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Robinson KP, MacDougall DAI, Bamford CCG, Brown WJ, Dolan CJ, Hall R, Haskins GN, Russell G, Sidiropoulos T, Sim TMC, Spinou E, Stroud E, Williams G, Culloch RM. Ecological habitat partitioning and feeding specialisations of coastal minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) using a recently designated MPA in northeast Scotland. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0246617. [PMID: 37467252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the design of protected areas for cetaceans, spatial maps rarely take account of the life-history and behaviour of protected species relevant to their spatial ambit, which may be important for their management. In this study, we examined the distribution and feeding behaviours of adult versus juvenile minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from long-term studies in the Moray Firth in northeast Scotland, where a Marine Protected Area (MPA) has recently been designated. Data were collected during dedicated boat surveys between 2001 and 2022 inclusive, from which 784 encounters with 964 whales of confirmed age-class (471 juveniles and 493 adults) were recorded from 56,263 km of survey effort, resulting in 238 focal follows. Adults and juveniles were occasionally seen together, but their distributions were not statistically correlated, and GIS revealed spatial separation / habitat partitioning by age-class-with juveniles preferring shallower, inshore waters with sandy-gravel sediments, and adults preferring deeper, offshore waters with greater bathymetric slope. GAMs suggested that the partitioning between age-classes was predominantly based on the differing proximity of animals to the shore, with juveniles showing a preference for the gentlest seabed slopes, and both adults and juveniles showing a similar preference for sandy gravel sediment types. However, the GAMs only used sightings data with available survey effort (2008 to 2022) and excluded depth due to collinearity issues. Whilst adult minkes employed a range of "active" prey-entrapment specialisations, showing inter-individual variation and seasonal plasticity in their targeted prey, juveniles almost exclusively used "passive" (low energy) feeding methods targeting low-density patches of inshore prey. These findings corroborate the need to incorporate demographic and behavioural data into spatial models when identifying priority areas for protected cetacean species. Not all areas within an MPA have equal value for a population and a better knowledge of the spatial preferences of these whales within the designated Scottish MPAs, appointed for their protection, is considered vital for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Robinson
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Connor C G Bamford
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - William J Brown
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran J Dolan
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Hall
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gary N Haskins
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Russell
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Texa M C Sim
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Evgenia Spinou
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elice Stroud
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ross M Culloch
- Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit (CRRU), Banff, Scotland, United Kingdom
- APEM Ltd, Stockport, England, United Kingdom
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Kostas-Polston EA, Terehoff CB, Nash LN, Brown AM, Delabastide ZA, Andersen EW, Brown WJ, Stucky CH, Norcross KR, Smith HN, Randall NR. Patterns in Urogenital Health in Active Duty Servicewomen: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Survey Evaluating Impacts of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Resources Across Three Military Environments. Mil Med 2023; 188:usad042. [PMID: 36852858 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Female warfighters are at risk for sex-specific and frequently unrecognized urogenital health challenges that may impede their ability to serve. The constraints on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) resources by austere environments, whether at home or abroad, require women to practice unhealthy hygiene behaviors that jeopardize their urogenital health. In this manuscript, we examine the use of WASH resources by U.S. Army active duty servicewomen (ADSW) across three settings-home duty, field training, and deployment-to determine how the changing availability of WASH resources alters hygiene and sanitation practices in austere environments. Additionally, we report findings from a previously developed theoretical framework for determining the impacts of austere environments on ADSW's hygiene knowledge, behaviors, and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study used a prospective, cross-sectional survey design with population sampling and generalized ordered logit regression models. We recruited ADSW assigned to a large military installation in the southeastern United States after conducting a structured field hygiene training for female readiness. RESULTS We surveyed a highly diverse sample of 751 ADSW and found that the use of WASH resources significantly differs between field training and deployment. Clean running water significantly differed among all settings, with nearly 70% reporting clean running water to be rarely or never available during field training. Bathing facility types significantly differed in each setting, with Cadillac bathrooms more often used during deployment than during field training and wipe baths more often used during field training than during deployment. We found that women were significantly less likely to wash their private areas more than 2 days a week during field training, compared to deployment. Women reported changing their underwear ≤2 times per week in field training environments as compared to during deployment. Soap and water were reported as the most common ways of washing in both home duty stations and during deployment, followed by wipes at home duty stations and in deployed settings. Participants reported wipes as their primary bathing method during field training, followed by soap and water. Participants used intentional dehydration or delayed urination more frequently in field training than during deployment. Women reported significant differences in holding their urine between field training and deployment, with principal reasons reported as "dirty facilities" and "distance to the nearest restroom." Significantly, they reported safety concerns when bathing, using the bathroom, or toileting facilities across the three settings. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to characterize sex-specific challenges by a large sample of operational ADSW and to explore the use of WASH resources in home duty, field training, and deployment settings. The results show that field training is more austere than deployed settings, indicating that austerity, not deployment, increases the urogenital infection risk for ADSW. With women more integrated into the military strategy than at any time in U.S. history, military leaders can use our results to develop interventions that ameliorate the unique challenges that influence the military readiness and overall health of female warfighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kostas-Polston
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Christina B Terehoff
- Executive Medicine Clinic, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC 28310, USA
| | - Lauren N Nash
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Angelyn M Brown
- Department of Public Health, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | | | | | - William J Brown
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl Kirchberg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Christopher H Stucky
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl Kirchberg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
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Kostas-Polston EA, Terehoff CB, Nash LN, Brown AM, Delabastide ZA, Andersen EW, Brown WJ, Stucky CH, Norcross KR, Smith HN, Randall NR. Impacts of Austerity on Urogenital Infection Rates in Active Duty Servicewomen. Mil Med 2023:usad043. [PMID: 36840451 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Female warfighters are at increased risk of urogenital infections (UGIs) when serving in austere environments with varying levels of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Urogenital infections among servicewomen were among the top five reported medical encounters and one of the top seven reasons for medical evacuation from deployed locations between 2008 and 2013. In this study, we examine the use of water and sanitation resources across three environments (home duty station, field training, and deployment) and analyze associations between water, sanitation, and hygiene resource access and UGIs during training or deployment. The analyses are based on answers from 751 diverse active duty servicewomen (ADSW) at a large military installation in the southeastern USA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data for this population-based, prospective, cross-sectional survey design were collected during the administration of the Military Women's Readiness Urogenital Health Questionnaire. This research study was guided by two specific research questions derived from self-reported data in sections 2 and 3 of the questionnaire. RESULTS The sample consisted of an extremely diverse pool of U.S. Army ADSW attached to highly operational units with robust field training and deployment tempos. Over one-half of the participants reported being diagnosed with one or more UGIs before military service. Of that participant group, more than 76.0% experienced one or more infections since joining the military. We found that the majority of UGIs occurred while U.S. Army ADSW were at their home duty stations rather than during field training or deployment. Of the three types of UGIs, bacterial vaginosis is more often associated with water and sanitation constraints. None of the water factors were significantly associated with UGIs during deployment. Intentional dehydration was not associated with UGIs in either field training or deployment, but intentionally delaying urination was associated with a significant increase in the odds of developing urinary tract infection during deployment. We identified trends in hygiene practices that may put ADSW at a higher risk for UGIs. CONCLUSIONS Austere conditions, which may exist in any service environment, pose risks to the urogenital health and wellness of a female warfighter. Access to clean water and sanitation resources in military settings is essential for optimal health and operational readiness. It is necessary to identify and investigate critical research and policy gaps in need of investment and support for successful, evidence-based integration of female warfighters into military combat roles and to optimize their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kostas-Polston
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Christina B Terehoff
- Executive Medicine Clinic, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC 28310, USA
| | - Lauren N Nash
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Angelyn M Brown
