1
|
Silberberg JM, Ketter S, Böhm PJN, Jordan K, Wittenberg M, Grass J, Hänelt I. KdpD is a tandem serine histidine kinase that controls K + pump KdpFABC transcriptionally and post-translationally. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3223. [PMID: 38622146 PMCID: PMC11018627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-component systems, consisting of a histidine kinase and a response regulator, serve signal transduction in bacteria, often regulating transcription in response to environmental stimuli. Here, we identify a tandem serine histidine kinase function for KdpD, previously described as a histidine kinase of the KdpDE two-component system, which controls production of the potassium pump KdpFABC. We show that KdpD additionally mediates an inhibitory serine phosphorylation of KdpFABC at high potassium levels, using not its C-terminal histidine kinase domain but an N-terminal atypical serine kinase domain. Sequence analysis of KdpDs from different species highlights that some KdpDs are much shorter than others. We show that, while Escherichia coli KdpD's atypical serine kinase domain responds directly to potassium levels, a shorter version from Deinococcus geothermalis is controlled by second messenger cyclic di-AMP. Our findings add to the growing functional diversity of sensor kinases while simultaneously expanding the framework for regulatory mechanisms in bacterial potassium homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob M Silberberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sophie Ketter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Paul J N Böhm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Kristin Jordan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marcel Wittenberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Julia Grass
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Inga Hänelt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Larson GW, Windsor PK, Smithwick E, Shi K, Aihara H, Rama Damodaran A, Bhagi-Damodaran A. Understanding ATP Binding to DosS Catalytic Domain with a Short ATP-Lid. Biochemistry 2023; 62:3283-3292. [PMID: 37905955 PMCID: PMC11152246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
DosS is a heme-containing histidine kinase that triggers dormancy transformation inMycobacterium tuberculosis. Sequence comparison of the catalytic ATP-binding (CA) domain of DosS to other well-studied histidine kinases reveals a short ATP-lid. This feature has been thought to block binding of ATP to DosS's CA domain in the absence of interactions with DosS's dimerization and histidine phospho-transfer (DHp) domain. Here, we use a combination of computational modeling, structural biology, and biophysical studies to re-examine ATP-binding modalities in DosS. We show that the closed-lid conformation observed in crystal structures of DosS CA is caused by the presence of Zn2+ in the ATP binding pocket that coordinates with Glu537 on the ATP-lid. Furthermore, circular dichroism studies and comparisons of DosS CA's crystal structure with its AlphaFold model and homologous DesK reveal that residues 503-507 that appear as a random coil in the Zn2+-coordinated crystal structure are in fact part of the N-box α helix needed for efficient ATP binding. Such random-coil transformation of an N-box α helix turn and the closed-lid conformation are both artifacts arising from large millimolar Zn2+ concentrations used in DosS CA crystallization buffers. In contrast, in the absence of Zn2+, the short ATP-lid of DosS CA has significant conformational flexibility and can effectively bind AMP-PNP (Kd = 53 ± 13 μM), a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog. Furthermore, the nucleotide affinity remains unchanged when CA is conjugated to the DHp domain (Kd = 51 ± 6 μM). In all, our findings reveal that the short ATP-lid of DosS CA does not hinder ATP binding and provide insights that extend to 2988 homologous bacterial proteins containing such ATP-lids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peter K Windsor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elizabeth Smithwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anoop Rama Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ambika Bhagi-Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Larson G, Windsor P, Smithwick E, Shi K, Aihara H, Damodaran AR, Bhagi-Damodaran A. Understanding ATP binding to DosS catalytic domain with a short ATP-lid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542785. [PMID: 37398500 PMCID: PMC10312584 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
DosS is a heme-sensor histidine kinase that responds to redox-active stimuli in mycobacterial environments by triggering dormancy transformation. Sequence comparison of the catalytic ATP-binding (CA) domain of DosS to other well-studied histidine kinases suggests that it possesses a rather short ATP-lid. This feature has been thought to inhibit DosS kinase activity by blocking ATP binding in the absence of interdomain interactions with the dimerization and histidine phospho-transfer (DHp) domain of full-length DosS. Here, we use a combination of computational modeling, structural biology, and biophysical studies to re-examine ATP-binding modalities in DosS's CA domain. We show that the closed lid conformation observed in protein crystal structures of DosS CA is caused by the presence of a zinc cation in the ATP binding pocket that coordinates with a glutamate residue on the