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D'Achille G, Morroni G. Side effects of antibiotics and perturbations of mitochondria functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 377:121-139. [PMID: 37268348 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are one of the greatest discoveries of medicine of the past century. Despite their invaluable contribution to infectious disease, their administration could lead to side effects that in some cases are serious. The toxicity of some antibiotics is in part due to their interaction with mitochondria: these organelles derive from a bacterial ancestor and possess specific translation machinery that shares similarities with the bacterial counterpart. In other cases, the antibiotics could interfere with mitochondrial functions even if their main bacterial targets are not shared with the eukaryotic cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of antibiotics administration on mitochondrial homeostasis and the opportunity that some of these molecules could represent in cancer treatment. The importance of antimicrobial therapy is unquestionable, but the identification of interaction with eukaryotic cells and in particular with mitochondria is crucial to reduce the toxicity of these drugs and to explore other useful medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria D'Achille
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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2
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Markulin I, Matasin M, Turk VE, Salković-Petrisic M. Challenges of repurposing tetracyclines for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:773-804. [PMID: 34982206 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The novel antibiotic-exploiting strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease has emerged as a potential breakthrough in the field. The research in animal AD/PD models provided evidence on the antiamyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity of tetracyclines, associated with cognitive improvement. The neuroprotective effects of minocycline and doxycycline in animals initiated investigation of their clinical efficacy in AD and PD patients which led to inconclusive results and additionally to insufficient safety data on a long-standing doxycycline and minocycline therapy in these patient populations. The safety issues should be considered in two levels; in AD/PD patients (particularly antibiotic-induced alteration of gut microbiota and its consequences), and as a world-wide threat of development of bacterial resistance to these antibiotics posed by a fact that AD and PD are widespread incurable diseases which require daily administered long-lasting antibiotic therapy. Recently proposed subantimicrobial doxycycline doses should be thoroughly explored for their effectiveness and long-term safety especially in AD/PD populations. Keeping in mind the antibacterial activity-related far-reaching undesirable effects both for the patients and globally, further work on repurposing these drugs for a long-standing therapy of AD/PD should consider the chemically modified tetracycline compounds tailored to lack antimicrobial but retain (or introduce) other activities effective against the AD/PD pathology. This strategy might reduce the risk of long-term therapy-related adverse effects (particularly gut-related ones) and development of bacterial resistance toward the tetracycline antibiotic agents but the therapeutic potential and desirable safety profile of such compounds in AD/PD patients need to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Markulin
- Community Health Centre Zagreb-Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Viktorija Erdeljic Turk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Salković-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Rok J, Rzepka Z, Maszczyk M, Beberok A, Wrześniok D. Minocycline Impact on Redox Homeostasis of Normal Human Melanocytes HEMn-LP Exposed to UVA Radiation and Hydrogen Peroxide. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041642. [PMID: 33561995 PMCID: PMC7914767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic. In addition to its antibacterial activity, minocycline shows many non-antibiotic, beneficial effects, including antioxidative action. The property is responsible, e.g., for anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects of the drug. However, long-term pharmacotherapy with minocycline may lead to hyperpigmentation of the skin. The reasons for the pigmentation disorders include the deposition of the drug and its metabolites in melanin-containing cells and the stimulation of melanogenesis. The adverse drug reaction raises a question about the influence of the drug on melanocyte homeostasis. The study aimed to assess the effect of minocycline on redox balance in human normal melanocytes HEMn-LP exposed to hydrogen peroxide and UVA radiation. The obtained results indicate that minocycline induced oxidative stress in epidermal human melanocytes. The drug inhibited cell proliferation, decreased the level of reduced thiols, and stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The described changes were accompanied by an increase in the intracellular level of ROS. On the other hand, pretreatment with minocycline at the same concentrations increased cell viability and significantly attenuated the oxidative stress in melanocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide and UVA radiation. Moreover, the molecular docking analysis revealed that the different influence of minocycline and other tetracyclines on CAT activity can be related to the location of the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rok
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-364-10-50
