whereas no significant differences were noted for the other regions. Behaviour was not influenced by the stimulation sessions. As has been observed in human beings, aHF-rTMS applied to the left frontal cortex alters regional cerebral perfusion in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Dockx
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - C Baeken
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Duprat
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - F De Vos
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J H Saunders
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I Polis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Audenaert
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Peremans
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bankstahl M, Bankstahl JP. Recent Advances in Radiotracer Imaging Hold Potential for Future Refined Evaluation of Epilepsy in Veterinary Neurology. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:218. [PMID: 29326952 PMCID: PMC5733338 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive nuclear imaging by positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography has significantly contributed to epileptic focus localization in human neurology for several decades now. Offering functional insight into brain alterations, it is also of particular relevance for epilepsy research. Access to these techniques for veterinary medicine is becoming more and more relevant and has already resulted in first studies in canine patients. In view of the substantial proportion of drug-refractory epileptic dogs and cats, image-guided epileptic focus localization will be a prerequisite for selection of patients for surgical focus resection. Moreover, radiotracer imaging holds potential for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of underlying epilepsy syndromes as well as to forecast disease risk after epileptogenic brain insults. Importantly, recent advances in epilepsy research demonstrate the suitability and value of several novel radiotracers for non-invasive assessment of neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier alterations, and neurotransmitter systems. It is desirable that veterinary epilepsy patients will also benefit from these promising developments in the medium term. This paper reviews the current use of radiotracer imaging in the veterinary epilepsy patient and suggests possible future directions for the technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens P Bankstahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Diagnostic techniques to detect the epileptogenic zone: Pathophysiological and presurgical analysis of epilepsy in dogs and cats. Vet J 2016; 215:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
8
|
Sustained Reduction of Cerebellar Activity in Experimental Epilepsy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:718591. [PMID: 26417599 PMCID: PMC4568351 DOI: 10.1155/2015/718591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence suggests a role for the cerebellum in seizure control, while no data are available on cerebellar activity between seizures. We hypothesized that interictal regional activity of the deep cerebellar nuclei is reduced in epilepsy and tested this in an animal model by using ΔFosB and cytochrome oxidase (COX) (immuno)histochemistry. The expression of these two markers of neuronal activity was analysed in the dentate nucleus (DN), interpositus nucleus (IN), and fastigial nucleus (FN) of the cerebellum of fully amygdala kindled rats that were sacrificed 48 hours after their last seizure. The DN and FN of kindled rats exhibited 25 to 29% less ΔFosB immunopositive cells than their respective counterpart in sham controls (P < 0.05). COX expression in the DN and FN of kindled animals was reduced by 32 to 33% compared to respective control values (P < 0.05). These results indicate that an epileptogenic state is characterized by decreased activity of deep cerebellar nuclei, especially the DN and FN. Possible consequences may include a decreased activation of the thalamus, contributing to further seizure spread. Restoration of FN activity by low frequency electrical stimulation is suggested as a possible treatment option in chronic epilepsy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rusbridge C, Long S, Jovanovik J, Milne M, Berendt M, Bhatti SFM, De Risio L, Farqhuar RG, Fischer A, Matiasek K, Muñana K, Patterson EE, Pakozdy A, Penderis J, Platt S, Podell M, Potschka H, Stein VM, Tipold A, Volk HA. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force recommendations for a veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:194. [PMID: 26319136 PMCID: PMC4594743 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases in veterinary practice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is regarded as an important diagnostic test to reach the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. However, given that the diagnosis requires the exclusion of other differentials for seizures, the parameters for MRI examination should allow the detection of subtle lesions which may not be obvious with existing techniques. In addition, there are several differentials for idiopathic epilepsy in humans, for example some focal cortical dysplasias, which may only apparent with special sequences, imaging planes and/or particular techniques used in performing the MRI scan. As a result, there is a need to standardize MRI examination in veterinary patients with techniques that reliably diagnose subtle lesions, identify post-seizure changes, and which will allow for future identification of underlying causes of seizures not yet apparent in the veterinary literature. There is a need for a standardized veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol which will facilitate more detailed examination of areas susceptible to generating and perpetuating seizures, is cost efficient, simple to perform and can be adapted for both low and high field scanners. Standardisation of imaging will improve clinical communication and uniformity of case definition between research studies. A 6–7 sequence epilepsy-specific MRI protocol for veterinary patients is proposed and further advanced MR and functional imaging is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, Surrey, UK.
| | - Sam Long
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jelena Jovanovik
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK.
| | - Marjorie Milne
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, Suffolk, UK.
| | - Robyn G Farqhuar
- Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, SG9 0TH, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Karen Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Edward E Patterson
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jacques Penderis
- Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling, FK7 7LE, Stirlingshire, UK.
