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Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Xiang X, Ouyang X, Liu L, Li T. 4-phenylbutyric acid improves sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction by modulating amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism via Comt/Ptgs2/Ppara. Metabolomics 2024; 20:46. [PMID: 38641695 PMCID: PMC11031492 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac dysfunction after sepsis the most common and severe sepsis-related organ failure. The severity of cardiac damage in sepsis patients was positively associated to mortality. It is important to look for drugs targeting sepsis-induced cardiac damage. Our previous studies found that 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) was beneficial to septic shock by improving cardiovascular function and survival, while the specific mechanism is unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the specific mechanism and PBA for protecting cardiac function in sepsis. METHODS The cecal ligation and puncture-induced septic shock models were used to observe the therapeutic effects of PBA on myocardial contractility and the serum levels of cardiac troponin-T. The mechanisms of PBA against sepsis were explored by metabolomics and network pharmacology. RESULTS The results showed that PBA alleviated the sepsis-induced cardiac damage. The metabolomics results showed that there were 28 metabolites involving in the therapeutic effects of PBA against sepsis. According to network pharmacology, 11 hub genes were found that were involved in lipid metabolism and amino acid transport following PBA treatment. The further integrated analysis focused on 7 key targets, including Comt, Slc6a4, Maoa, Ppara, Pparg, Ptgs2 and Trpv1, as well as their core metabolites and pathways. In an in vitro assay, PBA effectively inhibited sepsis-induced reductions in Comt, Ptgs2 and Ppara after sepsis. CONCLUSIONS PBA protects sepsis-induced cardiac injury by targeting Comt/Ptgs2/Ppara, which regulates amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. The study reveals the complicated mechanisms of PBA against sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinming Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingnan Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Kahnt AS, Angioni C, Göbel T, Hofmann B, Roos J, Steinbrink SD, Rörsch F, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, Zacharowski K, Grösch S, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. Inhibitors of Human 5-Lipoxygenase Potently Interfere With Prostaglandin Transport. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:782584. [PMID: 35126121 PMCID: PMC8814463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.782584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LT) which play an important role in a number of inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, 5-LO inhibitors are frequently used to study the role of 5-LO and LT in models of inflammation and cancer. Interestingly, the therapeutic efficacy of these inhibitors is highly variable. Here we show that the frequently used 5-LO inhibitors AA-861, BWA4C, C06, CJ-13,610 and the FDA approved compound zileuton as well as the pan-LO inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid interfere with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release into the supernatants of cytokine-stimulated (TNFα/IL-1β) HeLa cervix carcinoma, A549 lung cancer as well as HCA-7 colon carcinoma cells with similar potencies compared to their LT inhibitory activities (IC50 values ranging from 0.1–9.1 µM). In addition, AA-861, BWA4C, CJ-13,610 and zileuton concentration-dependently inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide triggered prostaglandin (PG) release into human whole blood. Western Blot analysis revealed that inhibition of expression of enzymes involved in PG synthesis was not part of the underlying mechanism. Also, liberation of arachidonic acid which is the substrate for PG synthesis as well as PGH2 and PGE2 formation were not impaired by the compounds. However, accumulation of intracellular PGE2 was found in the inhibitor treated HeLa cells suggesting inhibition of PG export as major mechanism. Further, experiments showed that the PG exporter ATP-binding cassette transporter multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP-4) is targeted by the inhibitors and may be involved in the 5-LO inhibitor-mediated PGE2 inhibition. In conclusion, the pharmacological effects of a number of 5-LO inhibitors are compound-specific and involve the potent inhibition of PGE2 export. Results from experimental models on the role of 5-LO in inflammation and pain using 5-LO inhibitors may be misleading and their use as pharmacological tools in experimental models has to be revisited. In addition, 5-LO inhibitors may serve as new scaffolds for the development of potent prostaglandin export inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S. Kahnt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Astrid S. Kahnt,
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tamara Göbel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bettina Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jessica Roos
- Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Florian Rörsch
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thorsten J. Maier
- Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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del Mundo CR, Castillo AL, An SSA, Tan MA. In vivo COX-2 modulation and metabolite profiling of Pandanus tectorius leaves extracts. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:90. [PMID: 32089985 PMCID: PMC7000581 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pandanus tectorius methanolic (PTM) and P. tectorius aqueous (PTA) extracts were investigated for their potential in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Parameters including paw thickness measurement, histopathological, and immunohistochemical cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression analyses were measured and analyzed. PTA at 500 mg/kg significantly reduced inflammation after induction of carrageenan (Carr), with mean paw thickness change of 0.110 ± 0.024 mm at sixth hour post-induction and histopathological mean inflammatory grade of 1.80 ± 0.20. The reduced immunohistochemical COX-2 expression using PTA at 500 mg/kg was determined with mean final 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) intensity of 63.70 ± 2.08. The profiling of metabolites by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed presence of ethyl caffeate and dihydroconiferyl alcohol as putative secondary metabolites of PTA which were the major peaks and have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activities. This research has provided scientific insights of utilizing P. tectorius as a potential anti-inflammatory agent containing secondary metabolites which may be pharmacologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisfel R. del Mundo
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- School of Pharmacy, Centro Escolar University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Agnes L. Castillo
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Mario A. Tan
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
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4
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Yonker LM, Pazos MA, Lanter BB, Mou H, Chu KK, Eaton AD, Bonventre JV, Tearney GJ, Rajagopal J, Hurley BP. Neutrophil-Derived Cytosolic PLA2α Contributes to Bacterial-Induced Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2873-2884. [PMID: 28887431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are a group of bioactive lipids that are shown to be important mediators of neutrophilic inflammation; selective targeting of their function confers therapeutic benefit in a number of diseases. Neutrophilic airway diseases, including cystic fibrosis, are characterized by excessive neutrophil infiltration into the airspace. Understanding the role of eicosanoids in this process may reveal novel therapeutic targets. The eicosanoid hepoxilin A3 is a pathogen-elicited epithelial-produced neutrophil chemoattractant that directs transepithelial migration in response to infection. Following hepoxilin A3-driven transepithelial migration, neutrophil chemotaxis is amplified through neutrophil production of a second eicosanoid, leukotriene B4 (LTB4). The rate-limiting step of eicosanoid generation is the liberation of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2, and the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)α isoform has been specifically shown to direct LTB4 synthesis in certain contexts. Whether cPLA2α is directly responsible for neutrophil synthesis of LTB4 in the context of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced neutrophil transepithelial migration has not been explored. Human and mouse neutrophil-epithelial cocultures were used to evaluate the role of neutrophil-derived cPLA2α in infection-induced transepithelial signaling by pharmacological and genetic approaches. Primary human airway basal stem cell-derived epithelial cultures and micro-optical coherence tomography, a new imaging modality that captures two- and three-dimensional real-time dynamics of neutrophil transepithelial migration, were applied. Evidence from these studies suggests that cPLA2α expressed by neutrophils, but not epithelial cells, plays a significant role in infection-induced neutrophil transepithelial migration by mediating LTB4 synthesis during migration, which serves to amplify the magnitude of neutrophil recruitment in response to epithelial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael M Yonker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael A Pazos
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bernard B Lanter
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hongmei Mou
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Kengyeh K Chu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alexander D Eaton
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and.,Biomedical Engineering Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bryan P Hurley
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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5