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Rawlinson C, Jenkins S, Thei L, Dallas ML, Chen R. Post-Ischaemic Immunological Response in the Brain: Targeting Microglia in Ischaemic Stroke Therapy. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030159. [PMID: 32168831 PMCID: PMC7139954 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the major endogenous immune cells of the central nervous system, mediate critical degenerative and regenerative responses in ischaemic stroke. Microglia become "activated", proliferating, and undergoing changes in morphology, gene and protein expression over days and weeks post-ischaemia, with deleterious and beneficial effects. Pro-inflammatory microglia (commonly referred to as M1) exacerbate secondary neuronal injury through the release of reactive oxygen species, cytokines and proteases. In contrast, microglia may facilitate neuronal recovery via tissue and vascular remodelling, through the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors (a profile often termed M2). This M1/M2 nomenclature does not fully account for the microglial heterogeneity in the ischaemic brain, with some simultaneous expression of both M1 and M2 markers at the single-cell level. Understanding and regulating microglial activation status, reducing detrimental and promoting repair behaviours, present the potential for therapeutic intervention, and open a longer window of opportunity than offered by acute neuroprotective strategies. Pharmacological modulation of microglial activation status to promote anti-inflammatory gene expression can increase neurogenesis and improve functional recovery post-stroke, based on promising preclinical data. Cell-based therapies, using preconditioned microglia, are of interest as a method of therapeutic modulation of the post-ischaemic inflammatory response. Currently, there are no clinically-approved pharmacological options targeting post-ischaemic inflammation. A major developmental challenge for clinical translation will be the selective suppression of the deleterious effects of microglial activity after stroke whilst retaining (or enhancing) the neurovascular repair and remodelling responses of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rawlinson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Laura Thei
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (L.T.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Mark L. Dallas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (L.T.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1782-733849; Fax: 44-1782-733326
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Mehta BK, Banerjee S. Minocycline reverses diabetes-associated cognitive impairment in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:713-720. [PMID: 31207433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minocycline a tetracycline antibiotic is known for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. Here we determine the therapeutic potential of minocycline against type 2 diabetes associated cognitive decline in rats. METHODS High fat diet (HFD) and low dose streptozotocin (STZ; 25 mg/kg) were used to induce diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fasting blood glucose and haemoglobin (Hb) A1c were measured in these animals. Cognitive parameters were measured using passive avoidance and elevated plus maze test. Hippocampal Acetylcholine esterase (AchE), reduced glutathione (GSH), cytokines, chemokine levels were measured and histopathological evaluations were conducted. The diabetic animals were then given minocycline (50 mg/kg; 15 days) and the above parameters were reassessed. MTT and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were conducted on neuronal cells in the presence of glucose with or without minocycline treatment. RESULTS We induced diabetes using HFD and STZ in these animals. Animals showed high fasting blood glucose levels (>245 mg/dl) and HbA1c compared to control animals. Diabetes significantly lowered step down latency and increased transfer latency. Diabetic animals showed significantly higher AchE, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β and Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and lower GSH levels and reduced both CA1 and CA3 neuronal density compared to controls. Minocycline treatment partially reversed the above neurobehavioral and biochemical changes and improved hippocampal neuronal density in diabetic animals. Cell line studies showed glucosemediated neuronal death, which was considerably reversed upon minocycline treatment. CONCLUSIONS Minocycline, primarily by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions prevented hippocampal neuronal loss thus partially reversing the diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina K Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
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Minocycline prevents peroxidative permeabilization of cardiolipin-containing bilayer lipid membranes mediated by cytochrome c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:510-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Guerra W, Silva-Caldeira PP, Terenzi H, Pereira-Maia EC. Impact of metal coordination on the antibiotic and non-antibiotic activities of tetracycline-based drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Karachitos A, Grobys D, Antoniewicz M, Jedut S, Jordan J, Kmita H. Human VDAC isoforms differ in their capability to interact with minocycline and to contribute to its cytoprotective activity. Mitochondrion 2016; 28:38-48. [PMID: 26994639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that cytoprotective activity displayed by minocycline in the case of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells pretreated with H2O2 requires the presence of functional VDAC (YVDAC1). Thus, we decided to transform YVDAC1-depleted yeast cells (Δpor1 cells) with plasmids expressing human VDAC isoforms (HVDAC1, HVDAC2, HVDAC3) to estimate their involvement in the minocycline cytoprotective effect. We observed that only expression of HVDAC3 in Δpor1 cells provided minocycline-mediated cytoprotection against H2O2 although all human isoforms are functional in Δpor1 cells. The observation appears to be important for on-going discussion concerning VDAC isoform roles in mitochondria and cell functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andonis Karachitos
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Daria Grobys
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Antoniewicz
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jedut
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joaquin Jordan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine, Albacete, Spain
| | - Hanna Kmita
