1
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Firnau MB, Brieger A. CK2 and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081987. [PMID: 36009534 PMCID: PMC9405757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is commonly dysregulated in cancer, impacting diverse molecular pathways. CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, constitutively active and ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. With over 500 known substrates and being estimated to be responsible for up to 10% of the human phosphoproteome, it is of significant importance. A broad spectrum of diverse types of cancer cells has been already shown to rely on disturbed CK2 levels for their survival. The hallmarks of cancer provide a rationale for understanding cancer’s common traits. They constitute the maintenance of proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling of replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, the activation of invasion and metastasis, as well as avoidance of immune destruction and dysregulation of cellular energetics. In this work, we have compiled evidence from the literature suggesting that CK2 modulates all hallmarks of cancer, thereby promoting oncogenesis and operating as a cancer driver by creating a cellular environment favorable to neoplasia.
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2
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van den Heuvel J, Ashiono C, Gillet LC, Dörner K, Wyler E, Zemp I, Kutay U. Processing of the ribosomal ubiquitin-like fusion protein FUBI-eS30/FAU is required for 40S maturation and depends on USP36. eLife 2021; 10:70560. [PMID: 34318747 PMCID: PMC8354635 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans and other holozoan organisms, the ribosomal protein eS30 is synthesized as a fusion protein with the ubiquitin-like protein FUBI. However, FUBI is not part of the mature 40S ribosomal subunit and cleaved off by an as-of-yet unidentified protease. How FUBI-eS30 processing is coordinated with 40S subunit maturation is unknown. To study the mechanism and importance of FUBI-eS30 processing, we expressed non-cleavable mutants in human cells, which affected late steps of cytoplasmic 40S maturation, including the maturation of 18S rRNA and recycling of late-acting ribosome biogenesis factors. Differential affinity purification of wild-type and non-cleavable FUBI-eS30 mutants identified the deubiquitinase USP36 as a candidate FUBI-eS30 processing enzyme. Depletion of USP36 by RNAi or CRISPRi indeed impaired FUBI-eS30 processing and moreover, purified USP36 cut FUBI-eS30 in vitro. Together, these data demonstrate the functional importance of FUBI-eS30 cleavage and identify USP36 as a novel protease involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin van den Heuvel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Ph.D. Program, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Ashiono
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic C Gillet
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Dörner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Ph.D. Program, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Zemp
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Kutay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Parbin S, Damodharan S, Rajyaguru PI. Arginine methylation and cytoplasmic mRNA fate: An exciting new partnership. Yeast 2021; 38:441-452. [PMID: 34048611 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. Among these modifications, arginine methylation has recently attracted tremendous attention due to its role in multiple cellular functions. This review discusses the recent advances that have established arginine methylation as a major player in determining cytoplasmic messenger RNA (mRNA) fate. We specifically focus on research that implicates arginine methylation in regulating mRNA translation, decay, and RNA granule dynamics. Based on this research, we highlight a few emerging future avenues that will lead to exciting discoveries in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabnam Parbin
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Integrative Genomics Core Unit, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Subha Damodharan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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4
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Protein kinase CK2 phosphorylation of SAPS3 subunit increases PP6 phosphatase activity with Aurora A kinase. Biochem J 2020; 477:431-444. [PMID: 31904830 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein Ser/Thr phosphatase-6 (PP6) regulates pathways for activation of NF-kB, YAP1 and Aurora A kinase (AURKA). PP6 is a heterotrimer comprised of a catalytic subunit, one of three different SAPS subunits and one of three different ankyrin-repeat ANKRD subunits. Here, we show FLAG-PP6C expressed in cells preferentially binds endogenous SAPS3, and the complex is active with the chemical substrate DiFMUP. SAPS3 has multiple acidic sequence motifs recognized by protein kinase CK2 (CK2) and SAPS3 is phosphorylated by purified CK2, without affecting its associated PP6 phosphatase activity. However, HA3-SAPS3-PP6 phosphatase activity using pT288 AURKA as substrate is significantly increased by phosphorylation with CK2. The substitution of Ala in nine putative phosphorylation sites in SAPS3 was required to prevent CK2 activation of the phosphatase. Different CK2 chemical inhibitors equally increased phosphorylation of endogenous AURKA in living cells, consistent with reduction in PP6 activity. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion or siRNA knockdown of SAPS3 resulted in highly activated endogenous AURKA, and a high proportion of cells with abnormal nuclei. Activation of PP6 by CK2 can form a feedback loop with bistable changes in substrates.
