1
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CDC20 and its downstream genes: potential prognosis factors of osteosarcoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:1479-1489. [PMID: 31278532 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the microarray data GSE42352 to identify genes that can be used as prognosis factors in osteosarcoma. METHODS Gene Ontology (GO) biological process analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of Cytoscape ClueGo were used in verifying the function of different genes. Realtime-PCR were used to confirm the microarray results. 83 patient samples were collected and underwent Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate analysis to predict the prospect of genes using as prognosis factors. RESULTS After analyzing the microarray data GSE42352, mitosis metaphase to anaphase-related genes CDC20, securin, cyclin A2 and cyclin B2 were found to be overexpressed in osteosarcoma cell lines. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that overexpression of these genes can predict poor prognosis outcomes in osteosarcoma patients. Furthermore, any combination of the four genes seems to be more effective in predicting osteosarcoma outcomes than any of these genes alone. CONCLUSIONS CDC20 and its downstream substracts securin, cyclin A2 and cyclin B2 are good factors that can predict prognosis outcomes in osteosarcoma. Any two combination of these four genes are more effective to be used as osteosarcoma prognosis factors.
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2
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Epigenetics in Alzheimer's Disease: Perspective of DNA Methylation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1026-1044. [PMID: 28092081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research over the years has shown that causes of Alzheimer's disease are not well understood, but over the past years, the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the developing memory formation either under pathological or physiological conditions has become clear. The term epigenetics represents the heredity of changes in phenotype that are independent of altered DNA sequences. Different studies validated that cytosine methylation of genomic DNA decreases with age in different tissues of mammals, and therefore, the role of epigenetic factors in developing neurological disorders in aging has been under focus. In this review, we summarized and reviewed the involvement of different epigenetic mechanisms especially the DNA methylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), and autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD). Down to the minutest of details, we tried to discuss the methylation patterns like mitochondrial DNA methylation and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) methylation. Additionally, we mentioned some therapeutic approaches related to epigenetics, which could provide a potential cure for AD. Moreover, we reviewed some recent studies that validate DNA methylation as a potential biomarker and its role in AD. We hope that this review will provide new insights into the understanding of AD pathogenesis from the epigenetic perspective especially from the perspective of DNA methylation.
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3
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Zhu A, Chen M, Zhang X, Storey KB. Gene structure, expression, and DNA methylation characteristics of sea cucumber cyclin B gene during aestivation. Gene 2016; 594:82-88. [PMID: 27601256 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is a good model for studying environmentally-induced aestivation by a marine invertebrate. One of the central requirements of aestivation is the repression of energy-expensive cellular processes such as cell cycle progression. The present study identified the gene structure of the cell cycle regulator, cyclin B, and detected the expression levels of this gene over three stages of the annual aestivation-arousal cycle. Furthermore, the DNA methylation characteristics of cyclin B were analyzed in non-aestivation and deep-aestivation stages of sea cucumbers. We found that the cyclin B promoter contains a CpG island, three CCAAT-boxes and three cell cycle gene homology regions (CHRs). Application of qRT-PCR analysis showed significant downregulation of cyclin B transcript levels during deep-aestivation in comparison with non-aestivation in both intestine and longitudinal muscle, and these returned to basal levels after arousal from aestivation. Methylation analysis of the cyclin B core promoter revealed that its methylation level showed significant differences between non-aestivation and deep-aestivation stages (p<0.05) and interestingly, a positive correlation between Cyclin B transcripts expression and methylation levels of the core promoter was also observed. Our findings suggest that cell cycle progression may be reversibly arrested during aestivation as indicated by the changes in cyclin B expression levels and we propose that DNA methylation is one of the regulatory mechanisms involved in cyclin B transcriptional variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Zhu
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Muyan Chen
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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4
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Fan HC, Chi CS, Cheng SN, Lee HF, Tsai JD, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. Targeting New Candidate Genes by Small Molecules Approaching Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:E26. [PMID: 26712747 PMCID: PMC4730273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are among the most feared of the disorders that afflict humankind for the lack of specific diagnostic tests and effective treatments. Understanding the molecular, cellular, biochemical changes of NDs may hold therapeutic promise against debilitating central nerve system (CNS) disorders. In the present review, we summarized the clinical presentations and biology backgrounds of NDs, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and explored the role of molecular mechanisms, including dys-regulation of epigenetic control mechanisms, Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein kinase (ATM), and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of NDs. Targeting these mechanisms may hold therapeutic promise against these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Fen Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Dau Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 651, Taiwan.