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
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Bernardi P, Rasola A, Forte M, Lippe G. The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore: Channel Formation by F-ATP Synthase, Integration in Signal Transduction, and Role in Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1111-55. [PMID: 26269524 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) is a permeability increase of the inner mitochondrial membrane mediated by a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP). After a brief historical introduction, we cover the key regulatory features of the PTP and provide a critical assessment of putative protein components that have been tested by genetic analysis. The discovery that under conditions of oxidative stress the F-ATP synthases of mammals, yeast, and Drosophila can be turned into Ca(2+)-dependent channels, whose electrophysiological properties match those of the corresponding PTPs, opens new perspectives to the field. We discuss structural and functional features of F-ATP synthases that may provide clues to its transition from an energy-conserving into an energy-dissipating device as well as recent advances on signal transduction to the PTP and on its role in cellular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Michael Forte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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10
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Pandamooz S, Nabiuni M, Miyan J, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Organotypic Spinal Cord Culture: a Proper Platform for the Functional Screening. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4659-74. [PMID: 26310972 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvements in organotypic slice culturing and its accompanying technological innovations have made this biological preparation increasingly useful ex vivo experimental model. Among organotypic slice cultures obtained from various central nervous regions, spinal cord slice culture is an absorbing model that represents several unique advantages over other current in vitro and in vivo models. The culture of developing spinal cord slices, as allows real-time observation of embryonic cells behaviors, is an instrumental platform for developmental investigation. Importantly, due to the ability of ex vivo models to recapitulate different aspects of corresponding in vivo conditions, these models have been subject of various manipulations to derive disease-relevant slice models. Moreover spinal cord slice cultures represent a potential platform for screening of different pharmacological agents and evaluation of cell transplantation and neuroregenerative materials. In this review, we will focus on studies carried out using the ex vivo model of spinal cord slice cultures and main advantages linked to practicality of these slices in both normal and neuropathological diseases and summarize them in different categories based on application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Pandamooz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nabiuni
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaleel Miyan
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Waseem M, Bhardwaj M, Tabassum H, Raisuddin S, Parvez S. Cisplatin hepatotoxicity mediated by mitochondrial stress. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 38:452-9. [PMID: 25678195 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.992437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Chemotherapy has long been the keystone of cancer regimen, and comprehensive research has been done on the development of more potent and less toxic anti-cancer agents. Cisplatin (CP) is a potent and extensively used chemotherapeutic agent. There is paucity of literature involving role of mitochondria in mediating CP-induced hepatic toxicity, and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Oxidative stress is a well-established biomarker of the mitochondrial toxicity. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the dose-dependent effects of CP-induced mitotoxicity under in vitro conditions, using mitochondria from rat liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of our study was to determine the effect of CP with different concentrations in isolated liver mitochondria as an in vitro model. RESULTS CP exposure showed significantly compromised level of non enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants with higher extent of lipid and protein oxidation. CP also caused significant alterations in the activity of respiratory chain enzymes (complex I-III and V) in liver mitochondria. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION It is suggested that mitochondria can be employed as a model for future investigations of anticancer drug-induced hepatotoxicity under in vitro conditions. Studies with selected pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals might certainly play a definite role in deciphering cellular and molecular mechanisms of CP-induced hepatotoxicity and its amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Waseem
- a Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Monica Bhardwaj
- a Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Heena Tabassum
- a Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- a Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- a Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
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Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels has recently seen substantial progress, including the molecular identification of some of the channels. An integrative approach using genetics, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and cell biology to clarify the roles of these channels has thus become possible. It is by now clear that many of these channels are important for energy supply by the mitochondria and have a major impact on the fate of the entire cell as well. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the electrophysiological properties, molecular identity, and pathophysiological functions of the mitochondrial ion channels studied so far and to highlight possible therapeutic perspectives based on current information.