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5
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Maurice F, Pérébaskine N, Thore S, Fribourg S. In vitro dimerization of human RIO2 kinase. RNA Biol 2019; 16:1633-1642. [PMID: 31390939 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1653679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RIO proteins form a conserved family of atypical protein kinases. RIO2 is a serine/threonine protein kinase/ATPase involved in pre-40S ribosomal maturation. Current crystal structures of archaeal and fungal Rio2 proteins report a monomeric form of the protein. Here, we describe three atomic structures of the human RIO2 kinase showing that it forms a homodimer in vitro. Upon self-association, each protomer ATP-binding pocket is partially remodelled and found in an apostate. The homodimerization is mediated by key residues previously shown to be responsible for ATP binding and catalysis. This unusual in vitro protein kinase dimer reveals an intricate mechanism where identical residues are involved in substrate binding and oligomeric state formation. We speculate that such an oligomeric state might be formed also in vivo and might function in maintaining the protein in an inactive state and could be employed during import.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stéphane Thore
- INSERM U1212, UMR CNRS 5320, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
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6
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Iacovella MG, Bremang M, Basha O, Giacò L, Carotenuto W, Golfieri C, Szakal B, Dal Maschio M, Infantino V, Beznoussenko GV, Joseph CR, Visintin C, Mironov AA, Visintin R, Branzei D, Ferreira-Cerca S, Yeger-Lotem E, De Wulf P. Integrating Rio1 activities discloses its nutrient-activated network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:7586-7611. [PMID: 30011030 PMCID: PMC6125641 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinase/adenosine triphosphatase Rio1 regulates rDNA transcription and segregation, pre-rRNA processing and small ribosomal subunit maturation. Other roles are unknown. When overexpressed, human ortholog RIOK1 drives tumor growth and metastasis. Likewise, RIOK1 promotes 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis and has not been characterized globally. We show that Rio1 manages directly and via a series of regulators, an essential signaling network at the protein, chromatin and RNA levels. Rio1 orchestrates growth and division depending on resource availability, in parallel to the nutrient-activated Tor1 kinase. To define the Rio1 network, we identified its physical interactors, profiled its target genes/transcripts, mapped its chromatin-binding sites and integrated our data with yeast’s protein–protein and protein–DNA interaction catalogs using network computation. We experimentally confirmed network components and localized Rio1 also to mitochondria and vacuoles. Via its network, Rio1 commands protein synthesis (ribosomal gene expression, assembly and activity) and turnover (26S proteasome expression), and impinges on metabolic, energy-production and cell-cycle programs. We find that Rio1 activity is conserved to humans and propose that pathological RIOK1 may fuel promiscuous transcription, ribosome production, chromosomal instability, unrestrained metabolism and proliferation; established contributors to cancer. Our study will advance the understanding of numerous processes, here revealed to depend on Rio1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Iacovella
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Bremang
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Current address: Proteome Sciences Plc, Hamilton House, Mabledon Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omer Basha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Luciano Giacò
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Walter Carotenuto
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Golfieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Barnabas Szakal
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Dal Maschio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Infantino
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Chinnu R Joseph
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Visintin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander A Mironov
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosella Visintin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Dana Branzei
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sébastien Ferreira-Cerca
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Esti Yeger-Lotem
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Peter De Wulf
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
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7
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The Rio1 protein kinases/ATPases: conserved regulators of growth, division, and genomic stability. Curr Genet 2018; 65:457-466. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Hong X, Huang H, Qiu X, Ding Z, Feng X, Zhu Y, Zhuo H, Hou J, Zhao J, Cai W, Sha R, Hong X, Li Y, Song H, Zhang Z. Targeting posttranslational modifications of RIOK1 inhibits the progression of colorectal and gastric cancers. eLife 2018; 7:e29511. [PMID: 29384474 PMCID: PMC5815853 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RIOK1 has recently been shown to play important roles in cancers, but its posttranslational regulation is largely unknown. Here we report that RIOK1 is methylated at K411 by SETD7 methyltransferase and that lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) reverses its methylation. The mutated RIOK1 (K411R) that cannot be methylated exhibits a longer half-life than does the methylated RIOK1. FBXO6 specifically interacts with K411-methylated RIOK1 through its FBA domain to induce RIOK1 ubiquitination. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylates RIOK1 at T410, which stabilizes RIOK1 by antagonizing K411 methylation and impeding the recruitment of FBXO6 to RIOK1. Functional experiments demonstrate the RIOK1 methylation reduces the tumor growth and metastasis in mice model. Importantly, the protein levels of CK2 and LSD1 show an inverse correlation with FBXO6 and SETD7 expression in human colorectal cancer tissues. Together, this study highlights the importance of a RIOK1 methylation-phosphorylation switch in determining colorectal and gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Hong