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Micova P, Hahnova K, Hlavackova M, Elsnicova B, Chytilova A, Holzerova K, Zurmanova J, Neckar J, Kolar F, Novakova O, Novotny J. Chronic intermittent hypoxia affects the cytosolic phospholipase A2α/cyclooxygenase 2 pathway via β2-adrenoceptor-mediated ERK/p38 stimulation. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 423:151-163. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Khan M, Shunmugavel A, Dhammu TS, Matsuda F, Singh AK, Singh I. Oral administration of cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone ameliorates cauda equina compression injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:94. [PMID: 25971887 PMCID: PMC4436116 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-derived proinflammatory lipid mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotrienes B4 (LTB4), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and free fatty acids (FFA) are implicated in spinal cord injury (SCI) pathologies. Reducing the levels of these injurious bioactive lipid mediators is reported to ameliorate SCI. However, the specific role of the group IVA isoform of PLA2 cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) in lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) due to cauda equina compression (CEC) injury is not clear. In this study, we investigated the role of cPLA2 in a rat model of CEC using a non-toxic cPLA2-preferential inhibitor, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK). METHODS LSS was induced in adult female rats by CEC procedure using silicone blocks within the epidural spaces of L4 to L6 vertebrae. cPLA2 inhibitor ATK (7.5 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage at 2 h following the CEC. cPLA2-derived injurious lipid mediators and the expression/activity of cPLA2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were assessed. ATK-treated (CEC + ATK) were compared with vehicle-treated (CEC + VEH) animals in terms of myelin levels, pain threshold, and motor function. RESULTS ATK treatment of CEC animals reduced the phosphorylation of cPLA2 (pcPLA2) determined by Western blot, improved locomotor function evaluated by rotarod task, and reduced pain threshold evaluated by mechanical hyperalgesia method. Levels of FFA and LPC, along with PGE2 and LTB4, were reduced in CEC + ATK compared with CEC + VEH group. However, ATK treatment reduced neither the activity/expression of 5-LOX nor the expression of COX-2 in CEC + VEH animals. Increased cPLA2 activity in the spinal cord from CEC + VEH animals correlated well with decreased spinal cord as well as cauda equina fiber myelin levels, which were restored after ATK treatment. CONCLUSION The data indicate that cPLA2 activity plays a significant role in tissue injury and pain after LSS. Reducing the levels of proinflammatory and tissue damaging eicosanoids and the deleterious lipid mediator LPC shows therapeutic potential. ATK inhibits cPLA2 activity, thereby decreasing the levels of injurious lipid mediators, reducing pain, improving functional deficits, and conferring protection against LSS injury. Thus, it shows potential for preclinical evaluation in LSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | | | - Tajinder S Dhammu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Fumiyo Matsuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,School of Health Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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7
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Cytosolic phospholipaseA2 inhibition with PLA-695 radiosensitizes tumors in lung cancer animal models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69688. [PMID: 23894523 PMCID: PMC3716600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and the rest of the world. The advent of molecularly directed therapies holds promise for improvement in therapeutic efficacy. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is associated with tumor progression and radioresistance in mouse tumor models. Utilizing the cPLA2 specific inhibitor PLA-695, we determined if cPLA2 inhibition radiosensitizes non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and tumors. Treatment with PLA-695 attenuated radiation induced increases of phospho-ERK and phospho-Akt in endothelial cells. NSCLC cells (LLC and A549) co-cultured with endothelial cells (bEND3 and HUVEC) and pre-treated with PLA-695 showed radiosensitization. PLA-695 in combination with irradiation (IR) significantly reduced migration and proliferation in endothelial cells (HUVEC & bEND3) and induced cell death and attenuated invasion by tumor cells (LLC &A549). In a heterotopic tumor model, the combination of PLA-695 and radiation delayed growth in both LLC and A549 tumors. LLC and A549 tumors treated with a combination of PLA-695 and radiation displayed reduced tumor vasculature. In a dorsal skin fold model of LLC tumors, inhibition of cPLA2 in combination with radiation led to enhanced destruction of tumor blood vessels. The anti-angiogenic effects of PLA-695 and its enhancement of the efficacy of radiotherapy in mouse models of NSCLC suggest that clinical trials for its capacity to improve radiotherapy outcomes are warranted.
