1
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Kohler R, Engeland K. A-MYB substitutes for B-MYB in activating cell cycle genes and in stimulating proliferation. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:6830-6849. [PMID: 38747345 PMCID: PMC11229319 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A-MYB (MYBL1) is a transcription factor with a role in meiosis in spermatocytes. The related B-MYB protein is a key oncogene and a master regulator activating late cell cycle genes. To activate genes, B-MYB forms a complex with MuvB and is recruited indirectly to cell cycle genes homology region (CHR) promoter sites of target genes. Activation through the B-MYB-MuvB (MMB) complex is essential for successful mitosis. Here, we discover that A-MYB has a function in transcriptional regulation of the mitotic cell cycle and can substitute for B-MYB. Knockdown experiments in cells not related to spermatogenesis show that B-MYB loss alone merely delays cell cycle progression. Only dual knockdown of B-MYB and A-MYB causes G2/M cell cycle arrest, endoreduplication, and apoptosis. A-MYB can substitute for B-MYB in binding to MuvB. The resulting A-MYB-MuvB complex activates genes through CHR sites. We find that A-MYB activates the same target genes as B-MYB. Many of the corresponding proteins are central regulators of the cell division cycle. In summary, we demonstrate that A-MYB is an activator of the mitotic cell cycle by activating late cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kohler
- Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Barrett AK, Shingare MR, Rechtsteiner A, Rodriguez KM, Le QN, Wijeratne TU, Mitchell CE, Membreno MW, Rubin SM, Müller GA. HDAC activity is dispensable for repression of cell-cycle genes by DREAM and E2F:RB complexes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4450. [PMID: 38789411 PMCID: PMC11126580 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a crucial role in transcriptional regulation and are implicated in various diseases, including cancer. They are involved in histone tail deacetylation and canonically linked to transcriptional repression. Previous studies suggested that HDAC recruitment to cell-cycle gene promoters via the retinoblastoma (RB) protein or the DREAM complex through SIN3B is essential for G1/S and G2/M gene repression during cell-cycle arrest and exit. Here we investigate the interplay among DREAM, RB, SIN3 proteins, and HDACs in the context of cell-cycle gene repression. Knockout of SIN3B does not globally derepress cell-cycle genes in non-proliferating HCT116 and C2C12 cells. Loss of SIN3A/B moderately upregulates several cell-cycle genes in HCT116 cells but does so independently of DREAM/RB. HDAC inhibition does not induce general upregulation of RB/DREAM target genes in arrested transformed or non-transformed cells. Our findings suggest that E2F:RB and DREAM complexes can repress cell-cycle genes without relying on HDAC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Manisha R Shingare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Rechtsteiner
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kelsie M Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Quynh N Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Tilini U Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Corbin E Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Miles W Membreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Seth M Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Gerd A Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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3
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Herwig A, Osterhof C, Keppner A, Maric D, Koay TW, Mbemba-Nsungi A, Hoogewijs D. Ectopic MYBL2-Mediated Regulation of Androglobin Gene Expression. Cells 2024; 13:826. [PMID: 38786048 PMCID: PMC11119863 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Androglobin (ADGB) is a highly conserved and recently identified member of the globin superfamily. Although previous studies revealed a link to ciliogenesis and an involvement in murine spermatogenesis, its physiological function remains mostly unknown. Apart from FOXJ1-dependent regulation, the transcriptional landscape of the ADGB gene remains unexplored. We, therefore, aimed to obtain further insights into regulatory mechanisms governing ADGB expression. To this end, changes in ADGB promoter activity were examined using luciferase reporter gene assays in the presence of a set of more than 475 different exogenous transcription factors. MYBL2 and PITX2 resulted in the most pronounced increase in ADGB promoter-dependent luciferase activity. Subsequent truncation strategies of the ADGB promoter fragment narrowed down the potential MYBL2 and PITX2 binding sites within the proximal ADGB promoter. Furthermore, MYBL2 binding sites on the ADGB promoter were further validated via a guide RNA-mediated interference strategy using reporter assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR experiments illustrated enrichment of the endogenous ADGB promoter region upon MYBL2 and PITX2 overexpression. Consistently, ectopic MYBL2 expression induced endogenous ADGB mRNA levels. Collectively, our data indicate that ADGB is strongly regulated at the transcriptional level and might have functions beyond ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Hoogewijs
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (A.H.); (C.O.); (A.K.); (D.M.); (T.W.K.); (A.M.-N.)
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4
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Lei Q, Yu Q, Yang N, Xiao Z, Song C, Zhang R, Yang S, Liu Z, Deng H. Therapeutic potential of targeting polo-like kinase 4. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116115. [PMID: 38199166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4), a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, masterfully regulates centriole duplication in a spatiotemporal manner to ensure the fidelity of centrosome duplication and proper mitosis. Abnormal expression of PLK4 contributes to genomic instability and associates with a poor prognosis in cancer. Inhibition of PLK4 is demonstrated to exhibit significant efficacy against various types of human cancers, further highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. As such, numerous small-molecule inhibitors with distinct chemical scaffolds targeting PLK4 have been extensively investigated for the treatment of different human cancers, with several undergoing clinical evaluation (e.g., CFI-400945). Here, we review the structure, distribution, and biological functions of PLK4, encapsulate its intricate regulatory mechanisms of expression, and highlighting its multifaceted roles in cancer development and metastasis. Moreover, the recent advancements of PLK4 inhibitors in patent or literature are summarized, and their therapeutic potential as monotherapies or combination therapies with other anticancer agents are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Quanwei Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Na Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhaolin Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Shuxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital and Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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5
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Barrett A, Shingare MR, Rechtsteiner A, Wijeratne TU, Rodriguez KM, Rubin SM, Müller GA. HDAC activity is dispensable for repression of cell-cycle genes by DREAM and E2F:RB complexes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.28.564489. [PMID: 37961464 PMCID: PMC10634886 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.28.564489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are pivotal in transcriptional regulation, and their dysregulation has been associated with various diseases including cancer. One of the critical roles of HDAC-containing complexes is the deacetylation of histone tails, which is canonically linked to transcriptional repression. Previous research has indicated that HDACs are recruited to cell-cycle gene promoters through the RB protein or the DREAM complex via SIN3B and that HDAC activity is essential for repressing G1/S and G2/M cell-cycle genes during cell-cycle arrest and exit. In this study, we sought to explore the interdependence of DREAM, RB, SIN3 proteins, and HDACs in the context of cell-cycle gene repression. We found that genetic knockout of SIN3B did not lead to derepression of cell-cycle genes in non-proliferating HCT116 and C2C12 cells. A combined loss of SIN3A and SIN3B resulted in a moderate upregulation in mRNA expression of several cell-cycle genes in arrested HCT116 cells, however, these effects appeared to be independent of DREAM or RB. Furthermore, HDAC inhibition did not induce a general upregulation of RB and DREAM target gene expression in arrested transformed or non-transformed cells. Our findings provide evidence that E2F:RB and DREAM complexes can repress cell-cycle genes without reliance on HDAC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Current Affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manisha R. Shingare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Andreas Rechtsteiner
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Tilini U. Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Current Affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelsie M. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Seth M. Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Gerd A. Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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6
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Ananthapadmanabhan V, Shows KH, Dickinson AJ, Litovchick L. Insights from the protein interaction Universe of the multifunctional "Goldilocks" kinase DYRK1A. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1277537. [PMID: 37900285 PMCID: PMC10600473 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1277537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Dual specificity tyrosine (Y)-Regulated Kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is encoded by a dosage-dependent gene located in the Down syndrome critical region of human chromosome 21. The known substrates of DYRK1A include proteins involved in transcription, cell cycle control, DNA repair and other processes. However, the function and regulation of this kinase is not fully understood, and the current knowledge does not fully explain the dosage-dependent function of this kinase. Several recent proteomic studies identified DYRK1A interacting proteins in several human cell lines. Interestingly, several of known protein substrates of DYRK1A were undetectable in these studies, likely due to a transient nature of the kinase-substrate interaction. It is possible that the stronger-binding DYRK1A interacting proteins, many of which are poorly characterized, are involved in regulatory functions by recruiting DYRK1A to the specific subcellular compartments or distinct signaling pathways. Better understanding of these DYRK1A-interacting proteins could help to decode the cellular processes regulated by this important protein kinase during embryonic development and in the adult organism. Here, we review the current knowledge of the biochemical and functional characterization of the DYRK1A protein-protein interaction network and discuss its involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Ananthapadmanabhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kathryn H. Shows
- Department of Biology, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, United States
| | - Amanda J. Dickinson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Larisa Litovchick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, United States
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7
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Kumar A, Thirumurugan K. Understanding cellular senescence: pathways involved, therapeutics and longevity aiding. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2324-2345. [PMID: 38031713 PMCID: PMC10730163 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2287929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A normal somatic cell undergoes cycles of finite cellular divisions. The presence of surveillance checkpoints arrests cell division in response to stress inducers: oxidative stress from excess free radicals, oncogene-induced abnormalities, genotoxic stress, and telomere attrition. When facing such stress when undergoing these damages, there is a brief pause in the cell cycle to enable repair mechanisms. Also, the nature of stress determines whether the cell goes for repair or permanent arrest. As the cells experience transient or permanent stress, they subsequently choose the quiescence or senescence stage, respectively. Quiescence is an essential stage that allows the arrested/damaged cells to go through appropriate repair mechanisms and then revert to the mainstream cell cycle. However, senescent cells are irreversible and accumulate with age, resulting in inflammation and various age-related disorders. In this review, we focus on senescence-associated pathways and therapeutics understanding cellular senescence as a cascade that leads to aging, while discussing the recent details on the molecular pathways involved in regulating senescence and the benefits of therapeutic strategies against accumulated senescent cells and their secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Pearl Research Park, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Kavitha Thirumurugan
- Pearl Research Park, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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8
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Rakotopare J, Lejour V, Duval C, Eldawra E, Escoffier H, Toledo F. A systematic approach identifies p53-DREAM pathway target genes associated with blood or brain abnormalities. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050376. [PMID: 37661832 PMCID: PMC10581385 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 (encoded by Trp53) is a tumor suppressor, but mouse models have revealed that increased p53 activity may cause bone marrow failure, likely through dimerization partner, RB-like, E2F4/E2F5 and MuvB (DREAM) complex-mediated gene repression. Here, we designed a systematic approach to identify p53-DREAM pathway targets, the repression of which might contribute to abnormal hematopoiesis. We used Gene Ontology analysis to study transcriptomic changes associated with bone marrow cell differentiation, then chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) data to identify DREAM-bound promoters. We next created positional frequency matrices to identify evolutionary conserved sequence elements potentially bound by DREAM. The same approach was developed to find p53-DREAM targets associated with brain abnormalities, also observed in mice with increased p53 activity. Putative DREAM-binding sites were found for 151 candidate target genes, of which 106 are mutated in a blood or brain genetic disorder. Twenty-one DREAM-binding sites were tested and found to impact gene expression in luciferase assays, to notably regulate genes mutated in dyskeratosis congenita (Rtel1), Fanconi anemia (Fanca), Diamond-Blackfan anemia (Tsr2), primary microcephaly [Casc5 (or Knl1), Ncaph and Wdr62] and pontocerebellar hypoplasia (Toe1). These results provide clues on the role of the p53-DREAM pathway in regulating hematopoiesis and brain development, with implications for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Rakotopare
- Genetics of Tumor Suppression, Institut Curie, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France
- CNRS UMR3244, Paris 75005, France
- Sorbonne University, Paris 75005, France
- PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Vincent Lejour
- Genetics of Tumor Suppression, Institut Curie, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France
- CNRS UMR3244, Paris 75005, France
- Sorbonne University, Paris 75005, France
- PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Carla Duval
- Genetics of Tumor Suppression, Institut Curie, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France
- CNRS UMR3244, Paris 75005, France
- Sorbonne University, Paris 75005, France
- PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Eliana Eldawra
- Genetics of Tumor Suppression, Institut Curie, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France
- CNRS UMR3244, Paris 75005, France
- Sorbonne University, Paris 75005, France
- PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | | | - Franck Toledo
- Genetics of Tumor Suppression, Institut Curie, Paris 75248 Cedex 05, France
- CNRS UMR3244, Paris 75005, France
- Sorbonne University, Paris 75005, France
- PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
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9
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Sahibdad I, Khalid S, Chaudhry GR, Salim A, Begum S, Khan I. Zinc enhances the cell adhesion, migration, and self-renewal potential of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:751-767. [PMID: 37545753 PMCID: PMC10401417 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i7.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc (Zn) is the second most abundant trace element after Fe, present in the human body. It is frequently reported in association with cell growth and proliferation, and its deficiency is considered to be a major disease contributing factor.