- Department of Public Health, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | | | | | - William J Brown
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl Kirchberg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Christopher H Stucky
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl Kirchberg, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
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Makama M, Brown WJ, Lim S, Skouteris H, Harrison CL, Joham AE, Mishra GD, Teede H, Moran LJ. Levels of physical activity and sitting time in women with infants, toddlers and preschoolers: a population-based cross-sectional study. Public Health 2023; 214:1-9. [PMID: 36417813 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insufficient physical activity (PA) and prolonged sitting time (ST) increase the risk of chronic disease and mortality. Caring for young children can potentially impact maternal PA and sedentary behaviours. The aims of this study were to explore the levels of PA and ST in women with young children (infants, toddlers and preschoolers) and sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with these. STUDY DESIGN This was a population-based cross-sectional study. METHODS Survey 5 data collected in 2009 (n = 4290) of the 1973-1978 birth cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health were used. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations. RESULTS In adjusted models, compared with women with preschoolers, women whose youngest child was an infant aged 0-6 months, aged >6-12 months or toddler had lower PA (-321.3 MET.min/week [95% confidence interval (CI) -416.2, -226.4], -147.9 MET.min/week [95% CI -237.6, -58.1] and -106.4 MET.min/week [95% CI -172.3, -40.5]). ST was higher in women whose youngest child was an infant aged 0-6 months (0.48 h/day; 95% CI 0.19, 0.77) but lower with infants aged >6-12 months (-0.33 h/day; 95% CI -0.60, -0.05) and toddlers (-0.40 h/day; 95% CI -0.60, -0.20) than in those with preschoolers. The findings were similar in the logistic model. Sociodemographic and behavioural factors such as occupation and marital status also influenced PA and ST. CONCLUSIONS Women with infants and toddlers have lower PA than women with preschoolers. Women are more likely to sit more in the first 6 months after childbirth. These findings can inform resources and intervention development to improve activity levels in women with young children through consideration of the age of the youngest child, sociodemographic and behavioural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Makama
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - W J Brown
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - S Lim
- Health Systems and Equity, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Skouteris
- Health and Social Care Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Warwick Business School, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - C L Harrison
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A E Joham
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - G D Mishra
- Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Warwick Business School, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - L J Moran
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Robbins R, Helmer D, Monahan P, Hunt S, McAndrew L, Nazario M, Brown WJ, Chao W, Navarro A, Sall J. Management of Chronic Multisymptom Illness: Synopsis of the 2021 US Department of Veterans Affairs and US Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline. Mayo Clin Proc 2022; 97:991-1002. [PMID: 35410746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, senior leaders within the US Department of Veterans Affairs and the US Department of Defense commissioned the update of a clinical practice guideline for managing chronic multisymptom illness. Clinical experts were assembled across both agencies to systematically review evidence and to develop treatment recommendations based on that evidence. This effort resulted in the development of 29 evidence-based recommendations for providing care for individuals with chronic multisymptom illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Robbins
- Associate Program Director, Rheumatology Fellowship, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Drew Helmer
- Deputy Director, Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - Patrick Monahan
- Director, Integrated Clinical Skills, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen Hunt
- VA National Director Post-Deployment Integrated Care Initiative, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Lisa McAndrew
- Acting Director of Research, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ
| | - Mitchell Nazario
- National PBM Clinical Program Manager for Pain and Substance Abuse, Veterans Health Administration, Hines, IL
| | - William J Brown
- Chief, Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Germany
| | - Wendy Chao
- Chief, Neurology Services, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - Aniceto Navarro
- Consultation Liaison Psychiatry/Geriatric Psychiatry, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA
| | - James Sall
- Clinical Quality Specialist, Office of Evidence-Based Practice, VA Central Office, Washington, DC.
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Stucky CH, Brown WJ, Knight AR, Hover AJ, De Jong MJ. Operation Allies Refuge and Operation Allies Welcome: Military Perioperative and Perianesthesia Nursing Support to the Afghan Evacuation Mission. J Perianesth Nurs 2022; 37:298-307. [PMID: 35339386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nursing has a long and celebrated history of providing life-saving care during crises and periods of great need. Following the government collapse in Afghanistan and the withdrawal of US troops, a severe humanitarian and human rights crisis emerged. The US military participated in one of the largest and most complex humanitarian missions in history to aid Afghan relief efforts. US and coalition forces evacuated more than 130,000 people in the chaotic Allied airlift from the Kabul Airport. The overarching missions, Operation Allies Refuge and Operation Allies Welcome, provided humanitarian support to at-risk Afghan nationals who contributed to the Global War on Terrorism efforts, as well as US citizens living in Afghanistan. Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (LRMC), an overseas military treatment facility located in Germany, supported the healthcare needs of Afghan evacuees and injured US service members during the humanitarian crisis. LRMC clinicians provided emergent, urgent, and specialty care while advocating for evacuee health, wellness, and living conditions. Perioperative and perianesthesia nurses were essential to the humanitarian response, as many evacuees and injured US service members arrived in Germany requiring immediate surgical interventions. In this article, we describe the vital contributions of military perioperative and perianesthesia nurses to the Operation Allies Refuge and Operation Allies Welcome missions, and share our experiences providing humanitarian relief. Military and civilian healthcare planners can learn from our humanitarian relief contributions, experiences, and lessons to strategically prepare their health systems to respond to future crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Stucky
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center. Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.
| | - William J Brown
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center. Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Albert R Knight
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center. Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Andrew J Hover
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center. Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
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Gillis BT, Murray WO, Brown WJ. The Military Treatment Facility COVID-19 Response in an Isolated Rural Environment: Challenges and Lessons Learned. Mil Med 2021; 186:44-49. [PMID: 34469526 PMCID: PMC8499822 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains an extraordinary event that continues to strain healthcare systems worldwide. Unlike the military treatment facilities (MTFs) in the USA, which have ready access to tertiary care facilities, those MTFs in foreign countries confront a host of challenges in meeting mission requirements. In this article, we discuss the MTFs' COVID-19 response in the rural environment of Bavaria, Germany. Relevant factors including regional and clinic response, force health protection, and contingency planning, which influenced the MTFs response, are identified. These factors are further analyzed from a "lessons learned" perspective, and recommendations to shape the future response to a pandemic are provided. This current crisis portends a future where pandemics may remain an omnipresent threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breslin T Gillis
- Primary Care Medical Home, U.S. Army Health Clinic Vilseck, Vilseck, Bavaria 09112, Germany
| | - William O Murray
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl/Kirchberg, Rhineland-Palatinate 66849, Germany
| | - William J Brown
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl/Kirchberg, Rhineland-Palatinate 66849, Germany
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Brown WJ, Lewis PC, Neugebauer-Sperlein J, Zarow GJ, Rivas E. A Novel Stress Fracture Rehabilitation Program: A Pilot Study. Mil Med 2021; 186:820-827. [PMID: 33499545 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stress fractures (SFx) of the tibia are common and limit military readiness, but there is presently no scientifically validated program that objectively fosters tibia SFx rehabilitation. Therefore, this pilot study evaluated the feasibility of a Graduated Exercise Program (GEP) based on the theory that programmed rest between exercise bouts improves the osteogenic response, which may enhance rehabilitation and military readiness. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to the GEP or standard-of-care exercise program. Both programs use a walk-jog-run progression, but the GEP splits daily exercise into morning and evening episodes and provides 5 days of programmed rest after each stage is completed. The GEP included autonomy support to foster program adherence. Outcome measures included adherence, subjective and ActiGraph-validated objective assessments of exercise duration and intensity, pain assessments, and autonomy support assessments. Participants offered suggestions for program improvement. RESULTS Quantitative findings were mixed, but more importantly, this pilot study showed that the measurement, support, and self-reporting parameters were feasible, with high compliance by participants. Barriers to recruitment and retention were identified, along with solutions to overcome these barriers, starting with obtaining unit support for GEP participation. CONCLUSION This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of a GEP with autonomy support, along with challenges and their solutions, providing the foundation for a formal large-sample study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Brown
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl 66849, Germany
| | - Paul C Lewis
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Jennifer Neugebauer-Sperlein
- Human Systems Integration Division Aberdeen Proving Ground, Combat Capabilities Development Command, Aberdeen, MD 21005, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Rivas
