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Panch SR, Guo L, Vassallo R. Platelet transfusion refractoriness due to HLA alloimmunization: Evolving paradigms in mechanisms and management. Blood Rev 2023; 62:101135. [PMID: 37805287 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelet transfusion refractoriness due to HLA alloimmunization presents a significant medical problem, particularly among multiply transfused patients with hematologic malignancies and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. HLA compatible platelet transfusions also impose significant financial burden on these patients. Recently, several novel mechanisms have been described in the development of HLA alloimmunization and platelet transfusion refractoriness. We review the history of platelet transfusions and mechanisms of HLA-sensitization and transfusion refractoriness. We also summarize advances in the diagnosis and treatment of platelet transfusion refractoriness due to HLA alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya R Panch
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, United States of America; BloodWorks NorthWest, United States of America.
| | - Li Guo
- BloodWorks NorthWest, United States of America; Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States of America
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Vollmers S, Lobermeyer A, Körner C. The New Kid on the Block: HLA-C, a Key Regulator of Natural Killer Cells in Viral Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113108. [PMID: 34831331 PMCID: PMC8620871 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is a cluster of highly polymorphic genes essential for the proper function of the immune system, and it has been associated with a wide range of diseases. HLA class I molecules present intracellular host- and pathogen-derived peptides to effector cells of the immune system, inducing immune tolerance in healthy conditions or triggering effective immune responses in pathological situations. HLA-C is the most recently evolved HLA class I molecule, only present in humans and great apes. Differentiating from its older siblings, HLA-A and HLA-B, HLA-C exhibits distinctive features in its expression and interaction partners. HLA-C serves as a natural ligand for multiple members of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family, which are predominately expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are crucial for the early control of viral infections and accumulating evidence indicates that interactions between HLA-C and its respective KIR receptors determine the outcome and progression of viral infections. In this review, we focus on the unique role of HLA-C in regulating NK cell functions and its consequences in the setting of viral infections.
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Tomita T. Apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells in Type 1 diabetes. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:183-193. [PMID: 28368239 PMCID: PMC5581966 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells after an asymptomatic period over years. Insulitis activates antigen presenting cells, which trigger activating CD4+ helper-T cells, releasing chemokines/cytokines. Cytokines activate CD8+ cytotoxic-T cells, which lead to β-cell destruction. Apoptosis pathway consists of extrinsic (receptor-mediated) and intrinsic (mitochondria-driven) pathway. Extrinsic pathway includes Fas pathway to CD4+-CD8+ interaction, whereas intrinsic pathway includes mitochondria-driven pathway at a balance between anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and Bcl-xL and pro-apoptotic Bad, Bid, and Bik proteins. Activated cleaved caspse-3 is the converging point between extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. Apoptosis takes place only when pro-apoptotic proteins exceed anti-apoptotic proteins. Since the concordance rate of T1DM in identical twins is about 50%, environmental factors are involved in the development of T1DM, opening a door to find means to detect and prevent further development of autoimmune β-cell destruction for a therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Tomita
- Departments of Integrative Bioscience and Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Zhang X, Shang W, Yuan J, Hu Z, Peng H, Zhu J, Hu Q, Yang Y, Liu H, Jiang B, Wang Y, Li S, Hu X, Rao X. Positive Feedback Cycle of TNFα Promotes Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Induced THP-1 Cell Apoptosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:109. [PMID: 27709104 PMCID: PMC5030291 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) has been demonstrated to be of importance in Staphylococcus aureus related diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Dysregulated apoptosis in AD is remarkable, and SEB can induce apoptosis of various cell types. However, the mechanisms by which SEB induces apoptosis and influences disease processes remain unclear. In this study, the recombinant SEB-induced THP-1 monocyte apoptosis was demonstrated in the absence of preliminary cell activation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. SEB could up-regulate the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in THP-1 cells and induce apoptosis via an extrinsic pathway. TNFα could in turn increase the expression of HLA-DRa, the SEB receptor on the cell surface. As a result, a positive feedback cycle of TNFα was established. TNFα expression and SEB-induced apoptosis were decreased by knocking down the expression of either HLA-DRa or TNFR1. Therefore, the feedback cycle of TNFα is crucial for SEB functions. This work provides insights into the mechanisms of SEB-induced monocyte apoptosis and emphasizes the major role of TNFα in future related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Weilong Shang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Jizhen Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Huagang Peng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Junmin Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Qiwen Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
