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Lisek M, Tomczak J, Boczek T, Zylinska L. Calcium-Associated Proteins in Neuroregeneration. Biomolecules 2024; 14:183. [PMID: 38397420 PMCID: PMC10887043 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of intracellular calcium levels is a critical factor in neurodegeneration, leading to the aberrant activation of calcium-dependent processes and, ultimately, cell death. Ca2+ signals vary in magnitude, duration, and the type of neuron affected. A moderate Ca2+ concentration can initiate certain cellular repair pathways and promote neuroregeneration. While the peripheral nervous system exhibits an intrinsic regenerative capability, the central nervous system has limited self-repair potential. There is evidence that significant variations exist in evoked calcium responses and axonal regeneration among neurons, and individual differences in regenerative capacity are apparent even within the same type of neurons. Furthermore, some studies have shown that neuronal activity could serve as a potent regulator of this process. The spatio-temporal patterns of calcium dynamics are intricately controlled by a variety of proteins, including channels, ion pumps, enzymes, and various calcium-binding proteins, each of which can exert either positive or negative effects on neural repair, depending on the cellular context. In this concise review, we focus on several calcium-associated proteins such as CaM kinase II, GAP-43, oncomodulin, caldendrin, calneuron, and NCS-1 in order to elaborate on their roles in the intrinsic mechanisms governing neuronal regeneration following traumatic damage processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ludmila Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (J.T.); (T.B.)
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Nguyen TM, Ngoc DTM, Choi JH, Lee CH. Unveiling the Neural Environment in Cancer: Exploring the Role of Neural Circuit Players and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2023; 12:1996. [PMID: 37566075 PMCID: PMC10417274 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the immune environment within the tumor microenvironment has provided new opportunities for cancer treatment. However, an important microenvironment surrounding cancer that is often overlooked despite its significance in cancer progression is the neural environment surrounding the tumor. The release of neurotrophic factors from cancer cells is implicated in cancer growth and metastasis by facilitating the infiltration of nerve cells into the tumor microenvironment. This nerve-tumor interplay can elicit cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in response to neurotransmitters. Moreover, it is possible that cancer cells could establish a network resembling that of neurons, allowing them to communicate with one another through neurotransmitters. The expression levels of players in the neural circuits of cancers could serve as potential biomarkers for cancer aggressiveness. Notably, the upregulation of certain players in the neural circuit has been linked to poor prognosis in specific cancer types such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, basal cell carcinoma, and stomach cancer. Targeting these players with inhibitors holds great potential for reducing the morbidity and mortality of these carcinomas. However, the efficacy of anti-neurogenic agents in cancer therapy remains underexplored, and further research is necessary to evaluate their effectiveness as a novel approach for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of players in the neural circuits of cancers and the potential of anti-neurogenic agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Minh Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; (T.M.N.); (D.T.M.N.)
| | - Dinh Thi Minh Ngoc
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; (T.M.N.); (D.T.M.N.)
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; (T.M.N.); (D.T.M.N.)
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Govindasamy N, Chung Chok K, Ying Ng P, Yian Koh R, Moi Chye S. Melatonin Induced Schwann Cell Proliferation and Dedifferentiation Through NF-ĸB, FAK-Dependent but Src-Independent Pathways. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 11:63-73. [PMID: 35765532 PMCID: PMC9208554 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common condition that compromises motor and sensory functions. Peripheral nerves are known to have regenerative capability and the pineal hormone, melatonin, is known to aid nerve regeneration. However, the role of Schwann cells and the pathways involved remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the effects of melatonin on Schwann cell proliferation, dedifferentiation, and the involvement of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase, Src pathways in this process. METHODS Schwann cells was treated with melatonin and its proliferation and dedifferentiation were identified using MTT assay and immunofluorescence staining for SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2). Next, the protein expressions of NF-ĸB, FAK and Src pathways were identified by Western blot. RESULTS MTT results confirmed increased proliferation of Schwann cells with melatonin treatment, and it was highest at 10 μM melatonin. Immunofluorescent staining revealed an increase in the green fluorescence staining for SOX2 in melatonin-treated cells, showing enhanced dedifferentiation. Western blot assay revealed melatonin increased phospho-NF-ĸB (PNF-ĸB), IKK-α, FAK (D2R2E), phospho-FAK (Tyr 576/577 and Tyr 397) protein expressions as compared with control. However, Src (32G6), Lyn (C13F9), Fyn, Csk (C74C1) protein expressions were not increased as compared with control. CONCLUSION Melatonin promotes Schwann cell proliferation and dedifferentiation via NF-ĸB, FAK-dependent but Src-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navishaa Govindasamy
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kian Chung Chok
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pei Ying Ng
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University.
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University.
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Yao X, Yan Z, Li X, Li Y, Ouyang Y, Fan C. Tacrolimus-Induced Neurotrophic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells as Novel Therapeutic Method for Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:799151. [PMID: 34955758 PMCID: PMC8692949 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.799151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are frequent traumatic injuries across the globe. Severe PNIs result in irreversible loss of axons and myelin sheaths and disability of motor and sensory function. Schwann cells can secrete neurotrophic factors and myelinate the injured axons to repair PNIs. However, Schwann cells are hard to harvest and expand in vitro, which limit their clinical use. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are easily accessible and have the potential to acquire neurotrophic phenotype under the induction of an established protocol. It has been noticed that Tacrolimus/FK506 promotes peripheral nerve regeneration, despite the mechanism of its pro-neurogenic capacity remains undefined. Herein, we investigated the neurotrophic capacity of ADSCs under the stimulation of tacrolimus. ADSCs were cultured in the induction medium for 18 days to differentiate along the glial lineage and were subjected to FK506 stimulation for the last 3 days. We discovered that FK506 greatly enhanced the neurotrophic phenotype of ADSCs which potentiated the nerve regeneration in a crush injury model. This work explored the novel application of FK506 synergized with ADSCs and thus shed promising light on the treatment of severe PNIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- TianXinFu (Beijing) Medical Appliance Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yanhao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanming Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai, China.,Youth Science and Technology Innovation Studio, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Liu FD, Duan HM, Hao F, Zhao W, Gao YD, Hao P, Yang ZY, Li XG. Biomimetic chitosan scaffolds with long-term controlled release of nerve growth factor repairs 20-mm-long sciatic nerve defects in rats. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1146-1155. [PMID: 34558544 PMCID: PMC8552858 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.324860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although autogenous nerve transplantation is the gold standard for treating peripheral nerve defects of considerable length, it still has some shortcomings, such as insufficient donors and secondary injury. Composite chitosan scaffolds loaded with controlled release of nerve growth factor can promote neuronal survival and axonal regeneration after short-segment sciatic nerve defects. However, the effects on extended nerve defects remain poorly understood. In this study, we used chitosan scaffolds loaded with nerve growth factor for 8 weeks to repair long-segment (20 mm) sciatic nerve defects in adult rats. The results showed that treatment markedly promoted the recovery of motor and sensory functions. The regenerated sciatic nerve not only reconnected with neurons but neural circuits with the central nervous system were also reconstructed. In addition, the regenerated sciatic nerve reconnected the motor endplate with the target muscle. Therefore, this novel biomimetic scaffold can promote the regeneration of extended sciatic nerve defects and reconstruct functional circuits. This provides a promising method for the clinical treatment of extended peripheral nerve injury. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Capital Medical University, China (approval No. AEEI-2017-033) on March 21, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Dan Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University; Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University; Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University; Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Dlamini Z, Mathabe K, Padayachy L, Marima R, Evangelou G, Syrigos KN, Bianchi A, Lolas G, Hull R. Many Voices in a Choir: Tumor-Induced Neurogenesis and Neuronal Driven Alternative Splicing Sound Like Suspects in Tumor Growth and Dissemination. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092138. [PMID: 33946706 PMCID: PMC8125307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Significant progress has recently been made in understanding the role of the neuronal system in cancer biology, in many solid tumors such as prostate, breast, pancreatic, gastric and brain cancers. Solid tumors and the nervous system appear to influence each other’s development both directly and indirectly. A recurring element in such interactions is constituted by nerve-related substances such as neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, to which the first part of the current review is devoted. The second part of the review focuses on the potential role played by alternative splicing in cancer progression associated with neural signaling. Alternative splicing is the process where pre-mRNA is cut and re-ligated in different ways to give rise to multiple protein isoforms whose expression profile is often cancer specific. Alternative splicing is known to take place in the mRNA of genes that code for proteins involved in neuronal development and the creation of new nerve fibers. The change in alternative splicing patterns that occur as tumors develop and progress may make these splice variants potential targets for the development of drug treatments. They may also serve as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Abstract During development, as tissues expand and grow, they require circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous system expansion for proper function and support. Similarly, as tumors arise and develop, they also require the expansion of these systems to support them. While the contribution of blood and lymphatic systems to the development and progression of cancer is well known and is targeted with anticancer drugs, the contribution of the nervous system is less well studied and understood. Recent studies have shown that the interaction between neurons and a tumor are bilateral and promote metastasis on one hand, and the formation of new nerve structures (neoneurogenesis) on the other. Substances such as neurotransmitters and neurotrophins being the main actors in such interplay, it seems reasonable to expect that alternative splicing and the different populations of protein isoforms can affect tumor-derived neurogenesis. Here, we report the different, documented ways in which neurons contribute to the development and progression of cancer and investigate what is currently known regarding cancer-neuronal interaction in several specific cancer types. Furthermore, we discuss the incidence of alternative splicing that have been identified as playing a role in tumor-induced neoneurogenesis, cancer development and progression. Several examples of changes in alternative splicing that give rise to different isoforms in nerve tissue that support cancer progression, growth and development have also been investigated. Finally, we discuss the potential of our knowledge in alternative splicing to improve tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kgomotso Mathabe
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
- Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
| | - Llewellyn Padayachy
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
| | - Rahaba Marima
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
| | - George Evangelou
- 3rd Department of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.); (K.N.S.)