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC 28310, USA
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Stucky CH, Brown WJ, Stucky MG. COVID 19: An unprecedented opportunity for nurse practitioners to reform healthcare and advocate for permanent full practice authority. Nurs Forum 2020; 56:222-227. [PMID: 33047352 PMCID: PMC7675696 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic ushered in a new era for advanced practice registered nurses, as emergency regulatory and policy changes expanded the nurse practitioner (NP) scope of practice. The legislative changes enabled NPs to bolster the national pandemic response by working to the full extent of their education and training. The changes are only temporary, and many have contemplated the permanent impact of COVID-19 when healthcare transitions to a postpandemic normal. NPs now have a unique opportunity to educate others about the merit of their role and advocate for permanent legislative changes. In this creative controversy manuscript, we build a case that national NP full practice authority increases access to care and is vital for a sustainable and resilient healthcare system that can react to future pandemic crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Stucky
- Department of Nursing, Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, USA
| | - William J Brown
- Department of Nursing, Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany
| | - Michelle G Stucky
- Cumberland County Public Health Department, Women's Health Nurse Practitioner, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
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Stow JL, Saraste J, Brown WJ. A life in pictures-Marilyn Gist Farquhar. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133633. [PMID: 31968057 PMCID: PMC7041693 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marilyn Gist Farquhar is remembered for her contributions over seven decades as a pioneering microscopist, an inspiring researcher, mentor, and eminent leader of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - William J Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Pavey TG, Brown WJ. Sitting time and depression in young women over 12-years: The effect of physical activity. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1125-1131. [PMID: 31272914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lack of physical activity (PA) and prolonged sitting time (ST) are associated with increased risk of mortality and chronic illnesses, including depression. While there have been claims that the two risks are 'independent', their joint and stratified effects are unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the combined effects of physical activity and sitting time on the 12year risk of depressive symptoms (DS) in young women. DESIGN Cohort-9061 young participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health completed triennial surveys from 2000 (age 22-27), to 2012. METHODS Generalised Estimating Equation models were used to calculate the joint effects of PA and ST on DS, with <4h/day of ST and the highest PA quartile as the reference categories. Relationships between PA and DS, and between ST and DS, were also examined after stratification by ST and PA respectively. RESULTS In the adjusted joint effects model, compared with the reference category (low sitting, high PA), odds for DS were significantly higher in women who sat for >4, 6 and 8h/day and reported doing no PA. In every physical activity category, women who sat for ≥10h/day were at highest risk of DS (OR for lowest physical activity quartile, 1.72 [95% CI=1.38-2.14]; OR for highest physical activity quartile, 1.49 [95% CI=1.16-1.91]). After stratification by ST, odds of DS were reduced in women who reported any physical activity (compared with none), except when ST was >10h/day. After stratification by physical activity, the increased risk of sitting 8-10h/day was attenuated by any physical activity, but there was no reduction in risk of depressive symptoms with increasing PA levels in women who sat for ≥10h per day. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that there are both joint and stratified effects of too little activity and too much sitting on the risk of depressive symptoms in young women. High levels of PA are protective against the hazards of high ST at this life stage, except in women with very high levels of sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Pavey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - W J Brown
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
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12
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de Figueiredo P, Pandey A, Ding SL, Qin QM, Gupta R, Gomez G, Lin F, Feng X, de Costa LF, Chaki SP, Katepalli M, Case E, Van Schaik E, Sidiq T, Khalaf O, Arenas A, Kobayashi KS, Samuel JE, Rivera G, Alaniz RC, Sze SH, Qian X, Brown WJ, Rice-Ficht A, Russell W, Ficht TA. Mechanisms controlling Cryptococcus Intracellular Parasitism. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.190.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a deadly fungal pathogen whose intracellular lifestyle is important for virulence. Host mechanisms controlling fungal phagocytosis and replication remain obscure. Here, we describe insights that have emerged from a global phosphoproteomic analysis of the host response to Cryptococcus infection. Our analysis revealed diverse host proteins that were differentially phosphorylated following fungal infection, indicating global reprogramming of host kinase signaling during this process. Notably, phagocytosis of the pathogen activated the host autophagy initiation complex (AIC) as well as regulatory components that reside upstream of this complex. Cn-containing vacuoles (CnCVs) were found to be decorated with the cell surface marker CD44, which colocalized with components of the AIC complex. Taken together, these findings suggest that associations between CD44 and AIC proteins confer susceptibility to infection, thereby implicating novel host mechanisms in regulating fungal intracellular parasitism.
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13
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Lamerton TJ, Torquati L, Brown WJ. Overweight and obesity as major, modifiable risk factors for urinary incontinence in young to mid-aged women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1735-1745. [PMID: 30230164 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review and meta-analysis was to evaluate overweight and obesity as risk factors for urinary incontinence in young to mid-aged women. Understanding these relationships during this life stage is important as early onset increases the risk for developing severe and persistent incontinence. A systematic search resulted in 497 citations, 14 of which were retained for review. Data were analysed by overweight and obesity and by subtype of urinary incontinence - stress, urge, mixed and severe. When compared with 'normal' body mass index, overweight was associated with a one-third increase in risk of urinary incontinence (relative risk = 1.35, 95% confidence interval = 1.20-1.53), while the risk was doubled in women with obesity (relative risk = 1.95, 95% confidence interval = 1.58-2.42). When estimates were pooled according to urinary incontinence subtype, there was no statistical difference in risk. Overweight and obesity are strong predictors of urinary incontinence, with a significantly greater risk observed for obesity. Clinical advice to young women at risk of, or presenting with, obesity should not be limited to metabolic health only but should emphasize the role of excess weight on pelvic floor weakening and subsequent risk of incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lamerton
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - L Torquati
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - W J Brown
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Stolovitzky JP, Mehendale N, Matheny KE, Brown WJ, Rieder AA, Liepert DR, Tseng E, Gould A. Medical Therapy Versus Balloon Sinus Dilation in Adults With Chronic Rhinosinusitis (MERLOT): 12-Month Follow-up. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 32:294-302. [PMID: 29781286 DOI: 10.1177/1945892418773623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a devastating disease affecting nearly 30 million people in the United States. An interim analysis of data from the present study suggested that, in patients who had previously failed medical therapy, balloon sinus dilation (BSD) plus medical management (MM) provides a significant improvement in the quality of life (QOL) at 24 weeks postprocedure compared to MM alone. Objective The primary objective of this final analysis was to evaluate the durability of treatment effects through the 52-week follow-up. Methods Adults aged 19 and older with CRS who had failed MM elected either BSD plus MM or continued MM. Patients were evaluated at 2 (BSD arm only), 12, 24, and 52 weeks posttreatment. Balloon dilations were performed either as an office-based procedure under local anesthesia or in the operating room per physicians' and patients' discretion. The primary end point was change in patient-reported QOL as measured by Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS) total score from baseline to the 24-week follow-up. Secondary outcomes including changes in CSS, Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI), and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT) total and subscores, sinus medication usage, missed days of work/school, number of medical care visits, and sinus infections from baseline to the 52-week follow-up are reported here within. Results BSD led to sustained greater improvements in self-reported QOL using the CSS and RSDI total scores with a trend toward improvement in the SNOT-20 total score from baseline to the 52-week follow-up compared to continued MM. There were no changes in medication usage apart from nasal steroid usage for which the MM cohort had an increase in usage. There were no device-related serious adverse events. Conclusion The current analysis highlights the safety, effectiveness, and durability of BSD in CRS patients aged 19 and older who had previously failed MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pablo Stolovitzky
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas R Liepert
- 6 Allied Physicians of Michiana-Otolaryngology Associates, South Bend, Indiana
| | | | - Andrew Gould
- 7 Advanced ENT and Allergy, Louisville, Kentucky
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15
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Kim S, Crose M, Eldridge WJ, Cox B, Brown WJ, Wax A. Design and implementation of a low-cost, portable OCT system. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:1232-1243. [PMID: 29541516 PMCID: PMC5846526 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a widely used biomedical imaging tool, primarily in ophthalmology to diagnose and stage retinal diseases. In order to increase access for a wider range of applications and in low resource settings, we developed a portable, low-cost OCT system that has comparable imaging performance to commercially available systems. Here, we present the system design and characterization and compare the system performance to other commercially available OCT systems. In addition, future cost reductions and potential additional applications of the low-cost OCT system are discussed.