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Liu J, Ye Z, Mayer JG, Hoch BA, Green C, Rolak L, Cold C, Khor SS, Zheng X, Miyagawa T, Tokunaga K, Brilliant MH, Hebbring SJ. Phenome-wide association study maps new diseases to the human major histocompatibility complex region. J Med Genet 2016; 53:681-9. [PMID: 27287392 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 160 disease phenotypes have been mapped to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6 by genome-wide association study (GWAS), suggesting that the MHC region as a whole may be involved in the aetiology of many phenotypes, including unstudied diseases. The phenome-wide association study (PheWAS), a powerful and complementary approach to GWAS, has demonstrated its ability to discover and rediscover genetic associations. The objective of this study is to comprehensively investigate the MHC region by PheWAS to identify new phenotypes mapped to this genetically important region. METHODS In the current study, we systematically explored the MHC region using PheWAS to associate 2692 MHC-linked variants (minor allele frequency ≥0.01) with 6221 phenotypes in a cohort of 7481 subjects from the Marshfield Clinic Personalized Medicine Research Project. RESULTS Findings showed that expected associations previously identified by GWAS could be identified by PheWAS (eg, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, type I diabetes and coeliac disease) with some having strong cross-phenotype associations potentially driven by pleiotropic effects. Importantly, novel associations with eight diseases not previously assessed by GWAS (eg, lichen planus) were also identified and replicated in an independent population. Many of these associated diseases appear to be immune-related disorders. Further assessment of these diseases in 16 484 Marshfield Clinic twins suggests that some of these diseases, including lichen planus, may have genetic aetiologies. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the PheWAS approach is a powerful and novel method to discover SNP-disease associations, and is ideal when characterising cross-phenotype associations, and further emphasise the importance of the MHC region in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixia Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zhan Ye
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John G Mayer
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian A Hoch
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Clayton Green
- Department of Dermatology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Loren Rolak
- Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher Cold
- Department of Pathology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seik-Soon Khor
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiuwen Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Taku Miyagawa
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Sleep Disorders Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Murray H Brilliant
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott J Hebbring
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
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Ramire LD, Marcos EVC, Godoy DAS, de Souza-Santana FC. Association of class I and II HLA alleles and haplotypes with susceptibility to vitiligo: a study of patients with vitiligo from southeast Brazil. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:e347-55. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro D. Ramire
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics; Lauro de Souza Lima Institute; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Elaine V. C. Marcos
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics; Lauro de Souza Lima Institute; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Deise A. S. Godoy
- Department of Dermatology; Lauro de Souza Lima Institute; Bauru São Paulo Brazil