| | - Konstantinos N. Syrigos
- 3rd Department of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.); (K.N.S.)
| | | | - Georgios Lolas
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
- 3rd Department of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.); (K.N.S.)
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (K.M.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (G.L.); (R.H.)
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7
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Can neural signals override cellular decisions in the presence of DNA damage? DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 103:103127. [PMID: 33990031 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells within an organism are in constant crosstalk with their surrounding environment. Short and long-range signals influence cellular behavior associated with division, differentiation, and death. This crosstalk among cells underlies tissue renewal to guarantee faithful replacement of old or damaged cells over many years. Renewing tissues also offer recurrent opportunities for DNA damage and cellular transformation that tend to occur with aging. Most cells with extensive DNA damage have limited options such as halting cell cycle to repair DNA, undergo senescence, or programmed cell death. However, in some cases cells carrying toxic forms of DNA damage survive and proliferate. The underlying factors driving survival and proliferation of cells with DNA damage remain unknown. Here we discuss potential roles the nervous system may play in influencing the fate of cells with DNA damage. We present a brief survey highlighting the implications the nervous system has in regeneration, regulation of stem cells, modulation of the immune system, and its contribution to cancer progression. Finally, we propose the use of planarian flatworms as a convenient model organism to molecularly dissect the influence of neural signals over cellular fate regulation in the presence of DNA damage.
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Wang H, Zheng Q, Lu Z, Wang L, Ding L, Xia L, Zhang H, Wang M, Chen Y, Li G. Role of the nervous system in cancers: a review. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:76. [PMID: 33846291 PMCID: PMC8041826 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerves are important pathological elements of the microenvironment of tumors, including those in pancreatic, colon and rectal, prostate, head and neck, and breast cancers. Recent studies have associated perineural invasion with tumor progression and poor outcomes. In turn, tumors drive the reprogramming of neurons to recruit new nerve fibers. Therefore, the crosstalk between nerves and tumors is the hot topic and trend in current cancer investigations. Herein, we reviewed recent studies presenting direct supporting evidences for a better understanding of nerve-tumor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Qiming Zheng
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Zeyi Lu
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Lifeng Ding
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Yicheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
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Sanli E, Dincel GC, Umay E. Effect of Local and Systemic Dimethylsulfoxide on Peripheral Nerve Repair: A Controlled Randomized Experimental Study. J INVEST SURG 2021; 34:454-465. [PMID: 31343376 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1644403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the possible beneficial effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on peripheral nerve repair in rats. Methods: Seventy rats were divided into four groups: control, sham, DMSO-L, and DMSO-IP. Except in the control group, nerve repair was done at the right sciatic nerve. DMSO was administered locally and intraperitoneally for 12 weeks to the DMSO-L and DMSO-IP groups, respectively. No therapeutic agent was administered to the other groups. Nerve regeneration was assessed by behavioral, electrophysiological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical tests. Results: With the exception of S-100 protein expression, all results indicate that DMSO has a beneficial effect on peripheral nerve regeneration. Functional nerve recovery was notably more evident in the DMSO-L than in the DMSO-IP group. Under macroscopic examination, nerve scores of the regeneration area in the DMSO-L group was also better than in the others. Discussion: We believe that DMSO can improve peripheral nerve regeneration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Sanli
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Kirikkale University Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Gungor Cagdas Dincel
- Eskil Vocational High School, Laboratory and Veterinary Science, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Ebru Umay
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Lopez-Silva TL, Cristobal CD, Edwin Lai CS, Leyva-Aranda V, Lee HK, Hartgerink JD. Self-assembling multidomain peptide hydrogels accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration after crush injury. Biomaterials 2021; 265:120401. [PMID: 33002786 PMCID: PMC7669633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multidomain peptide (MDP) hydrogels are a class of self-assembling materials that have been shown to elicit beneficial responses for soft tissue regeneration. However, their capacity to promote nervous system regeneration remains unknown. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) substantially recovers after injury, partly due to the abundance of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in its basal lamina. However, severe peripheral nerve injuries that significantly damage the ECM continue to be a major clinical challenge as they occur at a high rate and can be extremely detrimental to patients' quality of life. In this study, a panel of eight MDPs were designed to contain various motifs mimicking extracellular matrix components and growth factors and successfully self-assembled into injectable, nanofibrous hydrogels. Using an in vitro screening system, various lysine based MDPs were found to enhance neurite outgrowth. To test their capacity to promote nerve regeneration in vivo, rat sciatic nerve crush injury was performed with MDP hydrogels injected directly into the injury sites. MDP hydrogels were found to enhance macrophage recruitment to the injury site and degrade efficiently over time. Rats that were injected with the MDP hydrogel K2 and laminin motif-containing MDPs K2-IIKDI and K2-IKVAV were found to have significantly accelerated functional recovery and remyelination compared to those injected with HBSS or other MDPs. These results demonstrate that MDPs enhance neurite outgrowth and promote a multicellular pro-regenerative response in peripheral nerve injury. This study provides important insights into the potential of MDPs as biomaterials for nerve regeneration and other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Lopez-Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Carlo D Cristobal
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cheuk Sun Edwin Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Hartgerink