AIM To determine the effect of Zn on in vitro growth and proliferation of human umbilical cord (hUC)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
METHODS hUC-MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord tissue and characterized based on immunocytochemistry, immunophenotyping, and tri-lineage differentiation. The impact of Zn on cytotoxicity and proliferation was determined by MTT and Alamar blue assay. To determine the effect of Zn on population doubling time (PDT), hUC-MSCs were cultured in media with and without Zn for several passages. An in vitro scratch assay was performed to analyze the effect of Zn on the wound healing and migration capability of hUC-MSCs. A cell adhesion assay was used to test the surface adhesiveness of hUC-MSCs. Transcriptional analysis of genes involved in the cell cycle, proliferation, migration, and self-renewal of hUC-MSCs was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression of Lin28, a pluripotency marker, was analyzed by immunocytochemistry.
RESULTS Zn at lower concentrations enhanced the rate of proliferation but at higher concentrations (> 100 µM), showed concentration dependent cytotoxicity in hUC-MSCs. hUC-MSCs treated with Zn exhibited a significantly greater healing and migration rate compared to untreated cells. Zn also increased the cell adhesion rate, and colony forming efficiency (CFE). In addition, Zn upregulated the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle (CDC20, CDK1, CCNA2, CDCA2), proliferation (transforming growth factor β1, GDF5, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α), migration (CXCR4, VCAM1, VEGF-A), and self-renewal (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG) of hUC-MSCs. Expression of Lin28 protein was significantly increased in cells treated with Zn.
CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that zinc enhances the proliferation rate of hUC-MSCs decreasing the PDT, and maintaining the CFE. Zn also enhances the cell adhesion, migration, and self-renewal of hUC-MSCs. These results highlight the essential role of Zn in cell growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Sahibdad
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Khalid
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - G Rasul Chaudhry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States
| | - Asmat Salim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sumreen Begum
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory (SCRL), Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
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10
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Bujarrabal-Dueso A, Sendtner G, Meyer DH, Chatzinikolaou G, Stratigi K, Garinis GA, Schumacher B. The DREAM complex functions as conserved master regulator of somatic DNA-repair capacities. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:475-488. [PMID: 36959262 PMCID: PMC10113156 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-repair capacity in somatic cells is limited compared with that in germ cells. It has remained unknown whether not only lesion-type-specific, but overall repair capacities could be improved. Here we show that the DREAM repressor complex curbs the DNA-repair capacities in somatic tissues of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in the DREAM complex induce germline-like expression patterns of multiple mechanisms of DNA repair in the soma. Consequently, DREAM mutants confer resistance to a wide range of DNA-damage types during development and aging. Similarly, inhibition of the DREAM complex in human cells boosts DNA-repair gene expression and resistance to distinct DNA-damage types. DREAM inhibition leads to decreased DNA damage and prevents photoreceptor loss in progeroid Ercc1-/- mice. We show that the DREAM complex transcriptionally represses essentially all DNA-repair systems and thus operates as a highly conserved master regulator of the somatic limitation of DNA-repair capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Bujarrabal-Dueso
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Sendtner
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David H Meyer
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georgia Chatzinikolaou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Stratigi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George A Garinis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Cacioppo R, Lindon C. Regulating the regulator: a survey of mechanisms from transcription to translation controlling expression of mammalian cell cycle kinase Aurora A. Open Biol 2022; 12:220134. [PMID: 36067794 PMCID: PMC9448500 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) is a positive regulator of mitosis with a strict cell cycle-dependent expression pattern. Recently, novel oncogenic roles of AURKA have been uncovered that are independent of the kinase activity and act within multiple signalling pathways, including cell proliferation, survival and cancer stem cell phenotypes. For this, cellular abundance of AURKA protein is per se crucial and must be tightly fine-tuned. Indeed, AURKA is found overexpressed in different cancers, typically as a result of gene amplification or enhanced transcription. It has however become clear that impaired processing, decay and translation of AURKA mRNA can also offer the basis for altered AURKA levels. Accordingly, the involvement of gene expression mechanisms controlling AURKA expression in human diseases is increasingly recognized and calls for much more research. Here, we explore and create an integrated view of the molecular processes regulating AURKA expression at the level of transcription, post-transcription and translation, intercalating discussion on how impaired regulation underlies disease. Given that targeting AURKA levels might affect more functions compared to inhibiting the kinase activity, deeper understanding of its gene expression may aid the design of alternative and therapeutically more successful ways of suppressing the AURKA oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cacioppo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Catherine Lindon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
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12
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Salvati A, Melone V, Sellitto A, Rizzo F, Tarallo R, Nyman TA, Giurato G, Nassa G, Weisz A. Combinatorial targeting of a chromatin complex comprising Dot1L, menin and the tyrosine kinase BAZ1B reveals a new therapeutic vulnerability of endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer. BREAST CANCER RESEARCH : BCR 2022; 24:52. [PMID: 35850772 PMCID: PMC9290241 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting vulnerabilities of cancer cells by inhibiting key regulators of cell proliferation or survival represents a promising way to overcome resistance to current therapies. In breast cancer (BC), resistance to endocrine therapy results from constitutively active or aberrant estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) signaling to the genome. Targeting components of the ERα pathway in these tumors represents, therefore, a rational way toward effective new treatments. Interaction proteomics identified several proteins associated with ERα in BC cells, including epigenetic complexes controlling gene transcription comprising the scaffold protein menin and the histone methyltransferase Dot1L. METHODS We combined chromatin immunoprecipitation, transcriptome sequencing, siRNA-mediated gene knockdown (kd), pharmacological inhibition coupled to cellular and functional assays and interaction proteomics in antiestrogen (AE)-sensitive and AE-resistant human BC cell models to: map menin and Dot1L chromatin localization, search for their common and specific target genes, measure the effects of single or combinatorial knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of these proteins on cell proliferation and survival, and characterize their nuclear interactomes. RESULTS Dot1L and menin associate in MCF-7 cells chromatin, where they co-localize in a significant fraction of sites, resulting in co-regulation of genes involved, among others, in estrogen, p53, HIF1α and death receptor signaling, regulation of cell cycle and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Specific inhibitors of the two factors synergize with each other for inhibition of cell proliferation of AE (tamoxifen or fulvestrant)-sensitive and AE-resistant BC cells. Menin and Dot1L interactomes share a sizeable fraction of their nuclear partners, the majority being known BC fitness genes. Interestingly, these include B-WICH and WINAC complexes that share BAZ1B, a bromodomain protein comprising a tyrosine-protein kinase domain playing a central role in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. BAZ1B kd caused significant inhibition of ERα expression, proliferation and transcriptome changes resulting in inhibition of estrogen, myc, mTOR, PI3K and AKT signaling and metabolic pathways in AE-sensitive and AE-resistant BC cells. CONCLUSIONS Identification of a functional interplay between ERα, Dot1L, menin and BAZ1B and the significant effects of their co-inhibition on cell proliferation and survival in cell models of endocrine therapy-resistant BC reveal a new therapeutic vulnerability of these aggressive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Salvati
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Medical Genomics Program, Division of Oncology, AOU 'S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona', Università di Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Viola Melone
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Assunta Sellitto
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Genome Research Center for Health, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Genome Research Center for Health, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy. .,Genome Research Center for Health, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy. .,Genome Research Center for Health, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 1, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy. .,Medical Genomics Program, Division of Oncology, AOU 'S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona', Università di Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy. .,Genome Research Center for Health, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
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13