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Shukla R, Patel T, Gupte S. Release of cytokines in stored whole blood and red cell concentrate: Effect of leukoreduction. Asian J Transfus Sci 2015; 9:145-9. [PMID: 26420933 PMCID: PMC4562134 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.162708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Storage time of blood components plays a major role in the accumulation of cytokines causing adverse transfusion reactions. Aims: The aim was to study the trend in the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and regulated upon activation, normal T-cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) during storage of whole blood (WB) and red cell concentrate (RCC) and to study the effect of leukoreduction (LR). Materials and Methods: WB sample was taken on 0, 7, 14, 21, and between 28 and 35 days and plasma aliquots were frozen. Samples from RCC and buffy-coat depleted RCC prepared using Optipress II were collected on 0, 7, 14, 21 and between 28 and 35 days. Cytokine estimation was done using ELISA development kits. Normal range of cytokines was established using 0 day samples of WB. Statistical analysis was done using nonparametric tests. Results and Conclusion: The normal range of IL-6 was 0-23 pg/ml, IL-8 0-12 pg/ml, TNF-α 0-3 pg/ml, and RANTES 1200-2000 pg/ml. IL-6 was in normal range and showed a decreasing trend during storage. IL-8 levels increased significantly from 0 to 35 days. In RCC, the highest level was 480 pg/ml on 28th day. It was in the normal range in buffy-coat depleted RCC up to 28 days. RANTES level was significantly low in buffy-coat depleted RCC compared to RCC. We conclude that WB has high levels of IL-8 and RANTES. The levels of cytokines are affected by storage period and LR. Comparison of WB and buffy-coat depleted RCC shows significantly low levels of IL-6, IL-8, and RANTES in buffy-coat depleted RCC. This study emphasizes the use of red cell components instead of WB and buffy-coat depleted RCC instead of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Shukla
- Research Department, Surat Raktadan Kendra and Research Centre (NABH Accredited Regional Blood Transfusion Centre), Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Tanvi Patel
- Research Department, Surat Raktadan Kendra and Research Centre (NABH Accredited Regional Blood Transfusion Centre), Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Snehalata Gupte
- Research Department, Surat Raktadan Kendra and Research Centre (NABH Accredited Regional Blood Transfusion Centre), Surat, Gujarat, India
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Monguió-Tortajada M, Lauzurica-Valdemoros R, Borràs FE. Tolerance in organ transplantation: from conventional immunosuppression to extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2014; 5:416. [PMID: 25278936 PMCID: PMC4166341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is often the unique solution for organ failure. However, rejection is still an unsolved problem. Although acute rejection is well controlled, the chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs for allograft acceptance causes numerous side effects in the recipient and do not prevent chronic allograft dysfunction. Different alternative therapies have been proposed to replace the classical treatment for allograft rejection. The alternative therapies are mainly based in pre-infusions of different types of regulatory cells, including DCs, MSCs, and Tregs. Nevertheless, these approaches lack full efficiency and have many problems related to availability and applicability. In this context, the use of extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, may represent a cell-free alternative approach in inducing transplant tolerance and survival. Preliminary approaches in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated the efficient alloantigen presentation and immunomodulation abilities of exosomes, leading to alloantigen-specific tolerance and allograft acceptance in rodent models. Donor exosomes have been used alone, processed by recipient antigen-presenting cells, or administered together with suboptimal doses of immunosuppressive drugs, achieving specific allograft tolerance and infinite transplant survival. In this review, we gathered the latest exosome-based strategies for graft acceptance and discuss the tolerance mechanisms involved in organ tolerance mediated by the administration of exosomes. We will also deal with the feasibility and difficulties that arise from the application of this strategy into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monguió-Tortajada
- Innovation in Vesicles and Cells for Application Therapy Group (IVECAT), Institut d’Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Francesc E. Borràs
- Innovation in Vesicles and Cells for Application Therapy Group (IVECAT), Institut d’Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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Ryberg A, Petersson F, Redeen S, Eriksson O, Borch K. Host Gene Polymorphisms in Relation to Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Associated Diseases in a Population Based Cohort. Gastroenterology Res 2013; 6:207-218. [PMID: 27785255 PMCID: PMC5051128 DOI: 10.4021/gr578w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This prospective population based cohort study explores possible associations between host gene polymorphisms, blood group and life style factors on the one hand, and Helicobacter pylori infection, peptic ulcer, and the grade of inflammation, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, on the other hand. Methods The study population (472 volunteers) has previously undergone screening with gastroduodenoscopy, biopsy and blood sampling. The host gene polymorphisms of IL1B-31C/T, IFNGR1-56T/C, the IL1RN VNTR in exon 2 and the HLA-DRB1 gene alleles were analyzed using PCR and pyrosequencing. Results H. pylori infection was negatively related to HLA DRB1*03 (odds ratio (OR) 95% CI: 0.388 - 0.989) and was more frequent in individuals with blood group O than A (OR 95% CI: 1.121 - 2.677). There was a lower risk of moderate to severe inflammation in the antrum among individuals with IL1B-31 TC compared to CC carriers (OR 95% CI: 0.094 - 0.733). The IL1RN*L2 genotype was associated with higher risk of IM in the antrum than the *LL genotype (OR 95% CI: 1.570 - 15.878). There was a negative relation between the HLA DRB1 alleles *04 (OR 95% CI: 0.234 - 0.831) and *08 (OR 95% CI: 0.013 - 0.915), and IM in the antrum. Conclusion The IL1RN VNTR and the IL1β-31 alleles seem to be associated with intestinal metaplasia of the corpus mucosa and the grade of inflammation of the antrum, respectively. However, no unambiguous correlations could be identified between the host polymorphisms and the occurrence of H. pylori infection, peptic ulcer, and the grade of inflammation, atrophy and IM of the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ryberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre for Diagnostics, County Council of Ostergotland, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Petersson
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System Singapore. Previously Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Redeen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden
| | - Kurt Borch
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden
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He XP, Song FJ, Liu XY, Wang Z, Li XX, Liu FY, Chen G, Jiang WP. The relationship between KRAS gene mutations and HLA class I antigen downregulation in the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:1473-83. [PMID: 23975858 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513489801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) gene mutations and levels of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen in primary lung tumours and metastatic lymph nodes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Patients with NSCLC undergoing tumour resection were enrolled. KRAS codon 12 mutations were analysed in normal lung and lymph node tissue, primary lung tumours and metastatic lymph nodes using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. HLA class I antigen immunostaining was examined using flow cytometry. RESULTS A total of 65 patients participated in the study. All normal lung tissues had positive HLA class I antigen immunostaining. The majority of primary lung tumours (56/65) and all of the metastatic lymph nodes (31/31) had downregulated HLA class I antigen immunostaining. There was a positive correlation between downregulated HLA class I antigen in primary tumours and metastatic lymph nodes. There was a negative correlation between KRAS codon 12 mutations and the level of HLA class I antigen in primary and metastatic tumours. CONCLUSIONS KRAS codon 12 mutations appear to be important in the downregulation of HLA class I antigen in NSCLC. Abnormal activation of the oncogenic KRAS pathway might provide a new treatment target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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11
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Mostafa GA, Shehab AA, Al-Ayadhi LY. The link between some alleles on human leukocyte antigen system and autism in children. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 255:70-4. [PMID: 23110937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The reason behind the initiation of autoimmunity to brain in some patients with autism is not well understood. There is an association between some autoimmune disorders and specific alleles of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. Thus, we examined the frequency of some HLA-DRB1 alleles in 100 autistic children and 100 healthy matched-children by differential hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. The risk of association between acquisition or absence of these alleles and autism and also a history of autoimmune diseases in autistic relatives was studied. Autistic children had significantly higher frequency of HLA-DRB1*11 allele than controls (P<0.001). In contrast, autistic children had significantly lower frequency of HLA-DRB1*03 allele than controls (P<0.001). Acquisition of HLA-DRB1*011 and absence of HLA-DRB1*3 had significant risk for association with autism (odds ratio: 3.21 and 0.17, respectively; 95% CI: 1.65-6.31 and 0.06-0.45, respectively). HLA-DRB1*11 had a significant risk for association with a family history of autoimmunity in autistic children (odds ratio: 5.67; 95% CI: 2.07-16.3). In conclusions, the link of some HLA alleles to autism and to family history of autoimmunity indicates the possible contributing role of these alleles to autoimmunity in some autistic children. Despite a relatively small sample size, we are the first to report a probable protective association of HLA-DRB1*03 allele with autism. It warrants a replication study of a larger sample to validate the HLA-DRB1 genetic association with autism. This is important to determine whether therapeutic modulations of the immune function are legitimate avenues for novel therapy in selected cases of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan A Mostafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Autism Research and Treatment