ATP-lid. Furthermore, circular dichroism (CD) studies and comparisons of DosS CA crystal structure with its AlphaFold model and homologous DesK reveal that a key N-box alpha-helix turn of the ATP pocket manifests as a random coil in the zinc-coordinated protein crystal structure. We note that this closed lid conformation and the random-coil transformation of an N-box alpha-helix turn are artifacts arising from the millimolar zinc concentration used in DosS CA crystallization conditions. In contrast, in the absence of zinc, we find that the short ATP-lid of DosS CA has significant conformational flexibility and can bind ATP (Kd = 53 ± 13 μM). We conclude that DosS CA is almost always bound to ATP under physiological conditions (1-5 mM ATP, sub-nanomolar free zinc) in the bacterial environment. Our findings elucidate the conformational adaptability of the short ATP-lid, its relevance to ATP binding in DosS CA and provide insights that extends to 2988 homologous bacterial proteins containing such ATP-lids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Peter Windsor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
SpoVG is Necessary for Sporulation in Bacillus anthracis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040548. [PMID: 32290166 PMCID: PMC7232415 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus anthracis spore constitutes the infectious form of the bacterium, and sporulation is an important process in the organism’s life cycle. Herein, we show that disruption of SpoVG resulted in defective B. anthracis sporulation. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that a ΔspoVG mutant could not form an asymmetric septum, the first morphological change observed during sporulation. Moreover, levels of spoIIE mRNA were reduced in the spoVG mutant, as demonstrated using β-galactosidase activity assays. The effects on sporulation of the ΔspoVG mutation differed in B. anthracis from those in B. subtilis because of the redundant functions of SpoVG and SpoIIB in B. subtilis. SpoVG is highly conserved between B. anthracis and B. subtilis. Conversely, BA4688 (the protein tentatively assigned as SpoIIB in B. anthracis) and B. subtilis SpoIIB (SpoIIBBs) share only 27.9% sequence identity. On complementation of the B. anthracis ΔspoVG strain with spoIIBBs, the resulting strain pBspoIIBBs/ΔspoVG could not form resistant spores, but partially completed the prespore engulfment stage. In agreement with this finding, mRNA levels of the prespore engulfment gene spoIIM were significantly increased in strain pBspoIIBBs/ΔspoVG compared with the ΔspoVG strain. Transcription of the coat development gene cotE was similar in the pBspoIIBBs/ΔspoVG and ΔspoVG strains. Thus, unlike in B. subtilis, SpoVG appears to be required for sporulation in B. anthracis, which provides further insight into the sporulation mechanisms of this pathogen.
Collapse
|
5
|
Davidson P, Eutsey R, Redler B, Hiller NL, Laub MT, Durand D. Flexibility and constraint: Evolutionary remodeling of the sporulation initiation pathway in Firmicutes. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007470. [PMID: 30212463 PMCID: PMC6136694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of signal transduction pathways is constrained by the requirements of signal fidelity, yet flexibility is necessary to allow pathway remodeling in response to environmental challenges. A detailed understanding of how flexibility and constraint shape bacterial two component signaling systems is emerging, but how new signal transduction architectures arise remains unclear. Here, we investigate pathway remodeling using the Firmicute sporulation initiation (Spo0) pathway as a model. The present-day Spo0 pathways in Bacilli and Clostridia share common ancestry, but possess different architectures. In Clostridium acetobutylicum, sensor kinases directly phosphorylate Spo0A, the master regulator of sporulation. In Bacillus subtilis, Spo0A is activated via a four-protein phosphorelay. The current view favors an ancestral direct phosphorylation architecture, with the phosphorelay emerging in the Bacillar lineage. Our results reject this hypothesis. Our analysis of 84 broadly distributed Firmicute genomes predicts phosphorelays in numerous Clostridia, contrary to the expectation that the Spo0 phosphorelay is unique to Bacilli. Our experimental verification of a functional Spo0 phosphorelay encoded by Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans (Class Clostridia) further supports functional phosphorelays in Clostridia, which strongly suggests that the ancestral Spo0 pathway was a phosphorelay. Cross complementation assays between Bacillar and Clostridial phosphorelays demonstrate conservation of interaction specificity since their divergence over 2.7 BYA. Further, the distribution of direct phosphorylation Spo0 pathways is patchy, suggesting multiple, independent instances of remodeling from phosphorelay to direct phosphorylation. We provide evidence that these transitions are likely the result of changes in sporulation kinase specificity or acquisition of a sensor kinase with specificity for Spo0A, which is remarkably conserved in both architectures. We conclude that flexible encoding of interaction specificity, a phenotype that is only intermittently essential, and the recruitment of kinases to recognize novel environmental signals resulted in a consistent and repeated pattern of remodeling of the Spo0 pathway. Survival in a changing world requires signal transduction