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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Jeon KI, Huxlin KR. How scars shape the neural landscape: Key molecular mediators of TGF-β1's anti-neuritogenic effects. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234950. [PMID: 33232327 PMCID: PMC7685464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Following injury to the peripheral and central nervous systems, tissue levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 often increase, which is key for wound healing and scarring. However, active wound regions and scars appear to inhibit process outgrowth by regenerating neurons. We recently showed that corneal wound myofibroblasts block corneal nerve regeneration in vivo, and sensory neurite outgrowth in vitro in a manner that relies critically on TGF-β1. In turn, delayed, abnormal re-innervation contributes to long-term sensory dysfunctions of the ocular surface. Here, we exposed morphologically and biochemically-differentiated sensory neurons from the ND7/23 cell line to TGF-β1 to identify the intracellular signals regulating these anti-neuritogenic effects, contrasting them with those of Semaphorin(Sema)3A, a known inhibitor of neurite outgrowth. Neuronal morphology was quantified using phase-contrast imaging. Western blotting and specific inhibitors were then used to identify key molecular mediators. Differentiated ND7/23 cells expressed neuron-specific markers, including those involved in neurite extension and polarization. TGF-β1 increased phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2), a molecule that is key for neurite extension. We now show that both glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β and Smad3 modulate phosphorylation of CRMP2 after treatment with TGF-β1. GSK-3β appeared to exert a particularly strong effect, which could be explained by its ability to phosphorylate not only CRMP2, but also Smad3. In conclusion, TGF-β1's inhibition of neurite outgrowth in sensory neurons appears to be regulated through a highly-conserved signaling pathway, which involves the GSK-3β/CRMP-2 loop via both canonical and non-canonical mechanisms. It is hoped that by defining the signaling pathways that control neurite outgrowth in wound environments, it will become possible to identify optimal molecular targets to promote re-innervation following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Im Jeon
- The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- The Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Krystel R. Huxlin
- The Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- The Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
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12
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Sencar L, Güven M, Şaker D, Sapmaz T, Tuli A, Polat S. Ultrastructural effects of nerve growth factor and betamethasone on nerve regeneration after experimental nerve injury. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:436-449. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1850965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leman Sencar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Güven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Çukurova University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Adana, Turkey
| | - Dilek Şaker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Sapmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Tuli
- Department of Biochemistry, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sait Polat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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13
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Atrophy and Death of Nonpeptidergic and Peptidergic Nociceptive Neurons in SIV Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1530-1544. [PMID: 32246920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated sensory neuropathy is a common neurologic comorbidity of HIV infection and prevails in the post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. HIV infection drives pathologic changes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) through inflammation, altered metabolism, and neuronal dysfunction. Herein, we characterized specific neuronal populations in an SIV-infected macaque model with or without ART. DRG neuronal populations were identified by neurofilament H-chain 200, I-B4 isolectin (IB4), or tropomyosin receptor kinase A expression and assessed for cell body diameter, population size, apoptotic markers, and regeneration signaling. IB4+ and tropomyosin receptor kinase A-positive neurons showed a reduced cell body size (atrophy) and decreased population size (cell death) in the DRG of SIV-infected animals compared with uninfected animals. IB4+ nonpeptidergic neurons were less affected in the presence of ART. DRG neurons showed accumulation of cleaved caspase 3 (apoptosis) and nuclear-localized activating transcription factor 3 (regeneration) in SIV infection, which was significantly lower in uninfected animals and SIV-infected animals receiving ART. Nonpeptidergic neurons predominantly colocalized with cleaved caspase 3 staining. Nonpeptidergic and peptidergic neurons colocalized with nuclear-accumulated activating transcription factor 3, showing active regeneration in sensory neurons. These data suggest that nonpeptidergic and peptidergic neurons are susceptible to pathologic changes from SIV infection, and intervention with ART did not fully ameliorate damage to the DRG, specifically to peptidergic neurons.
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14
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The Cellular and Molecular Patterns Involved in the Neural Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1298:23-41. [PMID: 32514816 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the nervous system cause serious problems among affected patients by preventing them from the possibility of living a normal life. As this tissue possesses a reduced capacity of self-regeneration currently, lots of different strategies are being developed in order to make the regeneration in the nervous system possible. Among them, tissue engineering and stem cell-based therapies are to date very exploded fields and tremendous progress has been made in this direction. As the two main components of the nervous system, react differently to injuries and behave different during disease, it is clear that two separate regeneration approaches have been taken into consideration during development of treatment. Special attention is constantly given to the potential of adipose-derived stem cells for this kind of application. Due to the fact that they present remarkable properties, they can easily be obtained and have demonstrated that are capable of engaging in neural and glial lineages, adipose-derived stem cells are promising tools for the field of nervous system regeneration. Moreover, new insights into epigenetic control and modifications during the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells towards the neural liege could provide new methods to maximize the regeneration process. In this review, we summarize the current applications of adipose-derived stem cells for neural regeneration and discuss in-depth molecular patterns involved in the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in neuron-like cells and Schwann-like cells.
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15
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Differential Expression of Neuroinflammatory mRNAs in the Rat Sciatic Nerve Following Chronic Constriction Injury and Pain-Relieving Nanoemulsion NSAID Delivery to Infiltrating Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215269. [PMID: 31652890 PMCID: PMC6862677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response to peripheral nerve injury is associated with chronic pain and significant changes in the molecular expression profiles of mRNAs in neurons, glia and infiltrating immune cells. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the rat sciatic nerve provides an opportunity to mimic neuropathic injury and quantitatively assess behavior and differential gene expression in individual animals. Previously, we have shown that a single intravenous injection of nanoemulsion containing celecoxib (0.24 mg/kg) reduces inflammation of the sciatic nerve and relieves pain-like behavior for up to 6 days. Here, we use this targeted therapy to explore the impact on mRNA expression changes in both pain and pain-relieved states. Sciatic nerve tissue recovered from CCI animals is used to evaluate the mRNA expression profiles utilizing quantitative PCR. We observe mRNA changes consistent with the reduced recruitment of macrophages evident by a reduction in chemokine and cytokine expression. Furthermore, genes associated with adhesion of macrophages, as well as changes in the neuronal and glial mRNAs are observed. Moreover, genes associated with neuropathic pain including Maob, Grin2b/NMDAR2b, TrpV3, IL-6, Cacna1b/Cav2.2, Itgam/Cd11b, Scn9a/Nav1.7, and Tac1 were all found to respond to the celecoxib loaded nanoemulsion during pain relief as compared to those animals that received drug-free vehicle. These results demonstrate that by targeting macrophage production of PGE2 at the site of injury, pain relief includes partial reversal of the gene expression profiles associated with chronic pain.