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Theilgaard-Mönch K, Pundhir S, Reckzeh K, Su J, Tapia M, Furtwängler B, Jendholm J, Jakobsen JS, Hasemann MS, Knudsen KJ, Cowland JB, Fossum A, Schoof E, Schuster MB, Porse BT. Transcription factor-driven coordination of cell cycle exit and lineage-specification in vivo during granulocytic differentiation : In memoriam Professor Niels Borregaard. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3595. [PMID: 35739121 PMCID: PMC9225994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of multipotent stem cells into mature cells is fundamental for development and homeostasis of mammalian tissues, and requires the coordinated induction of lineage-specific transcriptional programs and cell cycle withdrawal. To understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms of this fundamental process, we investigated how the tissue-specific transcription factors, CEBPA and CEBPE, coordinate cell cycle exit and lineage-specification in vivo during granulocytic differentiation. We demonstrate that CEBPA promotes lineage-specification by launching an enhancer-primed differentiation program and direct activation of CEBPE expression. Subsequently, CEBPE confers promoter-driven cell cycle exit by sequential repression of MYC target gene expression at the G1/S transition and E2F-meditated G2/M gene expression, as well as by the up-regulation of Cdk1/2/4 inhibitors. Following cell cycle exit, CEBPE unleashes the CEBPA-primed differentiation program to generate mature granulocytes. These findings highlight how tissue-specific transcription factors coordinate cell cycle exit with differentiation through the use of distinct gene regulatory elements. Here the authors show that differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells into mature blood cells is primed by cell type-specific transcription factors at the enhancer level during early differentiation, before they confere promoter-driven growth arrest, and activate post-mitotic terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Theilgaard-Mönch
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sachin Pundhir
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Reckzeh
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jinyu Su
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Tapia
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Furtwängler
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Jendholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janus Schou Jakobsen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Sigurd Hasemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Jermiin Knudsen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack Bernard Cowland
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Fossum
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erwin Schoof
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bruhn Schuster
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo T Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Goetsch PD, Strome S. DREAM interrupted: severing LIN-35-MuvB association in Caenorhabditis elegans impairs DREAM function but not its chromatin localization. Genetics 2022; 221:6584818. [PMID: 35554539 PMCID: PMC9252284 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian pocket protein family, which includes the Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and Rb-like pocket proteins p107 and p130, regulates entry into and exit from the cell cycle by repressing cell cycle gene expression. Although pRb plays a dominant role in mammalian systems, p107 and p130 are the ancestral pocket proteins. The Rb-like pocket proteins interact with the highly conserved 5-subunit MuvB complex and an E2F-DP transcription factor heterodimer, forming the DREAM (for Dp, Rb-like, E2F, and MuvB) complex. DREAM complex assembly on chromatin culminates in repression of target genes mediated by the MuvB subcomplex. Here, we examined how the Rb-like pocket protein contributes to DREAM formation and function by disrupting the interaction between the sole Caenorhabditis elegans pocket protein LIN-35 and the MuvB subunit LIN-52 using CRISPR/Cas9 targeted mutagenesis. A triple alanine substitution of LIN-52's LxCxE motif severed LIN-35-MuvB association and caused classical DREAM mutant phenotypes, including synthetic multiple vulvae, high-temperature arrest, and ectopic expression of germline genes in the soma. However, RNA-sequencing revealed limited upregulation of DREAM target genes when LIN-35-MuvB association was severed, as compared with gene upregulation following LIN-35 loss. Based on chromatin immunoprecipitation, disrupting LIN-35-MuvB association did not affect the chromatin localization of E2F-DP, LIN-35, or MuvB components. In a previous study, we showed that in worms lacking LIN-35, E2F-DP, and MuvB chromatin occupancy was reduced genome-wide. With LIN-35 present but unable to associate with MuvB, our study suggests that the E2F-DP-LIN-35 interaction promotes E2F-DP's chromatin localization, which we hypothesize supports MuvB chromatin occupancy indirectly through DNA. Altogether, this study highlights how the pocket protein's association with MuvB supports DREAM function but is not required for DREAM's chromatin occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Goetsch
- Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 740 Dow ESE building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Susan Strome
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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15
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Engeland K. Cell cycle regulation: p53-p21-RB signaling. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:946-960. [PMID: 35361964 PMCID: PMC9090780 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein RB and the transcription factor p53 are central tumor suppressors. They are often found inactivated in various tumor types. Both proteins play central roles in regulating the cell division cycle. RB forms complexes with the E2F family of transcription factors and downregulates numerous genes. Among the RB-E2F target genes, a large number code for key cell cycle regulators. Their transcriptional repression by the RB-E2F complex is released through phosphorylation of RB, leading to expression of the cell cycle regulators. The release from repression can be prevented by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/CDKN1A. The CDKN1A gene is transcriptionally activated by p53. Taken together, these elements constitute the p53-p21-RB signaling pathway. Following activation of p53, for example by viral infection or induction of DNA damage, p21 expression is upregulated. High levels of p21 then result in RB-E2F complex formation and downregulation of a large number of cell cycle genes. Thus, p53-dependent transcriptional repression is indirect. The reduced expression of the many regulators leads to cell cycle arrest. Examination of the p53-p21-RB targets and genes controlled by the related p53-p21-DREAM signaling pathway reveals that there is a large overlap of the two groups. Mechanistically this can be explained by replacing RB-E2F complexes with the DREAM transcriptional repressor complex at E2F sites in target promoters. In contrast to RB-E2F, DREAM can downregulate genes also through CHR transcription factor binding sites. This results in a distinct gene set controlled by p53-p21-DREAM signaling independent of RB-E2F. Furthermore, RB has non-canonical functions without binding to E2F and DNA. Such a role of RB supporting DREAM formation may be exerted by the RB-SKP2-p27-cyclin A/E-CDK2-p130-DREAM link. In the current synopsis, the mechanism of regulation by p53-p21-RB signaling is assessed and the overlap with p53-p21-DREAM signaling is examined. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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16
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Payankaulam S, Hickey SL, Arnosti DN. Cell cycle expression of polarity genes features Rb targeting of Vang. Cells Dev 2022; 169:203747. [PMID: 34583062 PMCID: PMC8934252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Specification of cellular polarity is vital to normal tissue development and function. Pioneering studies in Drosophila and C. elegans have elucidated the composition and dynamics of protein complexes critical for establishment of cell polarity, which is manifest in processes such as cell migration and asymmetric cell division. Conserved throughout metazoans, planar cell polarity (PCP) genes are implicated in disease, including neural tube closure defects associated with mutations in VANGL1/2. PCP protein regulation is well studied; however, relatively little is known about transcriptional regulation of these genes. Our earlier study revealed an unexpected role for the fly Rbf1 retinoblastoma corepressor protein, a regulator of cell cycle genes, in transcriptional regulation of polarity genes. Here we analyze the physiological relevance of the role of E2F/Rbf proteins in the transcription of the key core polarity gene Vang. Targeted mutations to the E2F site within the Vang promoter disrupts binding of E2F/Rbf proteins in vivo, leading to polarity defects in wing hairs. E2F regulation of Vang is supported by the requirement for this motif in a reporter gene. Interestingly, the promoter is repressed by overexpression of E2F1, a transcription factor generally identified as an activator. Consistent with the regulation of this polarity gene by E2F and Rbf factors, expression of Vang and other polarity genes is found to peak in G2/M phase in cells of the embryo and wing imaginal disc, suggesting that cell cycle signals may play a role in regulation of these genes. These findings suggest that the E2F/Rbf complex mechanistically links cell proliferation and polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Payankaulam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie L Hickey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David N Arnosti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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17
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Dobbs OG, Coverley D. Chromatin Dynamics During Entry to Quiescence and Compromised Functionality in Cancer Cells. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:279-294. [PMID: 36348111 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quiescence is a vital cellular state where cells can reversibly exit the cell cycle and cease proliferation in unfavourable conditions. Cells can undergo multiple transitions in and out of quiescence during their lifetime, and an imbalance in this highly regulated process can promote tumorigenesis and disease. The nucleus experiences vast changes during entry to quiescence, including changes in gene expression and a reduction in size due to increased chromatin compaction. Studies into these changes have highlighted the importance of a core quiescence gene expression programme, reorganisation of nuclear structures, and the action of the condensin complex in creating a stable, quiescent nucleus. However, the underpinning mechanisms behind the formation of a quiescent nucleus are still not fully understood. This chapter explores the current literature surrounding chromatin dynamics during entry to quiescence and the association between quiescence and disease and accentuates the need for further studies to understand this transition. Linking failure to maintain a stable, quiescent state with potential genome instability may help in the advancement of medical interventions for a range of diseases, including cancer.