- Longju Medical Research CenterKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyiChina
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Institute of Gastrointestinal OncologyMedical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal OncologyXiamenChina
| | - He Huang
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyXiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Digestive Cancer LaboratorySecond Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
| | - Xingfeng Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Institute of Gastrointestinal OncologyMedical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal OncologyXiamenChina
| | - Zhijie Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Institute of Gastrointestinal OncologyMedical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal OncologyXiamenChina
| | - Xing Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute of New JerseyRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickUnited States
| | - Yuekun Zhu
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Huiqin Zhuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Institute of Gastrointestinal OncologyMedical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal OncologyXiamenChina
| | - Jingjing Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Institute of Gastrointestinal OncologyMedical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal OncologyXiamenChina
| | - Jiabao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Institute of Gastrointestinal OncologyMedical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal OncologyXiamenChina
| | - Wangyu Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Institute of Gastrointestinal OncologyMedical College of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal OncologyXiamenChina
| | - Ruihua Sha
- Department of Digestive DiseaseHongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical UniversityMudanjiangChina
| | - Xinya Hong
- Department of Medical Imaging and UltrasoundZhongshan Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujian, China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Hongjiang Song
- Department of General SurgeryThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Longju Medical Research CenterKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyiChina
- Department of Surgery, Robert-Wood-Johnson Medical School University HospitalRutgers University, The State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickUnited States
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9
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Zhang T, Ji D, Wang P, Liang D, Jin L, Shi H, Liu X, Meng Q, Yu R, Gao S. The atypical protein kinase RIOK3 contributes to glioma cell proliferation/survival, migration/invasion and the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2017; 415:151-163. [PMID: 29233656 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The RIO (right open reading frame) protein kinases include RIOK1, RIOK2 and RIOK3. Emerging evidence has suggested an important role of RIO kinases in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. However, the expression profile and specific roles of RIOK3 are largely unknown during glioma progression. In the current study, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis showed that RIOK3 was upregulated in glioma tissues. Available database analysis revealed that higher levels of RIOK3 were associated with poorer survival outcome in glioma patients. Flow cytometry, CCK8 and EdU assays showed that downregulation of RIOK3 arrested cell cycle progression and inhibited glioma cell proliferation. Wound healing, transwell and gelatin zymography assays revealed that silencing RIOK3 decreased glioma cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the downregulation of RIOK3 significantly decreased the activity of AKT/mTOR signaling and induced apoptosis in glioma cells. Overexpression of RIOK3 showed the opposite effects on glioma cell proliferation, migration, invasion and the AKT/mTOR pathway. These results indicate that high RIOK3 levels in gliomas appear to contribute to the growth and expansion of this cancer, and may thus serve as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daofei Ji
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 32 Mei-Jian Road, Xuzhou 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengliang Shi
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingming Meng
- Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shangfeng Gao
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-Hai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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The Link between Protein Kinase CK2 and Atypical Kinase Rio1. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10010021. [PMID: 28178206 PMCID: PMC5374425 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical kinase Rio1 is widespread in many organisms, ranging from Archaebacteria to humans, and is an essential factor in ribosome biogenesis. Little is known about the protein substrates of the enzyme and small-molecule inhibitors of the kinase. Protein kinase CK2 was the first interaction partner of Rio1, identified in yeast cells. The enzyme from various sources undergoes CK2-mediated phosphorylation at several sites and this modification regulates the activity of Rio1. The aim of this review is to present studies of the relationship between the two different kinases, with respect to CK2-mediated phosphorylation of Rio1, regulation of Rio1 activity, and similar susceptibility of the kinases to benzimidazole inhibitors.