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16
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Uckermann O, Hirsch J, Galli R, Bendig J, Later R, Koch E, Schackert G, Steiner G, Tanaka E, Kirsch M. Label-free Imaging of Tissue Architecture during Axolotl Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Comparison to Functional Recovery. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12641. [PMID: 31477751 PMCID: PMC6718386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral nerves hold the potential to regenerate after injuries; however, whether a successful axonal regrowth was achieved can be elucidated only months after injury by assessing function. The axolotl salamander is a regenerative model where nerves always regenerate quickly and fully after all types of injury. Here, de- and regeneration of the axolotl sciatic nerve were investigated in a single and double injury model by label-free multiphoton imaging in comparison to functional recovery. We used coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering to visualize myelin fragmentation and axonal regeneration. The presence of axons at the lesion site corresponded to onset of functional recovery in both lesion models. In addition, we detected axonal regrowth later in the double injury model in agreement with a higher severity of injury. Moreover, endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence visualized macrophages and revealed a similar timecourse of inflammation in both injury models, which did not correlate with functional recovery. Finally, using the same techniques, axonal structure and status of myelin were visualized in vivo after sciatic nerve injury. Label-free imaging is a new experimental approach that provides mechanistic insights in animal models, with the potential to be used in the future for investigation of regeneration after nerve injuries in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortrud Uckermann
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Joana Hirsch
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Bendig
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Later
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerald Steiner
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elly Tanaka
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Dresden, Germany
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17
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McGregor CE, English AW. The Role of BDNF in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Activity-Dependent Treatments and Val66Met. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:522. [PMID: 30687012 PMCID: PMC6336700 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ability of peripheral nerves to spontaneously regenerate after injury, recovery is generally very poor. The neurotrophins have emerged as an important modulator of axon regeneration, particularly brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF regulation and signaling, as well as its role in activity-dependent treatments including electrical stimulation, exercise, and optogenetic stimulation are discussed here. The importance of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the BDNF gene, Val66Met, which is present in 30% of the human population and may hinder the efficacy of these treatments in enhancing regeneration after injury is considered. Preliminary data are presented on the effectiveness of one such activity-dependent treatment, electrical stimulation, in enhancing axon regeneration in mice expressing the met allele of the Val66Met polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Emma McGregor
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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18
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Navarro X, Geuna S, Grothe C, Haastert-Talini K. Introduction: Thematic Papers Issue on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and Repair. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1614-1617. [PMID: 30299596 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the peripheral nerves result in loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions in the denervated segments of the body, thus having strong impact in the quality of life of affected patients. Neurons are able to regenerate their injured axons in the peripheral nerves; however, the endogenous repair mechanisms usually do not allow for a satisfactory functional recovery, especially after severe nerve injuries. The interest on regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries has increased in the recent years due to the numerous advances derived from studies of neurobiology, cell therapy, and tissue engineering. This Thematic Papers Issue brings together a number of papers, authored by researchers in the field, which cover a wide spectrum of topics related to regeneration and repair of peripheral nerve injuries. The Issue proposal originated from the recent 4th International Symposium on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration (ISPNR2017) which was hosted by Xavier Navarro and the European Society for the Study of Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration in Barcelona, Spain. Anat Rec, 301:1614-1617, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Cavalieri Ottolenghi Institute of Neuroscience, Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany and Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany and Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Palmisano I, Di Giovanni S. Advances and Limitations of Current Epigenetic Studies Investigating Mammalian Axonal Regeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:529-540. [PMID: 29948919 PMCID: PMC6095777 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration relies on the expression of regenerative associated genes within a coordinated transcriptional programme, which is finely tuned as a result of the activation of several regenerative signalling pathways. In mammals, this chain of events occurs in neurons following peripheral axonal injury, however it fails upon axonal injury in the central nervous system, such as in the spinal cord and the brain. Accumulating evidence has been suggesting that epigenetic control is a key factor to initiate and sustain the regenerative transcriptional response and that it might contribute to regenerative success versus failure. This review will discuss experimental evidence so far showing a role for epigenetic regulation in models of peripheral and central nervous system axonal injury. It will also propose future directions to fill key knowledge gaps and to test whether epigenetic control might indeed discriminate between regenerative success and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Palmisano
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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20
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El Amri M, Fitzgerald U, Schlosser G. MARCKS and MARCKS-like proteins in development and regeneration. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:43. [PMID: 29788979 PMCID: PMC5964646 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C-kinase Substrate (MARCKS) and MARCKS-like protein 1 (MARCKSL1) have a wide range of functions, ranging from roles in embryonic development to adult brain plasticity and the inflammatory response. Recently, both proteins have also been identified as important players in regeneration. Upon phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC) or calcium-dependent calmodulin-binding, MARCKS and MARCKSL1 translocate from the membrane into the cytosol, modulating cytoskeletal actin dynamics and vesicular trafficking and activating various signal transduction pathways. As a consequence, the two proteins are involved in the regulation of cell migration, secretion, proliferation and differentiation in many different tissues. MAIN BODY Throughout vertebrate development, MARCKS and MARCKSL1 are widely expressed in tissues derived from all germ layers, with particularly strong expression in the nervous system. They have been implicated in the regulation of gastrulation, myogenesis, brain development, and other developmental processes. Mice carrying loss of function mutations in either Marcks or Marcksl1 genes die shortly after birth due to multiple deficiencies including detrimental neural tube closure defects. In adult vertebrates, MARCKS and MARCKL1 continue to be important for multiple regenerative processes including peripheral nerve, appendage, and tail regeneration, making them promising targets for regenerative medicine. CONCLUSION This review briefly summarizes the molecular interactions and cellular functions of MARCKS and MARCKSL1 proteins and outlines their vital roles in development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Amri
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una Fitzgerald
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland. .,School of Natural Sciences and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland.
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21
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Jeong S, Zheng B, Wang H, Xia Q, Chen L. Nervous system and primary liver cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:286-292. [PMID: 29660379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have found irregular activities of the nervous system-associated factors in the development and progression of primary liver cancer. These factors contributed in the regulation of migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of cancer cells, and took a role in modulating invasion, metastasis, and recurrence after curative treatment. In clinical researches, neural-related factors were found to be significant prognostic factors, suggesting that the interactions between nervous system and primary liver cancer are indispensable in understanding underlying biological mechanisms. Herein, we reviewed up-to-date achievements in this area and the future perspectives of the interactions between the nervous system and primary liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogsong Jeong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, PR China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China
| | - Bo Zheng
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China.
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, PR China.
| | - Lei Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 201805, PR China.
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22
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Arese M, Bussolino F, Pergolizzi M, Bizzozero L, Pascal D. Tumor progression: the neuronal input. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:89. [PMID: 29666812 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the challenges of cancer is its heterogeneity and rapid capacity to adapt. Notwithstanding significant progress in the last decades in genomics and precision medicine, new molecular targets and therapies appear highly necessary. One way to approach this complex problem is to consider cancer in the context of its cellular and molecular microenvironment, which includes nerves. The peripheral nerves, the topic of this review, modulate the biological behavior of the cancer cells and influence tumor progression, including the events related to the metastatic spread of the disease. This mechanism involves the release of neurotransmitters directly into the microenvironment and the activation of the corresponding membrane receptors. While this fact appears to complicate further the molecular landscape of cancer, the neurotransmitters are highly investigated molecules, and often are already targeted by well-developed drugs, a fact that can help finding new therapies at a fraction of the cost and time needed for new medicines (through the so-called drug repurposing). Moreover, the modulation of tumor progression by neurotransmitters can probably explain the long-recognized effects of psychological factors on the burden of cancer. We begin with an introduction on the tumor-nervous-connections and a description of the perineural invasion and neoneurogenesis, the two most important interaction patterns of cancer and nerves. Next, we discuss the most recent data that unequivocally demonstrate the necessity of the nervous system for tumor onset and growth. We introduce the molecular players of the tumor-nervous-connections by citing the role of three main families: neurotropic factors, axon guidance molecules, and neurotransmitters. Finally, we review the role the most important neurotransmitters in tumor biology and we conclude by analyzing the significance of the presented data for cancer therapy, with all the potential advantages and caveats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Arese
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Vascular Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Pergolizzi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Bizzozero