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Frolov A, Dong H, Jiang M, Yang L, Cook EC, Matnani R, Hammock BD, Crofford LJ. Niemann-pick type C2 deficiency in human fibroblasts confers robust and selective activation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23696-703. [PMID: 23814065 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated fibroblasts, also known as myofibroblasts, are mediators of several major human pathologies including proliferative fibrotic disorders, invasive tumor growth, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. We previously identified Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) protein as a negative regulator of fibroblast activation (Csepeggi, C., Jiang, M., Kojima, F., Crofford, L. J., and Frolov, A. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 2078-2087). Here we report that NPC2-deficiency leads to a dramatic up-regulation of the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway in human fibroblasts. The major enzymes in this pathway, cPLA2 type IVA, COX-2, and mPGES-1, were dramatically up-regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels. The specific phenotypic changes resulted in a >10-fold increase in the production and secretion of a key modulator of inflammation and immunity, prostaglandin E2. More importantly, AA metabolome profiling by liquid chromatography/tandem mass-spectrometry revealed the very specific nature of prostaglandin E2 up-regulation as the other analyzed AA metabolites derived from the COX-2, cytochrome P450, 5/15-lipoxygenase, and non-enzymatic oxidative pathways were mostly down-regulated. Blocking activity of cPLA2 efficiently suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-6, thereby identifying cPLA2 as an important regulator of the inflammatory program in NPC2-null cells. Altogether, these studies highlight NPC2 as a specific regulator of AA metabolism and inflammation that suggests potential for NPC2 protein or its related signaling in the treatment of inflammatory diseases characterized by the presence of activated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Frolov
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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Katusic ZS, Santhanam AV, He T. Vascular effects of prostacyclin: does activation of PPARδ play a role? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:559-64. [PMID: 22727878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is a potent vasodilator that exerts multiple vasoprotective effects in the cardiovascular system. The effects of PGI(2) are mediated by activation of the cell membrane G-protein-coupled PGI(2) receptor (IP receptor). More recently, however, it has been suggested that PGI(2) might also serve as an endogenous ligand and activator of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorδ (PPARδ). Consistent with this concept, studies designed to define pharmacological properties of stable PGI(2) analogs revealed that beneficial effects of these compounds appear to be mediated, in part, by activation of PPARδ. This review discusses emerging evidence regarding the contribution of PPARδ activation to vasoprotective and regenerative functions of PGI(2) and stable analogs of PGI(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir S Katusic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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10
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Bechler ME, de Figueiredo P, Brown WJ. A PLA1-2 punch regulates the Golgi complex. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 22:116-24. [PMID: 22130221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian Golgi complex, trans Golgi network (TGN) and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) are comprised of membrane cisternae, coated vesicles and membrane tubules, all of which contribute to membrane trafficking and maintenance of their unique architectures. Recently, a new cast of players was discovered to regulate the Golgi and ERGIC: four unrelated cytoplasmic phospholipase A (PLA) enzymes, cPLA(2)α (GIVA cPLA(2)), PAFAH Ib (GVIII PLA(2)), iPLA(2)-β (GVIA-2 iPLA(2)) and iPLA(1)γ. These ubiquitously expressed enzymes regulate membrane trafficking from specific Golgi subcompartments, although there is evidence for some functional redundancy between PAFAH Ib and cPLA(2)α. Three of these enzymes, PAFAH Ib, cPLA(2)α and iPLA(2)-β, exert effects on Golgi structure and function by inducing the formation of membrane tubules. We review our current understanding of how PLA enzymes regulate Golgi and ERGIC morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Bechler
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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11
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Ben-Tekaya H, Kahn RA, Hauri HP. ADP ribosylation factors 1 and 4 and group VIA phospholipase A₂ regulate morphology and intraorganellar traffic in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:4130-40. [PMID: 20881058 PMCID: PMC2993742 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-01-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of morphological determinants for the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), we found that a concerted action of Arf1, Arf4, and PLA2G6-A controls the architecture of the ERGIC by regulating tubular carriers. This is predicted to impact the rate of transport and destination of cargos in the ERGIC. Organelle morphology of the endomembrane system is critical for optimal organelle function. ADP ribosylation factors (Arfs), a family of small GTPases, are required for maintaining the structure of the Golgi and endosomes. What determines the discontinuous nature of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) as tubulovesicular clusters is unknown. In search of morphological determinants for the ERGIC, we found that a double knockdown of Arf1+Arf4 induced dynamic ERGIC tubules that connect ERGIC clusters, indicating that the tubules mediated lateral intraERGIC traffic. Tubule formation was inhibited by an antagonist of group VI calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2G6) and by silencing the A isoform of PLA2G6 (PLA2G6-A). Arf1+Arf4 depletion altered the expression of PLA2G6-A splice variants and relocalized PLA2G6-A from the cytosol to ERGIC clusters and tubules, suggesting that the enzyme became locally active. We show that changes in Arf1 can modulate the activity of PLA2G6-A. We propose that a concerted action of Arf1, Arf4, and PLA2G6-A controls the architecture of the ERGIC in a way that is predicted to impact the rate and possibly the destination of cargos. Our findings have identified key components in the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of tubules in the ERGIC and uncover tubular carriers as tightly controlled machinery.
