3D bio scaffold support osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

The regeneration of osteochondral lesions by tissue engineering techniques is challenging due to the lack of physicochemical characteristics and dual-lineage (osteogenesis and chondrogenesis). A scaffold with better mechanical properties and dual lineage capability is required for the regeneration of osteochondral defects. In this study, a hydrogel prepared from decellularized human umbilical cord tissue was developed and evaluated for osteochondral regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the umbilical cord were seeded with hydrogel for 28 days, and cell-hydrogel composites were cultured in basal and osteogenic media. Alizarin red staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescent staining were used to confirm that the hydrogel was biocompatible and capable of inducing osteogenic differentiation in umbilical cord-derived MSCs. The findings demonstrate that human MSCs differentiated into an osteogenic lineage following 28 days of cultivation in basal and osteoinductive media. The expression was higher in the cell-hydrogel composites cultured in osteoinductive media, as evidenced by increased levels of messenger RNA and protein expression of osteogenic markers as compared to basal media cultured cell-hydrogel composites. Additionally, calcium deposits were also observed, which provide additional evidence of osteogenic differentiation. The findings demonstrate that the hydrogel is biocompatible with MSCs and possesses osteoinductive capability in vitro. It may be potentially useful for osteochondral regeneration.

Structural and physical properties of Ni1-xVxalloys around and away from quantum critical point

We investigate the room temperature structure (global and local), temperature dependent magnetic and transport behaviour of Ni1-xVx(0⩽x⩽0.13) alloys. Our Energy Dispersive Analysis of x-rays results show that the prepared compositions are stoichiometric. With increase in V doping, the compounds exhibit a quantum phase transition aroundxc= 0.12, where the ferromagnetic phase is suppressed. Our results show that all the compounds stabilize in face centred cubic structure at RT and the lattice parameter shows unusual behaviour close toxc. The magnetic and heat capacity studies show signature of Griffiths phase on either side ofxc. From 25 K to the lowest collected temperature, we observe a linear T dependence of resistivity atx = 0.1 and aroundxc, which is separated by a Fermi-liquid region aroundx = 0.106. This suggests that the origin of the transport behaviour is different around the quantum critical point and away from it. Our Ni K-edge x-ray Absorption Spectroscopy results show that there is a significant reduction in the first coordination number around Ni central atom on doping. Further, with doping, there is distortion in the first coordination shell around Ni. This suggests, with V doping, the local structure around Ni is different from the global structure as obtained from the x-ray Diffraction results. Interestingly, with doping, we observe a direct connection between the extent of distortion at RT and the magnetic disorder obtained at 2 K. We believe our results will motivate the scientific community to further study the interplay between the structural disorder and quantum fluctuations with temperature at the local level.

Frequency, distribution and determinants of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults and adolescents with gastric symptoms: cross-sectional epidemiological inquiry in district Haripur, Pakistan

Abstract Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a vital element in the etiology of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. This research aimed to determine the frequency, distribution, and determinants of HP infection in adults and adolescents with gastric symptoms in district Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was performed from June 2018 to June 2020 at the Medical Laboratory Technology Department, The University of Haripur, Pakistan. Presence of HP was a research variable, while sex, age groups, education status, overcrowding, dining habits, milk intake, drinking water source and animal contact were grouping variables. Immuno-chromatographic technique (ICT) was used to for serological detection of HP antibodies. All variables were represented by frequency and percentage with 95%CI. Prevalence of HP and its distribution by eight socio-demographic variables was testified by the chi-square goodness-of-fit test while association was testified by chi-square test of association. Out of total 1160 cases, 557 (48%) were positive for HP. Population prevalence was higher in men, in the age group 20-40 years, illiterate, family size ≤ 10 persons, taking restaurant food, using tetra pack, using municipal water, and having animal contact. The observed prevalence of HP was similar to its expected prevalence in the population. The observed distribution of HP in the sample was different from its expected distribution in population by eight socio-demographic variables. Presence of HP was associated with all eight socio-demographic variables besides age groups.

Zinc enhances the cell adhesion, migration, and self-renewal potential of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells

BACKGROUND

Zinc (Zn) is the second most abundant trace element after Fe, present in the human body. It is frequently reported in association with cell growth and proliferation, and its deficiency is considered to be a major disease contributing factor.

AIM

To determine the effect of Zn on in vitro growth and proliferation of human umbilical cord (hUC)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

METHODS

hUC-MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord tissue and characterized based on immunocytochemistry, immunophenotyping, and tri-lineage differentiation. The impact of Zn on cytotoxicity and proliferation was determined by MTT and Alamar blue assay. To determine the effect of Zn on population doubling time (PDT), hUC-MSCs were cultured in media with and without Zn for several passages. An in vitro scratch assay was performed to analyze the effect of Zn on the wound healing and migration capability of hUC-MSCs. A cell adhesion assay was used to test the surface adhesiveness of hUC-MSCs. Transcriptional analysis of genes involved in the cell cycle, proliferation, migration, and self-renewal of hUC-MSCs was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression of Lin28, a pluripotency marker, was analyzed by immunocytochemistry.

RESULTS

Zn at lower concentrations enhanced the rate of proliferation but at higher concentrations (> 100 µM), showed concentration dependent cytotoxicity in hUC-MSCs. hUC-MSCs treated with Zn exhibited a significantly greater healing and migration rate compared to untreated cells. Zn also increased the cell adhesion rate, and colony forming efficiency (CFE). In addition, Zn upregulated the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle (CDC20, CDK1, CCNA2, CDCA2), proliferation (transforming growth factor β1, GDF5, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α), migration (CXCR4, VCAM1, VEGF-A), and self-renewal (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG) of hUC-MSCs. Expression of Lin28 protein was significantly increased in cells treated with Zn.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that zinc enhances the proliferation rate of hUC-MSCs decreasing the PDT, and maintaining the CFE. Zn also enhances the cell adhesion, migration, and self-renewal of hUC-MSCs. These results highlight the essential role of Zn in cell growth and development.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Protect Rat Nucleus Pulposus Cells from Oxidative Stress

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress (OS) is mainly associated with the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration; it causes nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) to undergo senescence and triggers autophagy and apoptosis. This study aims to evaluate the regeneration potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in an in vitro rat NPC-induced OS model.

DESIGN

NPCs were isolated from rat coccygeal discs, propagated, and characterized. OS was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which is confirmed by 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA) assay. EVs were isolated from hUC-MSCs and characterized by analyzing the vesicles using fluorescence microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Western blot (WB). The in vitro effects of EVs on migration, uptake, and survival of NPCs were determined.

RESULTS

SEM and AFM topographic images revealed the size distribution of EVs. The phenotypes of isolated EVs showed that the size of EVs was 403.3 ± 85.94 nm, and the zeta potential was -0.270 ± 4.02 mV. Protein expression analysis showed that EVs were positive for CD81 and annexin V. Treatment of NPCs with EVs reduced H₂O₂-induced OS as evidenced by a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Co-culture of NPCs with DiI-labeled EVs showed the cellular internalization of EVs. In the scratch assay, EVs significantly increased NPC proliferation and migration toward the scratched area. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that EVs significantly reduced the expression of OS genes.