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Pascal
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Turin, Italy
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23
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Koch M, Nicolas M, Zschaetzsch M, de Geest N, Claeys A, Yan J, Morgan MJ, Erfurth ML, Holt M, Schmucker D, Hassan BA. A Fat-Facets-Dscam1-JNK Pathway Enhances Axonal Growth in Development and after Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:416. [PMID: 29472843 PMCID: PMC5809495 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the adult central nervous systems (CNS) can result in severe long-term disability because damaged CNS connections fail to regenerate after trauma. Identification of regulators that enhance the intrinsic growth capacity of severed axons is a first step to restore function. Here, we conducted a gain-of-function genetic screen in Drosophila to identify strong inducers of axonal growth after injury. We focus on a novel axis the Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (Dscam1), the de-ubiquitinating enzyme Fat Facets (Faf)/Usp9x and the Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway transcription factor Kayak (Kay)/Fos. Genetic and biochemical analyses link these genes in a common signaling pathway whereby Faf stabilizes Dscam1 protein levels, by acting on the 3'-UTR of its mRNA, and Dscam1 acts upstream of the growth-promoting JNK signal. The mammalian homolog of Faf, Usp9x/FAM, shares both the regenerative and Dscam1 stabilizing activities, suggesting a conserved mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Koch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maya Nicolas
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlen Zschaetzsch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie de Geest
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Claeys
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiekun Yan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew J Morgan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria-Luise Erfurth
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neuronal Wiring Lab, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew Holt
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Glia Biology, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neuronal Wiring Lab, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven School of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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24
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Hosseinian MA, Shirian S, Loron AG, Ebrahimy AA, Hayatolah GH. Distal sensory to distal motor nerve anastomosis can protect lower extremity muscle atrophy in a murine model. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-017-1313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Gey M, Wanner R, Schilling C, Pedro MT, Sinske D, Knöll B. Atf3 mutant mice show reduced axon regeneration and impaired regeneration-associated gene induction after peripheral nerve injury. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160091. [PMID: 27581653 PMCID: PMC5008009 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) induces a regeneration-associated gene (RAG) response. Atf3 (activating transcription factor 3) is such a RAG and ATF3's transcriptional activity might induce ‘effector’ RAGs (e.g. small proline rich protein 1a (Sprr1a), Galanin (Gal), growth-associated protein 43 (Gap43)) facilitating peripheral axon regeneration. We provide a first analysis of Atf3 mouse mutants in peripheral nerve regeneration. In Atf3 mutant mice, facial nerve regeneration and neurite outgrowth of adult ATF3-deficient primary dorsal root ganglia neurons was decreased. Using genome-wide transcriptomics, we identified a neuropeptide-encoding RAG cluster (vasoactive intestinal peptide (Vip), Ngf, Grp, Gal, Pacap) regulated by ATF3. Exogenous administration of neuropeptides enhanced neurite growth of Atf3 mutant mice suggesting that these molecules might be effector RAGs of ATF3's pro-regenerative function. In addition to the induction of growth-promoting molecules, we present data that ATF3 suppresses growth-inhibiting molecules such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. In summary, we show a pro-regenerative ATF3 function during PNS nerve regeneration involving transcriptional activation of a neuropeptide-encoding RAG cluster. ATF3 is a general injury-inducible factor, therefore ATF3-mediated mechanisms identified herein might apply to other cell and injury types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gey
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Renate Wanner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna Schilling
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria T Pedro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Sinske
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Knöll
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Yu J, Wang S, Wu C, Yi S. Deep Sequencing Reveals the Significant Involvement of cAMP-Related Signaling Pathways Following Sciatic Nerve Crush. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3603-3611. [PMID: 28993962 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury and regeneration is a complex biological process jointly mediated by numerous factors. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) modifies the cellular behaviors of neurons and Schwann cells, and thus may contribute to peripheral nerve regeneration. Despite the importance of cAMP, the temporal and spatial expressions of genes involved in cAMP-related signaling pathways during peripheral nerve regeneration remain unclear. In the current study, by using rat sciatic nerve crush model, we analyzed previously obtained RNA deep sequencing data, explored the significance of cAMP-mediated signaling pathway and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway after peripheral nerve injury, and examined the expression patterns of genes involved in these cAMP-related signaling pathways. Our results, from the genetic aspect, emphasized the critical involvement of cAMP-related signaling pathways, identified the dynamic changes of some key signaling cascades, and may help the discovery of potential therapeutic targets for peripheral nerve repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Fan L, Xiong Y, Fu Z, Xu D, Wang L, Chen Y, Xia H, Peng N, Ye S, Wang Y, Zhang L, Ye Q. Polyaniline promotes peripheral nerve regeneration by enhancement of the brain‑derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor expression and activation of the ERK1/2/MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7534-7540. [PMID: 28944860 PMCID: PMC5865887 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study has demonstrated a progression in the nerve regeneration by polyaniline/cellulose (PANI/RC), although the underlying mechanism was not elucidated. In the present study, regenerated nerves were investigated, using histological techniques, functional assays and western blot analysis. The triceps surae muscle weight ratio percentages of the sham, regenerated cellulose (RC) and the PANI/RC groups were 38.88±4.76 and 76.32±7.11%, respectively. The thickness of the myelin sheath for the aforementioned groups were as follows: 1.2±0.27; 0.49±0.21 and 0.93±0.28 µl. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were highly expressed in the regenerated nerve in the presence of polyaniline. Phosphorylated extracellular kinase (p-ERK)1/2 expression in the PANI/RC group was significantly elevated compared with the RC group (1.83-fold) and the sham group (4.92-fold). The expression of the axon sprout-associated proteins, such as Tau, α-tubulin and growth associated protein-43, were increased (1.64, 1.59 and 1.24-fold, respectively) compared with the RC group. The results demonstrated that PANI enhances the expression and secretion of BDNF and CNTF, activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and increases the expression levels of the GAP-43, Tau and α-tubulin, suggesting an insight into nerve regeneration and possible clinical interventions in nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fan
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Fu
- Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Dingfeng Xu
- College of Chemistry & Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Abdominal Laparoscopic Surgery, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P.R. China
| | - Haoyang Xia
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Na Peng
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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O’Rourke M, Cullen CL, Auderset L, Pitman KA, Achatz D, Gasperini R, Young KM. Evaluating Tissue-Specific Recombination in a Pdgfrα-CreERT2 Transgenic Mouse Line. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162858. [PMID: 27626928 PMCID: PMC5023134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS) platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) is expressed exclusively by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), making the Pdgfrα promoter an ideal tool for directing transgene expression in this cell type. Two Pdgfrα-CreERT2 mouse lines have been generated for this purpose which, when crossed with cre-sensitive reporter mice, allow the temporally restricted labelling of OPCs for lineage-tracing studies. These mice have also been used to achieve the deletion of CNS-specific genes from OPCs. However the ability of Pdgfrα-CreERT2 mice to induce cre-mediated recombination in PDGFRα+ cell populations located outside of the CNS has not been examined. Herein we quantify the proportion of PDGFRα+ cells that become YFP-labelled following Tamoxifen administration to adult Pdgfrα-CreERT2::Rosa26-YFP transgenic mice. We report that the vast majority (>90%) of PDGFRα+ OPCs in the CNS, and a significant proportion of PDGFRα+ stromal cells within the bone marrow (~38%) undergo recombination and become YFP-labelled. However, only a small proportion of the PDGFRα+ cell populations found in the sciatic nerve, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, heart, gastrocnemius muscle, kidney, lung, liver or intestine become YFP-labelled. These data suggest that Pdgfrα-CreERT2 transgenic mice can be used to achieve robust recombination in OPCs, while having a minimal effect on most PDGFRα+ cell populations outside of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O’Rourke
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Carlie L. Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Loic Auderset
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Kimberley A. Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Daniela Achatz
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Robert Gasperini
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Kaylene M. Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Global analysis of transcriptome in dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:206-212. [PMID: 27450809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system has intrinsic regeneration ability after injury, accompanied with the coordination of numerous cells, molecules and signaling pathways. These post-injury biological changes are complex with insufficient understanding. Thus, to obtain a global perspective of changes following nerve injury and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying nerve regeneration are of great importance. By RNA sequencing, we detected transcriptional changes in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons at 0 h, 3 h, 9 h, 1 d, 4 d and 7 d following sciatic nerve crush injury in rats. Differentially expressed genes were then selected and classified into major clusters according to their expression patterns. Cluster 2 (with genes high expressed before 9 h and then down expressed) and cluster 6 (combination of cluster 4 and 5 with genes low expressed before 1 d and then up expressed) were underwent GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis. Gene act networks were then constructed for these two clusters and the expression of pivotal genes was validated by quantitative real-time PCR. This study provided valuable information regarding the transcriptome changes in DRG neurons following nerve injury, identified potential genes that could be used for improving axon regeneration after nerve injury, and facilitated to elucidate the biological process and molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve injury.
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Quinn MJ. The aetiology of narrowed uterine arterioles in obstetric and gynaecological syndromes. Placenta 2016; 44:114. [PMID: 26919773 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Quinn
- First Affiliated Hospital, Medical University of Wenzhou, 1, Shangcaicun Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China.