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18
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Uxa S, Castillo-Binder P, Kohler R, Stangner K, Müller GA, Engeland K. Ki-67 gene expression. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3357-3370. [PMID: 34183782 PMCID: PMC8629999 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ki-67 serves as a prominent cancer marker. We describe how expression of the MKI67 gene coding for Ki-67 is controlled during the cell cycle. MKI67 mRNA and Ki-67 protein are maximally expressed in G2 phase and mitosis. Expression is dependent on two CHR elements and one CDE site in the MKI67 promoter. DREAM transcriptional repressor complexes bind to both CHR sites and downregulate the expression in G0/G1 cells. Upregulation of MKI67 transcription coincides with binding of B-MYB-MuvB and FOXM1-MuvB complexes from S phase into G2/M. Importantly, binding of B-MYB to the two CHR elements correlates with loss of CHR-dependent MKI67 promoter activation in B-MYB-knockdown experiments. In knockout cell models, we find that DREAM/MuvB-dependent transcriptional control cooperates with the RB Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor. Furthermore, the p53 tumor suppressor indirectly downregulates transcription of the MKI67 gene. This repression by p53 requires p21/CDKN1A. These results are consistent with a model in which DREAM, B-MYB-MuvB, and FOXM1-MuvB together with RB cooperate in cell cycle-dependent transcription and in transcriptional repression following p53 activation. In conclusion, we present mechanisms how MKI67 gene expression followed by Ki-67 protein synthesis is controlled during the cell cycle and upon induction of DNA damage, as well as upon p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Uxa
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paola Castillo-Binder
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robin Kohler
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstanze Stangner
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XPresent Address: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Müller
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Present Address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Kurt Engeland
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Gal C, Carelli FN, Appert A, Cerrato C, Huang N, Dong Y, Murphy J, Frapporti A, Ahringer J. DREAM represses distinct targets by cooperating with different THAP domain proteins. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109835. [PMID: 34686342 PMCID: PMC8552245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The DREAM (dimerization partner [DP], retinoblastoma [Rb]-like, E2F, and MuvB) complex controls cellular quiescence by repressing cell-cycle and other genes, but its mechanism of action is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that two C. elegans THAP domain proteins, LIN-15B and LIN-36, co-localize with DREAM and function by different mechanisms for repression of distinct sets of targets. LIN-36 represses classical cell-cycle targets by promoting DREAM binding and gene body enrichment of H2A.Z, and we find that DREAM subunit EFL-1/E2F is specific for LIN-36 targets. In contrast, LIN-15B represses germline-specific targets in the soma by facilitating H3K9me2 promoter marking. We further find that LIN-36 and LIN-15B differently regulate DREAM binding. In humans, THAP proteins have been implicated in cell-cycle regulation by poorly understood mechanisms. We propose that THAP domain proteins are key mediators of Rb/DREAM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csenge Gal
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Nicola Carelli
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Appert
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chiara Cerrato
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ni Huang
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yan Dong
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jane Murphy
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Frapporti
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julie Ahringer
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Wang SP, Hsu YP, Chang CJ, Chan YC, Chen CH, Wang RH, Liu KK, Pan PY, Wu YH, Yang CM, Chen C, Yang JM, Liang MC, Wong KK, Chao JI. A novel EGFR inhibitor suppresses survivin expression and tumor growth in human gefitinib-resistant EGFR-wild type and -T790M non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114792. [PMID: 34597670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TKIs) are currently used therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients; however, drug resistance during cancer treatment is a critical problem. Survivin is an anti-apoptosis protein, which promotes cell proliferation and tumor growth that highly expressed in various human cancers. Here, we show a novel synthetic compound derived from gefitinib, do-decyl-4-(4-(3-(4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yloxy)propyl) piper-azin-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoate, which is named as SP101 that inhibits survivin expression and tumor growth in both the EGFR-wild type and -T790M of NSCLC. SP101 blocked EGFR kinase activity and induced apoptosis in the A549 (EGFR-wild type) and H1975 (EGFR-T790M) lung cancer cells. SP101 reduced survivin proteins and increased active caspase 3 for inducing apoptosis. Ectopic expression of survivin by a survivin-expressed vector attenuated the SP101-induced cell death in lung cancer cells. Moreover, SP101 inhibited the gefitinib-resistant tumor growth in the xenograft human H1975 lung tumors of nude mice. SP101 substantially reduced survivin proteins but conversely elicited active caspase 3 proteins in tumor tissues. Besides, SP101 exerted anticancer abilities in the gefitinib resistant cancer cells separated from pleural effusion of a clinical lung cancer patient. Consistently, SP101 decreased the survivin proteins and the patient-derived xenografted lung tumor growth in nude mice. Anti-tumor ability of SP101 was also confirmed in the murine lung cancer model harboring EGFR T790M-L858R. Together, SP101 is a new EGFR inhibitor with inhibiting survivin that can be developed for treating EGFR wild-type and EGFR-mutational gefitinib-resistance in human lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Pei Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Hsin Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Kai Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Pan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Man Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chinpiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Moon Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chih Liang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, United States
| | - Jui-I Chao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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21
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Teye EK, Lu S, Chen F, Yang W, Abraham T, Stairs DB, Wang HG, Yochum GS, Brodsky RA, Pu JJ. PIGN spatiotemporally regulates the spindle assembly checkpoint proteins in leukemia transformation and progression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19022. [PMID: 34561473 PMCID: PMC8463542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class N (PIGN) has been linked to the suppression of chromosomal instability. The spindle assembly checkpoint complex is responsible for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis to prevent chromosomal instability. In this study, the novel role of PIGN as a regulator of the spindle assembly checkpoint was unveiled in leukemic patient cells and cell lines. Transient downregulation or ablation of PIGN resulted in impaired mitotic checkpoint activation due to the dysregulated expression of spindle assembly checkpoint-related proteins including MAD1, MAD2, BUBR1, and MPS1. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of PIGN restored the expression of MAD2. PIGN regulated the spindle assembly checkpoint by forming a complex with the spindle assembly checkpoint proteins MAD1, MAD2, and the mitotic kinase MPS1. Thus, PIGN could play a vital role in the spindle assembly checkpoint to suppress chromosomal instability associated with leukemic transformation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel K Teye
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shasha Lu
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenrui Yang
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Institute of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Douglas B Stairs
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gregory S Yochum
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Pu
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. .,University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N Campbell Avenue, #1968C, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Perfectly orchestrated periodic gene expression during cell cycle progression is essential for maintaining genome integrity and ensuring that cell proliferation can be stopped by environmental signals. Genetic and proteomic studies during the past two decades revealed remarkable evolutionary conservation of the key mechanisms that control cell cycle-regulated gene expression, including multisubunit DNA-binding DREAM complexes. DREAM complexes containing a retinoblastoma family member, an E2F transcription factor and its dimerization partner, and five proteins related to products of Caenorhabditis elegans multivulva (Muv) class B genes lin-9, lin-37, lin-52, lin-53, and lin-54 (comprising the MuvB core) have been described in diverse organisms, from worms to humans. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the structure, function, and regulation of DREAM complexes in different organisms, as well as the role of DREAM in human disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Walston
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA;
| | - Audra N Iness
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Larisa Litovchick
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA; .,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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23
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Nabeel-Shah S, Garg J, Saettone A, Ashraf K, Lee H, Wahab S, Ahmed N, Fine J, Derynck J, Pu S, Ponce M, Marcon E, Zhang Z, Greenblatt JF, Pearlman RE, Lambert JP, Fillingham J. Functional characterization of RebL1 highlights the evolutionary conservation of oncogenic activities of the RBBP4/7 orthologue in Tetrahymena thermophila. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:6196-6212. [PMID: 34086947 PMCID: PMC8216455 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma-binding proteins 4 and 7 (RBBP4 and RBBP7) are two highly homologous human histone chaperones. They function in epigenetic regulation as subunits of multiple chromatin-related complexes and have been implicated in numerous cancers. Due to their overlapping functions, our understanding of RBBP4 and 7, particularly outside of Opisthokonts, has remained limited. Here, we report that in the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila a single orthologue of human RBBP4 and 7 proteins, RebL1, physically interacts with histone H4 and functions in multiple epigenetic regulatory pathways. Functional proteomics identified conserved functional links for Tetrahymena RebL1 protein as well as human RBBP4 and 7. We found that putative subunits of multiple chromatin-related complexes including CAF1, Hat1, Rpd3, and MuvB, co-purified with RebL1 during Tetrahymena growth and conjugation. Iterative proteomics analyses revealed that the cell cycle regulatory MuvB-complex in Tetrahymena is composed of at least five subunits including evolutionarily conserved Lin54, Lin9 and RebL1 proteins. Genome-wide analyses indicated that RebL1 and Lin54 (Anqa1) bind within genic and intergenic regions. Moreover, Anqa1 targets primarily promoter regions suggesting a role for Tetrahymena MuvB in transcription regulation. RebL1 depletion inhibited cellular growth and reduced the expression levels of Anqa1 and Lin9. Consistent with observations in glioblastoma tumors, RebL1 depletion suppressed DNA repair protein Rad51 in Tetrahymena, thus underscoring the evolutionarily conserved functions of RBBP4/7 proteins. Our results suggest the essentiality of RebL1 functions in multiple epigenetic regulatory complexes in which it impacts transcription regulation and cellular viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nabeel-Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Jyoti Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada.,Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Alejandro Saettone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Kanwal Ashraf
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Hyunmin Lee
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Suzanne Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Nujhat Ahmed
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jacob Fine
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Joanna Derynck
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Shuye Pu
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Marcelo Ponce
- SciNet HPC Consortium, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Suite 1140, Toronto M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Zhaolei Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jack F Greenblatt
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ronald E Pearlman
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Center, Big Data Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Fillingham
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
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24
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Müller GA, Engeland K. DNA Affinity Purification: A Pulldown Assay for Identifying and Analyzing Proteins Binding to Nucleic Acids. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2267:81-90. [PMID: 33786786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1217-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of proteins with DNA plays a central role in gene regulation. We describe a DNA affinity purification method that allows for identification and analysis of protein complex components. For example, a DNA probe carrying a transcription factor binding site is used to purify proteins from a nuclear extract. The proteins binding to the probe are then identified by mass spectrometry. In similar experiments, proteins purified by this pulldown method can be analyzed by Western blot. Employing this method, we found that the DREAM transcriptional repressor complex binds to CHR transcriptional elements in promoters of cell cycle genes. This complex is important for cell cycle-dependent repression and as part of the p53-DREAM pathway serves as a link for indirect transcriptional repression of target genes by the tumor suppressor p53. In general, the methods described can be applied for the identification and analysis of proteins binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd A Müller
- Molecular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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25
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Kumari R, Jat P. Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:645593. [PMID: 33855023 PMCID: PMC8039141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest that can be triggered in normal cells in response to various intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, as well as developmental signals. Senescence is considered to be a highly dynamic, multi-step process, during which the properties of senescent cells continuously evolve and diversify in a context dependent manner. It is associated with multiple cellular and molecular changes and distinct phenotypic alterations, including a stable proliferation arrest unresponsive to mitogenic stimuli. Senescent cells remain viable, have alterations in metabolic activity and undergo dramatic changes in gene expression and develop a complex senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Cellular senescence can compromise tissue repair and regeneration, thereby contributing toward aging. Removal of senescent cells can attenuate age-related tissue dysfunction and extend health span. Senescence can also act as a potent anti-tumor mechanism, by preventing proliferation of potentially cancerous cells. It is a cellular program which acts as a double-edged sword, with both beneficial and detrimental effects on the health of the organism, and considered to be an example of evolutionary antagonistic pleiotropy. Activation of the p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 and p16INK4A/pRB tumor suppressor pathways play a central role in regulating senescence. Several other pathways have recently been implicated in mediating senescence and the senescent phenotype. Herein we review the molecular mechanisms that underlie cellular senescence and the senescence associated growth arrest with a particular focus on why cells stop dividing, the stability of the growth arrest, the hypersecretory phenotype and how the different pathways are all integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Kumari
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Parmjit Jat
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Ivanova E, Le Guillou S, Hue-Beauvais C, Le Provost F. Epigenetics: New Insights into Mammary Gland Biology. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020231. [PMID: 33562534 PMCID: PMC7914701 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes important anatomical and physiological changes from embryogenesis through puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. These steps are under the control of a complex network of molecular factors, in which epigenetic mechanisms play a role that is increasingly well described. Recently, studies investigating epigenetic modifications and their impacts on gene expression in the mammary gland have been performed at different physiological stages and in different mammary cell types. This has led to the establishment of a role for epigenetic marks in milk component biosynthesis. This review aims to summarize the available knowledge regarding the involvement of the four main molecular mechanisms in epigenetics: DNA methylation, histone modifications, polycomb protein activity and non-coding RNA functions.
