1
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Chiang SCC, Covill LE, Tesi B, Campbell TM, Schlums H, Nejati-Zendegani J, Mördrup K, Wood S, Theorell J, Sekine T, Al-Herz W, Akar HH, Belen FB, Chan MY, Devecioglu O, Aksu T, Ifversen M, Malinowska I, Sabel M, Unal E, Unal S, Introne WJ, Krzewski K, Gilmour KC, Ehl S, Ljunggren HG, Nordenskjöld M, Horne A, Henter JI, Meeths M, Bryceson YT. Efficacy of T-cell assays for the diagnosis of primary defects in cytotoxic lymphocyte exocytosis. Blood 2024; 144:873-887. [PMID: 38958468 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024024499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening disorder associated with autosomal recessive variants in genes required for perforin-mediated lymphocyte cytotoxicity. A rapid diagnosis is crucial for successful treatment. Although defective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function causes pathogenesis, quantification of natural killer (NK)-cell exocytosis triggered by K562 target cells currently represents a standard diagnostic procedure for primary HLH. We have prospectively evaluated different lymphocyte exocytosis assays in 213 patients referred for evaluation for suspected HLH and related hyperinflammatory syndromes. A total of 138 patients received a molecular diagnosis consistent with primary HLH. Assessment of Fc receptor-triggered NK-cell and T-cell receptor (TCR)-triggered CTL exocytosis displayed higher sensitivity and improved specificity for the diagnosis of primary HLH than routine K562 cell-based assays, with these assays combined providing a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98.3%. By comparison, NK-cell exocytosis after K562 target cell stimulation displayed a higher interindividual variability, in part explained by differences in NK-cell differentiation or large functional reductions after shipment. We thus recommend combined analysis of TCR-triggered CTL and Fc receptor-triggered NK-cell exocytosis for the diagnosis of patients with suspected familial HLH or atypical manifestations of congenital defects in lymphocyte exocytosis.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Exocytosis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/diagnosis
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/immunology
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/genetics
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Child
- Adult
- Female
- K562 Cells
- Male
- Child, Preschool
- Middle Aged
- Infant
- Young Adult
- Aged
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Prospective Studies
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C C Chiang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Laura E Covill
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bianca Tesi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tessa M Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heinrich Schlums
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jelve Nejati-Zendegani
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karina Mördrup
- Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Wood
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Theorell
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Himmet Haluk Akar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatma Burcu Belen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baskent University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mei Yoke Chan
- Haematology/Oncology Service, Department of Paediatric Subspecialties, Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Omer Devecioglu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tekin Aksu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marianne Ifversen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iwona Malinowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magnus Sabel
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ekrem Unal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Point Hospital, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sule Unal
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Wendy J Introne
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Kimberly C Gilmour
- Immunology, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - AnnaCarin Horne
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Inge Henter
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Meeths
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Solouki S, Huang W, Elmore J, Limper C, Huang F, August A. TCR Signal Strength and Antigen Affinity Regulate CD8 + Memory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1217-1227. [PMID: 32759295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a critical role in adaptive immunity, differentiating into CD8+ memory T cells that form the basis of protective cellular immunity. Vaccine efficacy is attributed to long-term protective immunity, and understanding the parameters that regulate development of CD8+ T cells is critical to the design of T cell-mediated vaccines. We show in this study using mouse models that two distinct parameters, TCR signal strength (regulated by the tyrosine kinase ITK) and Ag affinity, play important but separate roles in modulating the development of memory CD8+ T cells. Unexpectedly, our data reveal that reducing TCR signal strength along with reducing Ag affinity for the TCR leads to enhanced and accelerated development of CD8+ memory T cells. Additionally, TCR signal strength is able to regulate CD8+ T cell effector cytokine R production independent of TCR Ag affinity. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data reveals that genes for inflammatory cytokines/cytokine receptors are significantly altered upon changes in Ag affinity and TCR signal strength. Furthermore, our findings show that the inflammatory milieu is critical in regulating this TCR signal strength-mediated increase in memory development, as both CpG oligonucleotide treatment or cotransfer of wild-type and Itk-/- T cells eliminates the observed increase in memory cell formation. These findings suggest that TCR signal strength and Ag affinity independently contribute to CD8+ memory T cell development, which is modulated by inflammation, and suggest that manipulating TCR signal strength along with Ag affinity, may be used to tune the development of CD8+ memory T cells during vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Jessica Elmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Candice Limper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and