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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5
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Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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6
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Wang J, Yu JT, Tan MS, Jiang T, Tan L. Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:1024-41. [PMID: 23688931 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are late-onset forms (LOAD) likely due to the interplay of environmental influences and individual genetic susceptibility. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, constitute dynamic intracellular processes for translating environmental stimuli into modifications in gene expression. Over the past decade it has become increasingly clear that epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in aging the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we provide a review of the major mechanisms for epigenetic modification and how they are reportedly altered in aging and AD. Moreover, we also consider how aberrant epigenetic modifications may lead to AD pathogenesis, and we review the therapeutic potential of epigenetic treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China
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7
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Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:1161-80. [PMID: 21482442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications help orchestrate sweeping developmental, aging, and disease-causing changes in phenotype by altering transcriptional activity in multiple genes spanning multiple biologic pathways. Although previous epigenetic research has focused primarily on dividing cells, particularly in cancer, recent studies have shown rapid, dynamic, and persistent epigenetic modifications in neurons that have significant neuroendocrine, neurophysiologic, and neurodegenerative consequences. Here, we provide a review of the major mechanisms for epigenetic modification and how they are reportedly altered in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of their reach across the genome, epigenetic mechanisms may provide a unique integrative framework for the pathologic diversity and complexity of AD.
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8
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Wu T, Zhang X, Huang X, Yang Y, Hua X. Regulation of cyclin B2 expression and cell cycle G2/m transition by menin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18291-300. [PMID: 20404349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) results from mutations in tumor suppressor gene Men1, which encodes nuclear protein menin. Menin up-regulates certain cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors through increasing histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation and inhibits G(0)/G(1) to S phase transition. However, little is known as to whether menin controls G(2)/M-phase transition, another important cell cycle checkpoint. Here, we show that menin expression delays G(2)/M phase transition and reduces expression of Ccnb2 (encoding cyclin B2). Menin associates with the promoter of Ccnb2 and reduces histone H3 acetylation, a positive chromatin marker for gene transcription, at the Ccnb2 locus. Moreover, Men1 ablation leads to an increase in cyclin B2 expression, histone H3 acetylation at the Ccnb2 locus, and G(2)/M transition. In contrast, knockdown of cyclin B2 diminishes the number of cells at M phase and reduces cell proliferation. Furthermore, menin interferes with binding of certain positive transcriptional regulators, such as nuclear factor Y (NF-Y), E2 factors (E2Fs), and histone acetyltransferase CREB (cAMP-response element-binding protein)-binding protein (CBP) to the Ccnb2 locus. Notably, MEN1 disease-related mutations, A242V and L22R, abrogate the ability of menin to repress cyclin B2 expression and G(2)/M transition. Both of the mutants fail to reduce the acetylated level of the Ccnb2 locus. Together, these results suggest that menin-mediated repression of cyclin B2 is crucial for inhibiting G(2)/M transition and cell proliferation through a previously unrecognized molecular mechanism for menin-induced suppression of MEN1 tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science,Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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9
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Risley MD, Clowes C, Yu M, Mitchell K, Hentges KE. The Mediator complex protein Med31 is required for embryonic growth and cell proliferation during mammalian development. Dev Biol 2010; 342:146-56. [PMID: 20347762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During development, the mammalian embryo must integrate signals to control growth and proliferation. A failure in the ability to respond to mitogenic stimuli can cause embryonic growth restriction. We have identified a mouse mutant, l11Jus15, from a mutagenesis screen that exhibits growth defects and late-gestation lethality. Here we demonstrate that this phenotype results from a mutation in the Mediator complex gene Med31, which causes degradation of Med31 protein. The Med31 mutant phenotype is not similar to other Mediator complex mouse mutants, and target genes of other Mediator proteins are expressed normally in Med31 mutants, suggesting that Med31 has distinct target genes required for mammalian development. Med31 mutant embryos have fewer proliferating cells than controls, especially in regions that expand rapidly during development such as the forelimb buds. Likewise, embryonic fibroblast cells cultured from mutant embryos have a severe proliferation defect, as well as reduced levels of the cell cycle protein Cdc2. Med31 mutants have normal limb bud patterning but defective or delayed chondrogenesis due to a lack of Sox9 and Col2a1 expression. As the Mediator complex is a transcriptional co-activator, our results suggest that Med31 functions to promote the transcription of genes required for embryonic growth and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Risley
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, UK
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10