Center, Al-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Nyland SB, Krissinger DJ, Clemente MJ, Irby RB, Baab KT, Jarbadan NR, Sokol L, Schaefer E, Liao J, Cuthbertson D, Epling-Burnette P, Paquette R, List AF, Maciejewski JP, Loughran TP. Seroreactivity to LGL leukemia-specific epitopes in aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: results of a bone marrow failure consortium study. Leuk Res 2012; 36:581-7. [PMID: 22386729 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is characterized by clonal expansion of antigen-activated cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Patients frequently exhibit seroreactivity against a human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) epitope, BA21. Aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and myelodysplastic syndrome are bone marrow failure diseases that can also be associated with similar aberrant CTL activation (LGL-BMF). We identified a BA21 peptide that was specifically reactive with LGL leukemia sera and found significantly elevated antibody reactivity against the same peptide in LGL-BMF sera. This finding of shared seroreactivity in LGL-BMF conditions and LGL leukemia suggests that these diseases might share a common pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bell Nyland
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Giarola LB, Dos Santos RR, Bedendo J, da Silva Júnior WV, Borelli SD. HLA molecules and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dialysis and kidney transplant patients at a hospital in Southern Brazil. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:90. [PMID: 22321387 PMCID: PMC3296643 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthy individuals can host Staphylococcus aureus in the nasopharynx, body surface and vagina. Most invasive infections by this bacterium are endogenous, caused by strains spread from the nasopharynx of carriers. S. aureus is a pathogen involved in the etiology of hospital- and community-acquired infections. Transplant and dialysis patients are at risk of colonization or infection by multi-resistant S. aureus. Infection is directly linked to individual immunity, and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a crucial role in determining susceptibility to diseases. Different MHC specificities have been shown to be more frequent in individuals suffering from certain diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between HLA class I (HLA-A and -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1) molecules and nasal carriage of S. aureus in dialysis and kidney transplant patients at a hospital in Southern Brazil. Results The sample consisted of 70 dialysis and 46 kidney transplant patients, totaling 116 patients. All subjects were typed for HLA molecules using LABType® SSO (One Lambda). Nasal swab samples of S. aureus were isolated from the nasal cavity (both nostrils) of patients undergoing dialysis or kidney transplantation. In renal dialysis patients, HLA-A*02 was the most frequent allele in both carriers (25.5%) and non-carriers (21.2%) of S. aureus. Allele A*68 was not observed in the carrier group, but the allele was observed six times in the non-carrier group (p = 0.0097). Regarding HLA-B and HLA-DRB1, no allele was shown to be involved in protection against or susceptibility to carriage of S. aureus. In kidney transplant patients, allele A*03 was more frequent in the non-carrier (20.83%) than in the carrier (5.88%) group (p = 0.0486). HLA-B*15 was present in carriers (5.88%) and non-carriers (25%) (p = 0.0179). Regarding class II alleles, DRB1*03 appeared to be related to susceptibility to carriage of S. aureus (p = 0.0319). Conclusions Our findings suggest that HLA-DRB1*03 may be involved in susceptibility to nasal carriage of S. aureus in transplant patients. In addition, HLA-A*68 (dialysis patients) and HLA-A*03 and HLA-B*15 (transplant patients) appear to be associated with increased resistance to S. aureus nasal carriage.
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14
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Anderson AJ, Haus DL, Hooshmand MJ, Perez H, Sontag CJ, Cummings BJ. Achieving stable human stem cell engraftment and survival in the CNS: is the future of regenerative medicine immunodeficient? Regen Med 2011; 6:367-406. [PMID: 21548741 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is potential for a variety of stem cell populations to mediate repair in the diseased or injured CNS; in some cases, this theoretical possibility has already transitioned to clinical safety testing. However, careful consideration of preclinical animal models is essential to provide an appropriate assessment of stem cell safety and efficacy, as well as the basic biological mechanisms of stem cell action. This article examines the lessons learned from early tissue, organ and hematopoietic grafting, the early assumptions of the stem cell and CNS fields with regard to immunoprivilege, and the history of success in stem cell transplantation into the CNS. Finally, we discuss strategies in the selection of animal models to maximize the predictive validity of preclinical safety and efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen J Anderson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, 845 Health Science Road, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-1705, USA.