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3
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Gerth E, Mattner J. The Role of Adaptor Proteins in the Biology of Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1449. [PMID: 31293596 PMCID: PMC6603179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor proteins contribute to the selection, differentiation and activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells, an innate(-like) lymphocyte population endowed with powerful immunomodulatory properties. Distinct from conventional T lymphocytes NKT cells preferentially home to the liver, undergo a thymic maturation and differentiation process and recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d on antigen presenting cells. NKT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which combines the Vα14-Jα18 chain with a Vβ2, Vβ7, or Vβ8 chain in mice and the Vα24 chain with the Vβ11 chain in humans. The avidity of interactions between their TCR, the presented glycolipid antigen and CD1d govern the selection and differentiation of NKT cells. Compared to TCR ligation on conventional T cells engagement of the NKT cell TCR delivers substantially stronger signals, which trigger the unique NKT cell developmental program. Furthermore, NKT cells express a panoply of primarily inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) that control their self-reactivity and avoid autoimmune activation. Adaptor proteins influence NKT cell biology through the integration of TCR, NKR and/or SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule) receptor signals or the variation of CD1d-restricted antigen presentation. TCR and NKR ligation engage the SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa slp-76 whereas the SLAM associated protein SAP serves as adaptor for the SLAM receptor family. Indeed, the selection and differentiation of NKT cells selectively requires co-stimulation via SLAM receptors. Furthermore, SAP deficiency causes X-linked lymphoproliferative disease with multiple immune defects including a lack of circulating NKT cells. While a deletion of slp-76 leads to a complete loss of all peripheral T cell populations, mutations in the SH2 domain of slp-76 selectively affect NKT cell biology. Furthermore, adaptor proteins influence the expression and trafficking of CD1d in antigen presenting cells and subsequently selection and activation of NKT cells. Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3), for example, is required for the efficient presentation of glycolipid antigens which require internalization and processing. Thus, our review will focus on the complex contribution of adaptor proteins to the delivery of TCR, NKR and SLAM receptor signals in the unique biology of NKT cells and CD1d-restricted antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Gerth
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Eken A, Cansever M, Somekh I, Mizoguchi Y, Zietara N, Okus FZ, Erdem S, Canatan H, Akyol S, Ozcan A, Karakukcu M, Hollizeck S, Rohlfs M, Unal E, Klein C, Patiroglu T. Genetic Deficiency and Biochemical Inhibition of ITK Affect Human Th17, Treg, and Innate Lymphoid Cells. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:391-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Kumar A, Suryadevara N, Hill TM, Bezbradica JS, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Natural Killer T Cells: An Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1858. [PMID: 29312339 PMCID: PMC5743650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like protein CD1d. Agonistic activation of NKT cells leads to rapid pro-inflammatory and immune modulatory cytokine and chemokine responses. This property of NKT cells, in conjunction with their interactions with antigen-presenting cells, controls downstream innate and adaptive immune responses against cancers and infectious diseases, as well as in several inflammatory disorders. NKT cell properties are acquired during development in the thymus and by interactions with the host microbial consortium in the gut, the nature of which can be influenced by NKT cells. This latter property, together with the role of the host microbiota in cancer therapy, necessitates a new perspective. Hence, this review provides an initial approach to understanding NKT cells from an ecological evolutionary developmental biology (eco-evo-devo) perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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6
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Kumar A, Gordy LE, Bezbradica JS, Stanic AK, Hill TM, Boothby MR, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. NF-κB Protects NKT Cells from Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1-induced Death. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15594. [PMID: 29142275 PMCID: PMC5688132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Semi-invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes with immunoregulatory properties. NKT cell survival during development requires signal processing by activated RelA/NF-κB. Nonetheless, the upstream signal(s) integrated by NF-κB in developing NKT cells remains incompletely defined. We show that the introgression of Bcl-xL-coding Bcl2l1 transgene into NF-κB signalling-deficient IκBΔN transgenic mouse rescues NKT cell development and differentiation in this mouse model. We reasoned that NF-κB activation was protecting developing NKT cells from death signals emanating either from high affinity agonist recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) or from a death receptor, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) or Fas. Surprisingly, the single and combined deficiency in PKC-θ or CARMA-1-the two signal transducers at the NKT TCR proximal signalling node-only partially recapitulated the NKT cell deficiency observed in IκBΔN tg mouse. Accordingly, introgression of the Bcl2l1 transgene into PKC-θ null mouse failed to rescue NKT cell development. Instead, TNFR1-deficiency, but not the Fas-deficiency, rescued NKT cell development in IκBΔN tg mice. Consistent with this finding, treatment of thymocytes with an antagonist of the inhibitor of κB kinase -which blocks downstream NF-κB activation- sensitized NKT cells to TNF-α-induced cell death in vitro. Hence, we conclude that signal integration by NF-κB protects developing NKT cells from death signals emanating from TNFR1, but not from the NKT TCR or Fas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Laura E Gordy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996, USA
| | - Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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7
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Kumar Kingsley SM, Vishnu Bhat B. Role of MicroRNAs in the development and function of innate immune cells. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:154-175. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1284212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Manoj Kumar Kingsley
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - B. Vishnu Bhat
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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8
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T-Bet independent development of IFNγ secreting natural T helper 1 cell population in the absence of Itk. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45935. [PMID: 28406139 PMCID: PMC5390256 DOI: 10.1038/srep45935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Th1, Th2, Th9 and Th17 cells are conventional CD4+ effector T cells identified as secretors of prototypical cytokines IFNγ, IL4, IL9, and IL-17A respectively. Recently, populations of natural Th17 and Th1 cells (nTh17 and nTh1) with innate-like phenotype have been identified in the thymus that are distinct from conventional Th17 and Th1 cells. The absence of the Tec family kinase Interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (Itk) results in T cell immunodeficiency in mice and humans. Here we show that Itk negatively regulates the development of nTh1 cells that express IFNγ in a Tbet independent manner, and whose expansion can be enhanced by IL4. Furthermore, we show that robust induction of IL4 responses during Trichinella spiralis infection enhance the presence of nTh1 cells. We conclude T cell receptor signaling via Itk controls the development of natural Th1 cells, which are expanded by the presence of IL4.
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9
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Kannan A, Lee Y, Qi Q, Huang W, Jeong AR, Ohnigian S, August A. Allele-sensitive mutant, Itkas, reveals that Itk kinase activity is required for Th1, Th2, Th17, and iNKT-cell cytokine production. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2276-85. [PMID: 25989458 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Itk(-/-) mice exhibit defects in the activation, development, and function of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and iNKT cells. These and other defects in these mice make it difficult to uncouple the developmental versus functional requirement of Itk signaling. Here, we report an allele-sensitive mutant of Itk (Itkas) whose catalytic activity can be selectively inhibited by analogs of the PP1 kinase inhibitor. We show that Itkas behaves like WT Itk in the absence of the inhibitor and can rescue the development of Itk(-/-) T cells in mice. Using mice carrying Itkas, we show using its inhibitor that Itk activity is required not only for Th2, Th17, and iNKT-cell cytokine production, but also surprisingly, for Th1 cytokine production. This work has important implications for understanding the role of Itk signaling in the development versus function of iNKT cells, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kannan
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - YongChan Lee
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qian Qi
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ah-Reum Jeong
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ohnigian
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Avery August
- Center for Infection and Pathobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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10
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Burocchi A, Pittoni P, Tili E, Rigoni A, Costinean S, Croce CM, Colombo MP. Regulated Expression of miR-155 is Required for iNKT Cell Development. Front Immunol 2015; 6:140. [PMID: 25870598 PMCID: PMC4378312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are CD1d-restricted, lipid antigen-reactive T lymphocytes with immunoregulatory functions. iNKT cell development in the thymus proceeds through subsequent stages, defined by the expression of CD44 and NK1.1, and is dictated by a unique gene expression program, including microRNAs. Here, we investigated whether miR-155, a microRNA involved in differentiation of most hematopoietic cells, played any role in iNKT cell development. To this end, we assessed the expression of miR-155 along iNKT cell maturation in the thymus, and studied the effects of miR-155 on iNKT cell development using Lck-miR-155 transgenic mice, which over express miR-155 in T cell lineage under the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) promoter. We show that miR-155 is expressed by newly selected immature wild-type iNKT cells and turned off along iNKT cells differentiation. In transgenic mice, miR-155 over-expression resulted in a substantial block of iNKT cell maturation at Stage 2, in the thymus toward an overall reduction of peripheral iNKT cells, unlike mainstream T cells. Furthermore, the effects of miR-155 over-expression on iNKT cell differentiation were cell autonomous. Finally, we identified Ets1 and ITK transcripts as relevant targets of miR-155 in iNKT cell differentiation. Altogether, these results demonstrate that a tight control of miR-155 expression is required for the development of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Burocchi