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13
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Chakraborty J, Rajamma U, Mohanakumar KP. A mitochondrial basis for Huntington's disease: therapeutic prospects. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 389:277-91. [PMID: 24374792 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disease, with overt movement dysfunctions. Despite focused research on the basis of neurodegeneration in HD for last few decades, the mechanism for the site-specific lesion of neurons in the brain is not clear. All the explanations that partially clarify the phenomenon of neurodegeneration leads to one organelle, mitochondrion, which is severely affected in HD at the level of electron transport chain, Ca(2+) buffering efficiency and morphology. But, with the existing knowledge, it is not clear whether the cell death processes in HD initiate from mitochondria, though the Huntingtin (Htt) aggregates show close proximity to this organelle, or do some extracellular stimuli like TNFα or FasL trigger the process. Mainly because of the disparity in the different available experimental models, the results are quite confusing or at least inconsistent to a great extent. The fact remains that the mutant Htt protein was seen to be associated with mitochondria directly, and as the striatum is highly enriched with dopamine and glutamate, it may make the striatal mitochondria more vulnerable because of the presence of dopa-quinones, and due to an imbalance in Ca(2+). The current therapeutic strategies are based on symptomatic relief, and, therefore, mainly target neurotransmitter(s) and their receptors to modulate behavioral outputs, but none of them targets mitochondria or try to address the basic molecular events that cause neurons to die in discrete regions of the brain, which could probably be resulting from grave mitochondrial dysfunctions. Therefore, targeting mitochondria for their protection, while addressing symptomatic recovery, holds a great potential to tone down the progression of the disease, and to provide better relief to the patients and caretakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Rooms 117&119, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
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Brüning A, Brem GJ, Vogel M, Mylonas I. Tetracyclines cause cell stress-dependent ATF4 activation and mTOR inhibition. Exp Cell Res 2013; 320:281-9. [PMID: 24280420 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclines have long been used as valuable broad-spectrum antibiotics. The high antibacterial activity of tetracyclines, combined with their good tolerability, has led to their widespread use in treating various infectious diseases. However, similar to other antibiotics, tetracyclines are also known for their adverse effects on different human tissues, including hepatic steatosis. We observed that tetracyclines, including doxycycline and minocycline, caused enhanced expression of the liver chalone inhibin βE in HepG2 cells, mediated by the cell stress-regulated transcription factor ATF4. ATF4 and its target genes ATF3, CHOP, and inhibin βE are involved in cell cycle control, cell survival, cell metabolism, and modulation of cytokine expression. Furthermore, we observed that long term tetracycline incubation also caused inhibition of the mTOR complex, a central regulator of cell metabolism, further contributing to the observed cell-cycle arrest and autophagy in doxycycline- and minocycline-treated cell lines. ATF4 activation and mTOR inhibition link two crucial regulators of the cellular stress response and cell metabolism to the effects of tetracyclines on eukaryotic cell metabolism, and may help to understand the antibiotic-independent influence of these drugs on human tissues. Since the observed effects of tetracyclines on human cells were also found to be dependent on the magnesium ion concentrations supplied, the data further indicate the importance of magnesium supplementation to reduce or prevent side effects of long term treatment with tetracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Brüning
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - German J Brem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marianne Vogel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ioannis Mylonas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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15
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Schönfeld P, Siemen D, Kreutzmann P, Franz C, Wojtczak L. Interaction of the antibiotic minocycline with liver mitochondria - role of membrane permeabilization in the impairment of respiration. FEBS J 2013; 280:6589-99. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schönfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Detlef Siemen
- Department of Neurology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Peter Kreutzmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Claudia Franz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Lech Wojtczak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw Poland
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16