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Linkous AG, Yazlovitskaya EM, Hallahan DE. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipids in tumor angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:1398-412. [PMID: 20729478 PMCID: PMC2943523 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer and glioblastoma multiforme are highly angiogenic and, despite advances in treatment, remain resistant to therapy. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activation contributes to treatment resistance through transduction of prosurvival signals. We investigated cPLA2 as a novel molecular target for antiangiogenesis therapy. Methods Glioblastoma (GL261) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) heterotopic tumor models were used to study the effects of cPLA2 expression on tumor growth and vascularity in C57/BL6 mice wild type for (cPLA2α+/+) or deficient in (cPLA2α−/−) cPLA2α, the predominant isoform in endothelium (n = 6–7 mice per group). The effect of inhibiting cPLA2 activity on GL261 and LLC tumor growth was studied in mice treated with the chemical cPLA2 inhibitor 4-[2-[5-chloro-1-(diphenylmethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]-ethoxy]benzoic acid (CDIBA). Endothelial cell proliferation and function were evaluated by Ki-67 immunofluorescence and migration assays in primary cultures of murine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MPMEC) isolated from cPLA2α+/+ and cPLA2α−/− mice. Proliferation, invasive migration, and tubule formation were assayed in mouse vascular endothelial 3B-11 cells treated with CDIBA. Effects of lysophosphatidylcholine, arachidonic acid, and lysophosphatidic acid (lipid mediators of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis) on proliferation and migration were examined in 3B-11 cells and cPLA2α−/− MPMEC. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results GL261 tumor progression proceeded normally in cPLA2α+/+ mice, whereas no GL261 tumors formed in cPLA2α−/− mice. In the LLC tumor model, spontaneous tumor regression was observed in 50% of cPLA2α−/− mice. Immunohistochemical examination of the remaining tumors from cPLA2α−/− mice revealed attenuated vascularity (P ≤ .001) compared with tumors from cPLA2α+/+ mice. Inhibition of cPLA2 activity by CDIBA resulted in a delay in tumor growth (eg, LLC model: average number of days to reach tumor volume of 700 mm3, CDIBA vs vehicle: 16.8 vs 11.8, difference = 5, 95% confidence interval = 3.6 to 6.4, P = .04) and a decrease in tumor size (eg, GL261 model: mean volume on day 21, CDIBA vs vehicle: 40.1 vs 247.4 mm3, difference = 207.3 mm3, 95% confidence interval = 20.9 to 293.7 mm3, P = .021). cPLA2 deficiency statistically significantly reduced MPMEC proliferation and invasive migration (P = .002 and P = .004, respectively). Compared with untreated cells, cPLA2α−/− MPMEC treated with lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidic acid displayed increased cell proliferation (P = .011) and invasive migration (P < .001). Conclusions In these mouse models of brain and lung cancer, cPLA2 and lysophospholipids have key regulatory roles in tumor angiogenesis. cPLA2 inhibition may be a novel effective antiangiogenic therapy.
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Linkous A, Yazlovitskaya E. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 as a mediator of disease pathogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1369-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Montrose DC, Kadaveru K, Ilsley JNM, Root SH, Rajan TV, Ramesh M, Nichols FC, Liang BT, Sonin D, Hand AR, Zarini S, Murphy RC, Belinsky GS, Nakanishi M, Rosenberg DW. cPLA2 is protective against COX inhibitor-induced intestinal damage. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:122-32. [PMID: 20562220 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for the generation of prostaglandins (PGs), which are bioactive lipids that play critical roles in maintaining gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis. There has been a long-standing association between administration of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and GI toxicity. GI injury is thought to be induced by suppressed production of GI-protective PGs as well as direct injury to enterocytes. The present study sought to determine how pan-suppression of PG production via a genetic deletion of cPLA(2) impacts the susceptibility to COX inhibitor-induced GI injury. A panel of COX inhibitors including celecoxib, rofecoxib, sulindac, and aspirin were administered via diet to cPLA(2)(-/-) and cPLA(2)(+/+) littermates. Administration of celecoxib, rofecoxib, and sulindac, but not aspirin, resulted in acute lethality (within 2 weeks) in cPLA(2)(-/-) mice, but not in wild-type littermates. Histomorphological analysis revealed severe GI damage following celecoxib exposure associated with acute bacteremia and sepsis. Intestinal PG levels were reduced equivalently in both genotypes following celecoxib exposure, indicating that PG production was not likely responsible for the differential sensitivity. Gene expression profiling in the small intestines of mice identified drug-related changes among a panel of genes including those involved in mitochondrial function in cPLA(2)(-/-) mice. Further analysis of enterocytic mitochondria showed abnormal morphology as well as impaired ATP production in the intestines from celecoxib-exposed cPLA(2)(-/-) mice. Our data demonstrate that cPLA(2) appears to be an important component in conferring protection against COX inhibitor-induced enteropathy, which may be mediated through affects on enterocytic mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Montrose