CONCLUSION

EVs protected NPCs from H₂O₂-induced OS by reducing intracellular ROS generation and improved NPC proliferation and migration.

Co-regulation of Sox9 and TGFβ1 transcription factors in mesenchymal stem cells regenerated the intervertebral disc degeneration

Background

Intervertebral disc (IVD) shows aging and degenerative changes earlier than any other body connective tissue. Its repair and regeneration provide a considerable challenge in regenerative medicine due to its high degree of infrastructure and mechanical complexity. Mesenchymal stem cells, due to their tissue resurfacing potential, represent many explanatory pathways to regenerate a tissue breakdown.

Methods

This study was undertaken to evaluate the co-regulation of Sox9 and TGFβ1 in differentiating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSC) into chondrocytes. The combinatorial impact of Sox9 and TGFβ1 on hUC-MSCs was examined in vitro by gene expression and immunocytochemical staining. In in vivo, an animal model of IVD degeneration was established under a fluoroscopic guided system through needle puncture of the caudal disc. Normal and transfected MSCs were transplanted. Oxidative stress, pain, and inflammatory markers were evaluated by qPCR. Disc height index (DHI), water content, and gag content were analyzed. Histological examinations were performed to evaluate the degree of regeneration.

Results

hUC-MSC transfected with Sox9+TGFβ1 showed a noticeable morphological appearance of a chondrocyte, and highly expressed chondrogenic markers (aggrecan, Sox9, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and type II collagens) after transfection. Histological observation demonstrated that cartilage regeneration, extracellular matrix synthesis, and collagen remodeling were significant upon staining with H&E, Alcian blue, and Masson's trichrome stain on day 14. Additionally, oxidative stress, pain, and inflammatory markers were positively downregulated in the animals transplanted with Sox9 and TGFβ1 transfected MSCs.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that the combinatorial effect of Sox9 and TGFβ1 substantially accelerates the chondrogenesis in hUC-MSCs. Cartilage regeneration and matrix synthesis were significantly enhanced. Therefore, a synergistic effect of Sox9 and TGFβ1 could be an immense therapeutic combination in the tissue engineering of cartilaginous joint bio-prostheses and a novel candidate for cartilage stabilization.

Infection Dynamics of Clostridium perfringens Fingerprinting in Buffalo and Cattle of Punjab Province, Pakistan

Clostridium perfringens produces core virulence factors that are responsible for causing hemorrhagic abomasitis and enterotoxemia making food, animals, and humans susceptible to its infection. In this study, C. perfringens was isolated from necropsied intestinal content of buffalo and cattle belonging to four major bovine-producing regions in the Punjab Province of Pakistan for the purpose offind out the genetic variation. Out of total 160 bovine samples (n: 160), thirty-three (n: 33) isolates of C. perfringens were obtained from buffalo (Bubales bubalis) and cattle (Bos indicus) that were further subjected to biochemical tests; 16S rRNA based identification and toxinotyping was done using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and PFGE (Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis) pulsotypesfor genetic diversity. Occurrence of C. perfringens was found to be maximum in zone-IV (Bhakkar and Dera Ghazi Khan) according to the heatmap. Correlation was found to be significant and positive among the toxinotypes (α-toxin, and ε-toxin). Response surface methodology (RSM) via central composite design (CCD) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) demonstrated substantial frequency of C. perfringens based toxinotypes in all sampling zones. PFGE distinguished all isolates into 26 different pulsotypes using SmaI subtyping. Co-clustering analysis based on PFGE further decoded a diversegenetic relationship among the collected isolates. This study could help us to advance toward disease array of C. perfringens and its probable transmission and control. This study demonstrates PFGE patterns from Pakistan, and typing of C. perfringens by PFGE helps illustrate and mitigate the incidence of running pulsotypes.

Evaluation of prognostic risk models for postoperative pulmonary complications in adult patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and international external validation cohort study

BACKGROUND

Stratifying risk of postoperative pulmonary complications after major abdominal surgery allows clinicians to modify risk through targeted interventions and enhanced monitoring. In this study, we aimed to identify and validate prognostic models against a new consensus definition of postoperative pulmonary complications.

METHODS

We did a systematic review and international external validation cohort study. The systematic review was done in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched MEDLINE and Embase on March 1, 2020, for articles published in English that reported on risk prediction models for postoperative pulmonary complications following abdominal surgery. External validation of existing models was done within a prospective international cohort study of adult patients (≥18 years) undergoing major abdominal surgery. Data were collected between Jan 1, 2019, and April 30, 2019, in the UK, Ireland, and Australia. Discriminative ability and prognostic accuracy summary statistics were compared between models for the 30-day postoperative pulmonary complication rate as defined by the Standardised Endpoints in Perioperative Medicine Core Outcome Measures in Perioperative and Anaesthetic Care (StEP-COMPAC). Model performance was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC).

FINDINGS

In total, we identified 2903 records from our literature search; of which, 2514 (86·6%) unique records were screened, 121 (4·8%) of 2514 full texts were assessed for eligibility, and 29 unique prognostic models were identified. Nine (31·0%) of 29 models had score development reported only, 19 (65·5%) had undergone internal validation, and only four (13·8%) had been externally validated. Data to validate six eligible models were collected in the international external validation cohort study. Data from 11 591 patients were available, with an overall postoperative pulmonary complication rate of 7·8% (n=903). None of the six models showed good discrimination (defined as AUROCC ≥0·70) for identifying postoperative pulmonary complications, with the Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia score showing the best discrimination (AUROCC 0·700 [95% CI 0·683-0·717]).

INTERPRETATION

In the pre-COVID-19 pandemic data, variability in the risk of pulmonary complications (StEP-COMPAC definition) following major abdominal surgery was poorly described by existing prognostication tools. To improve surgical safety during the COVID-19 pandemic recovery and beyond, novel risk stratification tools are required.

FUNDING

British Journal of Surgery Society.

Comparative risk of acute myocardial infarction for anti-osteoporosis drugs in primary care: a meta-analysis of propensity-matched cohort findings from the UK Clinical Practice Research Database and the Catalan SIDIAP Database

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients taking osteoporosis medication. Patients were taken from the SIDIAP or CPRD database and were matched using propensity scores. Patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease taking SERMs were at an increased risk. The results favour the cardiovascular safety of alendronate as a first-line choice for osteoporosis treatment.

INTRODUCTION

This study aims to evaluate the comparative safety of anti-osteoporosis drugs based on the observed risk of acute myocardial infarction while on treatment in a primary care setting.