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16
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Moran LJ, Brown WJ, McNaughton SA, Joham AE, Teede HJ. Weight management practices associated with PCOS and their relationships with diet and physical activity. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:669-678. [PMID: 28069732 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do weight management practices differ in women with and without PCOS? SUMMARY ANSWER Women in the general population with self-reported PCOS are more likely to be using healthy weight management practices and alternative non-lifestyle measures for weight management than women without PCOS. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Lifestyle management is the first-line treatment in PCOS. However, the specific weight management practices used by women with PCOS and their effect on diet and physical activity are unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study was a population-based observational cross-sectional study involving women in the 1973-1978 cohort (n = 7767 total; n = 556 with PCOS, n = 7211 without PCOS). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Women with and without self-reported PCOS were included. Self-reported outcome measures included healthy lifestyle-related or alternative non-lifestyle-related (e.g. laxatives or smoking) weight management practices, dietary intake and physical activity. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Women with PCOS were more likely to be following both healthy [reducing meal or snack size (odds ratio (OR) 1.50, 95% CI 1.14, 1.96, P = 0.004) and reducing fat or sugar intake (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.03, 1.69, P = 0.027) or following a low glycaemic index diet (OR 2.88, 95% CI 2.30, 3.59, P < 0.001)] and alternative [smoking (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.02, 2.52, P = 0.043) or use of laxative, diet pills, fasting or diuretics (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.07, 1.97, P = 0.017)] weight management practices than women without PCOS. In PCOS, the use of a range of healthy weight management practices was associated with increases in physical activity (P < 0.001), diet quality (P < 0.001), percentage protein intake (P < 0.001) and decreases in glycaemic index (P < 0.001), and percentages of fat (P = 0.001), saturated fat (P < 0.001) or fibre (P = 0.003). Use of alternative weight management practices was associated with decreases in diet quality. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Limitations include the use of self-reported data for PCOS, height, weight, diet, physical activity and weight management behaviours. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In PCOS, we should focus on improving healthy weight practices across both diet quality and quantity, and on assessing alternative weight practices and their potential adverse effect on dietary intake. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) L.M. is supported by a South Australian Cardiovascular Research Development Program Fellowship (ID AC11S374); a program collaboratively funded by the National Heart Foundation, the South Australian Department of Health and the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute. H.T. is supported by the NHMRC. S.A.M. is supported by an NHMRC Career Development Fellowship Level 2, ID1104636 and was previously supported by an ARC Future Fellowship (2011-2015, FT100100581). The authors declare no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Moran
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, North Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - W J Brown
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - S A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne 3125, Australia
| | - A E Joham
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - H J Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Australia
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17
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Pandey A, Ding SL, Qin QM, Gupta R, Gomez G, Lin F, Feng X, Fachini da Costa L, Chaki SP, Katepalli M, Case ED, van Schaik EJ, Sidiq T, Khalaf O, Arenas A, Kobayashi KS, Samuel JE, Rivera GM, Alaniz RC, Sze SH, Qian X, Brown WJ, Rice-Ficht A, Russell WK, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P. Global Reprogramming of Host Kinase Signaling in Response to Fungal Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:637-649.e6. [PMID: 28494245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a deadly fungal pathogen whose intracellular lifestyle is important for virulence. Host mechanisms controlling fungal phagocytosis and replication remain obscure. Here, we perform a global phosphoproteomic analysis of the host response to Cryptococcus infection. Our analysis reveals numerous and diverse host proteins that are differentially phosphorylated following fungal ingestion by macrophages, thereby indicating global reprogramming of host kinase signaling. Notably, phagocytosis of the pathogen activates the host autophagy initiation complex (AIC) and the upstream regulatory components LKB1 and AMPKα, which regulate autophagy induction through their kinase activities. Deletion of Prkaa1, the gene encoding AMPKα1, in monocytes results in resistance to fungal colonization of mice. Finally, the recruitment of AIC components to nascent Cryptococcus-containing vacuoles (CnCVs) regulates the intracellular trafficking and replication of the pathogen. These findings demonstrate that host AIC regulatory networks confer susceptibility to infection and establish a proteomic resource for elucidating host mechanisms that regulate fungal intracellular parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Pandey
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Sheng Li Ding
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Health and Engineering Group, Leidos Inc., 2295 Parklake Drive, Atlanta, GA 30345, USA
| | - Gabriel Gomez
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Furong Lin
- Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xuehuan Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Luciana Fachini da Costa
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Sankar P Chaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Madhu Katepalli
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Case
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Erin J van Schaik
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Tabasum Sidiq
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Omar Khalaf
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Angela Arenas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Koichi S Kobayashi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - James E Samuel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Gonzalo M Rivera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Robert C Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Sing-Hoi Sze
- Center for Bioinformatics & Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Center for Bioinformatics & Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - William J Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA
| | - Allison Rice-Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - William K Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Norman Borlaug Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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Abstract
The enormous economic, political and social problems of the developing world call for creating effective, equitable, and socially responsible mass media programs that will solve human problems and benefit society. The present article investigates the use of the entertainment-education strategy in mass communication, especially focusing on the potential of telenovelas in addressing problems of national development. We trace the diffusion of the entertainment-education telenovelas from Mexico to other developing countries, and distill the lessons learned to date about the conditions (for instance, the physical and human resources) needed in a country to successfully design and implement the entertainment-education strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Singhal
- School of Interpersonal Communication, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, U.S.A
| | | | - William J. Brown
- College of Communication and Arts. Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, U.S.A
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19
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20
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Abstract
A meta-analysis of thirty-four news diffusion studies shows that the general importance of a story is positively associated with the level of diffusion and likelihood of hearing the news interpersonally, but not the rate of telling others. A second study examined the spread of the news of “Magic” Johnson's positive HIV test. Results indicate that personal importance affected whether a person tells others. These findings identify the important role of individuals and the importance of the news in the diffusion process. News that is personally relevant to an individual is more likely to be discussed with others.