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27
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Meireles Da Costa N, Palumbo A, De Martino M, Fusco A, Ribeiro Pinto LF, Nasciutti LE. Interplay between HMGA and TP53 in cell cycle control along tumor progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:817-831. [PMID: 32920697 PMCID: PMC11071717 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The high mobility group A (HMGA) proteins are found to be aberrantly expressed in several tumors. Studies (in vitro and in vivo) have shown that HMGA protein overexpression has a causative role in carcinogenesis process. HMGA proteins regulate cell cycle progression through distinct mechanisms which strongly influence its normal dynamics along malignant transformation. Tumor protein p53 (TP53) is the most frequently altered gene in cancer. The loss of its activity is recognized as the fall of a barrier that enables neoplastic transformation. Among the different functions, TP53 signaling pathway is tightly involved in control of cell cycle, with cell cycle arrest being the main biological outcome observed upon p53 activation, which prevents accumulation of damaged DNA, as well as genomic instability. Therefore, the interaction and opposing effects of HMGA and p53 proteins on regulation of cell cycle in normal and tumor cells are discussed in this review. HMGA proteins and p53 may reciprocally regulate the expression and/or activity of each other, leading to the counteraction of their regulation mechanisms at different stages of the cell cycle. The existence of a functional crosstalk between these proteins in the control of cell cycle could open the possibility of targeting HMGA and p53 in combination with other therapeutic strategies, particularly those that target cell cycle regulation, to improve the management and prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Meireles Da Costa
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCA, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37-6th floor-Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Palumbo
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Prédio de Ciências da Saúde-Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, A. Carlos Chagas, 373-Bloco F, Sala 26, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco De Martino
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCA, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37-6th floor-Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eurico Nasciutti
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Prédio de Ciências da Saúde-Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, A. Carlos Chagas, 373-Bloco F, Sala 26, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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28
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Moxley AH, Reisman D. Context is key: Understanding the regulation, functional control, and activities of the p53 tumour suppressor. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:235-247. [PMID: 32996618 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor is considered one of the most critical genes in cancer biology. By upregulating apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage repair in normal cells, p53 prevents the propagation of cells with tumorigenic potential; therefore, mutations in p53 are associated with carcinogenic transformation and can be accompanied by the accumulation of a novel gain-of-function oncogenic protein, mutant p53. Although p53 is most often understood to utilize context-dependent post-translational modifications to achieve regulation of its many target genes, recent research has also sought to define other mechanisms of regulating p53 gene expression prior to translation and to understand how this alternative regulation of p53 may influence target gene expression and cellular outcome. This review attempts to summarize what is known about p53 regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels while paying special attention to the ways in which context may influence p53 regulation and subsequent regulation of its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Moxley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - David Reisman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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29
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Wragg JW, Roos L, Vucenovic D, Cvetesic N, Lenhard B, Müller F. Embryonic tissue differentiation is characterized by transitions in cell cycle dynamic-associated core promoter regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:8374-8392. [PMID: 32619237 PMCID: PMC7470974 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The core-promoter, a stretch of DNA surrounding the transcription start site (TSS), is a major integration-point for regulatory-signals controlling gene-transcription. Cellular differentiation is marked by divergence in transcriptional repertoire and cell-cycling behaviour between cells of different fates. The role promoter-associated gene-regulatory-networks play in development-associated transitions in cell-cycle-dynamics is poorly understood. This study demonstrates in a vertebrate embryo, how core-promoter variations define transcriptional output in cells transitioning from a proliferative to cell-lineage specifying phenotype. Assessment of cell proliferation across zebrafish embryo segmentation, using the FUCCI transgenic cell-cycle-phase marker, revealed a spatial and lineage-specific separation in cell-cycling behaviour. To investigate the role differential promoter usage plays in this process, cap-analysis-of-gene-expression (CAGE) was performed on cells segregated by cycling dynamics. This analysis revealed a dramatic increase in tissue-specific gene expression, concurrent with slowed cycling behaviour. We revealed a distinct sharpening in TSS utilization in genes upregulated in slowly cycling, differentiating tissues, associated with enhanced utilization of the TATA-box, in addition to Sp1 binding-sites. In contrast, genes upregulated in rapidly cycling cells carry broad distribution of TSS utilization, coupled with enrichment for the CCAAT-box. These promoter features appear to correspond to cell-cycle-dynamic rather than tissue/cell-lineage origin. Moreover, we observed genes with cell-cycle-dynamic-associated transitioning in TSS distribution and differential utilization of alternative promoters. These results demonstrate the regulatory role of core-promoters in cell-cycle-dependent transcription regulation, during embryo-development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dunja Vucenovic
- Institute of Clinical Sciences and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nevena Cvetesic
- Institute of Clinical Sciences and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Boris Lenhard
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Boris Lenhard. Tel: +44 20 3313 8353;
| | - Ferenc Müller
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 121 414 2895;
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30
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Kang K, Choi Y, Kim HH, Yoo KH, Yu S. Predicting FOXM1-Mediated Gene Regulation through the Analysis of Genome-Wide FOXM1 Binding Sites in MCF-7, K562, SK-N-SH, GM12878 and ECC-1 Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176141. [PMID: 32858881 PMCID: PMC7503762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) is a key transcription factor (TF) that regulates a common set of genes related to the cell cycle in various cell types. However, the mechanism by which FOXM1 controls the common gene set in different cellular contexts is unclear. In this study, a comprehensive meta-analysis of genome-wide FOXM1 binding sites in ECC-1, GM12878, K562, MCF-7, and SK-N-SH cell lines was conducted to predict FOXM1-driven gene regulation. Consistent with previous studies, different TF binding motifs were identified at FOXM1 binding sites, while the NFY binding motif was found at 81% of common FOXM1 binding sites in promoters of cell cycle-related genes. The results indicated that FOXM1 might control the gene set through interaction with the NFY proteins, while cell type-specific genes were predicted to be regulated by enhancers with FOXM1 and cell type-specific TFs. We also found that the high expression level of FOXM1 was significantly associated with poor prognosis in nine types of cancer. Overall, these results suggest that FOXM1 is predicted to function as a master regulator of the cell cycle through the interaction of NFY-family proteins, and therefore the inhibition of FOXM1 could be an attractive strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (S.Y.); Tel.: +82-41-550-3456 (K.K.); +82-43-649-1418 (S.Y.)
| | | | - Hoo Hyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Kyung Hyun Yoo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
- Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Sungryul Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (S.Y.); Tel.: +82-41-550-3456 (K.K.); +82-43-649-1418 (S.Y.)
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31
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Ferenc G, Váradi Z, Kupihár Z, Paragi G, Kovács L. Analytical and Structural Studies for the Investigation of Oxidative Stress in Guanine Oligonucleotides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4981. [PMID: 32679695 PMCID: PMC7404036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage plays a decisive role in epigenetic effects. The detection and analysis of DNA damages, like the most common change of guanine (G) to 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG), is a key factor in cancer research. It is especially true for G quadruplex structure (GQ), which is one of the best-known examples of a non-canonical DNA arrangement. In the present work, we provided an overview on analytical methods in connection with the detection of OG in oligonucleotides with GQ-forming capacity. Focusing on the last five years, novel electrochemical tools, like dedicated electrodes, were overviewed, as well as different optical methods (fluorometric assays, resonance light scattering or UV radiation) along with hyphenated detection and structural analysis methods (CD, NMR, melting temperature analysis and nanopore detection) were also applied for OG detection. Additionally, GQ-related computational simulations were also summarized. All these results emphasize that OG detection and the analysis of the effect of its presence in higher ordered structures like GQ is still a state-of-the-art research line with continuously increasing interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Ferenc
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Laboratory, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Váradi
- Nucleic Acids Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.V.); (Z.K.)
| | - Zoltán Kupihár
- Nucleic Acids Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.V.); (Z.K.)
| | - Gábor Paragi
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Dóm tér 8, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kovács
- Nucleic Acids Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.V.); (Z.K.)