METHODS

This is a propensity-matched cohort study and meta-analysis. This study was conducted in two primary care record databases covering UK NHS (CPRD) and Catalan healthcare (SIDIAP) patients during 1995-2014 and 2006-2014, respectively. The outcome was acute myocardial infarction while on treatment. Users of alendronate (reference group) were compared to those of (1) other oral bisphosphonates (OBP), (2) strontium ranelate (SR), and (3) selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM), after matching on baseline characteristics (socio-demographics, fracture risk factors, comorbidities, and concomitant drug use) using propensity scores. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data on confounders and competing risk modelling for the calculation of relative risk (sub-distribution hazard ratios (SHR)) according to therapy. Country-specific data were analysed individually and meta-analysed.

RESULTS

A 10% increased risk of acute myocardial infarction was found in users of other bisphosphonates as compared to alendronate users within CPRD. The meta-analysis of CPRD and SIDIAP results showed a 9% increased risk in users of other bisphosphonate as compared to alendronate users. Sensitivity analysis showed SERMS users with diabetes and chronic kidney disease were at an elevated risk.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides additional data on the risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients receiving osteoporosis treatment. The results favour the cardiovascular safety of alendronate as a first-line choice for osteoporosis treatment.

POS1124 EVALUATION OF COMORBIDITY PATTERNS AND IDENTIFICATION OF SUB-GROUPS IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS IN 94,720 PATIENTS FROM SPAIN

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) patients are more likely to have other comorbidities (Swain, Sarmanova et al. 2020). Improving the understanding of comorbidity profiles of OA patients may lead to improvement in their clinical care.

Objectives

To identify sub-groups in patients diagnosed with hip OA using patterns of comorbidity.

Methods

Routinely-collected data of individuals ≥18 years with an incident diagnosis of hip OA (baseline/time of diagnosis), with at least 1 year of follow-up in SIDIAP (Information System for Research in Primary Care, a primary case database from Spain) were collected from January 1st 2006 to June 31st 2020. Those with soft-tissue disorders or other bone/cartilage diseases at the same joint in the year prior/after baseline were excluded. Comorbidities associated with OA in the literature and present in ≥1% of the study population were included. Clusters of comorbidities were identified at baseline using latent class analysis (LCA), a soft clustering method that classifies individuals according to the distribution of their measured items. The number of clusters or sub-groups within the study population was decided by comparing goodness of fit parameters (CAIC, BIC, ABIC) and log-likelihood changes of models from 2 to 8 clusters. The selected model was externally evaluated by a survival analysis assessing 10 years mortality within each cluster, where the weight of the posterior probability was used as a probability of sampling weight.

Results

We identified 94,720 individuals with an incident diagnosis of hip OA, 56.3% women and 43.7% men, with a mean age (SD) of 67.2 (13.1) years. We selected the LCA model with 5 clusters that could be described as: healthier (lower prevalence of all comorbidities than average in the cohort), multimorbidity (higher prevalence of all comorbidities, multiple comorbidities), back/neck pain plus mental health (B/N-mental), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) (Figure 1). Cox regression (HR [95CI%]) showed higher mortality risk for multimorbidity (3.76 [3.70-3.83]), CVD (1.56 [1.53-1.59]) and MetS (4.56 [4.35-4.78]), compared to healthy. No difference was observed for B/N-mental cluster.

Figure 1.

Distribution of comorbidities within each cluster using latent class analysis. Clusters were described as Healthier, Multimorbidity, B/N-mental, CVD and MetS. Black horizontal lines represent the prevalence of the comorbidity before the clusterization. Abbreviations: Healthier, lower prevalence of all comorbidities; Multimorbidity, higher prevalence of all comorbidities; B/N-mental, back/neck pain plus mental health disorders; CVD, cardiovascular disease; Met, metabolic syndrome; Bhp, benign prostate hypertrophy; Chd, chronic heart disease; Chf, chronic heart failure; Ckd, chronic kidney disease; Copd, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Gbs, gall bladder stone; Gerd, gastroesophageal reflux disease; Ibd, inflammatory bowel disease; Ovd, other vessel diseases; Substance, substance abuse.

Conclusion

Clustering of co-morbidities in hip OA patients at the time of diagnosis has the potential to detect sub-groups of hip OA patients who might require additional care.

References

[1]Swain, S., A. Sarmanova, C. Coupland, M. Doherty and W. Zhang (2020). “Comorbidities in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 72(7): 991-1000.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Patient Research Participants (PRP) members Jenny Cockshull, Stevie Vanhegan, and Irene Pitsillidou for their involvement since the beginning of the project. We would like to thank the FOREUM for financially supporting the research.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

Bone markers and bone mineral density associates with periodontitis in females with poly-cystic ovarian syndrome

INTRODUCTION

Studies suggest an association between poly-cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and chronic periodontitis (CP), both being inflammatory conditions. However, insufficient evidence assesses the impact of this inflammation on bone metabolism and bone turnover markers (BTMs). The present study aimed to determine the association between BTMs, bone mineral density (BMD), and clinical periodontal parameters in PCOS women with CP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three groups, each with 40 newly diagnosed (1) PCOS+CP, (2) PCOS alone, (3) CP alone, and fourth group (n = 20) systemically and periodontally healthy females aged 18-30 years were included in the study. Full mouth clinical periodontal parameters, C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX), bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP), BMD and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (VD) were recorded for all.

RESULTS

Low BMD (0.89 ± 0.11 g/cm²), increased CTX levels (2.76 ± 4.64 ng/ml), decreased bone ALP levels (11.09 ± 6.86 ng/ml), higher VD levels (289.02 ± 168.28 nmol/l) and poor clinical periodontal status were observed in PCOS + CP females. BMD-spine showed weak positive correlation with CTX, bone ALP, VD (r = 0.02, r = 0.07, r = 0.15, respectively) in PCOS + CP group. ANCOVA depicted covariates had no confounding effect. Multiple regression model explained 21.0% for BMD-spine and 12.7% for BMD-femur of total variability signifying association with all measured parameters among all groups.

CONCLUSION

Enhanced inflammatory thrust by periodontitis increases CTX levels and decreases bone ALP and BMD levels in women with PCOS. Screening PCOS women for periodontal disease and vice versa may have a direct bearing on overall bone health.

Transcription regulators differentiate mesenchymal stem cells into chondroprogenitors, and their in vivo implantation regenerated the intervertebral disc degeneration

BACKGROUND

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the leading cause of lower back pain. Disc degeneration is characterized by reduced cellularity and decreased production of extracellular matrix (ECM). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been envisioned as a promising treatment for degenerative illnesses. Cell-based therapy using ECM-producing chondrogenic derivatives of MSCs has the potential to restore the functionality of the intervertebral disc (IVD).

AIM

To investigate the potential of chondrogenic transcription factors to promote differentiation of human umbilical cord MSCs into chondrocytes, and to assess their therapeutic potential in IVD regeneration.