| | - Simon Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Podell
- Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60618, USA.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Veterinarians have gained increasing access to positron emission tomography (PET and PET/CT) imaging facilities, allowing them to use this powerful molecular imaging technique for clinical and research applications. SPECT is currently being used more in Europe than in the United States and has been shown to be useful in veterinary oncology and in the evaluation of orthopedic diseases. SPECT brain perfusion and receptor imaging is used to investigate behavioral disorders in animals that have interesting similarities to human psychiatric disorders. This article provides an overview of the potential applications of PET and SPECT. The use of commercially available and investigational PET radiopharmaceuticals in the management of veterinary disease has been discussed. To date, most of the work in this field has utilized the commercially available PET tracer, (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose for oncologic imaging. Normal biodistribution studies in several companion animal species (cats, dogs, and birds) have been published to assist in lesion detection and interpretation for veterinary radiologists and clinicians. Studies evaluating other (18)F-labeled tracers for research applications are underway at several institutions and companion animal models of human diseases are being increasingly recognized for their value in biomarker and therapy development. Although PET and SPECT technologies are in their infancy for clinical veterinary medicine, increasing access to and interest in these applications and other molecular imaging techniques has led to a greater knowledge and collective body of expertise for veterinarians worldwide. Initiation and fostering of physician-veterinarian collaborations are key components to the forward movement of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Knoxville, TN.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martlé V, Peremans K, Raedt R, Vermeire S, Vonck K, Boon P, Van Ham L, Tshamala M, Caemaert J, Dobbeleir A, Duchateau L, Waelbers T, Gielen I, Bhatti S. Regional brain perfusion changes during standard and microburst vagus nerve stimulation in dogs. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108:616-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Viitmaa R, Haaparanta-Solin M, Snellman M, Cizinauskas S, Orro T, Kuusela E, Johansson J, Viljanen T, Jokinen TS, Bergamasco L, Metsähonkala L. CEREBRAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION MEASURED WITH HIGH RESOLUTION POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IN EPILEPTIC FINNISH SPITZ DOGS AND HEALTHY DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:453-61. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ranno Viitmaa
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | | | - Marjatta Snellman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Toomas Orro
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | - Erja Kuusela
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | - Tarja S. Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Luciana Bergamasco
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Liisa Metsähonkala
- The Epilepsy Unit; Hospital for Children and Adolescents; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jokinen TS, Haaparanta-Solin M, Viitmaa R, Grönroos TJ, Johansson J, Bergamasco L, Snellman M, Metsähonkala L. FDG-PET in healthy and epileptic Lagotto Romagnolo dogs and changes in brain glucose uptake with age. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 55:331-41. [PMID: 24354474 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regional cerebral metabolism and blood flow can be measured noninvasively with positron emission tomography (PET). 2-[(18) F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) widely serves as a PET tracer in human patients with epilepsy to identify the seizure focus. The goal of this prospective study was to determine whether juvenile or adult dogs with focal-onset epilepsy exhibit abnormal cerebral glucose uptake interictally and whether glucose uptake changes with age. We used FDG-PET to examine six Lagotto Romagnolo dogs with juvenile epilepsy, two dogs with adult-onset epilepsy, and five control dogs of the same breed at different ages. Three researchers unaware of dog clinical status visually analyzed co-registered PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. Results of the visual PET analyses were compared with electroencephalography (EEG) results. In semiquantitative analysis, relative standard uptake values (SUV) of regions of interest (ROI) drawn to different brain regions were compared between epileptic and control dogs. Visual analysis revealed areas of hypometabolism interictally in five out of six dogs with juvenile epilepsy in the occipital, temporal, and parietal cortex. Changes in EEG occurred in three of these dogs in the same areas where PET showed cortical hypometabolism. Visual analysis showed no abnormalities in cerebral glucose uptake in dogs with adult-onset epilepsy. Semiquantitative analysis detected no differences between epileptic and control dogs. This result emphasizes the importance of visual analysis in FDG-PET studies of epileptic dogs. A change in glucose uptake was also detected with age. Glucose uptake values increased between dog ages of 8 and 28 weeks and then remained constant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarja S Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
The influence of the tracer injection–acquisition interval on the distribution of 99mTc-ECD in the brain of laboratory cats. J Vet Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
15
|