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Cai P, Otten ABC, Cheng B, Ishii MA, Zhang W, Huang B, Qu K, Sun BK. A genome-wide long noncoding RNA CRISPRi screen identifies PRANCR as a novel regulator of epidermal homeostasis. Genome Res 2019; 30:22-34. [PMID: 31804951 PMCID: PMC6961571 DOI: 10.1101/gr.251561.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies indicate that many disease susceptibility regions reside in non-protein-coding regions of the genome. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a major component of the noncoding genome, but their biological impacts are not fully understood. Here, we performed a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screen on 2263 epidermis-expressed lncRNAs and identified nine novel candidate lncRNAs regulating keratinocyte proliferation. We further characterized a top hit from the screen, progenitor renewal associated non-coding RNA (PRANCR), using RNA interference–mediated knockdown and phenotypic analysis in organotypic human tissue. PRANCR regulates keratinocyte proliferation, cell cycle progression, and clonogenicity. PRANCR-deficient epidermis displayed impaired stratification with reduced expression of differentiation genes that are altered in human skin diseases, including keratins 1 and 10, filaggrin, and loricrin. Transcriptome analysis showed that PRANCR controls the expression of 1136 genes, with strong enrichment for late cell cycle genes containing a CHR promoter element. In addition, PRANCR depletion led to increased levels of both total and nuclear CDKN1A (also known as p21), which is known to govern both keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Collectively, these data show that PRANCR is a novel lncRNA regulating epidermal homeostasis and identify other lncRNA candidates that may have roles in this process as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Auke B C Otten
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92109, USA
| | - Binbin Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92109, USA
| | - Mitsuhiro A Ishii
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92109, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Beibei Huang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Kun Qu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Bryan K Sun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92109, USA
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Lee WC, Kim DY, Kim MJ, Lee HJ, Bharti D, Lee SH, Kang YH, Rho GJ, Jeon BG. Delay of cell growth and loss of stemness by inhibition of reverse transcription in human mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissue. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:335-345. [PMID: 31700699 PMCID: PMC6830198 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1651767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the cellular properties in the dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (DSCs) exposed to nevirapine (NVP), an inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (RTase). After a prolonged exposure of DSCs for 2 weeks, the population doubling time (PDT) was significantly (P < .05) increased by delayed cell growth in the DSCs treated with 250 and 500 μM NVP, compared with untreated DSCs. Furthermore, the G1 phase of cell cycle with high activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase was also significantly (P < .05) increased in the 250 μM NVP-treated DSCs, compared with untreated DSCs. The level of telomerase activity was unchanged between control and treatment. However, following the treatment of NVP, negative surface markers for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), such as CD34 and CD45, were significantly (P < .05) increased, while positive surface markers for MSCs, such as CD90 and CD105, were significantly (P < .05) decreased in the NVP-treated DSCs than those of untreated DSCs. Furthermore, the differentiation capacity into mesodermal lineage was gradually decreased, and a significant (P < .05) decrease of expression level of NANOG, OCT-4 and SOX-2 transcripts was observed in the DSCs treated with NVP, compared with untreated control DSCs. Taken together, the present results have revealed that inhibition of RTase by NVP induces delayed cell growth and loss of stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Cheol Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- OBS/Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh Bharti
- OBS/Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Changwon Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- OBS/Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Gyun Jeon
- Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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34
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Ellederova Z, Del Rincon S, Koncicka M, Susor A, Kubelka M, Sun D, Spruck C. CKS1 Germ Line Exclusion Is Essential for the Transition from Meiosis to Early Embryonic Development. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:e00590-18. [PMID: 30988159 PMCID: PMC6580707 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00590-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle (Cdc) kinase subunit (CKS) proteins bind cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and play important roles in cell division control and development, though their precise molecular functions are not fully understood. Mammals express two closely related paralogs called CKS1 and CKS2, but only CKS2 is expressed in the germ line, indicating that it is solely responsible for regulating CDK functions in meiosis. Using cks2-/- knockout mice, we show that CKS2 is a crucial regulator of maturation-promoting factor (MPF; CDK1-cyclin A/B) activity in meiosis. cks2-/- oocytes display reduced and delayed MPF activity during meiotic progression, leading to defects in germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activation, and meiotic spindle assembly. cks2-/- germ cells express significantly reduced levels of the MPF components CDK1 and cyclins A1/B1. Additionally, injection of MPF plus CKS2, but not MPF alone, restored normal GVBD in cks2-/- oocytes, demonstrating that GVBD is driven by a CKS2-dependent function of MPF. Moreover, we generated cks2cks1/cks1 knock-in mice and found that CKS1 can compensate for CKS2 in meiosis in vivo, but homozygous embryos arrested development at the 2- to 5-cell stage. Collectively, our results show that CKS2 is a crucial regulator of MPF functions in meiosis and that its paralog, CKS1, must be excluded from the germ line for proper embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Ellederova
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford | Burnham | Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Sonia Del Rincon
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford | Burnham | Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marketa Koncicka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Germ Cells, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Susor
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Germ Cells, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kubelka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Germ Cells, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Dahui Sun
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford | Burnham | Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Charles Spruck
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford | Burnham | Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Zhao H, Zhang S, Wu X, Pan C, Li X, Lei C, Chen H, Lan X. DNA methylation pattern of the goat PITX1 gene and its effects on milk performance. Arch Anim Breed 2019; 62:59-68. [PMID: 31807614 PMCID: PMC6852879 DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-59-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) is a pivotal
gene in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which is a well-known
pathway affecting lactation performance. The aim of this study was to analyze
the DNA methylation profile of the PITX1 gene and its relevance to
milk performance in Xinong Saanen dairy goats; thus, potential epigenetic
markers of lactation performance were identified. A total of 267 goat blood
samples were divided into “low” and “high” groups according to two milk
traits: the average milk yield (AMY) and the average milk density (AMD). One
CpG island in the 3′-flanking region of the PITX1 gene was
identified as being related to milk performance. Fisher's exact test
demonstrated that the methylation rates of the overall CpG island and the 3rd
and 12th CpG-dinucleotide loci in the blood were significantly associated
with the AMY, and the overall methylation rate of the high AMY group was
relative hypomethylation compared with the low AMY group. The overall
methylation rates of this CpG island in mammary gland tissue from dry and
lactation periods again exhibited a significant difference: the lactation
period showed relative hypomethylation compared with the dry period.
Bioinformatic transcription factor binding site prediction identified some
lactation performance related transcription factors in this CpG island, such
as CTCF, STAT, SMAD, CDEF, SP1, and KLFS. Briefly, overall methylation
changes of the CpG island in the PITX1 gene are relevant to
lactation performance, which will be valuable for future studies and
epigenetic marker-assisted selection (eMAS) in the breeding of goats with
respect to lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sihuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xianfeng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiangchen Li
- Institute of Beijing Animal Science and Veterinary, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Suppression of cell cycle progression by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor PJ34 in neural stem/progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:59-64. [PMID: 30665718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) express higher levels of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) than mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Inhibition of PARP induces the expression of several genes in the p53 signaling pathway, including p21, which is critical for cell cycle control at the G1/S phase, triggers apoptosis, and suppresses cell cycle progression in NSPCs. However, upon the up-regulation of p21, the cell cycle does not arrest at any specific phase. In the present study, the expression of genes specific to the G1/S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle were analyzed following treatment with PJ34 (N-[6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-phenanthridin-2-yl]-N,N-dimethylacetamide), an inhibitor of PARP. PJ34 treatment dramatically down-regulated cyclin B1 expression in NSPCs, but not in MEFs, which was confirmed by a promoter assay. Down-regulation of FoxM1 and B-MYB revealed that the down-regulation of cyclin B occurs at the transcriptional level. GADD45 was also specifically up-regulated in NSPCs. Taken together, the activation of p53 by PJ34 treatment in NSPCs induced changes in the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that PJ34 treatment suppressed G2/M to G1 progression in NSPCs, but not in MEFs. These data indicate that PJ34 treatment inhibits cyclin expression at the mRNA level and suppresses cell cycle progression in NSPCs.
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37
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Takeuchi T, Benning C. Nitrogen-dependent coordination of cell cycle, quiescence and TAG accumulation in Chlamydomonas. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:292. [PMID: 31890020 PMCID: PMC6927116 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae hold great promises as sustainable cellular factories for the production of alternative fuels, feeds, and biopharmaceuticals for human health. While the biorefinery approach for fuels along with the coproduction of high-value compounds with industrial, therapeutic, or nutraceutical applications have the potential to make algal biofuels more economically viable, a number of challenges continue to hamper algal production systems at all levels. One such hurdle includes the metabolic trade-off often observed between the increased yields of desired products, such as triacylglycerols (TAG), and the growth of an organism. Initial genetic engineering strategies to improve lipid productivity in microalgae, which focused on overproducing the enzymes involved in fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis or inactivating competing carbon (C) metabolism, have seen some successes albeit at the cost of often greatly reduced biomass. Emergent approaches that aim at modifying the dynamics of entire metabolic pathways by engineering of pertinent transcription factors or signaling networks appear to have successfully achieved a balance between growth and neutral lipid accumulation. However, the biological knowledge of key signaling networks and molecular components linking these two processes is still incomplete in photosynthetic eukaryotes, making it difficult to optimize metabolic engineering strategies for microalgae. Here, we focus on nitrogen (N) starvation of the model green microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to present the current understanding of the nutrient-dependent switch between proliferation and quiescence, and the drastic reprogramming of metabolism that results in the storage of C compounds following N starvation. We discuss the potential components mediating the transcriptional repression of cell cycle genes and the establishment of quiescence in Chlamydomonas, and highlight the importance of signaling pathways such as those governed by the target of rapamycin (TOR) and sucrose nonfermenting-related (SnRK) kinases in the coordination of metabolic status with cellular growth. A better understanding of how the cell division cycle is regulated in response to nutrient scarcity and of the signaling pathways linking cellular growth to energy and lipid homeostasis, is essential to improve the prospects of biofuels and biomass production in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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38
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Effects of Beclin 1 overexpression on aggressive phenotypes of colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:2441-2450. [PMID: 30675309 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beclin 1 is involved in autophagy, differentiation, apoptosis and cancer progression, and functions as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the function of Beclin 1 in colon cancer. A Beclin 1-expressing plasmid was transfected into HCT-15 and HCT-116 cells, and the phenotypes and associated molecules were determined. Beclin 1 transfectants were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to determine tumor growth, and proliferation and apoptosis levels using Ki-67 immunostaining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. Beclin 1 overexpression inhibited viability as determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, inhibited migration and invasion as determined using a wound healing assay or Transwell assay, and lamellipodia formation by filamentous actin staining, induced autophagy as determined using electron microscopy, and light chain 3B (LC-3B) expression, and apoptosis as determined using Annexin V staining in the two cell lines (P<0.05). Beclin 1 induced G2 arrest of HCT-15 transfectants as determined using propidium iodide staining (P<0.05), whereas HCT-116 transfectants were arrested in G1 phase (P<0.05). The two transfectants exhibited increased expression of c-Myc, cyclin D1, β-catenin, insulin-response element 1 and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein compared with the control and mock cells as determined using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (P<0.05). Beclin 1 overexpression upregulated LC-3B and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression, but downregulated cyclin E expression of the cancer cell lines as determined using western blot analysis (P<0.05). Beclin 1 expression in vivo significantly suppressed the proliferation of colon cancer cells in xenograft models via inducing apoptosis by TUNEL, and inhibiting proliferation by Ki-67 expression (P<0.05). Beclin 1 overexpression may reverse aggressive phenotypes and suppress colon cancer tumor growth, and be employed as a target molecule for gene therapy of patients with colon cancer.