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Pinkernelle J, Fansa H, Ebmeyer U, Keilhoff G. Prolonged minocycline treatment impairs motor neuronal survival and glial function in organotypic rat spinal cord cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73422. [PMID: 23967343 PMCID: PMC3742532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline antibiotic, exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in various experimental models of neurological diseases, such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury. However, conflicting results have prompted a debate regarding the beneficial effects of minocycline. Methods In this study, we analyzed minocycline treatment in organotypic spinal cord cultures of neonatal rats as a model of motor neuron survival and regeneration after injury. Minocycline was administered in 2 different concentrations (10 and 100 µM) at various time points in culture and fixed after 1 week. Results Prolonged minocycline administration decreased the survival of motor neurons in the organotypic cultures. This effect was strongly enhanced with higher concentrations of minocycline. High concentrations of minocycline reduced the number of DAPI-positive cell nuclei in organotypic cultures and simultaneously inhibited microglial activation. Astrocytes, which covered the surface of the control organotypic cultures, revealed a peripheral distribution after early minocycline treatment. Thus, we further analyzed the effects of 100 µM minocycline on the viability and migration ability of dispersed primary glial cell cultures. We found that minocycline reduced cell viability, delayed wound closure in a scratch migration assay and increased connexin 43 protein levels in these cultures. Conclusions The administration of high doses of minocycline was deleterious for motor neuron survival. In addition, it inhibited microglial activation and impaired glial viability and migration. These data suggest that especially high doses of minocycline might have undesired affects in treatment of spinal cord injury. Further experiments are required to determine the conditions for the safe clinical administration of minocycline in spinal cord injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Pinkernelle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Siemen D, Ziemer M. What is the nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition poreand What is it Not? IUBMB Life 2013; 65:255-62. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Tetracyclines are a class of antibiotics which could act as neuroprotective molecules in several neurological disorders, such as Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis. The main biological effects of tetracyclines are the inhibition of microglial activation, the attenuation of apoptosis and the suppression of reactive oxygen species production. The anti-apoptotic effect of tetracyclines involves the mitochondrion, and the major target for neuroprotective effects of tetracyclines lies within the complex network that links mitochondria, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Neuromuscular disorders are due to dysfunction of motor neurons, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, or skeletal muscle itself. Animal studies have shown that minocycline could play neuroprotective effects in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but these positive findings have not been replicated in patients. Other neuromuscular disorders which tetracyclines may benefit are Guillain-Barré syndrome and other neuropathies, muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial disorders. However, well-designed double-blind controlled trials are still needed. Further studies are strongly needed to establish the most appropriate timing and dosage, as well as the indications for which tetracyclines could be effective and safe. Here, we review the neuroprotective effects of tetracyclines in animal models, the clinical studies in humans, and we focus on their potential application in patients with neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Orsucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Italy, Via Roma
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The Protective Effect of Minocycline in a Paraquat-Induced Parkinson's Disease Model in Drosophila is Modified in Altered Genetic Backgrounds. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:938528. [PMID: 22900232 PMCID: PMC3413958 DOI: 10.1155/2012/938528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies link the herbicide paraquat to increased incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously reported that Drosophila exposed to paraquat recapitulate PD symptoms, including region-specific degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, exerts ameliorative effects in neurodegenerative disease models, including Drosophila. We investigated whether our environmental toxin-based PD model could contribute to an understanding of cellular and genetic mechanisms of minocycline action and whether we could assess potential interference with these drug effects in altered genetic backgrounds. Cofeeding of minocycline with paraquat prolonged survival, rescued mobility defects, blocked generation of reactive oxygen species, and extended dopaminergic neuron survival, as has been reported previously for a genetic model of PD in Drosophila. We then extended this study to identify potential interactions of minocycline with genes regulating dopamine homeostasis that might modify protection against paraquat and found that deficits in GTP cyclohydrolase adversely affect minocycline rescue. We further performed genetic studies to identify signaling pathways that are necessary for minocycline protection against paraquat toxicity and found that mutations in the Drosophila genes that encode c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Akt/Protein kinase B block minocycline rescue.