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Müller GA, Engeland K. The central role of CDE/CHR promoter elements in the regulation of cell cycle-dependent gene transcription. FEBS J 2009; 277:877-93. [PMID: 20015071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle-dependent element (CDE) and the cell cycle genes homology region (CHR) control the transcription of genes with maximum expression in G(2) phase and in mitosis. Promoters of these genes are repressed by proteins binding to CDE/CHR elements in G(0) and G(1) phases. Relief from repression begins in S phase and continues into G(2) phase and mitosis. Generally, CDE sites are located four nucleotides upstream of CHR elements in TATA-less promoters of genes such as Cdc25C, Cdc2 and cyclin A. However, expression of some other genes, such as human cyclin B1 and cyclin B2, has been shown to be controlled only by a CHR lacking a functional CDE. To date, it is not fully understood which proteins bind to and control CDE/CHR-containing promoters. Recently, components of the DREAM complex were shown to be involved in CDE/CHR-dependent transcriptional regulation. In addition, the expression of genes regulated by CDE/CHR elements is mostly achieved through CCAAT-boxes, which bind heterotrimeric NF-Y proteins as well as the histone acetyltransferase p300. Importantly, many CDE/CHR promoters are downregulated by the tumor suppressor p53. In this review, we define criteria for CDE/CHR-regulated promoters and propose to distinguish two classes of CDE/CHR-regulated genes. The regulation through transcription factors potentially binding to the CDE/CHR is discussed, and recently discovered links to central pathways regulated by E2F, the pRB family and p53 are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd A Müller
- Molecular Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Unoki M, Brunet J, Mousli M. Drug discovery targeting epigenetic codes: the great potential of UHRF1, which links DNA methylation and histone modifications, as a drug target in cancers and toxoplasmosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1279-88. [PMID: 19501055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UHRF1 plays a central role in transferring methylation status from mother cells to daughter cells. Its SRA domain recognizes hemi-methylated DNA that appears in daughter DNA strands during duplication of DNA. UHRF1 recruits DNMT1 to the site and methylates both strands. UHRF1 also binds to HDAC1 and di- and tri-methyl K9 histone H3, ubiquitinates histone H3, and associates with heterochromatin formation, indicating that UHRF1 links histone modifications, DNA methylation, and chromatin structure. UHRF1 is a direct target of E2F1 and promotes G1/S transition. The tumor suppressor p53, which is deficient in 50% of cancers, down-regulates UHRF1 through up-regulation of p21/WAF1 and subsequent deactivation of E2F1. The expression levels of UHRF1 are up-regulated in many cancers, probably partially because of the absence of wild type p53, but it is probably regulated by several other factors. Knockdown of UHRF1 expression in cancer cells suppressed cell growth, suggesting that UHRF1 can be a useful anticancer drug target. Recently, it was revealed that UHRF1 plays important roles not only in carcinogenesis, but also in toxoplasmosis, which is occasionally fatal to people with a weakened immune system, and can cause blindness in the major pathology of ocular toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis, utilizes UHRF1 to control the cell cycle phase and enhance its proliferation. Thus, knockdown of UHRF1 can be effective at stopping the proliferation of the parasites in infected cells. In this review, we discuss several possible methods that can inhibit the multiple unique functions of UHRF1, which can be utilized for treating cancers and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Unoki
- Laboratory for Biomarker Development, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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12
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Jeong JH, An JY, Kwon YT, Rhee JG, Lee YJ. Effects of low dose quercetin: cancer cell-specific inhibition of cell cycle progression. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:73-82. [PMID: 19009557 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid present in many vegetables, fruits, and beverages. Due to its anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory activity, quercetin has been studied extensively as a chemoprevention agent in several cancer models. Since most of these studies used higher doses of quercetin than clinically achievable, we focused on the effectiveness of physiologically relevant doses of quercetin. A low dose of quercetin exerted cancer cell-specific inhibition of proliferation and this inhibition resulted from cell cycle arrest at the G(1) phase. Quercetin induced p21 CDK inhibitor with a concomitant decrease of phosphorylation of pRb, which inhibits the G(1)/S cell cycle progression by trapping E2F1. A low dose of quercetin induced mild DNA damage and Chk2 activation, which is the main regulator of p21 expression by quercetin. In addition, quercetin down-regulated the cyclin B1 and CDK1, essential components of G(2)/M cell cycle progression. Inhibition of the recruitment of key transcription factor NF-Y to cyclin B1 gene promoter by quercetin led to transcriptional inhibition. This study proved that the chemo-preventive efficacy of a physiologically relevant dose of quercetin can be achievable through the inhibition of cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Yu Q, Wu J. Involvement of cyclins in mammalian spermatogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 315:17-24. [PMID: 18470654 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complicated developmental process by which undifferentiated germ cells continuously produce mature sperm throughout a lifetime. Stringent control of the cell cycle during spermatogenesis is required to ensure self-renewal of male germ line cells and differentiation of appropriate numbers of cells for the various lineages. Cyclins are key factors of cell cycle regulation and play crucial roles in governing both the mitotic and meiotic divisions that characterize spermatogenesis. Abnormal expression of some types of cyclins in the testes can induce apoptosis, infertility, testicular tumors, and other problems related to spermatogenesis in mammals. In this review, available data regarding cellular and molecular regulation of several different types of cyclins during mammalian spermatogenesis are collected and further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Yu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
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