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21
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Zhou X, Sun L, Bastos de Oliveira F, Qi X, Brown WJ, Smolka MB, Sun Y, Hu F. Prosaposin facilitates sortilin-independent lysosomal trafficking of progranulin. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:991-1002. [PMID: 26370502 PMCID: PMC4576858 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201502029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosaposin directly interacts with progranulin and facilitates progranulin lysosomal trafficking via the trafficking receptors M6PR and LRP1, independent of the previously identified progranulin trafficking pathway mediated by sortilin. Mutations in the progranulin (PGRN) gene have been linked to two distinct neurodegenerative diseases, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Accumulating evidence suggests a critical role of PGRN in lysosomes. However, how PGRN is trafficked to lysosomes is still not clear. Here we report a novel pathway for lysosomal delivery of PGRN. We found that prosaposin (PSAP) interacts with PGRN and facilitates its lysosomal targeting in both biosynthetic and endocytic pathways via the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1. PSAP deficiency in mice leads to severe PGRN trafficking defects and a drastic increase in serum PGRN levels. We further showed that this PSAP pathway is independent of, but complementary to, the previously identified PGRN lysosomal trafficking mediated by sortilin. Collectively, our results provide new understanding on PGRN trafficking and shed light on the molecular mechanisms behind FTLD and NCL caused by PGRN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Lirong Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Francisco Bastos de Oliveira
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - William J Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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22
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Brown WJ. Nursing in the 8th Evacuation Hospital, 1942-1945. US Army Med Dep J 2015:92-98. [PMID: 26606414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the experiences of Army nurses in the University of Virginia sponsored 8th Evacuation Hospital during World War II. In addition, it examines gender and role differences within the Army Medical Department, and how nurses' contributions helped shape the profession. This research used traditional historical methods of inquiry to include both primary and secondary sources of information. Primary sources include newspaper clippings, letters, citations, and photographs from the archival collections of the 8th Evacuation Hospital located in the University of Virginia Historical Collections and Services, Charlottesville, VA, and journal articles from that period. Secondary sources consisted of bibliographical and historical texts. Evidence suggests that advances in the chain-of-evacuation, antibiotics, dissemination of blood products, and nurses' expanded roles all contributed to increased survival of the wounded. Nurses' performance garnered an enduring respect from combatants who received care, as well as the medical officers and enlisted personnel with whom they worked on a daily basis. Collaboration, mutual respect, and coordinated teamwork were critical for mission success. Army nurses demonstrated that they had the mettle to go into a war zone and perform in an exemplary manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Brown
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina
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23
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Peeters GMEEG, Pisters MF, Mishra GD, Brown WJ. The influence of long-term exposure and timing of physical activity on new joint pain and stiffness in mid-age women. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:34-40. [PMID: 25452157 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of long-term exposure and timing of physical activity (PA) on new joint pain/stiffness in mid-age women. METHODS Data were from 5105 participants (born 1946-51) in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) who completed survey items on PA (1998, 2001 and 2004) and joint pain/stiffness (2007 and 2010). PA was categorized in five levels at each survey and summed into a cumulative PA score (CPA, range 0-12). Associations were analysed using logistic regression, with separate models for the cumulative model (using CPA), the sensitive periods model (i.e., PA measured at each survey in one regression model) and the critical periods model (i.e., separate regression models for PA at each survey). RESULTS 951 (18.6%) participants reported new-onset joint pain/stiffness. In the cumulative model, CPA was associated joint pain/stiffness when included as a continuous variable (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.95-0.99), but not when included as a categorical variable. In both the sensitive periods and critical periods models, low to high levels of PA in 2001 and 2004 had stronger inverse associations with joint pain/stiffness than PA levels in 1998. The model fit was better for the sensitive periods than the cumulative or critical periods models. CONCLUSIONS In mid-age women, PA between the ages 47 and 58 was associated with a lower risk of joint pain/stiffness 9 years later. Associations were stronger for PA in the last 6 years than for earlier PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M E E Geeske Peeters
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - M F Pisters
- Physical Therapy Research, Program in Clinical Health Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation, Nursing Science and Sport, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - G D Mishra
- The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - W J Brown
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, Australia.
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Brown WJ, Kim S, Wax A. Noise characterization of supercontinuum sources for low-coherence interferometry applications. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2014; 31:2703-10. [PMID: 25606759 PMCID: PMC4457326 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We examine the noise properties of supercontinuum light sources when used in low-coherence interferometry applications. The first application is a multiple-scattering low-coherence interferometry (ms2/LCI) system, where high power and long image acquisition times are required to image deep into tissue. For this system, we compare the noise characteristics of two supercontinuum sources from different suppliers. Both sources have long-term drift that limits the amount of time over which signal averaging is advantageous for reducing noise. The second application is a high-resolution optical coherence tomography system, where broadband light is needed for high axial resolution. For this system, we compare the noise performance of the two supercontinuum sources and a light source based on four superluminescent diodes (SLD) using imaging contrast as a comparative metric. We find that the NKT SuperK has superior noise performance compared with the Fianium SC-450-4, but neither meets the performance of the SLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Fitzpatrick Center for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Sanghoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Fitzpatrick Center for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Fitzpatrick Center for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Corresponding author:
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Herber-Gast G, Brown WJ, Mishra GD. Hot flushes and night sweats are associated with coronary heart disease risk in midlife: a longitudinal study. BJOG 2014; 122:1560-7. [PMID: 25377022 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between vasomotor menopausal symptoms (VMS), i.e. hot flushes and night sweats, and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). DESIGN A prospective cohort study. SETTING AND POPULATION 11 725 women, aged 45-50 years at baseline in 1996, were followed up at 3-year intervals for 14 years. METHODS Self-reported VMS and incident CHD were measured at each survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We determined the association between VMS and CHD at the subsequent survey, using generalised estimating equation analysis, adjusting for time-varying covariates. RESULTS At baseline, 14% reported rarely, 17% reported sometimes, and 7% reported often having night sweats. During follow-up, 187 CHD events occurred. In the age-adjusted analysis, women who reported their frequency of experiencing hot flushes and night sweats as 'often' had a greater than two-fold increased odds of CHD (OR hot flushes 2.18, 95% CI 1.49-3.18; OR night sweats 2.38, 95% CI 1.62-3.50) compared with women with no symptoms (P trend < 0.001 for frequency of symptoms). Adjustment for menopausal status, lifestyle factors, body mass index, diabetes, and hypertension attenuated the associations (OR hot flushes 1.70, 95% CI 1.16-2.51, P trend = 0.01; OR night sweats 1.84, 95% CI 1.24-2.73), P trend = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Women who report having hot flushes or night sweats 'often' have an increased risk of developing CHD over a period of 14 years, even after taking the effects of age, menopause status, lifestyle, and other chronic disease risk factors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gcm Herber-Gast
- Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Research, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - W J Brown
- School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - G D Mishra
- Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Research, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Maher JR, Jaedicke V, Medina M, Levinson H, Selim MA, Brown WJ, Wax A. In vivo analysis of burns in a mouse model using spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett 2014; 39:5594-7. [PMID: 25360936 PMCID: PMC4370176 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic analysis of biological tissues can provide insight into changes in structure and function due to disease or injury. Depth-resolved spectroscopic measurements can be implemented for tissue imaging using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Here, spectroscopic OCT is applied to in vivo measurement of burn injury in a mouse model. Data processing and analysis methods are compared for their accuracy. Overall accuracy in classifying burned tissue was found to be as high as 91%, producing an area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.97. The origins of the spectral changes are identified by correlation with histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Maher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Volker Jaedicke