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Cytoprotective activity of minocycline includes improvement of mitochondrial coupling: the importance of minocycline concentration and the presence of VDAC. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:297-307. [PMID: 22576350 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Available data indicate that minocycline, an antibiotic of the tetracycline family, has cytoprotective properties due to a direct interaction with mitochondria. Yet, the data in the case of isolated mitochondria suggest discrepant or even detrimental effect(s) of the interaction. We have studied the cytoprotective activity displayed by minocycline in the case of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells pretreated with H₂O₂. We demonstrated that the activity of minocycline required the presence of VDAC (voltage-dependent anion-selective channel) and provided distinct improvement of mitochondrial coupling. In the case of isolated mitochondria, we verified that minocycline exhibited uncoupler activity when applied in micromolar concentrations. However, when added in nanomolar concentrations, minocycline was able to improve the level of coupling for isolated mitochondria. The coupling improvement effect was observed in mitochondria containing VDAC but not in Δpor1 mitochondria (depleted of VDAC1, termed here VDAC) and in both types of mitoplasts. Thus, properly low concentrations of minocycline within the cell in the vicinity of VDAC-containing mitochondria enable the improvement of energy coupling of mitochondria that contributes to cytoprotective activity of minocycline.
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Kreutzmann P, Franz C, Schönfeld P. Minocycline forms complexes with manganese in vitro: explaining reported beneficial effects in manganese treated Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicology 2012; 300:100-1. [PMID: 22561279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mancuso M, Orsucci D, Filosto M, Simoncini C, Siciliano G. Drugs and mitochondrial diseases: 40 queries and answers. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13:527-43. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2012.657177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Pourgholami MH, Mekkawy AH, Badar S, Morris DL. Minocycline inhibits growth of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125:433-40. [PMID: 22252097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE These studies were designed to determine whether minocycline inhibits ovarian cancer growth in vitro and in vivo and the molecular mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of minocycline on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis was assessed using human ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR-3, SKOV-3 and A2780. Then, the capacity of minocycline to inhibit growth of OVCAR-3 xenografts in female nude mice was examined. RESULTS Minocycline inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, down-regulated cyclins A, B and E leading to arrest of cells in the G(0) phase of the cycle and suppression of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, exposure of these cells to minocycline led to DNA laddering, activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP-1. In nude mice bearing sub-cutaneous tumors, minocycline suppressed tumor proliferation index, angiogenesis and tumor growth. CONCLUSION These findings provide the initial basis for further evaluation of minocycline in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Pourgholami
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia.
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Jaeschke H, McGill MR, Ramachandran A. Oxidant stress, mitochondria, and cell death mechanisms in drug-induced liver injury: lessons learned from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 44:88-106. [PMID: 22229890 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.602688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is a serious problem during drug development and for the use of many established drugs. For example, acetaminophen overdose is currently the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Great Britain. Evaluation of the mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury indicates that mitochondria are critical targets for drug toxicity, either directly or indirectly through the formation of reactive metabolites. The consequence of these modifications is generally a mitochondrial oxidant stress and peroxynitrite formation, which leads to structural alterations of proteins and mitochondrial DNA and, eventually, to the opening of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT) pores. MPT pore formation results in a collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and cessation of adenosine triphosphate synthesis. In addition, the release of intermembrane proteins, such as apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G, and their translocation to the nucleus, leads to nuclear DNA fragmentation. Together, these events trigger necrotic cell death. Alternatively, the release of cytochrome c and other proapoptotic factors from mitochondria can promote caspase activation and apoptotic cell death. Drug toxicity can also induce an inflammatory response with the formation of reactive oxygen species by Kupffer cells and neutrophils. If not properly detoxified, these extracellularly generated oxidants can diffuse into hepatocytes and trigger mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidant stress, which then induces MPT and necrotic cell death. This review addresses the formation of oxidants and the defense mechanisms available for cells and applies this knowledge to better understand mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity, especially acetaminophen-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 66160, USA.