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11
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Kubiński K, Masłyk M, Orzeszko A. Benzimidazole inhibitors of protein kinase CK2 potently inhibit the activity of atypical protein kinase Rio1. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 426:195-203. [PMID: 27909846 PMCID: PMC5290066 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2892-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole derivatives of 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 1-β-d-ribofuranoside (DRB) comprise the important class of protein kinase CK2 inhibitors. Depending on the structure, benzimidazoles inhibit CK2 with different selectivity and potency. Besides CK2, the compounds can inhibit, with similar activity, other classical eukaryotic protein kinases (e.g. PIM, DYRK, and PKD). The present results show that a majority of the most common CK2 inhibitors can affect the atypical kinase Rio1 in a nanomolar range. Kinetic data confirmed the mode of action of benzimidazoles as typical ATP-competitive inhibitors. In contrast to toyocamycin—the first discovered small-molecule inhibitor of Rio1—the most potent representative of benzimidazoles TIBI (IC50 = 0.09 µM, Ki = 0.05 µM) does not influence the oligomeric state of the Rio1 kinase. Docking studies revealed that TIBI can occupy the ATP-binding site of Rio1 in a manner similar to toyocamycin, and enhances the thermostability of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Orzeszko
- Institute of Chemistry, Warsaw Life Sciences University, ul. Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Rio1 promotes rDNA stability and downregulates RNA polymerase I to ensure rDNA segregation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6643. [PMID: 25851096 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved protein kinase Rio1 localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus of eukaryotic cells. While the roles of Rio1 in the cytoplasm are well characterized, its nuclear function remains unknown. Here we show that nuclear Rio1 promotes rDNA array stability and segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During rDNA replication in S phase, Rio1 downregulates RNA polymerase I (PolI) and recruits the histone deacetylase Sir2. Both interventions ensure rDNA copy-number homeostasis and prevent the formation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles, which are linked to accelerated ageing in yeast. During anaphase, Rio1 downregulates PolI by targeting its subunit Rpa43, causing PolI to dissociate from the rDNA. By stimulating the processing of PolI-generated transcripts at the rDNA, Rio1 allows for rDNA condensation and segregation in late anaphase. These events finalize the genome transmission process. We identify Rio1 as an essential nucleolar housekeeper that integrates rDNA replication and segregation with ribosome biogenesis.