- Photonics and Terahertz Technology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel Medina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Howard Levinson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708
| | | | - William J. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Corresponding author:
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Han JK, Forwith KD, Smith TL, Kern RC, Brown WJ, Miller SK, Ow RA, Poetker DM, Karanfilov B, Matheny KE, Stambaugh J, Gawlicka AK. RESOLVE: a randomized, controlled, blinded study of bioabsorbable steroid-eluting sinus implants for in-office treatment of recurrent sinonasal polyposis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4:861-70. [PMID: 25266981 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with recurrent sinonasal polyposis after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) have limited treatment options. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a bioabsorbable steroid-eluting implant with 1350 μg of mometasone furoate for its ability to dilate obstructed ethmoid sinuses, reduce polyposis, and reestablish sinus patency. METHODS This was a randomized, controlled, blinded study including 100 patients chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) refractory to medical therapy and considered candidates for revision ESS. Follow-up included endoscopic grading by investigators and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS Treated patients (n = 53; age as mean ± standard deviation [SD] 47.8 ± 12.6 years; 55% male) underwent in-office bilateral placement. Control patients (n = 47; age 51.6 ± 13.1 years; 66% male) underwent a sham procedure. At 3 months, treated patients experienced a significant reduction in bilateral polyp grade (p = 0.0269) and ethmoid sinus obstruction (p = 0.0001) compared to controls. Treated patients also experienced a 2-fold improvement in the mean nasal obstruction/congestion score (-1.33 ± 1.47 vs -0.67 ± 1.45; p = 0.1365). This improvement reached statistical significance (p = 0.025) in patients with greater polyp burden (grade ≥2 bilaterally; n = 74). At 3 months, 53% of treated patients compared to only 23% of controls were no longer indicated for repeat ESS. There was no serious adverse event or clinically significant increases in intraocular pressure or cataract formation. CONCLUSION The symptomatic improvement and statistically significant reduction in polyp grade and ethmoid sinus obstruction supported the efficacy of the steroid-eluting implant for in-office treatment of CRS patient with recurrent polyposis after ESS. The study results demonstrated that the steroid-eluting implant represents a safe and effective alternative to current management for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Han
- Divisions of Rhinology and Endoscopic Sinus-Skull Base Surgery and Allergy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Apodaca
- The Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Brown
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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Clark BK, Peeters GMEE, Gomersall SR, Pavey TG, Brown WJ. Nine year changes in sitting time in young and mid-aged Australian women: findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study for Women's Health. Prev Med 2014; 64:1-7. [PMID: 24657548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine changes in sitting time (ST) in women over nine years and to identify associations between life events and these changes. METHODS Young (born 1973-78, n=5215) and mid-aged (born 1946-51, n=6973) women reported life events and ST in four surveys of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health between 2000 and 2010. Associations between life events and changes in ST between surveys (decreasers ≥2 h/day less, increasers ≥2 h/day more) were estimated using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Against a background of complex changes there was an overall decrease in ST in young women (median change -0.48 h/day, interquartile range [IQR]=-2.54, 1.50) and an increase in ST in mid-aged women (median change 0.43 h/day; IQR=-1.29, 2.0) over nine years. In young women, returning to study and job loss were associated with increased ST, while having a baby, beginning work and decreased income were associated with decreased ST. In mid-aged women, changes at work were associated with increased ST, while retiring and decreased income were associated with decreased ST. CONCLUSIONS ST changed over nine years in young and mid-aged Australian women. The life events they experienced, particularly events related to work and family, were associated with these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Clark
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Research on Exercise Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - G M E E Peeters
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Research on Exercise Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S R Gomersall
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Research on Exercise Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, Australia
| | - T G Pavey
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Research on Exercise Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, Australia
| | - W J Brown
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Research on Exercise Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, Australia
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Gomersall SR, Dobson AJ, Brown WJ. Weight Gain, Overweight, and Obesity: Determinants and Health Outcomes from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Curr Obes Rep 2014; 3:46-53. [PMID: 26626467 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-013-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent estimates suggest that 35.3 % of adult Australians are overweight and a further 27.5 % are obese. The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) is a prospective study of women's health that commenced in Australia in 1996. The study recruited approximately 40,000 women in three birth cohorts, 1973-1978, 1946-1951 and 1921-1926, who have since been followed up approximately every three years using self-report surveys. Six surveys have been completed to date. This review aims to describe the changes in weight and weight status over time in the three ALSWH cohorts, and to review and summarise the published findings to date relating to the determinants and health consequences of weight gain, overweight and obesity. Future plans for the ALSWH include on-going surveys for all cohorts, with a seventh survey in 2013-2015, and establishment of a new cohort of women born in 1990-1995, which is currently being recruited.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Gomersall
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Level 5, Building 26B, Blair Drive, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - A J Dobson
- Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Research, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - W J Brown
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins transduce the ligand binding of transmembrane G protein coupled receptors into a variety of intracellular signaling pathways. Recently, heterotrimeric Gβγ subunit signaling at the Golgi complex has been shown to regulate the formation of vesicular transport carriers that deliver cargo from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. In addition to vesicles, membrane tubules have also been shown to mediate export from the Golgi complex, which requires the activity of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme activity. Through the use of an in vitro reconstitution assay with isolated Golgi complexes, we provide evidence that Gβ1γ2 signaling also stimulates Golgi membrane tubule formation. In addition, we show that an inhibitor of Gβγ activation of PLA2 enzymes inhibits in vitro Golgi membrane tubule formation. Additionally, purified Gβγ protein stimulates membrane tubules in the presence of low (sub-threshold) cytosol concentrations. Importantly, this Gβγ stimulation of Golgi membrane tubule formation was inhibited by treatment with the PLA2 antagonist ONO-RS-082. These studies indicate that Gβ1γ2 signaling activates PLA2 enzymes required for Golgi membrane tubule formation, thus establishing a new layer of regulation for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Bechler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - William J Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Matthews TE, Giacomelli MG, Brown WJ, Wax A. Fourier domain multispectral multiple scattering low coherence interferometry. Appl Opt 2013; 52:8220-8. [PMID: 24513821 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.008220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have implemented multispectral multiple scattering low coherence interferometry (ms2/LCI) with Fourier domain data collection. The ms2/LCI system is designed to localize features with spectroscopic contrast with millimeter resolution up to 1 cm deep in scattering samples by using photons that have undergone multiple low-angle (forward) scattering events. Fourier domain detection both increases the data acquisition speed of the system and gives access to rich spectroscopic information, compared to the previous single channel, time-domain implementation. Separate delivery and detection angular apertures reduce collection of the diffuse background signal in order to isolate localized spectral features from deeper in scattering samples than would be possible with traditional spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. Light from a supercontinuum source is used to acquire absorption spectra of chromophores in the visible range within a tissue-like scattering phantom. An intensity modulation and digital lock-in detection scheme is implemented to mitigate relative intensity and spectral noise inherent in supercontinuum sources. The technical parameters of the system and comparative analysis are presented.