circuitry that can evolve to sense and respond to new environmental challenges. The Firmicute sporulation initiation (Spo0) pathway is a compelling example of a pathway with a circuit diagram that has changed over the course of evolution. In Clostridium acetobutylicum, a sensor kinase directly activates the master regulator of sporulation, Spo0A. In Bacillus subtilis, Spo0A is activated indirectly via a four-protein phosphorelay. These early observations suggested that the ancestral Spo0A was directly phosphorylated by a kinase in the earliest spore-former and that the Spo0 phosphorelay arose later in Bacilli via gain of additional proteins and interactions. Our analysis, based on a much larger set of genomes, surprisingly reveals phosphorelays, not only in Bacilli, but in many Clostridia. These findings support a model wherein sporulation was initiated by a Spo0 phosphorelay in the ancestral spore-former and the direct phosphorylation Spo0 pathways, which are observed in distinct sets of Clostridial taxa, are the result of convergent, reductive evolution. Further, our evidence suggests that these remodeling events were mediated by changes in kinase specificity, implicating flexible pathway remodeling, potentially combined with the recruitment of kinases, in Spo0 pathway evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Davidson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rory Eutsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brendan Redler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - N. Luisa Hiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center of Excellence in Biofilm Research, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Laub
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dannie Durand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Joon S, Gopalani M, Rahi A, Kulshreshtha P, Gogoi H, Bhatnagar S, Bhatnagar R. Biochemical characterization of the GTP-sensing protein, CodY of Bacillus anthracis. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3791465. [PMID: 28472295 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropism of the GTP-sensing transcriptional regulator CodY is evident by the gamut of processes that it regulates in almost all low G+C Gram-positive bacteria, including general metabolism, biosynthesis of some amino acids and transport systems, nitrogen uptake, sporulation, biofilm formation, motility and virulence. The role of CodY in virulence has been established in Bacillus anthracis, the top rated bioterrorism agent. In this study, we investigated the biochemical attributes of this global regulator. Homology modeling and sequence/structure analysis revealed putative GTP-binding residues in CodY of B. anthracis. CodY exhibited an interaction with the GTP as tested by ultraviolet cross-linking experiments. It could autophosphorylate itself at a conserved Ser215 residue. This was further corroborated by the impairment of autophosphorylation activity in the CodYS215A mutant. Autophosphorylation may be speculated as an additional mechanism regulating CodY activity in the cell. The protein could also hydrolyze GTP, albeit weakly, as indicated by thin- layer chromatography and spectrophotometric quantification of its kinetic parameters. Altogether, these observations provide us an insight into the mechanism of action of this global regulator and a better understanding of its functional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Joon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India.,Structural and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India
| | - Monisha Gopalani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amit Rahi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Structural and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Transcriptional Profile during Deoxycholate-Induced Sporulation in a Clostridium perfringens Isolate Causing Foodborne Illness. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2929-2942. [PMID: 26969700 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00252-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clostridium perfringens type A is a common source of foodborne illness (FBI) in humans. Vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and produce the major pathogenic factor C. perfringens enterotoxin. Although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of FBI, the mechanisms inducing sporulation remain unclear. Bile salts were shown previously to induce sporulation, and we confirmed deoxycholate (DCA)-induced sporulation in C. perfringens strain NCTC8239 cocultured with human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. In the present study, we performed transcriptome analyses of strain NCTC8239 in order to elucidate the mechanism underlying DCA-induced sporulation. Of the 2,761 genes analyzed, 333 were up- or downregulated during DCA-induced sporulation and included genes for cell division, nutrient metabolism, signal transduction, and defense mechanisms. In contrast, the virulence-associated transcriptional regulators (the VirR/VirS system, the agr system, codY, and abrB) were not activated by DCA. DCA markedly increased the expression of signaling molecules controlled by Spo0A, the master regulator of the sporulation process, whereas the expression of spo0A itself was not altered in the presence or absence of DCA. The phosphorylation of Spo0A was enhanced in the presence of DCA. Collectively, these results demonstrated that DCA