Martlé V, Van Ham L, Raedt R, Vonck K, Boon P, Bhatti S. Non-pharmacological treatment options for refractory epilepsy: an overview of human treatment modalities and their potential utility in dogs. Vet J 2013; 199:332-9. [PMID: 24309438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Refractory epilepsy is a common disorder both in humans and dogs and treatment protocols are difficult to optimise. In humans, different non-pharmacological treatment modalities currently available include surgery, the ketogenic diet and neurostimulation. Surgery leads to freedom from seizures in 50-75% of patients, but requires strict patient selection. The ketogenic diet is indicated in severe childhood epilepsies, but efficacy is limited and long-term compliance can be problematic. In the past decade, various types of neurostimulation have emerged as promising treatment modalities for humans with refractory epilepsy. Currently, none of these treatment options are used in routine daily clinical practice to treat dogs with the condition. Since many dogs with poorly controlled seizures do not survive, the search for alternative treatment options for canine refractory epilepsy should be prioritised. This review provides an overview of non-pharmacological treatment options for human refractory epilepsy. The current knowledge and limitations of these treatments in canine refractory epilepsy is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Martlé
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luc Van Ham
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martlé V, Peremans K, Van Ham L, Vermeire S, Waelbers T, Dobbeleir A, Gielen I, Boon P, Claes K, Bhatti S. High-resolution micro-SPECT to evaluate the regional brain perfusion in the adult Beagle dog. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:701-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Adriaens A, Polis I, Waelbers T, Vandermeulen E, Dobbeleir A, De Spiegeleer B, Peremans K. NORMAL REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN DOGS: COMPARISON BETWEEN 99m
Tc-ETHYLCYSTEINATE DIMER AND 99m
Tc- HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:403-407. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antita Adriaens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Tim Waelbers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - André Dobbeleir
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality & Registration (DruQuaR) group; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Waelbers T, Peremans K, Vermeire S, Dobbeleir A, Boer VO, de Leeuw H, Vente MAD, Piron K, Hesta M, Polis I. Regional brain perfusion in 12 cats measured with technetium-99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer pinhole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:105-10. [PMID: 23064995 PMCID: PMC10816665 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12461642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With the use of perfusion tracers, in vivo examination of the regional cerebral blood flow in cats can be performed with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Reliable perfusion data of normal, healthy cats are necessary for future clinical studies or other research use. Therefore, this dataset of the regional perfusion pattern of the normal feline brain was created. Twelve cats were used in this study. Technetium-99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer ((99m)Tc-ECD) was injected intravenously and the acquisition, using a triple head gamma camera equipped with three multi-pinhole collimators (pinhole SPECT), was started 40 mins after tracer administration under general anaesthesia. Nineteen regions of interest were defined using 7T magnetic resonance images of the feline brain and a topographical atlas. Regional counts were normalised to the counts of two reference regions: the total brain and the cerebellum. The highest tracer uptake was noticed in the subcortical structures, and the lowest in the frontal cortex and the cerebellum. Also left-right asymmetry in the temporal cortex and a rostrocaudal gradient of 5% were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Waelbers
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Simon Vermeire
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - André Dobbeleir
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - VO Boer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik de Leeuw
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten AD Vente
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Piron
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vanhaesebrouck AE, Posch B, Baker S, Plessas IN, Palmer AC, Constantino-Casas F. Temporal lobe epilepsy in a cat with a pyriform lobe oligodendroglioma and hippocampal necrosis. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:932-7. [PMID: 22791561 PMCID: PMC11108005 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12454419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
A 14-year-old male domestic shorthair cat presented with an acute onset of aggressive behaviour, fear and hypersalivation. Neurological examination revealed bilateral mydriasis and left-sided facial twitching and hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed moderate bilateral symmetrical T2-hyperintensity along the entire hippocampus and bilateral asymmetric T2-hyperintensity in the pyriform lobes. Marked bilateral contrast enhancement of the hippocampus was evident on post-contrast T1-weighted images. The partial complex seizures were refractory to medical treatment and the cat was euthanased 4 days after admission. The clinical and MRI findings were consistent with feline hippocampal necrosis (FHN). On histopathology, neuronal necrosis and astrocytosis were present in the hippocampi and pyriform lobes. In addition, an oligodendroglioma was detected in the right pyriform lobe. Contrary to previous reports of FHN in which no underlying cause could be identified, we believe that in this case the seizure focus arose from a neoplastic lesion within the right pyriform lobe. This unique case report represents the so-called 'dual pathology' of temporal lobe epilepsy in humans, in which an extrahippocampal lesion within the temporal lobe results in hippocampal sclerosis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Waelbers T, Peremans K, Vermeire S, Piron K, Polis I. Regional distribution of technetium-99m-ECD in the canine brain: Optimal injection–acquisition interval in adult beagles. J Vet Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Waelbers T, Peremans K, Vermeire S, Piron K, Doom M, Boer V, de Leeuw H, Vente M, Dobbeleir A, Gielen I, Audenaert K, Polis I. Effects of medetomidine and ketamine on the regional cerebral blood flow in cats: A SPECT study. Vet J 2012; 192:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|