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13
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Yuan W, Lok JB, Stoltzfus JD, Gasser RB, Fang F, Lei WQ, Fang R, Zhou YQ, Zhao JL, Hu M. Toward understanding the functional role of Ss-RIOK-1, a RIO protein kinase-encoding gene of Strongyloides stercoralis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3062. [PMID: 25101874 PMCID: PMC4125297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals have shown that RIO protein kinases (RIOKs) are involved in ribosome biogenesis, cell cycle progression and development. However, there is a paucity of information on their functions in parasitic nematodes. We aimed to investigate the function of RIOK-1 encoding gene from Strongyloides stercoralis, a nematode parasitizing humans and dogs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The RIOK-1 protein-encoding gene Ss-riok-1 was characterized from S. stercoralis. The full-length cDNA, gDNA and putative promoter region of Ss-riok-1 were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA comprises 1,828 bp, including a 377 bp 5'-UTR, a 17 bp 3'-UTR and a 1,434 bp ORF encoding a protein of 477 amino acids containing a RIOK-1 signature motif. The genomic sequence of the Ss-riok-1 coding region is 1,636 bp in length and has three exons and two introns. The putative promoter region comprises 4,280 bp and contains conserved promoter elements, including four CAAT boxes, 12 GATA boxes, eight E-boxes (CANNTG) and 38 TATA boxes. The Ss-riok-1 gene is transcribed throughout all developmental stages with the highest transcript abundance in the infective third-stage larva (iL3). Recombinant Ss-RIOK-1 is an active kinase, capable of both phosphorylation and auto-phosphorylation. Patterns of transcriptional reporter expression in transgenic S. stercoralis larvae indicated that Ss-RIOK-1 is expressed in neurons of the head, body and tail as well as in pharynx and hypodermis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The characterization of the molecular and the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the encoding gene provide first clues as to functions of RIOKs in the biological processes of parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - James B. Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JBL); (MH)
| | - Jonathan D. Stoltzfus
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Qin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (JBL); (MH)
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Protein kinase CK2 holoenzyme promotes start-specific transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:1271-80. [PMID: 23873864 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00117-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the entrance into S phase requires the activation of a specific burst of transcription, which depends on SBF (SCB binding factor, Swi4/Swi6) and MBF (MCB binding factor, Mbp1/Swi6) complexes. CK2 is a pleiotropic kinase involved in several cellular processes, including the regulation of the cell cycle. CK2 is composed of two catalytic subunits (α and α') and two regulatory subunits (β and β'), both of which are required to form the active holoenzyme. Here we investigate the function of the CK2 holoenzyme in Start-specific transcription. The ckb1Δ ckb2Δ mutant strain, bearing deletions of both genes encoding CK2 regulatory subunits, shows a delay of S-phase entrance due to a severe reduction of the expression of SBF- and MBF-dependent genes. This transcriptional defect is caused by an impaired recruitment of Swi6 and Swi4 to G1 gene promoters. Moreover, CK2 α and β' subunits interact with RNA polymerase II, whose binding to G1 promoters is positively regulated by the CK2 holoenzyme. Collectively, these findings suggest a novel role for the CK2 holoenzyme in the activation of G1 transcription.
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15
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Kiburu IN, LaRonde-LeBlanc N. Interaction of Rio1 kinase with toyocamycin reveals a conformational switch that controls oligomeric state and catalytic activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37371. [PMID: 22629386 PMCID: PMC3358306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rio1 kinase is an essential ribosome-processing factor required for proper maturation of 40 S ribosomal subunit. Although its structure is known, several questions regarding its functional remain to be addressed. We report that both Archaeoglobus fulgidus and human Rio1 bind more tightly to an adenosine analog, toyocamycin, than to ATP. Toyocamycin has antibiotic, antiviral and cytotoxic properties, and is known to inhibit ribosome biogenesis, specifically the maturation of 40 S. We determined the X-ray crystal structure of toyocamycin bound to Rio1 at 2.0 Å and demonstrated that toyocamycin binds in the ATP binding pocket of the protein. Despite this, measured steady state kinetics were inconsistent with strict competitive inhibition by toyocamycin. In analyzing this interaction, we discovered that Rio1 is capable of accessing multiple distinct oligomeric states and that toyocamycin may inhibit Rio1 by stabilizing a less catalytically active oligomer. We also present evidence of substrate inhibition by high concentrations of ATP for both archaeal and human Rio1. Oligomeric state studies show both proteins access a