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Faroni A, Smith RJP, Lu L, Reid AJ. Human Schwann-like cells derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells rapidly de-differentiate in the absence of stimulating medium. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:417-30. [PMID: 26309136 PMCID: PMC4744694 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Finding a viable cell-based therapy to address peripheral nerve injury holds promise for enhancing the currently suboptimal microsurgical approaches to peripheral nerve repair. Autologous nerve grafting is the current gold standard for surgical repair of nerve gaps; however, this causes donor nerve morbidity in the patient, and the results remain unsatisfactory. Transplanting autologous Schwann cells (SCs) results in similar morbidity, as well as limited cell numbers and restricted potential for expansion in vitro. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), 'differentiated' towards an SC-like phenotype in vitro (dASCs), have been presented as an alternative to SC therapies. The differentiation protocol stimulates ASCs to mimic the SC phenotype; however, the efficacy of dASCs in nerve repair is not yet convincing, and the practicality of the SC-like phenotype is unproven. Here, we examined the stability of dASCs by withdrawing differentiation medium for 72 h after the full 18-day differentiation protocol, and measuring changes in morphology, gene expression, and protein levels. Withdrawal of differentiation medium from dASCs resulted in a rapid reversion to stem cell-like characteristics. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in gene and protein expression of growth factors that were expressed at high levels following 'differentiation'. Therefore, we question the relevance of differentiation to an SC-like phenotype, as withdrawal of differentiation medium, a model of transplantation into an injured nerve, results in rapid reversion of the dASC phenotype to stem cell-like characteristics. Further investigation into the differentiation process and the response of dASCs to an injured environment must be undertaken prior to the use of dASCs in peripheral nerve repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Faroni
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Stopford BuildingCentre for Tissue Injury and RepairInstitute of Inflammation and RepairUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Richard J. P. Smith
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Stopford BuildingCentre for Tissue Injury and RepairInstitute of Inflammation and RepairUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Li Lu
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Stopford BuildingCentre for Tissue Injury and RepairInstitute of Inflammation and RepairUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Basic MedicineLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Adam J. Reid
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Stopford BuildingCentre for Tissue Injury and RepairInstitute of Inflammation and RepairUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
- Department of Plastic Surgery & BurnsUniversity Hospital of South ManchesterManchesterUK
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Li B, Qiu T, Iyer KS, Yan Q, Yin Y, Xie L, Wang X, Li S. PRGD/PDLLA conduit potentiates rat sciatic nerve regeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism. Biomaterials 2015; 55:44-53. [PMID: 25934451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury requires optimal conditions in both macro-environment and micro-environment for reestablishment. Though various strategies have been carried out to improve the macro-environment, the underlying molecular mechanism of axon regeneration in the micro-environment provided by nerve conduit remains unclear. In this study, the rat sciatic nerve of 10 mm defect was made and bridged by PRGD/PDLLA nerve conduit. We investigated the process of nerve regeneration using histological, functional and real time PCR analyses after implantation from 7 to 35 days. Our data demonstrated that the ciliary neurotrophic factor highly expressed and up-regulated the downstream signaling pathways, in the case of activated signals, the expressions of axon sprout relative proteins, such as tubulin and growth-associated protein-43, were strongly augmented. Taken together, these data suggest a possible mechanism of axon regeneration promoted by PRGD/PDLLA conduit, which created a micro-environment for enhancement of diffusion of neurotrophic factors secreted by the injured nerve stumps, and activation of molecular signal transduction involved in growth cone, to potentiate the nerve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Qiongjiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yixia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shipu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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An K, Elkassabany NM, Liu J. Dexamethasone as adjuvant to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of thermal antinociception and prevents bupivacaine-induced rebound hyperalgesia via regional mechanism in a mouse sciatic nerve block model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123459. [PMID: 25856078 PMCID: PMC4391940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dexamethasone has been studied as an effective adjuvant to prolong the analgesia duration of local anesthetics in peripheral nerve block. However, the route of action for dexamethasone and its potential neurotoxicity are still unclear. Methods A mouse sciatic nerve block model was used. The sciatic nerve was injected with 60ul of combinations of various medications, including dexamethasone and/or bupivacaine. Neurobehavioral changes were observed for 2 days prior to injection, and then continuously for up to 7 days after injection. In addition, the sciatic nerves were harvested at either 2 days or 7 days after injection. Toluidine blue dyeing and immunohistochemistry test were performed to study the short-term and long-term histopathological changes of the sciatic nerves. There were six study groups: normal saline control, bupivacaine (10mg/kg) only, dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg) only, bupivacaine (10mg/kg) combined with low-dose (0.14mg/kg) dexamethasone, bupivacaine (10mg/kg) combined with high-dose (0.5mg/kg) dexamethasone, and bupivacaine (10mg/kg) combined with intramuscular dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg). Results High-dose perineural dexamethasone, but not systemic dexamethasone, combined with bupivacaine prolonged the duration of both sensory and motor block of mouse sciatic nerve. There was no significant difference on the onset time of the sciatic nerve block. There was “rebound hyperalgesia” to thermal stimulus after the resolution of plain bupivacaine sciatic nerve block. Interestingly, both low and high dose perineural dexamethasone prevented bupivacaine-induced hyperalgesia. There was an early phase of axon degeneration and Schwann cell response as represented by S-100 expression as well as the percentage of demyelinated axon and nucleus in the plain bupivacaine group compared with the bupivacaine plus dexamethasone groups on post-injection day 2, which resolved on post-injection day 7. Furthermore, we demonstrated that perineural dexamethasone, but not systemic dexamethasone, could prevent axon degeneration and demyelination. There was no significant caspase-dependent apoptosis process in the mouse sciatic nerve among all study groups during our study period. Conclusions Perineural, not systemic, dexamethasone added to a clinical concentration of bupivacaine may not only prolong the duration of sensory and motor blockade of sciatic nerve, but also prevent the bupivacaine-induced reversible neurotoxicity and short-term “rebound hyperalgesia” after the resolution of nerve block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke An
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, The first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Nabil M. Elkassabany
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiabin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mietto BS, Mostacada K, Martinez AMB. Neurotrauma and inflammation: CNS and PNS responses. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:251204. [PMID: 25918475 PMCID: PMC4397002 DOI: 10.1155/2015/251204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) or the peripheral nervous system (PNS) triggers a cascade of events which culminate in a robust inflammatory reaction. The role played by inflammation in the course of degeneration and regeneration is not completely elucidated. While, in peripheral nerves, the inflammatory response is assumed to be essential for normal progression of Wallerian degeneration and regeneration, CNS trauma inflammation is often associated with poor recovery. In this review, we discuss key mechanisms that trigger the inflammatory reaction after nervous system trauma, emphasizing how inflammations in both CNS and PNS differ from each other, in terms of magnitude, cell types involved, and effector molecules. Knowledge of the precise mechanisms that elicit and maintain inflammation after CNS and PNS tissue trauma and their effect on axon degeneration and regeneration is crucial for the identification of possible pharmacological drugs that can positively affect the tissue regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-550 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Klauss Mostacada
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-550 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-550 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Faroni A, Mobasseri SA, Kingham PJ, Reid AJ. Peripheral nerve regeneration: experimental strategies and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:160-7. [PMID: 25446133 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries represent a substantial clinical problem with insufficient or unsatisfactory treatment options. This review summarises all the events occurring after nerve damage at the level of the cell body, the site of injury and the target organ. Various experimental strategies to improve neuronal survival, axonal regeneration and target reinnervation are described including pharmacological approaches and cell-based therapies. Given the complexity of nerve regeneration, further studies are needed to address the biology of nerve injury, to improve the interaction with implantable scaffolds, and to implement cell-based therapies in nerve tissue engineering.