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39
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Park AM, Tsunoda I, Yoshie O. Heat shock protein 27 promotes cell cycle progression by down-regulating E2F transcription factor 4 and retinoblastoma family protein p130. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15815-15826. [PMID: 30166342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) protects cells under stress. Here, we demonstrate that HSP27 also promotes cell cycle progression of MRC-5 human lung fibroblast cells. Serum starvation for 24 h induced G1 arrest in these cells, and upon serum refeeding, the cells initiated cell cycle progression accompanied by an increase in HSP27 protein levels. HSP27 levels peaked at 12 h, and transcriptional up-regulation of six G2/M-related genes (CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNB2, CDC25C, CDCA3, and CDK1) peaked at 24-48 h. siRNA-mediated HSP27 silencing in proliferating MRC-5 cells induced G2 arrest coinciding with down-regulation of these six genes. Of note, the promoters of all of these genes have the cell cycle-dependent element and/or the cell cycle gene-homology region. These promoter regions are known to be bound by the E2F family proteins (E2F-1 to E2F-8) and retinoblastoma (RB) family proteins (RB1, p107, and p130), among which E2F-4 and p130 were strongly up-regulated in HSP27-knockdown cells. E2F-4 or p130 knockdown concomitant with the HSP27 knockdown rescued MRC-5 cells from G2 arrest and up-regulated the six cell cycle genes. Moreover, we observed cellular senescence in MRC-5 cells on day 3 after the HSP27 knockdown, as evidenced by increased senescence-associated β-gal activity and up-regulated inflammatory cytokines. The cellular senescence was also suppressed by the concomitant knockdown of E2F-4/HSP27 or p130/HSP27. Our findings indicate that HSP27 promotes cell cycle progression of MRC-5 cells by suppressing expression of the transcriptional repressors E2F-4 and p130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Mee Park
- From the Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan and
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- From the Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan and
| | - Osamu Yoshie
- From the Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan and.,the Health and Kampo Institute, 1-11-10 Murasakiyama, Sendai, Miyagi 981-3205, Japan
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40
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Omaga CA, Fleming AM, Burrows CJ. The Fifth Domain in the G-Quadruplex-Forming Sequence of the Human NEIL3 Promoter Locks DNA Folding in Response to Oxidative Damage. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2958-2970. [PMID: 29718661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA oxidation is an inevitable and usually detrimental process, but the cell is capable of reversing this state because the cell possesses a highly developed set of DNA repair machineries, including the DNA glycosylase NEIL3 that is encoded by the NEIL3 gene. In this work, the G-rich promoter region of the human NEIL3 gene was shown to fold into a dynamic G-quadruplex (G4) structure under nearly physiological conditions using spectroscopic techniques (e.g., nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and ultraviolet-visible) and DNA polymerase stop assays. The presence of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG) modified the properties of the NEIL3 G4 and entailed the recruitment of the fifth domain to function as a "spare tire", in which an undamaged fifth G-track is swapped for the damaged section of the G4. The polymerase stop assay findings also revealed that owing to its dynamic polymorphism, the NEIL3 G4 is more readily bypassed by DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) than well-known oncogene G4s are. This study identifies the NEIL3 promoter possessing a G-rich element that can adopt a G4 fold, and when OG is incorporated, the sequence can lock into a more stable G4 fold via recruitment of the fifth track of Gs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Omaga
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
| | - Aaron M Fleming
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
| | - Cynthia J Burrows
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
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41
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Wang P, Han W, Ma D. Virtual Sorting Has a Distinctive Advantage in Identification of Anticorrelated Genes and Further Negative Regulators of Immune Cell Subpopulations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:4155-4164. [PMID: 29093063 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are highly plastic in both gene expression and cell phenotype. We have established a method of gene expressional plasticity and virtual sorting to evaluate immune cell subpopulations and their characteristic genes in human CD4+ T cells. In this study, we continued to investigate the informatics mechanism on the effectiveness of virtual sorting. We found that virtual sorting had an overall positive correlation to the Pearson correlation in the identification of positively correlated genes. However, owing to nonlinear biological anticorrelation, virtual sorting showed a distinctive advantage for anticorrelated genes, suggesting an important role in the identification of negative regulators. In addition, based on virtual sorting results, we identified two basic gene sets among highly plastic genes, i.e., highly plastic cell cycle-associated molecules and highly plastic immune and defense response-associated molecules. Genes within each set tended to be positively connected, but genes between two sets were often anticorrelated. Further analysis revealed preferential transcription factor binding motifs existed between highly plastic cell cycle-associated molecules and highly plastic immune and defense response-associated molecules. Our results strongly suggested predetermined regulation, which was called an immune cell internal phenotype, should exist and could be mined by virtual sorting analysis. This provided efficient functional clues to study immune cell phenotypes and their regulation. Moreover, the current substantial virtual sorting results in both CD4+ T cells and B cells provide a useful resource for big-data-driven experimental studies and knowledge discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingzhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; .,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing 100191, China; and .,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenling Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing 100191, China; and.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dalong Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing 100191, China; and.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100191, China
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42
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Cell cycle arrest through indirect transcriptional repression by p53: I have a DREAM. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:114-132. [PMID: 29125603 PMCID: PMC5729532 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the p53 tumor suppressor can lead to cell cycle arrest. The key mechanism of p53-mediated arrest is transcriptional downregulation of many cell cycle genes. In recent years it has become evident that p53-dependent repression is controlled by the p53–p21–DREAM–E2F/CHR pathway (p53–DREAM pathway). DREAM is a transcriptional repressor that binds to E2F or CHR promoter sites. Gene regulation and deregulation by DREAM shares many mechanistic characteristics with the retinoblastoma pRB tumor suppressor that acts through E2F elements. However, because of its binding to E2F and CHR elements, DREAM regulates a larger set of target genes leading to regulatory functions distinct from pRB/E2F. The p53–DREAM pathway controls more than 250 mostly cell cycle-associated genes. The functional spectrum of these pathway targets spans from the G1 phase to the end of mitosis. Consequently, through downregulating the expression of gene products which are essential for progression through the cell cycle, the p53–DREAM pathway participates in the control of all checkpoints from DNA synthesis to cytokinesis including G1/S, G2/M and spindle assembly checkpoints. Therefore, defects in the p53–DREAM pathway contribute to a general loss of checkpoint control. Furthermore, deregulation of DREAM target genes promotes chromosomal instability and aneuploidy of cancer cells. Also, DREAM regulation is abrogated by the human papilloma virus HPV E7 protein linking the p53–DREAM pathway to carcinogenesis by HPV. Another feature of the pathway is that it downregulates many genes involved in DNA repair and telomere maintenance as well as Fanconi anemia. Importantly, when DREAM function is lost, CDK inhibitor drugs employed in cancer treatment such as Palbociclib, Abemaciclib and Ribociclib can compensate for defects in early steps in the pathway upstream from cyclin/CDK complexes. In summary, the p53–p21–DREAM–E2F/CHR pathway controls a plethora of cell cycle genes, can contribute to cell cycle arrest and is a target for cancer therapy.