higher order oligomeric state in the presence of ATP. The study revealed that autophosphorylation by Rio1 reduces oligomer formation and promotes monomerization, resulting in the most active species. Taken together, these results suggest the activity of Rio1 may be modulated by regulating its oligomerization properties in a conserved mechanism, identifies the first ribosome processing target of toyocamycin and presents the first small molecule inhibitor of Rio1 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene N. Kiburu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, and the University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole LaRonde-LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, and the University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Widmann B, Wandrey F, Badertscher L, Wyler E, Pfannstiel J, Zemp I, Kutay U. The kinase activity of human Rio1 is required for final steps of cytoplasmic maturation of 40S subunits. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 23:22-35. [PMID: 22072790 PMCID: PMC3248900 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-07-0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
hRio1 is an atypical protein kinase of the conserved RIO family. Depletion of hRio1 affects the last step of 18S rRNA maturation and causes defects in recycling of trans-acting factors from pre-40S subunits in the cytoplasm. The kinase activity of hRio1 is essential for recycling of the endonuclease hNob1 and its binding partner hDim2 from pre-40S. RIO proteins form a conserved family of atypical protein kinases. Humans possess three distinct RIO kinases—hRio1, hRio2, and hRio3, of which only hRio2 has been characterized with respect to its role in ribosomal biogenesis. Here we show that both hRio1 and hRio3, like hRio2, are associated with precursors of 40S ribosomal subunits in human cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depletion of hRio1 by RNA interference affects the last step of 18S rRNA maturation and causes defects in the recycling of several trans-acting factors (hEnp1, hRio2, hLtv1, hDim2/PNO1, and hNob1) from pre-40S subunits in the cytoplasm. Although the effects of hRio1 and hRio2 depletion are similar, we show that the two kinases are not fully interchangeable. Moreover, rescue experiments with a kinase-dead mutant of hRio1 revealed that the kinase activity of hRio1 is essential for the recycling of the endonuclease hNob1 and its binding partner hDim2 from cytoplasmic pre-40S. Kinase-dead hRio1 is trapped on pre-40S particles containing hDim2 and hNob1 but devoid of hEnp1, hLtv1, and hRio2. These data reveal a role of hRio1 in the final stages of cytoplasmic pre-40S maturation.
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Liu T, Deng M, Li J, Tong X, Wei Q, Ye X. Phosphorylation of right open reading frame 2 (Rio2) protein kinase by polo-like kinase 1 regulates mitotic progression. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36352-60. [PMID: 21880710 PMCID: PMC3196107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.250175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) plays essential roles during multiple stages of mitosis by phosphorylating a number of substrates. Here, we report that the atypical protein kinase Rio2 is a novel substrate of Plk1 and can be phosphorylated by Plk1 at Ser-335, Ser-380, and Ser-548. Overexpression of Rio2 causes a prolonged mitotic exit whereas knockdown of Rio2 accelerates mitotic progression, suggesting that Rio2 is required for the proper mitotic progression. Overexpression of phospho-mimicking mutant Rio2 S3D but not the nonphosphorylatable mutant Rio2 S3A displays a profile similar to that of wild-type Rio2. These results indicate that the phosphorylation status of Rio2 correlates with its function in mitosis. Furthermore, time-lapse imaging data show that overexpression of Rio2 but not Rio2 S3A results in a slowed metaphase-anaphase transition. Collectively, these findings strongly indicate that the Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Rio2 regulates metaphase-anaphase transition during mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- From the Center for Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China and
- the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Deng
- From the Center for Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China and
- the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junhui Li
- From the Center for Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China and
- the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- From the Center for Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China and
| | - Qian Wei
- From the Center for Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China and
- the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Ye
- From the Center for Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China and
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18