METHODS

MSCs were isolated and characterized morphologically and immunologically by the expression of specific markers. MSCs were then transfected with Sox-9 and Six-1 transcription factors to direct differentiation and were assessed for chondrogenic lineage based on the expression of specific markers. These differentiated MSCs were implanted in the rat model of IVDD. The regenerative potential of transplanted cells was investigated using histochemical and molecular analyses of IVDs.

RESULTS

Isolated cells showed fibroblast-like morphology and expressed CD105, CD90, CD73, CD29, and Vimentin but not CD45 antigens. Overexpression of Sox-9 and Six-1 greatly enhanced the gene expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 gene, BMP, Sox-9, Six-1, and Aggrecan, and protein expression of Sox-9 and Six-1. The implanted cells integrated, survived, and homed in the degenerated intervertebral disc. Histological grading showed that the transfected MSCs regenerated the IVD and restored normal architecture.

CONCLUSION

Genetically modified MSCs accelerate cartilage regeneration, providing a unique opportunity and impetus for stem cell-based therapeutic approach for degenerative disc diseases.

Regulating the fate of stem cells for regenerating the intervertebral disc degeneration

Lower back pain is a leading cause of disability and is one of the reasons for the substantial socioeconomic burden. The etiology of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is complicated, and its mechanism is still not completely understood. Factors such as aging, systemic inflammation, biochemical mediators, toxic environmental factors, physical injuries, and genetic factors are involved in the progression of its pathophysiology. Currently, no therapy for restoring degenerated IVD is available except pain management, reduced physical activities, and surgical intervention. Therefore, it is imperative to establish regenerative medicine-based approaches to heal and repair the injured disc, repopulate the cell types to retain water content, synthesize extracellular matrix, and strengthen the disc to restore normal spine flexion. Cellular therapy has gained attention for IVD management as an alternative therapeutic option. In this review, we present an overview of the anatomical and molecular structure and the surrounding pathophysiology of the IVD. Modern therapeutic approaches, including proteins and growth factors, cellular and gene therapy, and cell fate regulators are reviewed. Similarly, small molecules that modulate the fate of stem cells for their differentiation into chondrocytes and notochordal cell types are highlighted.

The treatment gap after major osteoporotic fractures in Denmark 2005-2014: a combined analysis including both prescription-based and hospital-administered anti-osteoporosis medications

This study demonstrates a substantial and persistent anti-osteoporosis treatment gap in men and women ≥50 years old who sustained major osteoporotic fracture(s) between 2005 and 2014 in Denmark. This was not substantially reduced by including hospital-administered anti-osteoporosis treatments. Strengthened post-fracture organization of care and secondary fracture prevention is highly needed.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Danish anti-osteoporosis treatment gap from 2005 to 2014 in patients sustaining a major osteoporotic fracture (MOF), and to assess the impact of including hospital-administered anti-osteoporosis medications (AOM) on the treatment gap among these patients.

METHODS

In this retrospective, registry-based study, we included men and women aged 50 years or older and living in Denmark, who sustained at least one MOF between 2005 and 2014. We applied a repeated cross-sectional design to generate cohorts of patients sustaining a first MOF, hip, vertebral, humerus, or forearm fracture, respectively, within each calendar year. We evaluated the treatment gap as the proportion of patients within each cohort not receiving treatment with AOM within 1 year of the fracture. Hospital-administered AOM was identified by SKS code.

RESULTS

The treatment gap among MOF patients decreased from 85% in 2005 to 79% in 2014. The gap was smaller among hip and vertebral fracture patients as compared to humerus and forearm fracture patients, and it was smaller in women than in men. The use of hospital-administered AOM was relatively uncommon, with a maximum of 0.9% of MOF patients initiating hospital-administered AOM (in 2012). We observed substantial variations in this proportion between fracture types and gender. Hospital-administered AOM was most commonly used among vertebral fracture patients.

CONCLUSION

A significant treatment gap among patients sustaining a major osteoporotic fracture was present throughout our analysis, and including hospital-administered AOM did not significantly improve the treatment gap assessment. Improved secondary fracture prevention is urgently needed.

Current understanding of an Emerging Coronavirus using in silico approach: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Novel coronavirus (nCoV) namely "SARS-CoV-2" is being found responsible for current PANDEMIC commenced from Wuhan (China) since December 2019 and has been described with epidemiological linkage to China in about 221 countries and territories until now. In this study we have characterized the genetic lineage of SARS-CoV-2 and report the recombination within the genus and subgenus of coronaviruses. Phylogenetic relationship of thirty nine coronaviruses belonging to its four genera and five subgenera was analyzed by using the Neighbor-joining method using MEGA 6.0. Phylogenetic trees of full length genome, various proteins (spike, envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid) nucleotide sequences were constructed separately. Putative recombination was probed via RDP4. Our analysis describes that the "SARS-CoV-2" although shows great similarity to Bat-SARS-CoVs sequences through whole genome (giving sequence similarity 89%), exhibits conflicting grouping with the Bat-SARS-like coronavirus sequences (MG772933 and MG772934). Furthermore, seven recombination events were observed in SARS-CoV-2 (NC_045512) by RDP4. But not a single recombination event fulfills the high level of certainty. Recombination mostly housed in spike protein genes than rest of the genome indicating breakpoint cluster arises beyond the 95% and 99% breakpoint density intervals. Genetic similarity levels observed among "SARS-CoV-2" and Bat-SARS-CoVs advocated that the latter did not exhibit the specific variant that cause outbreak in humans, proposing a suggestion that "SARS-CoV-2" has originated possibly from bats. These genomic features and their probable association with virus characteristics along with virulence in humans require further consideration.

A Canadian single institution real-world experience using the CROSS trial regimen in the treatment of Esophageal and Gastroesophageal Junction Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Trimodality therapy using the CROSS trial protocol is an accepted standard of care for locally advanced esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancers. For medically inoperable patients, chemoradiation (CRT) has been a therapeutic option. This single institution review aimed to assess the real-world application of the CROSS trial protocol.

METHODS

This is a retrospective review of 83 patients who underwent CRT with carboplatin and paclitaxel with trimodality or definitive intent between June 2012 and June 2018. 65 patients underwent neoadjuvant CRT (NCRT); 40 had surgery. 18 had definitive CRT (DCRT). Patients' demographics, clinical, pathological, treatment and surgical characteristics were assessed. The data was analyzed in exploratory analyses and Kaplan-Meier curves.