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Goetsch PD, Garrigues JM, Strome S. Loss of the Caenorhabditis elegans pocket protein LIN-35 reveals MuvB's innate function as the repressor of DREAM target genes. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007088. [PMID: 29091720 PMCID: PMC5683655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The DREAM (Dp/Retinoblastoma(Rb)-like/E2F/MuvB) transcriptional repressor complex acts as a gatekeeper of the mammalian cell cycle by establishing and maintaining cellular quiescence. How DREAM’s three functional components, the E2F-DP heterodimer, the Rb-like pocket protein, and the MuvB subcomplex, form and function at target gene promoters remains unknown. The current model invokes that the pocket protein links E2F-DP and MuvB and is essential for gene repression. We tested this model by assessing how the conserved yet less redundant DREAM system in Caenorhabditis elegans is affected by absence of the sole C. elegans pocket protein LIN-35. Using a LIN-35 protein null mutant, we analyzed the assembly of E2F-DP and MuvB at promoters that are bound by DREAM and the level of expression of those "DREAM target genes" in embryos. We report that LIN-35 indeed mediates the association of E2F-DP and MuvB, a function that stabilizes DREAM subunit occupancy at target genes. In the absence of LIN-35, the occupancy of E2F-DP and MuvB at most DREAM target genes decreases dramatically and many of those genes become upregulated. The retention of E2F-DP and MuvB at some target gene promoters in lin-35 null embryos allowed us to test their contribution to DREAM target gene repression. Depletion of MuvB, but not E2F-DP, in the sensitized lin-35 null background caused further upregulation of DREAM target genes. We conclude that the pocket protein functions primarily to support MuvB-mediated repression of DREAM targets and that transcriptional repression is the innate function of the evolutionarily conserved MuvB complex. Our findings provide important insights into how mammalian DREAM assembly and disassembly may regulate gene expression and the cell cycle. The 8-subunit DREAM transcriptional repressor complex contains 3 functional components that together control expression of cell cycle and developmental genes. How the E2F-DP transcription factor heterodimer, the pocket protein, and the highly conserved MuvB complex coalesce on chromatin and repress DREAM target genes has yet to be determined. We directly tested the prevailing model that the DREAM pocket protein links E2F-DP to MuvB and is required for gene repression. Using a protein null mutant of the sole C. elegans pocket protein LIN-35, we demonstrate that the pocket protein indeed links E2F-DP and MuvB, which aids in the stable occupancy of DREAM components near target genes. Depletion of additional DREAM components in lin-35 null worms revealed that the remaining chromatin-bound MuvB represses target genes. We conclude that the MuvB subcomplex mediates DREAM’s critical repressive function. Our functional genomics approach in the simplified C. elegans system reveals that the ancestral function of the pocket protein is to stabilize the innate repressive activity of MuvB, ensuring proper regulation of DREAM target genes through development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Goetsch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jacob M. Garrigues
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Strome
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fischer M, Müller GA. Cell cycle transcription control: DREAM/MuvB and RB-E2F complexes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:638-662. [PMID: 28799433 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1360836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The precise timing of cell cycle gene expression is critical for the control of cell proliferation; de-regulation of this timing promotes the formation of cancer and leads to defects during differentiation and development. Entry into and progression through S phase requires expression of genes coding for proteins that function in DNA replication. Expression of a distinct set of genes is essential to pass through mitosis and cytokinesis. Expression of these groups of cell cycle-dependent genes is regulated by the RB pocket protein family, the E2F transcription factor family, and MuvB complexes together with B-MYB and FOXM1. Distinct combinations of these transcription factors promote the transcription of the two major groups of cell cycle genes that are maximally expressed either in S phase (G1/S) or in mitosis (G2/M). In this review, we discuss recent work that has started to uncover the molecular mechanisms controlling the precisely timed expression of these genes at specific cell cycle phases, as well as the repression of the genes when a cell exits the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fischer
- a Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Department of Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Gerd A Müller
- a Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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Cheng MH, Andrejka L, Vorster PJ, Hinman A, Lipsick JS. The Drosophila LIN54 homolog Mip120 controls two aspects of oogenesis. Biol Open 2017; 6:967-978. [PMID: 28522430 PMCID: PMC5550918 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved multi-protein MuvB core associates with the Myb oncoproteins and with the RB-E2F-DP tumor suppressor proteins in complexes that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Drosophila Mip120, a homolog of LIN54, is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein within the MuvB core. A mutant of Drosophilamip120 was previously shown to cause female and male sterility. We now show that Mip120 regulates two different aspects of oogenesis. First, in the absence of the Mip120 protein, egg chambers arrest during the transition from stage 7 to 8 with a failure of the normal program of chromosomal dynamics in the ovarian nurse cells. Specifically, the decondensation, disassembly and dispersion of the endoreplicated polytene chromosomes fail to occur without Mip120. The conserved carboxy-terminal DNA-binding and protein-protein interaction domains of Mip120 are necessary but not sufficient for this process. Second, we show that a lack of Mip120 causes a dramatic increase in the expression of benign gonial cell neoplasm (bgcn), a gene that is normally expressed in only a small number of cells within the ovary including the germline stem cells. Summary:Drosophila Mip120/LIN54, regulates ovarian nurse cell chromosome disassembly and germline-specific gene expression. These functions of Mip120 require its less conserved N-terminus in addition to its CXC DNA-binding and HCH protein-interaction domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hsin Cheng
- Departments of Pathology, Genetics, and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Laura Andrejka
- Departments of Pathology, Genetics, and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Paul J Vorster
- Departments of Pathology, Genetics, and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Albert Hinman
- Departments of Pathology, Genetics, and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Joseph S Lipsick
- Departments of Pathology, Genetics, and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
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Minute Virus of Mice Inhibits Transcription of the Cyclin B1 Gene during Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00428-17. [PMID: 28446681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00428-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of minute virus of mice (MVM) induces a sustained cellular DNA damage response (DDR) which the virus then exploits to prepare the nuclear environment for effective parvovirus takeover. An essential aspect of the MVM-induced DDR is the establishment of a potent premitotic block, which we previously found to be independent of activated p21 and ATR/Chk1 signaling. This arrest, unlike others reported previously, depends upon a significant, specific depletion of cyclin B1 and its encoding RNA, which precludes cyclin B1/CDK1 complex function, thus preventing mitotic entry. We show here that while the stability of cyclin B1 RNA was not affected by MVM infection, the production of nascent cyclin B1 RNA was substantially diminished at late times postinfection. Ectopic expression of NS1 alone did not reduce cyclin B1 expression. MVM infection also reduced the levels of cyclin B1 protein, and RNA levels normally increased in response to DNA-damaging reagents. We demonstrated that at times of reduced cyclin B1 expression during infection, there was a significantly reduced occupancy of RNA polymerase II and the essential mitotic transcription factor FoxM1 on the cyclin B1 gene promoter. Additionally, while total FoxM1 levels remained constant, there was a significant decrease of the phosphorylated, likely active, forms of FoxM1. Targeting of a constitutively active FoxM1 construct or the activation domain of FoxM1 to the cyclin B1 gene promoter via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-enzymatically inactive Cas9 in MVM-infected cells increased both cyclin B1 protein and RNA levels, implicating FoxM1 as a critical target for cyclin B1 inhibition during MVM infection.IMPORTANCE Replication of the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) induces a sustained cellular DNA damage response (DDR) which the virus exploits to prepare the nuclear environment for effective takeover. An essential aspect of the MVM-induced DDR is establishment of a potent premitotic block. This block depends upon a significant, specific depletion of cyclin B1 and its encoding RNA that precludes cyclin B1/CDK1 complex functions necessary for mitotic entry. We show that reduced cyclin B1 expression is controlled primarily at the level of transcription initiation. Additionally, the essential mitotic transcription factor FoxM1 and RNA polymerase II were found to occupy the cyclin B1 gene promoter at reduced levels during infection. Recruiting a constitutively active FoxM1 construct or the activation domain of FoxM1 to the cyclin B1 gene promoter via CRISPR-catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) in MVM-infected cells increased expression of both cyclin B1 protein and RNA, implicating FoxM1 as a critical target mediating MVM-induced cyclin B1 inhibition.
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Fischer M, Uxa S, Stanko C, Magin TM, Engeland K. Human papilloma virus E7 oncoprotein abrogates the p53-p21-DREAM pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2603. [PMID: 28572607 PMCID: PMC5453983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High risk human papilloma viruses cause several types of cancer. The HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 are essential for oncogenic cell transformation. E6 mediates the degradation of the tumor suppressor p53, and E7 can form complexes with the retinoblastoma pRB tumor suppressor. Recently, it has been shown that HPV E7 can also interfere with the function of the DREAM transcriptional repressor complex. Disruption of DREAM-dependent transcriptional repression leads to untimely early expression of central cell cycle regulators. The p53-p21-DREAM pathway represents one important means of cell cycle checkpoint activation by p53. By activating this pathway, p53 can downregulate transcription of genes controlled by DREAM. Here, we present a genome-wide ranked list of genes deregulated by HPV E7 expression and relate it to datasets of cell cycle genes and DREAM targets. We find that DREAM targets are generally deregulated after E7 expression. Furthermore, our analysis shows that p53-dependent downregulation of DREAM targets is abrogated when HPV E7 is expressed. Thus, p53 checkpoint control is impaired by HPV E7 independently of E6. In summary, our analysis reveals that disruption of DREAM through the HPV E7 oncoprotein upregulates most, if not all, cell cycle genes and impairs p53's control of cell cycle checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fischer
- Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sigrid Uxa
- Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clara Stanko
- Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Dolatabadi S, Candia J, Akrap N, Vannas C, Tesan Tomic T, Losert W, Landberg G, Åman P, Ståhlberg A. Cell Cycle and Cell Size Dependent Gene Expression Reveals Distinct Subpopulations at Single-Cell Level. Front Genet 2017; 8:1. [PMID: 28179914 PMCID: PMC5263129 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. Individual unsynchronized cells from three different cell lines were collected in different cell cycle phases (G0/G1 - S - G2/M) with variable cell sizes. We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. To identify the most predictive genes we used a variable selection strategy. Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Dolatabadi
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julián Candia
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA; Department of Physics, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Nina Akrap
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Vannas
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tajana Tesan Tomic
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Göran Landberg
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pierre Åman
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
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Magyar Z, Bögre L, Ito M. DREAMs make plant cells to cycle or to become quiescent. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 34:100-106. [PMID: 27816815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle phase specific oscillation of gene transcription has long been recognized as an underlying principle for ordered processes during cell proliferation. The G1/S-specific and G2/M-specific cohorts of genes in plants are regulated by the E2F and the MYB3R transcription factors. Mutant analysis suggests that activator E2F functions might not be fully required for cell cycle entry. In contrast, the two activator-type MYB3Rs are part of positive feedback loops to drive the burst of mitotic gene expression, which is necessary at least to accomplish cytokinesis. Repressor MYB3Rs act outside the mitotic time window during cell cycle progression, and are important for the shutdown of mitotic genes to impose quiescence in mature organs. The two distinct classes of E2Fs and MYB3Rs together with the RETINOBLATOMA RELATED are part of multiprotein complexes that may be evolutionary related to what is known as DREAM complex in animals. In plants, there are multiple such complexes with distinct compositions and functions that may be involved in the coordinated cell cycle and developmental regulation of E2F targets and mitotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Magyar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bögre
- Royal Holloway, University of London, School of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; JST, CREST, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Chang MC, Tsai YL, Liou EJW, Tang CM, Wang TM, Liu HC, Liao MW, Yeung SY, Chan CP, Jeng JH. Effect of Butyrate on Collagen Expression, Cell Viability, Cell Cycle Progression and Related Proteins Expression of MG-63 Osteoblastic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165438. [PMID: 27893752 PMCID: PMC5125573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Butyric acid is one major metabolic product generated by anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria of periodontal and root canal infection. Butyric acid affects the activity of periodontal cells such as osteoblasts. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of butyrate on MG-63 osteoblasts. Methods MG-63 cells were exposed to butyrate and cell viability was estimated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The mRNA and protein expression of type I collagen and cell cycle-related proteins were measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting or immunofluorescent staining. Cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence flow cytometry. Results Exposure to butyrate suppressed cell proliferation, and induced G2/M (8 and 16 mM) cell cycle arrest of MG-63 cells. Some cell apoptosis was noted. The mRNA expression of cdc2 and cyclin-B1 decreased after exposure to butyrate. The protein expression of type I collagen, cdc2 and cyclin B1 were decreased, whereas the expression of p21, p27 and p57 was stimulated. Under the treatment of butyrate, ROS production in MG-63 cells markedly increased. Conclusions The secretion of butyric acid by periodontal and root canal microorganisms may inhibit bone cell growth and matrix turnover. This is possibly due to induction of cell cycle arrest and ROS generation and inhibition of collagen expression. These results suggest the involvement of butyric acid in the pathogenesis of periodontal and periapical tissue destruction by impairing bone healing responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-Mei Tang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Mei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Wei Liao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yuet Yeung
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Po Chan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CPC); (JHJ)
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CPC); (JHJ)
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