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Villacampa N, Almolda B, Vilella A, Campbell IL, González B, Castellano B. Astrocyte-targeted production of IL-10 induces changes in microglial reactivity and reduces motor neuron death after facial nerve axotomy. Glia 2015; 63:1166-84. [PMID: 25691003 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory response and immune reactions. In the central nervous system (CNS), IL-10 is mainly produced by astrocytes and microglia and it is upregulated after various insults, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, middle cerebral artery occlusion, excitotoxicity and traumatic brain injury. To better understand the effects of IL-10 in the normal and injured CNS, we generated transgenic mice (termed GFAP-IL-10Tg) that expressed the murine IL-10 gene under the transcriptional control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. Previous studies demonstrated marked changes in the microglial phenotype in these mice under basal conditions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of local astrocyte-targeted IL-10 production on glial activation, neuronal degeneration and leukocyte recruitment after axotomy. GFAP-IL-10Tg mice had marked changes in the phenotype of activated microglial cells, as well as in the number of microglial clusters and in microglial cell density. These microglial changes are accompanied by a twofold increase in lymphocyte infiltration in GFAP-IL-10Tg mice and around twofold decrease in neuronal cell death at 21 dpi. Altogether, our findings suggested that astrocyte-targeted production of IL-10 impacted the microglial response and lymphocyte recruitment and culminated in a beneficial effect on neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nàdia Villacampa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Fagoe ND, van Heest J, Verhaagen J. Spinal cord injury and the neuron-intrinsic regeneration-associated gene program. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:799-813. [PMID: 25269879 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of people worldwide and causes a significant physical, emotional, social and economic burden. The main clinical hallmark of SCI is the permanent loss of motor, sensory and autonomic function below the level of injury. In general, neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) are incapable of regeneration, whereas injury to the peripheral nervous system is followed by axonal regeneration and usually results in some degree of functional recovery. The weak neuron-intrinsic regeneration-associated gene (RAG) response upon injury is an important reason for the failure of neurons in the CNS to regenerate an axon. This response consists of the expression of many RAGs, including regeneration-associated transcription factors (TFs). Regeneration-associated TFs are potential key regulators of the RAG program. The function of some regeneration-associated TFs has been studied in transgenic and knock-out mice and by adeno-associated viral vector-mediated overexpression in injured neurons. Here, we review these studies and propose that AAV-mediated gene delivery of combinations of regeneration-associated TFs is a potential strategy to activate the RAG program in injured CNS neurons and achieve long-distance axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish D Fagoe
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Cyclic AMP signaling: a molecular determinant of peripheral nerve regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:651625. [PMID: 25177696 PMCID: PMC4142170 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of axonal integrity during injury to the peripheral nerve system (PNS) sets into motion a cascade of responses that includes inflammation, Schwann cell mobilization, and the degeneration of the nerve fibers distal to the injury site. Yet, the injured PNS differentiates itself from the injured central nervous system (CNS) in its remarkable capacity for self-recovery, which, depending upon the length and type of nerve injury, involves a series of molecular events in both the injured neuron and associated Schwann cells that leads to axon regeneration, remyelination repair, and functional restitution. Herein we discuss the essential function of the second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), in the PNS repair process, highlighting the important role the conditioning lesion paradigm has played in understanding the mechanism(s) by which cyclic AMP exerts its proregenerative action. Furthermore, we review the studies that have therapeutically targeted cyclic AMP to enhance endogenous nerve repair.
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Upregulated expression of ebp1 contributes to schwann cell differentiation and migration after sciatic nerve crush. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:602-13. [PMID: 24878627 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ebp1, an ErbB3-binding protein, is the human homologue of the cell cycle-regulated mouse protein p38-2G4. Ebp1 was reported to inhibit the proliferation and induce the differentiation of human cancer cells. Its p48 isoform contributes to neuronal differentiation and growth factor specificity. However, the expression and role of Ebp1 in peripheral system lesions and repair are still unknown. Herein, we investigated the spatiotemporal pattern of Ebp1 expression following sciatic nerve crush. After crush, the level of Ebp1 protein was elevated gradually, peaked at day 5, and then declined to the normal at 4 weeks, which was similar to the expression of Oct-6. Furthermore, using double immunofluorescent staining, we found Ebp1 had a colocalization with S100 and Oct-6 in 5-day injured tissues. In vitro, we observed enhanced expression of Ebp1 during the process of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-induced Schwann cells differentiation. Interestingly, Ebp1-depleted SCs did not show significant morphologic change after the treatment of cAMP. Also, we observed a colocalization between Ebp1 and Cyclin D1 and that Ebp1-specific siRNA-transfected SCs had a decreased migration. Taken together, we speculated that Ebp1 was upregulated in the sciatic nerve after crush, which was involved in the differentiation and migration of Schwann cells.
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Siddique R, Vyas A, Thakor N, Brushart TM. A two-compartment organotypic model of mammalian peripheral nerve repair. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 232:84-92. [PMID: 24837281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schwann cells in the distal stump of transected nerve upregulate growth factors that support regeneration on a modality-specific basis. It is unclear, however, which of these preferentially support motor axon regeneration. Identification of these factors will require a model that can isolate growth factor effects to growing axons while reproducing the complex three-dimensional structure of peripheral nerve. NEW METHOD A two-compartment PDMS base is topped by a collagen-coated membrane that supports a spinal cord cross-section above one compartment. Fluorescent motoneurons in this section reinnervate a segment of peripheral nerve that directs axons through a water-tight barrier to the second compartment, where nerve repair is performed. RESULTS Motoneurons remain healthy for several weeks. The axons they project through the water-tight barrier survive transection and cross a nerve repair in substantial numbers to reinnervate an additional nerve segment. Fluidic isolation of the two compartments was confirmed with a dye leakage test, and the physiologic integrity of the system was tested by retrograde labeling of only those motor neurons to which tracer was exposed and by limitation of toxin effects to a single compartment. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Nerve repair cannot be modeled in monolayer cell culture. Our previous organotypic model accurately modeled nerve repair, but did not allow individual control of motoneuron and growth cone environments. CONCLUSIONS This model isolates treatment effects to growing axons while reproducing the complex three-dimensional structure of peripheral nerve. Additionally, it facilitates surgical manipulation of tissues and high-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezina Siddique
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alka Vyas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Nitish Thakor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,SINAPSE Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas M Brushart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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de Winter F, Hoyng S, Tannemaat M, Eggers R, Mason M, Malessy M, Verhaagen J. Gene therapy approaches to enhance regeneration of the injured peripheral nerve. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:145-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Mohammadi R, Amini K, Abdollahi-Pirbazari M, Yousefi A. Acetyl salicylic acid locally enhances functional recovery after sciatic nerve transection in rat. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2013; 53:839-46. [PMID: 24140781 PMCID: PMC4508728 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa2012-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Local effect of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) on peripheral nerve regeneration was studied using a rat sciatic nerve transection model. Forty-five male healthy White Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups (n = 15), randomly: Sham-operation (SHAM), control (SIL), and ASA-treated (SIL/ASA) groups. In SHAM group after anesthesia left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and after homeostasis the muscle was sutured. In SIL group the left sciatic nerve was exposed the same way and transected proximal to tibio-peroneal bifurcation leaving a 10-mm gap. Proximal and distal stumps were each inserted into a silicone tube and filled with 10 μl phosphate buffered solution. In SIL/ASA group defect was bridged using a silicone tube filled with 10 μl acetyl salisylic acid (0.1 mg/ml). Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of five animals each and were studied 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Data were analyzed statistically by factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni test for pair-wise comparisons. Functional study confirmed faster and better recovery of regenerated axons in SIL/ASA than in SIL group (p < 0.05). Gastrocnemius muscle mass in SIL/ASA was significantly more than in SIL group. Morphometric indices of regenerated fibers showed that the number and diameter of the myelinated fibers in SIL/ASA were significantly higher than in control group. In immuohistochemistry, location of reactions to S-100 in SIL/ASA was clearly more positive than in SIL group. Response to local treatment of ASA demonstrates that it influences and improves functional recovery of peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University