RESULTS

For the 83 patients, the following median values were seen: RT dose 50.4 Gy, chemotherapy doses 5, time from CRT to surgery 62 days. 23% NCRT and 72% DCRT patients were ≥ 75 yrs and 49%, and 33% of these respectively had no interruptions to CRT. Patients ≥75 yrs were more likely to have DCRT (p = 0.001). Patients who underwent surgery were younger (p = 0.04). For NCRT and surgery, NCRT only, and DCRT respectively, median overall survival was 35.5, 12.1 and 17.1 months (log rank p=0.008); progression free survival was 32.2, 10 and 9.6 months (log rank p=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite broadening of the CROSS trial eligibility criteria in our real-world data, there appears to be a survival benefit with trimodality therapy. The use of carboplatin and paclitaxel in DCRT may be of value and requires further study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Ecological impacts of climate change on the snow leopard (Panthera unica) in South Asia

Snow leopard (Panthera unica) is a felid which lives in the highly rugged areas of alpine regions in different mountain ranges of South and Central Asia. This solitary animal needs large spaces for its ranges but due to climate change and relatively faster rate of global warming in South Asian mountain ranges, its habitat is going to shrink and fragment by tree-line shifts and change in hydrology of the area. Vegetative modification of montane flora and competition with domestic goats will create its prey's population to decline along with a chance of a direct conflict and competition with the common leopard. Common leopard being more adaptable, grouped, and larger in size can be a significant stressor for a smaller and solitary snow leopard. Habitat would shrink, and snow leopard can possibly move upslope or northward to central Asian ranges and their predicted migratory patterns are unknown.

AB0622 WHEN OSTEOPOROSIS, COELIAC DISEASE AND MULTIPLE MYELOMA CO-EXIST

Background:

Secondary causes of bone loss are sometimes overlooked in patients who are diagnosed as having osteoporosis. This is especially true if more than one risk factor for secondary osteoporosis is present, with clinicians focusing on the more common cause. Here we present a case of secondary osteoporosis caused by coeliac disease and multiple myeloma.

Objectives:

Secondary osteoporosis should be suspected in patients with very low bone mineral density and those with no obvious risk factors. Comprehensive examination and investigations must be done to look for all secondary causes because sometimes, as seen in our patient, you may find more than one.

Methods:

A 74 year old gentleman presented to the rheumatology clinic for assessment of osteoporosis. He had been recently diagnosed with coeliac disease. DXA scan showed a T score of -3.5 at the lumbar spine, -2.5 at the left hip and a low Z score of -2.9. He had not sustained any fractures in the past. There was no history of corticosteroid exposure and no parental history of hip fracture or osteoporosis. He drank up to 21 units of alcohol a week and was an ex-smoker. He was managing a gluten-free diet. His testosterone and vitamin D levels were normal. Serum electrophoresis, done as part of the osteoporosis workup, revealed a diagnosis of multiple myeloma. He then developed back pain and given his new diagnosis of myeloma, prompt investigations were carried out. A skeletal survey showed T7 fracture and a subsequent MRI scan showed impending cord compression, which were treated successfully with radiotherapy. He underwent chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for his myeloma.

He recently had an OGD following one week post gluten rechallenge after an established gluten free diet. His biopsy shows no evidence of coeliac disease. Interestingly, the stem cell transplantation did not only treat our patient’s myeloma, but also his coeliac disease.

Results:

Z-score is a useful indicator of possible secondary osteoporosis. A score of −2.0 or less is below the expected range for age and should prompt careful scrutiny for an underlying cause.

Coeliac disease is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy and a known cause for secondary osteoporosis. It likely causes bone loss by secondary hyperparathyroidism from vitamin D deficiency. Multiple myeloma is a disease of aging adults resulting in osteolytic and/or osteoporotic bone disease through increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation from pro-inflammatory cytokines. While coeliac disease patients are at increased risk of all malignancies, association with multiple myeloma is rare, but has been described.

Conclusion:

This case highlights the importance of evaluating for secondary causes for low bone mineral density and often, one may find more than one contributory factor. It also shows that a Z-score of −2.0 could help identify patients with a secondary cause for osteoporosis and those who would especially benefit from a thorough history and examination.

References:

[1]Sahin, Idris & Demir, Cengiz & Alay, Murat & Eminbeyli, Lokman. (2011). The Patient Presenting with Renal Failure Due to Multiple Myeloma Associated with Celiac Disease: Case Report. UHOD - Uluslararasi Hematoloji-Onkoloji Dergisi. 21. 10.4999/uhod.09087.

[2]İpek, Belkiz & Aksungar, Fehime & Tiftikci, Arzu & Coskun, Abdurrahman & Serteser, Mustafa & Unsal, Ibrahim. (2016). A rare association: celiac disease and multiple myeloma in an asymptomatic young patient. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry. 41. 10.1515/tjb-2016-0053.

[3]Swaminathan K, Flynn R, Garton M, Paterson C, Leese G. Search for secondary osteoporosis: are Z scores useful predictors? Postgrad Med J. 2009 Jan;85(999):38-9. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2007.065748. PMID: 19240287.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared.

892 Emergency General Surgical Practice at a District General Hospital during COVID-19 Pandemic: Implementing Royal College of Surgeons Guidance

Introduction

COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on surgical practice across NHS. RCS released guidance on altering surgical practise during the pandemic to deliver safe surgical care in March, 2020. We present an audit conducted at a DGH comparing practice of emergency general surgery (EGS) with RCS guidance at the peak of COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

Consecutive patients undergoing EGS from 1^st April to 15^th May,2020. Data of demographics, ASA grade, comorbidities, type of surgery, hospital stay, informed COVID-19 pneumonia consent, complications and 30-day mortality were collected. Pre- and post-operative COVID-19 status was determined.

Results

Forty-four (n = 44) patients, mean age 47.5 and IQR (26-69). Male (55.8%) and females (44.2%). Preoperative COVID19 status was confirmed in around 79.1% patients. All (100%) patients who underwent CT imaging preoperatively had CT chest performed. Informed consent for COVID19 pneumonia was taken in 4.7% patients. 30-day mortality risk was 7% and complications risk was 4.7%. RR of 30-day mortality in preoperative COVID19 status positive patients was RR = 0.92 (CI 0.85-1.01) and for complications was RR = 0.95 (CI 0.88-1.02).

Conclusions

RCS guidance on managing and altering practice in EGS during COVID-19 pandemic is reliable, implementable, and measurable in a DGH setting. Simple improvements in consent process can achieve full compliance with RCS guidelines.

Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their chondroprogenitor derivatives reduced pain and inflammation signaling and promote regeneration in a rat intervertebral disc degeneration model

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is an asymptomatic pathophysiological condition and a strong causative factor of low back pain. There is no cure available except spinal fusion and pain management. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine is being considered as an alternative approach to treat disc diseases. The current study aimed to differentiate human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) into chondrocyte-like cells and to elucidate their feasibility and efficacy in the degenerated IVD rat model. Chondrogenic induction medium was used to differentiate hUC-MSCs into chondroprogenitors. Rat tail IVD model was established with three consecutive coccygeal discs. qPCR was performed to quantify the molecular markers of pain and inflammation. Histological staining was performed to evaluate the degree of regeneration. Induced chondroprogenitors showed the expression of chondrogenic genes, SOX9, TGF-β1, ACAN, BMP2, and GDF5. Immunocytochemical staining showed positive expression of chondrogenic proteins SOX9, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and Collagen 2. In in vivo study, transplanted chondroprogenitors showed better survival, homing, and distribution in IVD as compared to normal MSCs. Expression of pain and inflammatory genes at day 5 of cell transplantation modulated immune response significantly. The transplanted labeled MSCs and induced chondroprogenitors differentiated into functional nucleus pulposus (NP) cells as evident from co-localization of red (DiI) and green fluorescence for SOX9, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2. Alcian blue and H & E staining showed standard histological features, indicating better preservation of the NP structure and cellularity than degenerated discs. hUC-MSCs-derived chondroprogenitors showed better regeneration potential as compared to normal MSCs. The pain and inflammation genes were downregulated in the treated group as compared to the degenerated IVD.