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Ossola B, Lantto TA, Puttonen KA, Tuominen RK, Raasmaja A, Männistö PT. Minocycline protects SH-SY5Y cells from 6-hydroxydopamine by inhibiting both caspase-dependent and -independent programmed cell death. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:682-90. [PMID: 22108958 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Minocycline, a tetracyclic antibiotic, exerts both antiinflammation by acting on microglia and a direct protection on neurons by inhibiting the apoptotic machinery at various levels. However, we are not aware of any study investigating the effects of minocycline on caspase-independent programmed cell death (PCD) pathways. This study investigated these alternative pathways in SH-SY5Y cells, a human dopaminergic cell line, challenged with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Minocycline exhibited neuroprotection and inhibition of the toxin-induced caspase-3-like activity, DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation, hallmarks of apoptosis. Moreover, we revealed that 6-OHDA also activated caspase-independent PCDs (such as paraptosis), which required de novo protein synthesis. Additionally, by separately monitoring caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways, we showed that inhibition of apoptosis only partially explained the protective effect of minocycline. Moreover, we observed that minocycline reduced the protein content of cells but, unexpectedly, increased the protein synthesis. These findings suggest that minocycline may actually increase protein degradation, so it may also accelerate the clearance of aberrant proteins. In conclusion, we report for the first time evidence indicating that minocycline may inhibit PCD pathways that are additional to conventional apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Ossola
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Pessayre D, Fromenty B, Berson A, Robin MA, Lettéron P, Moreau R, Mansouri A. Central role of mitochondria in drug-induced liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 44:34-87. [PMID: 21892896 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.604086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A frequent mechanism for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the formation of reactive metabolites that trigger hepatitis through direct toxicity or immune reactions. Both events cause mitochondrial membrane disruption. Genetic or acquired factors predispose to metabolite-mediated hepatitis by increasing the formation of the reactive metabolite, decreasing its detoxification, or by the presence of critical human leukocyte antigen molecule(s). In other instances, the parent drug itself triggers mitochondrial membrane disruption or inhibits mitochondrial function through different mechanisms. Drugs can sequester coenzyme A or can inhibit mitochondrial β-oxidation enzymes, the transfer of electrons along the respiratory chain, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Drugs can also destroy mitochondrial DNA, inhibit its replication, decrease mitochondrial transcripts, or hamper mitochondrial protein synthesis. Quite often, a single drug has many different effects on mitochondrial function. A severe impairment of oxidative phosphorylation decreases hepatic ATP, leading to cell dysfunction or necrosis; it can also secondarily inhibit ß-oxidation, thus causing steatosis, and can also inhibit pyruvate catabolism, leading to lactic acidosis. A severe impairment of β-oxidation can cause a fatty liver; further, decreased gluconeogenesis and increased utilization of glucose to compensate for the inability to oxidize fatty acids, together with the mitochondrial toxicity of accumulated free fatty acids and lipid peroxidation products, may impair energy production, possibly leading to coma and death. Susceptibility to parent drug-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction can be increased by factors impairing the removal of the toxic parent compound or by the presence of other medical condition(s) impairing mitochondrial function. New drug molecules should be screened for possible mitochondrial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pessayre
- INSERM, U, Centre de Recherche Bichat Beaujon CRB, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France.
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Cuenca-Lopez MD, Karachitos A, Massarotto L, Oliveira PJ, Aguirre N, Galindo MF, Kmita H, Jordán J. Minocycline exerts uncoupling and inhibiting effects on mitochondrial respiration through adenine nucleotide translocase inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2011; 65:120-8. [PMID: 21884796 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to provide a better understanding of the mitochondria-targeted actions of minocycline (MC), a second-generation tetracycline which has cytoprotective effects. Although the specific mechanisms underlying its activity remained elusive, considerable amounts of data indicated mitochondria as the primary pharmacological target of MC. Previous reports have shown that MC affects the oxygen-uptake rate by isolated mitochondria in different respiratory states. Here, we report on the effect of MC, in the range 50-200μM, on mitochondrial respiration. State 3 respiration titration with carboxyatractyloside revealed that MC inhibits the adenine nucleotide translocase. Furthermore, we analyze MC channel-forming capacity in the lipid membrane bilayer. Our results confirmed the crucial role of Δψ and showed a dependence on Ca(2+) for MC to have an effect on mitochondria. Our data also indicated that outer and inner mitochondrial membranes contribute differently to this effect, involving the presence of Δψ (the inner membrane) and VDAC (the outer membrane). Data from three isosmotic media indicate that MC does not increase the permeability of the inner membrane to protons or potassium. In addition, by using mitoplasts and ruthenium red, we showed that Ca(2+) uptake is not involved in the MC effect, suggesting involvement of VDAC in the MC interaction with the outer membrane. Our data contribute to unravel the mechanisms behind the mitochondria-targeted activity of the cytoprotective drug MC.