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Mohammadi R, Amini K, Yousefi A, Abdollahi-Pirbazari M, Belbasi A, Abedi F. Functional Effects of Local Administration of Thyroid Hormone Combined With Chitosan Conduit After Sciatic Nerve Transection in Rats. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 71:1763-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Christie K, Zochodne D. Peripheral axon regrowth: New molecular approaches. Neuroscience 2013; 240:310-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yao D, Li M, Shen D, Ding F, Lu S, Zhao Q, Gu X. Expression changes and bioinformatic analysis of Wallerian degeneration after sciatic nerve injury in rat. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:321-32. [PMID: 23700281 PMCID: PMC5561847 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WD) remains an important research topic. Many genes are differentially expressed during the process of WD, but the precise mechanisms responsible for these differentiations are not completely understood. In this study, we used microarrays to analyze the expression changes of the distal nerve stump at 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after sciatic nerve injury in rats. The data revealed 6 076 differentially-expressed genes, with 23 types of expression, specifically enriched in genes associated with nerve development and axonogenesis, cytokine biosynthesis, cell differentiation, cytokine/chemokine production, neuron differentiation, cytokinesis, phosphorylation and axon regeneration. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis gave findings related mainly to the MAPK signaling pathway, the Jak-STAT signaling pathway, the cell cycle, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the p53 signaling pathway and the Wnt signaling pathway. Some key factors were NGF, MAG, CNTF, CTNNA2, p53, JAK2, PLCB1, STAT3, BDNF, PRKC, collagen II, FGF, THBS4, TNC and c-Src, which were further validated by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the functional analysis of differentially-expressed genes in WD and may shed light on the molecular mechanisms of nerve degeneration and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengbing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Meiyuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Shibi Lu
- Key Laboratory of the People’s Liberation Army, Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the People’s Liberation Army, Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
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Xu P, Rosen KM, Hedstrom K, Rey O, Guha S, Hart C, Corfas G. Nerve injury induces glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression in Schwann cells through purinergic signaling and the PKC-PKD pathway. Glia 2013; 61:1029-40. [PMID: 23553603 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Upon peripheral nerve injury, specific molecular events, including increases in the expression of selected neurotrophic factors, are initiated to prepare the tissue for regeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying these events and the nature of the cells involved are poorly understood. We used the injury-induced upregulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression as a tool to gain insights into these processes. We found that both myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells are responsible for the dramatic increase in GDNF expression after injury. We also demonstrate that the GDNF upregulation is mediated by a signaling cascade involving activation of Schwann cell purinergic receptors, followed by protein kinase C signaling which activates protein kinase D (PKD), which leads to increased GDNF transcription. Given the potent effects of GDNF on survival and repair of injured peripheral neurons, we propose that targeting these pathways may yield therapeutic tools to treat peripheral nerve injury and neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Xu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Wu D, Murashov AK. Molecular mechanisms of peripheral nerve regeneration: emerging roles of microRNAs. Front Physiol 2013; 4:55. [PMID: 23554595 PMCID: PMC3612692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that suppress gene expression through target mRNA degradation or translation repression. Recent studies suggest that miRNA plays an important role in multiple physiological and pathological processes in the nervous system. In this review article, we described what is currently known about the mechanisms in peripheral nerve regeneration on cellular and molecular levels. Recently, changes in microRNA expression profiles have been detected in different injury models, and emerging evidence strongly indicates that these changes promote neurons to survive by shifting their physiology from maintaining structure and supporting synaptic transmission towards a regenerative phenotype. We reviewed the putative mechanisms involved in miRNA mediated post-transcriptional regulation and pointed out several areas where future research is necessary to advance our understanding of how targeting miRNA machinery can be used as a therapeutic approach for treating nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Temporal-spatial expressions of Spy1 in rat sciatic nerve after crush. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 33:213-21. [PMID: 23129232 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As a novel cell cycle protein, Spy1 enhances cell proliferation, promotes the G1/S transition as well as inhibits apoptosis in response to UV irradiation. Spy1 levels are tightly regulated during mammary development, and overexpression of Spy1 accelerates tumorigenesis in vivo. But little is known about the role of Spy1 in the pathological process of damage and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system. Here we established a rat sciatic nerve crush (SNC) model to examine the spatiotemporal expression of Spy1. Spy1 expression was elevated gradually after sciatic nerve crush and peaked at day 3. The alteration was due to the increased expression of Spy1 in axons and Schwann cells after SNC. Spy1 expression correlated closely with Schwann cells proliferation in sciatic nerve post injury. Furthermore, Spy1 largely localized in axons in the crushed segment, but rarely co-localized with GAP43. These findings suggested that Spy1 participated in the pathological process response to sciatic nerve injury and may be associated with Schwann cells proliferation and axons regeneration.
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Chung CL, Tsai HP, Lee KS, Chen KI, Wu SC, Kuo YH, Winardi W, Chen IC, Kwan AL. Assisted peripheral nerve recovery by KMUP-1, an activator of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel, in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012; 154:1773-9. [PMID: 22772399 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves after injury is a complicated process. Numerous cytokines, growth factors, channels, kinases, and receptors are involved, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis subsequent to nerve injury. In this study, the effect of KMUP-1, an activator of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel, on functional recovery, myelinated axon growth, and immunoreactivity of MMP-9 was evaluated in rats subjected to sciatic nerve crush injury. METHOD A total of 144 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following six groups (n = 24/group): group 1, sham-operated; group 2, sciatic nerve injury without treatment; group 3, injured and vehicle-treated; group 4, injured and treated with 1 mM KMUP-1 by topical application; group 5, injured and treated with 10 mM KMUP-1; group 6, injured and treated with 50 mM KMUP-1. Functional recovery was evaluated using walking track analysis at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks (n = 6/group at each time point) after injury. In addition, the number of myelinated axons and MMP-9 in the nerve was also examined. FINDINGS Animals subjected to sciatic nerve crush injury had decreased motor function, a reduced number of myelinated axons, and increased MMP-9 in the nerve. Treatment with KMUP-1 concentration-dependently improved functional recovery, increased the number of myelinated axons, and decreased MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that KMUP-1 may be a novel agent for assisting peripheral nerve recovery after injury. The beneficial effect is probably due to known ability of the compound in activating the nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Li Chung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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50
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Zhou S, Shen D, Wang Y, Gong L, Tang X, Yu B, Gu X, Ding F. microRNA-222 targeting PTEN promotes neurite outgrowth from adult dorsal root ganglion neurons following sciatic nerve transection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44768. [PMID: 23028614 PMCID: PMC3441418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons spontaneously undergo neurite growth after nerve injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as small, non-coding RNAs, negatively regulate gene expression in a variety of biological processes. The roles of miRNAs in the regulation of responses of DRG neurons to injury stimuli, however, are not fully understood. Here, microarray analysis was performed to profile the miRNAs in L4-L6 DRGs following rat sciatic nerve transection. The 26 known miRNAs were differentially expressed at 0, 1, 4, 7, 14 d post injury, and the potential targets of the miRNAs were involved in nerve regeneration, as analyzed by bioinformatics. Among the 26 miRNAs, microRNA-222 (miR-222) was our research focus because its increased expression promoted neurite outgrowth while it silencing by miR-222 inhibitor reduced neurite outgrowth. Knockdown experiments confirmed that phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a major inhibitor of nerve regeneration, was a direct target of miR-222 in DRG neurons. In addition, we found that miR-222 might regulate the phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) through PTEN, and c-Jun activation might enhance the miR-222 expression. Collectively, our data suggest that miR-222 could regulate neurite outgrowth from DRG neurons by targeting PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Leilei Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Key Lab of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail: (XSG); (FD)
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail: (XSG); (FD)
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