Occurrence and Toxicogenetic Profiling of Clostridium perfringens in Buffalo and Cattle: An Update from Pakistan

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive bacterium that possess seven toxinotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) that are responsible for the production of six major toxins, i.e., α, β, ε, ι, CPE, and NetB. The aim of this study is to find out the occurrence of toxinotypes in buffalo and cattle of Punjab province in Pakistan and their corresponding toxin-encoding genes from the isolated toxinotypes. To accomplish this aim, six districts in Punjab province were selected (i.e., Lahore, Sahiwal, Cheecha Watni, Bhakkar, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Bahawalpur) and a total of 240 buffalo and 240 cattle were selected for the collection of samples. From isolation and molecular analysis (16S rRNA), it was observed that out of seven toxinotypes (A–G), two toxinotypes (A and D) were found at most, whereas other toxinotypes, i.e., B, C, E, F, and G, were not found. The most frequently occurring toxinotype was type A (buffalo: 149/240; cattle: 157/240) whereas type D (buffalo: 8/240 cattle: 7/240) was found to occur the least. Genes encoding toxinotypes A and D were cpa and etx, respectively, whereas genes encoding other toxinotypes were not observed. The occurrence of isolated toxinotypes was studied using response surface methodology, which suggested a considerable occurrence of the isolated toxinotypes (A and D) in both buffalo and cattle. Association between type A and type D was found to be significant among the isolated toxinotypes in both buffalo and cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Correlation was also found to be positive and significant between type A and type D. C. perfringens exhibits a range of toxinotypes that can be diagnosed via genotyping, which is more reliable than classical toxinotyping.

A catalog of associations between rare coding variants and COVID-19 outcomes

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness that can result in hospitalization or death. We investigated associations between rare genetic variants and seven COVID-19 outcomes in 543,213 individuals, including 8,248 with COVID-19. After accounting for multiple testing, we did not identify any clear associations with rare variants either exome-wide or when specifically focusing on (i) 14 interferon pathway genes in which rare deleterious variants have been reported in severe COVID-19 patients; (ii) 167 genes located in COVID-19 GWAS risk loci; or (iii) 32 additional genes of immunologic relevance and/or therapeutic potential. Our analyses indicate there are no significant associations with rare protein-coding variants with detectable effect sizes at our current sample sizes. Analyses will be updated as additional data become available, with results publicly browsable at https://rgc-covid19.regeneron.com.

Incidence, patterns, risk factors, and histopathological findings of liver injury in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits many extrapulmonary manifestations, including liver injury. This scoping review aimed to provide insight into the incidence, patterns, risk factors, histopathological findings, and relationship with disease severity of COVID-19-associated liver injury. Furthermore, we identified existing gaps in the research on the hepatic manifestations of COVID-19 and highlighted areas for future investigations.

METHODS

A scoping review was conducted following the methodological framework suggested by Arksey and O'Mallay. Five online databases, along with grey literature, were searched for articles published until 22 May 2020, and we included 62 articles in the review. The research domains, methodological characteristics, and key conclusions were included in the analysis.

RESULTS

Retrospective observational studies comprised more than one third (41.9%) of the included publications, and 77.8% were conducted on living patients. The incidence of liver injury varied widely across the studies (4.8%-78%), and liver injury was frequently associated with severe COVID-19. We identified the following risk factors for liver injury: male sex, lymphopoenia, gastrointestinal involvement, old age, increased neutrophil count, and the use of hepatotoxic drugs. Histopathological findings indicate that COVID-19 has direct cytopathic effects and causes liver function test derangements secondary to inflammation, hypoxia, and vascular insult.

CONCLUSIONS

Liver injury following COVID-19 infection is common and primarily hepatocellular, with a greater elevation of aspartate aminotransferase tahn of alanine aminotransferase. However, the evidence regarding hepatic failure secondary to COVID-19 is insufficient. Standardised criteria to diagnose liver injury need to be devised. Current use of hepatotoxic drugs necessitates close monitoring of liver function.

Secular trends in the initiation of therapy in secondary fracture prevention in Europe: a multi-national cohort study including data from Denmark, Catalonia, and the United Kingdom

This paper demonstrates a large post-fracture anti-osteoporosis treatment gap in the period 2005 to 2015. The gap was stable in Denmark at around 88-90%, increased in Catalonia from 80 to 88%, and started to increase in the UK towards the end of our study. Improved post-fracture care is needed.

INTRODUCTION

Patients experiencing a fragility fracture are at high risk of subsequent fractures, particularly within the first 2 years after the fracture. Previous studies have demonstrated that only a small proportion of fracture patients initiate therapy with an anti-osteoporotic medication (AOM), despite the proven fracture risk reduction of such therapies. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the changes in this post-fracture treatment gap across three different countries from 2005 to 2015.

METHODS

This analysis, which is part of a multinational cohort study, included men and women, aged 50 years or older, sustaining a first incident fragility fracture. Using routinely collected patient data from three administrative health databases covering Catalonia, Denmark, and the United Kingdom, we estimated the treatment gap as the proportion of patients not treated with AOM within 1 year of their first incident fracture.

RESULTS

A total of 648,369 fracture patients were included. Mean age 70.2-78.9 years; 22.2-31.7% were men. In Denmark, the treatment gap was stable at approximately 88-90% throughout the 2005 to 2015 time period. In Catalonia, the treatment gap increased from 80 to 88%. In the UK, an initially decreasing treatment gap-though never smaller than 63%-was replaced by an increasing gap towards the end of our study. The gap was more pronounced in men than in women.

CONCLUSION

Despite repeated calls for improved secondary fracture prevention, an unacceptably large treatment gap remains, with time trends indicating that the problem may be getting worse in recent years.