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Murugesan S, Goldberg EB, Dou E, Brown WJ. Identification of diverse lipid droplet targeting motifs in the PNPLA family of triglyceride lipases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64950. [PMID: 23741432 PMCID: PMC3669214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Patatin-like Phospholipase Domain containing Protein A (PNPLA) family play key roles in triglyceride hydrolysis, energy metabolism, and lipid droplet (LD) homoeostasis. Here we report the identification of two distinct LD targeting motifs (LTM) for PNPLA family members. Transient transfection of truncated versions of human adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, also known as PNPLA2), PNPLA3/adiponutrin, or PNPLA5 (GS2-like) fused to GFP revealed that the C-terminal third of these proteins contains sequences that are sufficient for targeting to LDs. Furthermore, fusing the C-termini of PNPLA3 or PNPLA5 confers LD localization to PNPLA4, which is otherwise cytoplasmic. Analyses of additional mutants in ATGL, PNPLA5, and Brummer Lipase, the Drosophila homolog of mammalian ATGL, identified two different types of LTMs. The first type, in PNPLA5 and Brummer lipase, is a set of loosely conserved basic residues, while the second type, in ATGL, is contained within a stretch of hydrophobic residues. These results show that even closely related members of the PNPLA family employ different molecular motifs to associate with LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sricharan Murugesan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Elysa B. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Eda Dou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - William J. Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bechler ME, Brown WJ. PAFAH Ib phospholipase A2 subunits have distinct roles in maintaining Golgi structure and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:595-601. [PMID: 23262398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that the phospholipase subunits of Platelet Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) Ib, α1 and α2 partially localize to the Golgi complex and regulate its structure and function. Using siRNA knockdown of individual subunits, we find that α1 and α2 perform overlapping and unique roles in regulating Golgi morphology, assembly, and secretory cargo trafficking. Knockdown of either α1 or α2 reduced secretion of soluble proteins, but neither single knockdown reduced secretion to the same degree as knockdown of both. Knockdown of α1 or α2 inhibited reassembly of an intact Golgi complex to the same extent as knockdown of both. Transport of VSV-G was slowed but at different steps in the secretory pathway: reduction of α1 slowed trans Golgi network to plasma membrane transport, whereas α2 loss reduced endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking. Similarly, knockdown of either subunit alone disrupted the Golgi complex but with markedly different morphologies. Finally, knockdown of α1, or double knockdown of α1 and α2, resulted in a significant redistribution of kinase dead protein kinase D from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, whereas loss of α2 alone had no such effect. These studies reveal an unexpected complexity in the regulation of Golgi structure and function by PAFAH Ib. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Bechler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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35
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Bechler ME, de Figueiredo P, Brown WJ. A PLA1-2 punch regulates the Golgi complex. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 22:116-24. [PMID: 22130221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian Golgi complex, trans Golgi network (TGN) and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) are comprised of membrane cisternae, coated vesicles and membrane tubules, all of which contribute to membrane trafficking and maintenance of their unique architectures. Recently, a new cast of players was discovered to regulate the Golgi and ERGIC: four unrelated cytoplasmic phospholipase A (PLA) enzymes, cPLA(2)α (GIVA cPLA(2)), PAFAH Ib (GVIII PLA(2)), iPLA(2)-β (GVIA-2 iPLA(2)) and iPLA(1)γ. These ubiquitously expressed enzymes regulate membrane trafficking from specific Golgi subcompartments, although there is evidence for some functional redundancy between PAFAH Ib and cPLA(2)α. Three of these enzymes, PAFAH Ib, cPLA(2)α and iPLA(2)-β, exert effects on Golgi structure and function by inducing the formation of membrane tubules. We review our current understanding of how PLA enzymes regulate Golgi and ERGIC morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Bechler
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Spence RR, Heesch KC, Brown WJ. Colorectal cancer survivors' exercise experiences and preferences: qualitative findings from an exercise rehabilitation programme immediately after chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2011; 20:257-66. [PMID: 20649808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2010.01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about cancer survivors' experiences with and preferences for exercise programmes offered during rehabilitation (immediately after cancer treatment). This study documented colorectal cancer survivors' experiences in an exercise rehabilitation programme and their preferences for programme content and delivery. At the completion of 12 weeks of supervised exercise, 10 participants took part in one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Data from these interviews were coded, and themes were identified using qualitative software. Key findings were that most participants experienced improvements in treatment symptoms, including reduced fatigue and increased energy and confidence to do activities of daily living. They also reported that interactions with the exercise trainer and a flexible programme delivery were important aspects of the intervention. Most participants reported that they preferred having a choice of exercise, starting to exercise within a month after completing treatment, having supervision and maintaining a one-on-one format. Frustrations included scheduling conflicts and a lack of a transition out of the programme. The findings indicate that colorectal cancers experience benefits from exercise offered immediately after treatment and prefer individual attention from exercise staff. They further indicate directions for the implementation of future exercise programmes with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Spence
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld. 4072, Australia.
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Bechler ME, Doody AM, Ha KD, Judson BL, Chen I, Brown WJ. The phospholipase A₂ enzyme complex PAFAH Ib mediates endosomal membrane tubule formation and trafficking. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:2348-59. [PMID: 21593204 PMCID: PMC3128536 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-12-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 enzyme, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (I)b, is described that is directly involved in the formation of membrane
tubules from endosomes and trafficking through the endocytic recycling pathway. Previous studies have shown that membrane tubule–mediated export from endosomal compartments requires a cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. Here we report that the cytoplasmic PLA2 enzyme complex platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) Ib, which consists of α1, α2, and LIS1 subunits, regulates the distribution and function of endosomes. The catalytic subunits α1 and α2 are located on early-sorting endosomes and the central endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) and their overexpression, but not overexpression of their catalytically inactive counterparts, induced endosome membrane tubules. In addition, overexpression α1 and α2 altered normal endocytic trafficking; transferrin was recycled back to the plasma membrane directly from peripheral early-sorting endosomes instead of making an intermediate stop in the ERC. Consistent with these results, small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of α1 and α2 significantly inhibited the formation of endosome membrane tubules and delayed the recycling of transferrin. In addition, the results agree with previous reports that PAFAH Ib α1 and α2 expression levels affect the distribution of endosomes within the cell through interactions with the dynein regulator LIS1. These studies show that PAFAH Ib regulates endocytic membrane trafficking through novel mechanisms involving both PLA2 activity and LIS1-dependent dynein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Bechler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Bae HS, Brown WJ, Kang S. Social influence of a religious hero: the late Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan's effect on cornea donation and volunteerism. J Health Commun 2011; 16:62-78. [PMID: 21086210 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2010.529489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the mediated influence of a celebrated religious hero in South Korea, Cardinal Stephen Kim, through two forms of involvement--parasocial interaction and identification--on intention toward cornea donation and volunteerism, and it investigated how the news media diffused of his death. A structural equation modeling analysis with a Web-based voluntary survey of more than 1,200 people in South Korea revealed a multistep social influence process, beginning with parasocial interaction with Cardinal Kim, leading to identification with him, which predicted intention toward cornea donation and volunteerism. Additional investigations found that news of Cardinal Kim's death diffused rapidly through media and interpersonal communication. Results of this study demonstrate that religious leaders who achieve a celebrity hero status can prompt public discussion of important issues rather quickly through extensive media coverage, enabling them to promote prosocial behavior and positively affect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuhn-Suhck Bae
- Department of Media and Communication, Yeungnam University, Gyungsan, Gyungsangbukdo, Republic of Korea.
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Terry NG, Zhu Y, Rinehart MT, Brown WJ, Gebhart SC, Bright S, Carretta E, Ziefle CG, Panjehpour M, Galanko J, Madanick RD, Dellon ES, Trembath D, Bennett A, Goldblum JR, Overholt BF, Woosley JT, Shaheen NJ, Wax A. Detection of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus with in vivo depth-resolved nuclear morphology measurements. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:42-50. [PMID: 20854820 PMCID: PMC3008285 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) show increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma and are routinely examined using upper endoscopy with biopsy to detect neoplastic changes. Angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI) uses in vivo depth-resolved nuclear morphology measurements to detect dysplasia. We assessed the clinical utility of a/LCI in the endoscopic surveillance of patients with BE. METHODS Consecutive patients undergoing routine surveillance upper endoscopy for BE were recruited at 2 endoscopy centers. A novel, endoscope-compatible a/LCI system measured the mean diameter and refractive index of cell nuclei in esophageal epithelium at 172 biopsy sites in 46 patients. At each site, an a/LCI measurement was correlated with a concurrent endoscopic biopsy specimen. Each biopsy specimen was assessed histologically and classified as normal, nondysplastic BE, indeterminate for dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia (LGD), or high-grade dysplasia (HGD). The a/LCI data from multiple depths were analyzed to evaluate its ability to differentiate dysplastic from nondysplastic tissue. RESULTS Pathology characterized 5 of the scanned sites as HGD, 8 as LGD, 75 as nondysplastic BE, 70 as normal tissue types, and 14 as indeterminate for dysplasia. The a/LCI nuclear size measurements separated dysplastic from nondysplastic tissue at a statistically significant (P < .001) level for the tissue segment 200 to 300 μm beneath the surface with an accuracy of 86% (147/172). A receiver operator characteristic analysis indicated an area under the curve of 0.91, and an optimized decision point gave 100% (13/13) sensitivity and 84% (134/159) specificity. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest a/LCI is accurate in detecting dysplasia in vivo in patients with BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil G. Terry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yizheng Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew T. Rinehart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William J. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Oncoscope, Inc., Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steven C. Gebhart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Oncoscope, Inc., Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie Bright
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Carretta
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Courtney G. Ziefle
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Joseph Galanko
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ryan D. Madanick
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Evan S. Dellon
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dimitri Trembath
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ana Bennett
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - John T. Woosley
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Abstract
We have investigated the role of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2) ) enzymes in generating membrane tubules at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Constitutive TGN membrane tubules and those induced by over-expressing kinase dead protein kinase D were inhibited by the PLA(2) inhibitors ONO-RS-082 (ONO) and bromoenol lactone. These antagonists also inhibited secretory delivery of both soluble and transmembrane cargoes. Finally, use of the reversible antagonist ONO and time-lapse imaging revealed for the first time that PLA(2) antagonists inhibit the initiation of membrane tubule formation at the TGN. Thus, PLA(2) enzymes appear to have an important role in the earliest steps of membrane tubule formation at the TGN, which are utilized for membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Brown
- School of Communication and the Arts, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA 23464, USA.