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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PKCα-MAPK/ERK-phospholipase A2 signaling is required for human melanoma-enhanced brain endothelial cell proliferation and motility. Microvasc Res 2009; 78:338-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species production alters astrocyte membrane molecular order via phospholipase A2. Biochem J 2009; 421:201-10. [PMID: 19392662 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ROS (reactive oxygen species) overproduction is an important underlying factor for the activation of astrocytes in various neuropathological conditions. In the present study, we examined ROS production in astrocytes and downstream effects leading to changes in the signalling cascade, morphology and membrane dynamics using menadione, a redox-active compound capable of inducing intracellular ROS. NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated menadione-induced ROS production, which then stimulated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2), and increased actin polymerization and cytoskeletal protrusions. We also showed that astrocyte plasma membranes became more molecularly ordered under oxidative stress, which was abrogated by down-regulating cPLA2 (cytosolic phospholipase A2) either with a pharmacological inhibitor or by RNA interference. In addition, mild disruption of F-actin with cytochalasin D suppressed menadione-enhanced phosphorylation of cPLA2 and membrane alterations. Taken together, these results suggest an important role for ROS derived from NAD(P)H oxidase in activation of astrocytes to elicit biochemical, morphological and biophysical changes reminiscent of reactive astrocytes in pathological conditions.
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Linkous A, Geng L, Lyshchik A, Hallahan DE, Yazlovitskaya EM. Cytosolic phospholipase A2: targeting cancer through the tumor vasculature. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1635-44. [PMID: 19240173 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vascular endothelial cells, low doses of ionizing radiation trigger the immediate activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). This event initiates prosurvival signaling that could be responsible for radioresistance of tumor vasculature. Thus, the development of radiosensitizers targeting these survival pathways may enhance tumor response to radiation therapy. Arachidonyltrifluoromethyl Ketone (AACOCF3), a specific cPLA2 inhibitor, was studied as a potential radiosensitizer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Vascular endothelial cells (3B11 and MPMEC) and lung tumor cells (LLC and H460) were treated with 1 micromol/L AACOCF3 for 30 minutes prior to irradiation. Treatment response was evaluated by clonogenic survival, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), tubule formation, and migration assays. For in vivo experiments, mice with LLC or H460 tumors in the hind limbs were treated for 5 consecutive days with 10 mg/kg AACOCF3 administered daily 30 minutes prior to irradiation. Treatment response was assessed by tumor growth delay, Power Doppler Sonography, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In cell culture experiments, inhibition of cPLA2 with AACOCF3 prevented radiation-induced activation of ERK1/2 and decreased clonogenic survival of irradiated vascular endothelial cells but not the lung tumor cells. Treatment with AACOCF3 also attenuated tubule formation and migration in irradiated vascular endothelial cells. In both tumor mouse models, treatment with AACOCF3 prior to irradiation significantly suppressed tumor growth and decreased overall tumor blood flow and vascularity. Increased apoptosis in both tumor cells and tumor vascular endothelium was determined as a possible mechanism of the observed effect. CONCLUSION These findings identify cPLA2 as a novel molecular target for tumor sensitization to radiation therapy through the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Linkous
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-5671, USA
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Ho TC, Chen SL, Yang YC, Lo TH, Hsieh JW, Cheng HC, Tsao YP. Cytosolic phospholipase A2-{alpha} is an early apoptotic activator in PEDF-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 296:C273-84. [PMID: 19091957 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00432.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an intrinsic antiangiogenic factor and a potential therapeutic agent. Previously, we discovered the mechanism of PEDF-induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as sequential induction/activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), and p53. In the present study, we investigated the signaling role of cytosolic calcium-dependent phospholipase A(2)-alpha (cPLA(2)-alpha) to bridge p38 MAPK and PPAR-gamma activation. PEDF induced cPLA(2)-alpha activation in HUVECs and in endothelial cells in chemical burn-induced vessels on mouse cornea. The cPLA(2)-alpha activation is evident from the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of cPLA(2)-alpha as well as arachidonic acid release and the cleavage of PED6, a synthetic PLA(2) substrate. Such activation can be abolished by p38 MAPK inhibitor. The PEDF-induced PPAR-gamma activation, p53 expression, caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis can be abolished by both cPLA(2) inhibitor and small interfering RNA targeting cPLA(2)-alpha. Our observation not only establishes the signaling role of cPLA(2)-alpha but also for the first time demonstrates the sequential activation of p38 MAPK, cPLA(2)-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and p53 as the mechanism of PEDF-induced endothelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chuan Ho