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Zhou SM, Tian J, Sun R, Shi WF, Peng ZG, Zou X. Lymphocytic HLA-A mRNA is a reliable indicator of acute rejection in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:3384-9. [PMID: 19100395 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rejection in renal transplantation is the most frequent event causing transplant failure. It is important to identify parameters to predict rejection, which are helpful in a timely fashion. METHODS Fifty-nine renal transplant recipients were divided into two groups: group 1 (stable renal function) and group 2 (acute rejection episodes). The levels of HLA-A mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes (both pre- and posttransplantation) were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) as an internal reference. The TEST software was used to analyze the relative expressions of HLA-A mRNA. RESULTS There was no statistical significance between features of the two groups pretransplant versus normal controls. Posttransplant, the HLA-A mRNA levels decreased significantly compared to those of pretransplant and normal control individuals. The levels of HLA-A mRNA among the 10 patients with acute rejection episodes were significantly increased. There was no significant change in the lymphocyte populations in the early stage of an acute rejection episode compared with the prerejection value. CONCLUSION HLA-A mRNA expression was strongly correlated with immune status. The HLA-A mRNA levels may provide an effective and reliable indicator to predict acute rejection episodes in renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Zhou
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
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16
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Pirot P, Cardozo AK, Eizirik DL. Mediators and mechanisms of pancreatic beta-cell death in type 1 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:156-65. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is characterized by severe insulin deficiency resulting from chronic and progressive destruction of pancreatic beta-cells by the immune system. The triggering of autoimmunity against the beta-cells is probably caused by environmental agent(s) acting in the context of a predisposing genetic background. Once activated, the immune cells invade the islets and mediate their deleterious effects on beta-cells via mechanisms such as Fas/FasL, perforin/granzyme, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Binding of cytokines to their receptors on the beta-cells activates MAP-kinases and the transcription factors STAT-1 and NFkappa-B, provoking functional impairment, endoplasmic reticulum stress and ultimately apoptosis. This review discusses the potential mediators and mechanisms leading to beta-cell destruction in T1D.
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Rajagopalan G, Polich G, Sen MM, Singh M, Epstein BE, Lytle AK, Rouse MS, Patel R, David CS. Evaluating the role of HLA-DQ polymorphisms on immune response to bacterial superantigens using transgenic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 71:135-45. [PMID: 18086265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens bind directly to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules and vigorously activate T cells expressing certain T-cell receptor variable region families. As interaction with HLA class II molecules is the primary step in this process, polymorphic variations in HLA class II can determine the extent of superantigen binding to HLA class II molecules, govern the magnitude of immune activation induced by given superantigens and determine the outcome of superantigen-mediated diseases. As direct assessment of the influence of HLA class II polymorphism in humans is impossible because of expression of more than one HLA class II alleles in a given individual and toxicity of superantigens, transgenic mice expressing HLA-DQ6 (HLA-DQA1*0103 and HLA-DQB1*0601) and HLA-DQ8 (HLA-DQA1*0301 and HLA-DQB1*0302) were used to achieve this goal. HLA-DQ6 and HLA-DQ8 elicited comparable in vitro and in vivo immune response to staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) A, SEB, SEH and SEK, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) A and SPEC and streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z (SMEZ). However, each superantigen had a unique T-cell receptor activation profile. In vivo challenge with Streptococcus pyogenes, H305, capable of elaborating SPEA and SMEZ, yielded a similar clinical outcome in HLA-DQ6 and HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice. In conclusion, HLA-DQ6 and HLA-DQ8 elicited comparable response to certain bacterial superantigens. Our report highlights the advantages of HLA class II transgenic mice in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Alves C, Vieira N, Meyer I, Alves CO, Toralles MBP, Oliveira MDFSP. Antígenos de histocompatibilidade humanos e dermatologia: da pesquisa para a prática clínica. An Bras Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962006000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A participação do sistema de histocompatibilidade humano (HLA: human leukocyte antigens) na patogênese das doenças auto-imunes é bem conhecida. Situado no braço curto do cromossomo 6, o sistema HLA se destaca por seu polimorfismo e por sua capacidade de conferir susceptibilidade ou proteção a diferentes enfermidades. Em Dermatologia, esse sistema desempenha papel importante na patogenia e história natural de várias doenças. A força e o tipo de associação variam com a dermatose e, algumas vezes, com o grupo étnico-racial estudado. O surgimento de métodos moleculares para tipificação dos alelos HLA e as recentes atualizações de sua nomenclatura têm contribuído para o melhor entendimento desse sistema. Infelizmente, essas informações não têm sido veiculadas de maneira adequada na literatura clínica, o que dificulta o entendimento da associação do HLA com as doenças cutâneas. Nesta revisão, são discutidos alguns aspectos do sistema HLA, métodos de detecção, nomenclatura e sua associação com vitiligo, pênfigo, psoríase, lúpus eritematoso, escabiose, leishmaniose cutânea, hanseníase, paracoccidioidomicose e dermatite atópica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crésio Alves
- Universidade Federal da Bahia; Hospital Universitário Edgard Santos, Brasil
| | - Nara Vieira
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Brasil
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