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Guderian G, Peter C, Wiesner J, Sickmann A, Schulze-Osthoff K, Fischer U, Grimmler M. RioK1, a new interactor of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), competes with pICln for binding and modulates PRMT5 complex composition and substrate specificity. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1976-86. [PMID: 21081503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.148486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation plays a critical role in differential gene expression through modulating protein-protein and protein-DNA/RNA interactions. Although numerous proteins undergo arginine methylation, only limited information is available on how protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) identify their substrates. The human PRMT5 complex consists of PRMT5, WD45/MEP50 (WD repeat domain 45/methylosome protein 50), and pICln and catalyzes the symmetrical arginine dimethylation of its substrate proteins. pICln recruits the spliceosomal Sm proteins to the PRMT5 complex for methylation, which allows their subsequent loading onto snRNA to form small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. To understand how the PRMT5 complex is regulated, we investigated its biochemical composition and identified RioK1 as a novel, stoichiometric component of the PRMT5 complex. We show that RioK1 and pICln bind to PRMT5 in a mutually exclusive fashion. This results in a PRMT5-WD45/MEP50 core structure that either associates with pICln or RioK1 in distinct complexes. Furthermore, we show that RioK1 functions in analogy to pICln as an adapter protein by recruiting the RNA-binding protein nucleolin to the PRMT5 complex for its symmetrical methylation. The exclusive interaction of PRMT5 with either pICln or RioK1 thus provides the first mechanistic insight into how a methyltransferase can distinguish between its substrate proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Guderian
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Ribosome assembly is required for cell growth in all organisms. Classic in vitro work in bacteria has led to a detailed understanding of the biophysical, thermodynamic, and structural basis for the ordered and correct assembly of ribosomal proteins on ribosomal RNA. Furthermore, it has enabled reconstitution of active subunits from ribosomal RNA and proteins in vitro. Nevertheless, recent work has shown that eukaryotic ribosome assembly requires a large macromolecular machinery in vivo. Many of these assembly factors such as ATPases, GTPases, and kinases hydrolyze nucleotide triphosphates. Because these enzymes are likely regulatory proteins, much work to date has focused on understanding their role in the assembly process. Here, we review these factors, as well as other sources of energy, and their roles in the ribosome assembly process. In addition, we propose roles of energy-releasing enzymes in the assembly process, to explain why energy is used for a process that occurs largely spontaneously in bacteria. Finally, we use literature data to suggest testable models for how these enzymes could be used as targets for regulation of ribosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany S Strunk
- Chemical Biology Doctoral Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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Hu M, Laronde-Leblanc N, Sternberg PW, Gasser RB. Tv-RIO1 - an atypical protein kinase from the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus vitrinus. Parasit Vectors 2008; 1:34. [PMID: 18808669 PMCID: PMC2564912 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-1-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinases are key enzymes that regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including cell-cycle progression, transcription, DNA replication and metabolic functions. These enzymes catalyse the transfer of phosphates to serine, threonine and tyrosine residues, thus playing functional roles in reversible protein phosphorylation. There are two main groups, namely eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) and atypical protein kinases (aPKs); RIO kinases belong to the latter group. While there is some information about RIO kinases and their roles in animals, nothing is known about them in parasites. This is the first study to characterise a RIO1 kinase from any parasite. Results A full-length cDNA (Tv-rio-1) encoding a RIO1 protein kinase (Tv-RIO1) was isolated from the economically important parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus vitrinus (Order Strongylida). The uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF) of 1476 nucleotides encoded a protein of 491 amino acids, containing the characteristic RIO1 motif LVHADLSEYNTL. Tv-rio-1 was transcribed at the highest level in the third-stage larva (L3), and a higher level in adult females than in males. Comparison with homologues from other organisms showed that protein Tv-RIO1 had significant homology to related proteins from a range of metazoans and plants. Amino acid sequence identity was most pronounced in the ATP-binding motif, active site and metal binding loop. Phylogenetic analyses of selected amino acid sequence data revealed Tv-RIO1 to be most closely related to the proteins in the species of Caenorhabditis. A structural model of Tv-RIO1 was constructed and compared with the published crystal structure of RIO1 of Archaeoglobus fulgidus (Af-Rio1). Conclusion This study provides the first insights into the RIO1 protein kinases of nematodes, and a foundation for further investigations into the biochemical and functional roles of this molecule in biological processes in parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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