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Bechler ME, Doody AM, Racoosin E, Lin L, Lee KH, Brown WJ. The phospholipase complex PAFAH Ib regulates the functional organization of the Golgi complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 190:45-53. [PMID: 20624900 PMCID: PMC2911670 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200908105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report that platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) Ib, comprised of two phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) subunits, alpha1 and alpha2, and a third subunit, the dynein regulator lissencephaly 1 (LIS1), mediates the structure and function of the Golgi complex. Both alpha1 and alpha2 partially localize on Golgi membranes, and purified catalytically active, but not inactive alpha1 and alpha2 induce Golgi membrane tubule formation in a reconstitution system. Overexpression of wild-type or mutant alpha1 or alpha2 revealed that both PLA(2) activity and LIS1 are important for maintaining Golgi structure. Knockdown of PAFAH Ib subunits fragments the Golgi complex, inhibits tubule-mediated reassembly of intact Golgi ribbons, and slows secretion of cargo. Our results demonstrate a cooperative interplay between the PLA(2) activity of alpha1 and alpha2 with LIS1 to facilitate the functional organization of the Golgi complex, thereby suggesting a model that links phospholipid remodeling and membrane tubulation to dynein-dependent transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Bechler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
Exposure to a sports celebrity through media and sporting events can have important influences on a public health issue associated with that celebrity. The battle against drug use by Argentinean soccer icon Diego Maradona has provoked concerns about drug abuse and prevention in Argentina, particularly among young people. The present study analyzes how two forms of involvement with Maradona affected the public's concern and perceptions of drug use after Maradona's drug-related health crisis in 2004. Results indicate that those who had a greater degree of parasocial interaction with Maradona were more likely to have an increased awareness of drug abuse, a greater personal concern about drug abuse, abstained from drug use, and more strongly support drug abuse prevention programs. In contrast, identification with Maradona had a mitigating effect on drug use prevention. Implications of these findings regarding the influence of sports celebrities on substance abuse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Brown
- School of Communication and the Arts, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
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Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the functional organization of the Golgi complex is dependent on phospholipid remodeling enzymes. Here, we report the identification of an integral membrane lysophosphatidic acid–specific acyltransferase, LPAAT3, which regulates Golgi membrane tubule formation, trafficking, and structure by altering phospholipids and lysophospholipids. Overexpression of LPAAT3 significantly inhibited the formation of Golgi membrane tubules in vivo and in vitro. Anterograde and retrograde protein trafficking was slower in cells overexpressing LPAAT3 and accelerated in cells with reduced expression (by siRNA). Golgi morphology was also dependent on LPAAT3 because its knockdown caused the Golgi to become fragmented. These data are the first to show a direct role for a specific phospholipid acyltransferase in regulating membrane trafficking and organelle structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Judson BL, Brown WJ. Assembly of an intact Golgi complex requires phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, membrane tubules, and dynein-mediated microtubule transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:473-7. [PMID: 19747452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that treatment of mammalian cells with phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) antagonists cause the normally interconnected Golgi ribbon to break up into large fragments of stacked Golgi cisternae ("mini-stacks") that remain located in the juxtanuclear region. Using the reversible PLA(2) antagonist, ONO-RS-082 (ONO) and live-cell, time-lapse microscopy to image the Golgi reassembly process, we found that Golgi mini-stacks underwent a burst of membrane tubule formation following washout of ONO: before washout only 4.3+/-3.8 tubules/cell/10 min were formed, whereas after washout 29.9+/-11.9 tubules/cell/10 min formed. These membranes tubules formed bridges between physically separate mini-stacks, thus mediating their coalescence into intact Golgi ribbons. Formation of inter-stack tubules and an intact Golgi ribbon was also facilitated by microtubules because treatment with nocodazole significantly inhibited both processes. This microtubule-dependent process was also dependent on dynein because the dynein inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibited reassembly. These studies show that a late stage of Golgi assembly occurs via membrane tubules, whose formation is dependent on PLA(2) activity and microtubules. Considering these results together, we concluded that the maintenance and assembly of normal Golgi architecture is dependent on the PLA(2)-mediated, dynamic formation of inter-Golgi membrane tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret L Judson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
This review evaluated the strength of the evidence for a causal relationship between physical activity (PA) and colorectal cancer (CRC). A systematic review of databases through February 2008 was conducted to identify studies that assessed the association between total or recreational PA and incidence or mortality of CRC (including CRC, rectal cancer, colon cancer, and proximal or distal colon cancer). Studies were evaluated for significant associations between PA and risk of CRC endpoints and for evidence of dose-response relationships in the highest quality studies. Twenty cohort studies were evaluated; 11 were high-quality. Fifty percent of all studies and 64% of highest quality studies reported at least one significant association between PA and risk of a CRC endpoint (P<0.05). However, only 28% of all analyses (31% of analyses of highest quality studies) were significant (P<0.05). Only 40% of analyses of highest quality studies resulted in a significant P for trend (P<0.05); however, a non-significant inverse linear association between PA and colon cancer risk was apparent. Heterogeneity in the evidence from all studies and from the highest quality studies was evident. Evidence from cohort studies is not sufficient to claim a convincing relationship exists between PA and CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Spence
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld, Australia.
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Doody AM, Antosh AL, Brown WJ. Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 antagonists inhibit multiple endocytic membrane trafficking pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:695-9. [PMID: 19695219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested a role for cytosolic Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity in the formation of endosome membrane tubules that participate in the export of transferrin (Tf) and transferrin receptors (TfR) from sorting endosomes (SEs) and the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC). Here we show that the PLA(2) requirement is a general feature of endocytic trafficking. The reversible cytoplasmic PLA(2) antagonist ONO-RS-082 (ONO) produced a concentration-dependent, differential block in the endocytic recycling of both low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and TfRs, and in the degradative pathways of LDL and epidermal growth factor (EGF). These results are consistent with the model that a cytoplasmic PLA(2) plays a general role in the export of cargo from multiple endocytic compartments by mediating the formation of membrane tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Doody
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prospective dose-response relationships between both leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and walking with self-reported arthritis in older women. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Data came from women aged 73-78 years who completed mailed surveys in 1999, 2002 and 2005 for the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Women reported their weekly minutes of walking and moderate to vigorous physical activities. They also reported on whether they had been diagnosed with, or treated for, arthritis since the previous survey. General estimating equation analyses were performed to examine the longitudinal relationship between LTPA and arthritis and, for women who reported walking as their only physical activity, the longitudinal relationship between walking and arthritis. Women who reported arthritis or a limited ability to walk in 1999 were excluded, resulting in data from 3613 women eligible for inclusion in these analyses. MAIN RESULTS ORs for self-reported arthritis were lowest for women who reported "moderate" levels of LTPA (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.92), equivalent to 75 to <150 minutes of moderate-intensity LTPA per week. Slightly higher odds ratios were found for women who reported "high" (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.95) or "very high" (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.98) LTPA levels, indicating no further benefit from increased activity. For women whose only activity was walking, an inverse dose-response relationship between walking and arthritis was seen. CONCLUSIONS The results support an inverse association between both LTPA and walking with self-reported arthritis over 6 years in older women who are able to walk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Heesch
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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