induced sporulation, at least partially, by facilitating the phosphorylation of Spo0A and activating Spo0A-regulated genes in strain NCTC8239 while altering the expression of various genes. IMPORTANCE Disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A consistently ranks among the most common bacterial foodborne illnesses in humans in developed countries. The sporulation of C. perfringens in the small intestinal tract is a key event for its pathogenesis, but the factors and underlying mechanisms by which C. perfringens sporulates in vivo currently remain unclear. Bile salts, major components of bile, which is secreted from the liver for the emulsification of lipids, were shown to induce sporulation. However, the mechanisms underlying bile salt-induced sporulation have not yet been clarified. In the present study, we demonstrate that deoxycholate (one of the bile salts) induces sporulation by facilitating the phosphorylation of Spo0A and activating Spo0A-regulated genes using a transcriptome analysis. Thus, this study enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sporulation, particularly that of bile salt-induced sporulation, in C. perfringens.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dalla Vecchia E, Visser M, Stams AJM, Bernier-Latmani R. Investigation of sporulation in the Desulfotomaculum genus: a genomic comparison with the genera Bacillus and Clostridium. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 6:756-766. [PMID: 25132579 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The genus Desulfotomaculum, belonging to the Firmicutes, comprises strictly anaerobic and endospore-forming bacteria capable of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. These microorganisms are metabolically versatile and are widely distributed in the environment. Spore formation allows them to survive prolonged environmental stress. Information on the mechanism of sporulation in Desulfotomaculum species is scarce. Herein, this process was probed from a genomic standpoint, using the Bacillus subtilis model system as a reference and clostridial sporulation for comparison. Desulfotomaculum falls somewhere in between the Bacillus and Clostridium in terms of conservation of sporulation proteins. Furthermore, it showcased the conservation of a core regulatory cascade throughout genera, while uncovering variability in the initiation of sporulation and the structural characteristics of spores from different genera. In particular, while in Clostridium species sporulation is not initiated by a phosphorelay, Desulfotomaculum species harbour homologues of the B. subtilis proteins involved in this process. Conversely, both Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum species conserve very few B. subtilis structural proteins, particularly those found in the outer layers of the spore. Desulfotomaculum species seem to share greater similarity to the outer layers of Clostridium difficile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dalla Vecchia
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH A1 375 Station 6, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abee T, Wels M, de Been M, den Besten H. From transcriptional landscapes to the identification of biomarkers for robustness. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S9. [PMID: 21995521 PMCID: PMC3231935 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-s1-s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of microorganisms to adapt to changing environments and gain cell robustness, challenges the prediction of their history-dependent behaviour. Using our model organism Bacillus cereus, a notorious Gram-positive food spoilage and pathogenic spore-forming bacterium, a strategy will be described that allows for identification of biomarkers for robustness. First an overview will be presented of its two-component systems that generally include a transmembrane sensor histidine kinase and its cognate response regulator, allowing rapid and robust responses to fluctuations in the environment. The role of the multisensor hybrid kinase RsbK and the PP2C-type phosphatase RsbY system in activation of the general stress sigma factor σB is highlighted. An extensive comparative analysis of transcriptional landscapes derived from B. cereus exposed to mild stress conditions such as heat, acid, salt and oxidative stress, revealed that, amongst others σB regulated genes were induced in most conditions tested. The information derived from the transcriptome data was subsequently implemented in a framework for identifying and selecting cellular biomarkers at their mRNA, protein and/or activity level, for mild stressinduced microbial robustness towards lethal stresses. Exposure of unstressed and mild stress-adapted cells to subsequent lethal stress conditions (heat, acid and oxidative stress) allowed for quantification of the robustness advantage provided by mild stress pretreatment using the plate-count method. The induction levels of the selected candidate-biomarkers, σB protein, catalase activity and transcripts of certain proteases upon mild stress treatment, were significantly correlated to mild stress-induced enhanced robustness towards lethal thermal, oxidative and acid stresses, and were therefore suitable to predict these adaptive traits. Cellular biomarkers that are quantitatively correlated to adaptive behavior will facilitate our ability to predict the impact of adaptive behavior on cell robustness and will allow to control and/or exploit these adaptive traits. Extrapolation to other species and genera is discussed such as avenues towards mechanism-based design of microbial fitness and robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tjakko Abee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Wels
- TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NIZO food research, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark de Been
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidy den Besten
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Purohit M, Sassi-Gaha S, Rest RF. Rapid sporulation of Bacillus anthracis in a high iron, glucose-free medium. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 82:282-7. [PMID: 20621133 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spores are the infectious form of Bacillus anthracis (BA), causing cutaneous, inhalation and gastrointestinal anthrax. Because of the possible use of BA spores in a bioterrorism attack, there is considerable interest in studying spore biology. In the laboratory, however, it takes a number of days to prepare spores. Standard sporulation protocols, such as the use of 'PA broth', allow sporulation of BA to occur in 3 to 5 days. Another method employs growth of BA on plates in the dark for several days until they have efficiently sporulated. In efforts to determine the effect of iron on gene expression in BA, we grew BA Sterne strain 7702 in a minimal defined medium (CDM; Koppisch et al., 2005) with various concentrations of iron and glucose. As part of our initial observations, we monitored BA sporulation in CDM via light microscopy. In glucose-free CDM containing 1.5mM Fe(NO(3))(3) (CDM-Fe), >95% of the BA sporulated by 30 h; a far shorter time period than expected. We pursued this observation and we further characterized spores derived from PA and CDM-Fe media. Purified spores derived from PA or CDM-Fe had similar morphologies when viewed by light or electron microscopy, and were equally resistant to harsh conditions including heat (65 degrees C), ice and fresh 30% H(2)O(2). Spore viability in long term cold storage in water was similar for the two spore preparations. Extracted spore coat proteins were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and silver staining, which revealed distinct protein profiles for PA and CDM-Fe spore coat extracts. ELISA assays were done to compare the interaction of the two spore preparations with rabbit antiserum raised against UV-killed Sterne strain 7702 spores prepared in PA medium. Spores from both media reacted identically with this antiserum. Finally, the interaction and fate of spores incubated with macrophages in vitro was very similar. In summary, BA spores induced in CDM-Fe or in PA medium are similar by several criteria, but show distinct extractable coat proteins. CDM-Fe liquid medium can be used for rapid production of BA spores, and could save considerable time in spore research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Purohit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Survey of the year 2008: applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:395-413. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
12
|
Crystal structure of theBacillus anthracisnucleoside diphosphate kinase and its characterization reveals an enzyme adapted to perform under stress conditions. Proteins 2009; 76:496-506. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
13
|
Dubey GP, Narayan A, Mattoo AR, Singh GP, Kurupati RK, Zaman MS, Aggarwal A, Baweja RB, Basu-Modak S, Singh Y. Comparative genomic study of spo0E family genes and elucidation of the role of Spo0E in Bacillus anthracis. Arch Microbiol 2008; 191:241-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-008-0446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Mattoo AR, Arora A, Maiti S, Singh Y. Identification, characterization and activation mechanism of a tyrosine kinase of Bacillus anthracis. FEBS J 2008; 275:6237-47. [PMID: 19016839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has three active tyrosine kinases, PtkA, PtkB and McsB, which play an important role in the physiology of the bacterium. Genome sequence analysis and biochemical experiments indicated that the ortholog of McsB, BAS0080, is the only active tyrosine kinase present in Bacillus anthracis. The autophosphorylation of McsB of B. anthracis was enhanced in the presence of an activator protein McsA (BAS0079), a property similar to that reported for B. subtilis. However, the process of enhanced phosphorylation of McsB in the presence of McsA remains elusive. To understand the activation mechanism of McsB, we carried out spectroscopic and calorimetric experiments with McsB and McsA. The spectroscopic results suggest that the binding affinity of Mg-ATP for McsB increased by one order from 10(3) to 10(4) in the presence of McsA. The calorimetric experiments revealed that the interaction between McsB and McsA is endothermic in nature, with unfavourable positive enthalpy (DeltaH) and favourable entropy (DeltaS) changes leading to an overall favourable free energy change (DeltaG). Kinetics of binding of both ATP and McsA with McsB showed low association rates (k(a)) and fast dissociation rates (k(d)). These results suggest that enhanced phosphorylation of McsB in the presence of McsA is due to increased affinity of ATP for McsB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abid R Mattoo
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|