Assessment of ecto and endo parasites of Schizothorax plagiostomus inhabiting river Panjkora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Fish provides main source of high quality protein to more than one billion people in the world. Fish parasites directly affect the productivity of fish and indirectly on human health. This research was aimed to assess the helminth parasites in Schizothorax plagiostomus (the snow trout) from river Panjkora, KP, Pakistan. A total of 88 fish samples (n= 88) were collected from the upper, middle and lower regions of the river through cast nets, hand nets and hooks. All the collected fish samples were examined in the Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Malakand for helminth parasites during July 2018 to February 2019.Among these fishes nematodes, trematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalan were isolated and identified. Overall prevalence of the fish parasites was 60.22% (53/88). The intensity of the parasite was observed from 1.7% to 4.61%. Highest prevalence was reported in summer season 86.36% while lowest in the winter season 36.36%. This study shows that summer season affects the fish business and result in poor quality fish meat with risk of zoonotic diseases. Adults were highly infected 82.25% while no infection was found in juvenile specimens. Female fish samples had higher prevalence 68.22% than males 48.22%. Fishes of the lower reaches had highest prevalence 60.22% than the upper reaches 40.0%. Fish samples with maximum length and weight were highly 76.92% infected than small sized fish with low body weight. Present study addresses that Rhabdochona schizothoracis in the intestine and Diplozoon paradoxum in gills of snow trout fish has a long term relationship and call as a natural infection in cyprinids and it is zoonotic threat to human.

Evaluation of ecto and endo parasitic fauna of Schizothorax plagiostomus inhabitants of river Swat, Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Pakistan

Fish is consumed as a rich and cheaper source of white meat and proteins all over the world. Fish farming is the leading source of income generation throughout the world. The present research study was conducted with aims to investigate the ecto and endo parasitic fauna of S. plagiostomus (snow trout) in River Swat. A total of 96 fish samples were collected on monthly basis from July-2018 to February-2019, from upper, middle and lower reaches. Fish samples were collected with the help of cast net, hand net and fishing rods. Local fishermen and experts help were also sought out for fish collection. 61 out of 96 fishes were found infected by helminth parasites. The total prevalence and intensity of 63.54% and 2.90 was observed respectively during data analysis. Highest monthly prevalence of 83.33% was recorded during July and August, while lowest prevalence of 33.33% was noted during February. Five species of helminths parasites were detected from S. plagiostomus, of which two were trematodes (Rhabdochona shizothoracis and Rhabdochona species), one species of Monogenia (Diplozoon paraddoxum), one species of Cestodes (Nippotaenia species), and one species of Acanthocephalan (Neoechynorhynchus devdevi). Highest parasite wise prevalence, intensity and relative density of 21.87%, 4.09 and 0.895 was noted for R. schizothoracis while the lowest prevalence, intensity and relative density of 4.16%, 1.25 and 0.052 was noted for N. devdevi. Highest infection of 76.08% was observed in adults host while lowest, 40% infestation rate was observed in young fish samples. 73.68% prevalence was observed in female hosts while only 56.90% prevalence was observed in male individuals. Higher infection (83.33%) was noticed during summer season, while lowest infection (44.44%) was observed during winter season. Similarly 71.79% fishes were found infected that were collected from lower reaches of the River Swat than the fish samples collected from upper reaches (52%).

SAT0112 EFFECT OF RITUXIMAB ON IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS AND RISK OF ASSOCIATED INFECTION

Background:

Rituximab (RTX) is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that suppresses B-lymphocytes and may induce hypogammaglobulinemia. Studies have shown that sustained low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) are associated with significantly increased risks of infections.

Objectives:

To determine the relationship between the serum Ig levels and risk of infection during (RTX) therapy for rheumatic diseases. We also aimed to identify the most common type of infections and pathogens associated with them.

Methods:

A multi-centre retrospective observational study of patients with autoimmune diseases treated with RTX between 2009-2019. Serum Ig levels (IgM, IgG and IgA) were measured at baseline and 6-12 months after each cycle and note was made of any hypogammaglobulianemia. Infections, evidenced by a positive microbiology sample, radiograph or requirement of antibiotics and/or hospitalization, were recorded.

Results:

146 patients were included with a mean age of 61.5 years (standard deviation 13.8). 105 patients (71.9%)) had Rheumatoid Arthritis. 51/146 had had 1or more episodes of infections whilst on Rituximab which required treatment. Of these, 26 (50.9%) had recurrent infections. 33/51 had low immunoglobulins of at least 1 type. After receiving RTX treatment, 14 had low IgG, 29 had low IgM and only 4 had low IgA. 6 patients with low IgG, but 13 patients with low IgM suffered with recurrent infections.

There was a statistically significant higher proportion of patients with infection who had low Ig levels compared to those with normal levels, with a p < 0.01 on chi square testing.

Lower respiratory tract infections were the commonest infection seen with 28 cases, with most cases (15/28) caused by Haemophilus Influenza. 18 cases of urinary tract infections were seen, with 12/18 being caused by E. Coli. 3 cases of shingles were also seen.

Conclusion:

Our study shows that an increased risk of infection was associated with hypogammaglobulinemia after rituximab therapy and highlights the importance of monitoring these patients. In our data set, more patients with recurrent infections had low IgM, supporting a need for better understanding of low IgM and its relation to infection. Respiratory tract infections were the most common infection with Haemophilus Influenza being the commonest pathogen. Recent studies have shown an increase in haemophilus influenza infections. Reasons for the increase may include a waning immunity to Haemophilus, changes in the organism and greater numbers of high-risk people- such as in our study. This supports a rationale for extended indication for immunisation against Haemophilus in vulnerable groups of adults and has implications for targeted adult Haemophilus influenzae vaccine development.

References:

[1]Kridin K, Ahmed AR. Post-rituximab immunoglobulin M (IgM) hypogammaglobulinemia. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020 Jan 6:102466.

[2]Barmettler S, Ong MS, Farmer JR, Choi H, Walter J. Association of Immunoglobulin Levels, Infectious Risk, and Mortality With Rituximab and Hypogammaglobulinemia.JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e184169. Published 2018 Nov 2.

[3]Casulo C, Maragulia J, Zelenetz AD. Incidence of hypogammaglobulinemia in patients receiving rituximab and the use of intravenous immunoglobulin for recurrent infections.Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2013;13(2):106–111.

[4]Nix EB, Hawdon N, Gravelle S, et al. Risk of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in adults with secondary immunodeficiency in the post-Hib vaccine era.Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19(5):766–771.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Assessment and incidence of fish associated bacterial pathogens at hatcheries of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

Fish is the most indispensable source of proteins for individuals and have high nutritional value. On the other hand, the fish culturing raised issues of fish health due to close contact between the aquatic environment and the fish pathogens. So, the aim of the current study was to identify the bacterial pathogens and screen the injured Rainbow trout rearing in different trout hatcheries run under fisheries department of the government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Seven bacterial pathogens such as Shigella flexneri, Enterobacter amnigenus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Serratia odorifera, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus cereus were isolated and identified. Results revealed that the injury of fish specimens was due to overcrowding. Instead of rainbow coloration, specimens have darker black in color. The water of ponds was not clean and clear and such conditions was because of the greater quantity of feed thrown in the water. It was concluded that poor hygienic water condition and overloading allowed the opportunistic bacterial contaminations to succeed which cause a serious threat to hatcheries.