- Dept. of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Loos B, Smith R, Engelbrecht AM. Ischaemic preconditioning and TNF-alpha-mediated preconditioning is associated with a differential cPLA2 translocation pattern in early ischaemia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 78:403-13. [PMID: 18579361 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Both the cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and the enzyme cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) have been implicated in ischaemic injury. Apart from the induction of apoptosis, TNF-alpha also mediates cytoprotection when present in low concentrations. However, the relationship between TNF-alpha and cPLA2 activities during cytoprotection is poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the role of cPLA2 in TNF-alpha-mediated (TNF-PC) and ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) in tolerance to ischaemia (SI) in C2C12 myotubes. Significant decreases in cPLA2 phosphorylation in SI compared with the preconditioned groups were observed. This was also mirrored by the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation pattern. These results correlated with fluorescence- and three-dimensional imaging, demonstrating increased translocation of phospho-cPLA2 to the nuclear region in SI compared to TNF-PC and IPC. These data suggest a p38 driven cPLA2 translocation pattern, with a possible role for cPLA2 in deciding cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Meriman Street, Stellenbosch 7600, Republic of South Africa
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Herbert SP, Odell AF, Ponnambalam S, Walker JH. The Confluence-dependent Interaction of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2-α with Annexin A1 Regulates Endothelial Cell Prostaglandin E2 Generation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34468-78. [PMID: 17873281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701541200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulated generation of prostaglandins from endothelial cells is critical to vascular function. Here we identify a novel mechanism for the regulation of endothelial cell prostaglandin generation. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)-alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) cleaves phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner to yield free arachidonic acid and lysophospholipid. Arachidonic acid is then converted into prostaglandins by the action of cyclooxygenase enzymes and downstream synthases. By previously undefined mechanisms, nonconfluent endothelial cells generate greater levels of prostaglandins than confluent cells. Here we demonstrate that Ca(2+)-independent association of cPLA(2)alpha with the Golgi apparatus of confluent endothelial cells correlates with decreased prostaglandin synthesis. Golgi association blocks arachidonic acid release and prevents functional coupling between cPLA(2)alpha and COX-mediated prostaglandin synthesis. When inactivated at the Golgi apparatus of confluent endothelial cells, cPLA(2)alpha is associated with the phospholipid-binding protein annexin A1. Furthermore, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous annexin A1 significantly reverses the inhibitory effect of confluence on endothelial cell prostaglandin generation. Thus the confluence-dependent interaction of cPLA(2)alpha and annexin A1 at the Golgi acts as a novel molecular switch controlling cPLA(2)alpha activity and endothelial cell prostaglandin generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Herbert
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Schirmer EC, Gerace L. The nuclear membrane proteome: extending the envelope. Trends Biochem Sci 2005; 30:551-8. [PMID: 16125387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The marriage of proteomics with cell biology has produced extensive inventories of the proteins that inhabit several subcellular organelles. Recent proteomic analysis has identified many new putative transmembrane proteins in the nuclear envelope, and transcriptome profiling suggests that the nuclear-membrane proteome exhibits some significant variations among different tissues. Cell-type-specific differences in the composition of protein sub-complexes of the nuclear envelope, particularly those containing the disease-associated protein lamin A, could yield distinctive functions and, thus, explain the tissue specificity of a diverse group of nuclear-envelope-linked disorders in humans. Considered together, these recent results suggest an unexpected functional complexity at the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Schirmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology and Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK.
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