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Cheng Y, Gulbins E, Siemen D. Activation of the Permeability Transition Pore by Bax via Inhibition of the Mitochondrial BK Channel. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 27:191-200. [DOI: 10.1159/000327944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Kreutzmann P, Wolf G, Kupsch K. Minocycline recovers MTT-formazan exocytosis impaired by amyloid beta peptide. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:979-84. [PMID: 20455019 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, has been reported to exert beneficial effects in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To characterize the mechanisms underlying the putative minocycline-related neuroprotection, we studied its effect in an in vitro model of AD. Primary hippocampal cultures were treated with β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and cell viability was assessed by standard MTT-assay. Incubation with 10 μM Aβ for 24 h significantly inhibits cellular MTT-reduction without inducing morphological signs of enhanced cell death or increase in release of lactate dehydrogenase. This indicates that cell viability was not affected. The inhibition of MTT-reduction by Aβ was due to an acceleration of MTT-formazan exocytosis. Intriguingly, the Aβ-triggered increase in MTT-formazan exocytosis was abolished by co-treatment with minocycline. In vehicle-treated cells minocycline had no effect on formazan exocytosis. This hitherto unrecognized property of minocycline has to be noticed in the elucidation of the underlying mechanism of this promising neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kreutzmann
- Institute of Medical Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Antonenko YN, Rokitskaya TI, Cooper AJL, Krasnikov BF. Minocycline chelates Ca2+, binds to membranes, and depolarizes mitochondria by formation of Ca2+-dependent ion channels. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2010; 42:151-63. [PMID: 20180001 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline (an anti-inflammatory drug approved by the FDA) has been reported to be effective in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington disease. It has been suggested that the beneficial effects of minocycline are related to its ability to influence mitochondrial functioning. We tested the hypothesis that minocycline directly inhibits the Ca(2+)-induced permeability transition in rat liver mitochondria. Our data show that minocycline does not directly inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition. However, minocycline has multiple effects on mitochondrial functioning. First, this drug chelates Ca(2+) ions. Secondly, minocycline, in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, binds to mitochondrial membranes. Thirdly, minocycline decreases the proton-motive force by forming ion channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Channel formation was confirmed with two bilayer lipid membrane models. We show that minocycline, in the presence of Ca(2+), induces selective permeability for small ions. We suggest that the beneficial action of minocycline is related to the Ca(2+)-dependent partial uncoupling of mitochondria, which indirectly prevents induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N Antonenko
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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31
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Garcia-Martinez EM, Sanz-Blasco S, Karachitos A, Bandez MJ, Fernandez-Gomez FJ, Perez-Alvarez S, de Mera RMMF, Jordan MJ, Aguirre N, Galindo MF, Villalobos C, Navarro A, Kmita H, Jordán J. Mitochondria and calcium flux as targets of neuroprotection caused by minocycline in cerebellar granule cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:239-50. [PMID: 19682437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline, an antibiotic of the tetracycline family, has attracted considerable interest for its theoretical therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism of action underlying its effect remains elusive. Here we have studied the effect of minocycline under excitotoxic conditions. Fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging studies in rat cerebellar granular neuron cultures using fura2/AM and mitochondria-targeted aequorin revealed that minocycline, at concentrations higher than those shown to block inflammation and inflammation-induced neuronal death, inhibited NMDA-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial rises in Ca(2+) concentrations in a reversible manner. Moreover, minocycline added in the course of NMDA stimulation decreased Ca(2+) intracellular levels, but not when induced by depolarization with a high K(+) medium. We also found that minocycline, at the same concentrations, partially depolarized mitochondria by about 5-30 mV, prevented mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake under conditions of environmental stress, and abrogated NMDA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Consistently, minocycline also abrogates the rise in ROS induced by 75 microM Ca(2+) in isolated brain mitochondria. In search for the mechanism of mitochondrial depolarization, we found that minocycline markedly inhibited state 3 respiration of rat brain mitochondria, although distinctly increased oxygen uptake in state 4. Minocycline inhibited NADH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase activities, whereas the activity of succinate-cytochrome c reductase was not modified, suggesting selective inhibition of complexes I and IV. Finally, minocycline affected activity of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) as determined in the reconstituted system. Taken together, our results indicate that mitochondria are a critical factor in minocycline-mediated neuroprotection.
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