Morphology and ectoparasite spectrum of Pteropus vampyrus (the flying fox) in different parts of Malakand Division, Pakistan

Three districts viz. Lower Dir, Swat and Shangla in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, were surveyed for the collection of Pteropus vampyrus (the Indian flying fox) in Malakand division, the north western region of Pakistan from February to November 2018. A total of 35 specimens were captured. Out of the examined specimens 22 were found to be infected with ectoparasites. Three types of ectoparasites were observed including flies 20% (n=7/35), mites 28.5% (n=10/35) and bugs 14.2% (n=5/35). Male bats were more infected 57.1% (n=20/35) as compared to females 42.8% (n=15/35), however, no significant difference (p>0.05) was noted. Flies were recovered from wings membrane and head region, mites were found on wings, ears and around eyes while bugs were found attached on body surface and neck region. Body weight, circumference and wing span of male bats were greater as compared to female bats and were considered a key factor in clear cut identification of male and female Pteropus vampyrus (the Indian flyingfox). It was concluded that Pteropus vampyrus from north western part of Pakistan were parasitized by a varied parasite fauna with high infestation rates. We assume that in male bats the number of parasites is generally higher than in females. Our results revealed new insights into parasite fauna of Pteropus vampyrus.

A Patient with Persistent Consolidation and a Pulmonary Mass

Community-acquired pneumonia is a common condition and 6–24% of patients will fail to improve as expected. We present a patient who was initially treated for community-acquired pneumonia but did not make the anticipated recovery. We explore potential differentials, and the investigation and management of the rare condition we subsequently diagnosed.

Prevalence of calcifications in soft tissues visible on a dental pantomogram: A retrospective analysis

OBJECTIVES

To determine the frequency and spectrum of soft tissues calcifications identified on Dental Pantomograms (DPT) at a University Dental Clinic in the northern region of Portugal and to compare the data obtained with those published in the literature.

METHODS

We conducted a 3-year descriptive analysis (2012-2014) of DPT calcifications within soft tissues at the University Clinic (CESPU), in Oporto, Portugal. Information on gender, age, location of the lesions and the radiographic diagnosis were analysed. DPTs were interpreted by two examiners (Kappa test 0.8). Data were entered into a database and analysed with Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test.

RESULTS

2375 DPTs were analysed, with 468 calcifications observed in the radiographs of 420 individuals. Calcifications of the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligament were most common, with atheroma, sialoliths, tonsilloliths rhinoliths and antroliths also identified. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the presence of calcifications of the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments, atheromatous calcifications in the carotid artery and tonsilloliths in individuals older than 40.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the largest sample analysis ever done in Portugal, providing useful information about the incidence and distribution of soft tissue calcifications identifiable on DPTs, allowing valuable comparison with other countries.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

Despite mostly being incidental findings, panoramic radiography can be the first relevant test that aids dental practitioners in the process of requesting other imaging techniques or forwarding to the correct specialty.

Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of different anti-osteoporosis drugs: a population-based cohort analysis including over 200,000 participants from Spain and the UK

The venous thromboembolism risk among anti-osteoporotics is unknown. In this primary care study, the risk with other bisphosphonates [1.05 (0.94-1.18) and 0.96 (0.78-1.18)], strontium [0.90 (0.61-1.34) and 1.19 (0.82-1.74)], in the UK and Spain respectively, and denosumab [1.77 (0.25-12.66)] and teriparatide [1.27 (0.59-2.71)] in Spain, did not differ versus alendronate.

INTRODUCTION

Most of the known adverse drug reactions described for anti-osteoporosis medication (AOM) have been described in studies comparing AOM users to non-users. We aimed to compare the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among incident users of different AOM compared to alendronate (first line therapy).

METHODS

Two cohort studies were performed using data from the UK (CPRD) and Spain (BIFAP) primary care records separately. All patients aged ≥ 50 years with at least 1 year of data available and a new prescription or dispensation of AOM (date for therapy initiation) during 2000-2014 (CPRD) or 2001-2013 (BIFAP) were included. Users of raloxifene/bazedoxifene were excluded from both databases. Five exposure cohorts were identified according to first treatment: (1) alendronate, (2) other bisphosphonates, (3) strontium ranelate, (4) denosumab, and (5) teriparatide. Participants were followed from the day after therapy initiation to the earliest of a treated VTE (cases), end of AOM treatment (defined by a refill gap of 180 days), switching to an alternative AOM, drop-out, death, or end of study period. Incidence rates of VTE were estimated by cohort. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR 95%CI) were estimated according to drug used.

RESULTS

Overall, 2035/159,209 (1.28%) in CPRD and 401/83,334 (0.48%) in BIFAP had VTE. Compared to alendronate, adjusted HR of VTE were 1.05 (0.94-1.18) and 0.96 (0.78-1.18) for other bisphosphonates, and 0.90 (0.61-1.34) and 1.19 (0.82-1.74) for strontium in CPRD and BIFAP, respectively; 1.77 (0.25-12.66) for denosumab and 1.27 (0.59-2.71) for teriparatide in BIFAP.

CONCLUSIONS

VTE risk during AO therapy did not differ by AOM drug use. Our data does not support an increased risk of VTE associated with strontium ranelate use in the community.

Targeting of BCR-ABL: Lessons learned from BCR-ABL inhibition

In 1960 researchers reported that balanced translocation between chromosomes 22 and 9 resulted in the generation of Philadelphia chromosome. This breakthrough revolutionized our knowledge related to leukemia biology and contemporary studies revealed that chromosomal translocation resulted in the fusion between the 5' segment of BCR gene and 3' segment of the ABL gene to form BCR/ABL fusion gene. Research over the years has progressively and systematically improved our understanding of the genetic and proteomic basis of Leukemia. Genome-wide profiling studies, including genome sequencing and microarray analysis, have helped us in identification of different intracellular signaling cascades that are frequently mutated in Leukemia.  We partition this multi-component review into different sections related to biochemical characteristics of BCR-ABL+ cells, underlying mechanism of generation of mutations and crosstalk of BCR-ABL with various intracellular signaling cascades. We also summarize how BCR-ABL encoding mRNA is negatively regulated by different miRNAs and the strategies which are currently being used to effectively target BCR-ABL protein. We also provide an overview of the natural products which have been used for targeting of BCR-ABL protein. Better understanding of the protein network of Philadelphia positive leukemic cells will prove to be helpful in getting a step closer to personalized medicine.

How sesquiterpenes modulate signaling cascades in cancers

Data obtained from high-throughput technologies has started to shed light on the interplay between signal transduction cascades and chromatin modifications thus adding another layer of complexity to the already complex regulation of the protein network. Based on the insights gleaned from almost a decade of research, it has now been convincingly revealed that sesquiterpenes effectively modulated different intracellular signaling cascades in different cancers. In this review we summarize how sesquiterpenes mediated Wnt, Shh, Notch and TRAIL induced signaling cascades.