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori" , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Pittoni
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori" , Milan , Italy
| | - Esmerina Tili
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Alice Rigoni
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori" , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefan Costinean
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Carlo Maria Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Wexner Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Mario Paolo Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori" , Milan , Italy
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Abstract
Here we demonstrate that interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) signaling in cluster of differentiation 4-positive (CD4(+)) T cells promotes experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We show that Itk(-/-) mice exhibit reduced disease severity, and transfer of Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells into T cell-deficient recipients results in lower disease severity. We observed a significant reduction of CD4(+) T cells in the CNS of Itk(-/-) mice or recipients of Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells during EAE, which is consistent with attenuated disease. Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells exhibit defective response to myelin antigen stimulation attributable to displacement of filamentous actin from the CD4(+) coreceptor. This results in inadequate transmigration of Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells into the CNS and across brain endothelial barriers in vitro. Finally, Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells show significant reduction in production of T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cytokines and exhibit skewed T effector/T regulatory cell ratios. These results indicate that signaling by Itk promotes autoimmunity and CNS inflammation, suggesting that it may be a viable target for treatment of MS.
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12
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The tyrosine kinase Itk suppresses CD8+ memory T cell development in response to bacterial infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7688. [PMID: 25567129 PMCID: PMC4286740 DOI: 10.1038/srep07688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy depends on strong long-term development of immune memory and the formation of memory CD8+ T cells is critical for recall responses to infection. Upon antigen recognition by naïve T cells, the strength of the TcR signal influences the subsequent effector and memory cells differentiation. Here, we have examined the role of Itk, a tyrosine kinase critical for TcR signaling, in CD8+ effector and memory T cell differentiation during Listeria monocytogenes infection. We found that the reduced TcR signal strength in Itk deficient naïve CD8+ T cells enhances the generation of memory T cells during infection. This is accompanied by increased early Eomesodermin, IL-7Rα expression and memory precursor effector cells. Furthermore, Itk is required for optimal cytokine production in responding primary effector cells, but not secondary memory responses. Our data suggests that Itk-mediated signals control the expression of Eomesodermin and IL-7Rα, thus regulating the development of memory CD8+ T cells, but not subsequent response of memory cells.
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13
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Ghosh S, Bienemann K, Boztug K, Borkhardt A. Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) deficiency - clinical and molecular aspects. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:892-9. [PMID: 25339095 PMCID: PMC4220104 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In patients with underlying immunodeficiency, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may lead to severe immune dysregulation manifesting as fatal mononucleosis, lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disease (LPD), lymphomatoid granulomatosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and dysgammaglobulinemia. Several newly discovered primary immunodeficiencies (STK4, CD27, MAGT1, CORO1A) have been described in recent years; our group and collaborators were able to reveal the pathogenicity of mutations in the Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell Kinase (ITK) in a cohort of nine patients with most patients presenting with massive EBV B-cell lymphoproliferation. This review summarizes the clinical and immunological findings in these patients. Moreover, we describe the functional consequences of the mutations and draw comparisons with the extensively investigated function of ITK in vitro and in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujal Ghosh
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center of Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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14
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Norman P. Inducible tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a review of the patent literature (2010 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:979-91. [PMID: 24990480 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.936381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The non-receptor tyrosine kinase, inducible tyrosine kinase (Itk), plays an important role in thymus(T)-cell signalling and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Itk, and the other Tec family members, Rlk and Tec, are viewed as attractive drug targets for new agents for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Interest in Itk inhibitors is still modest compared to other kinases such as the Janus kinase (JAK) family or Syk. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the patent filings published from January 2010 to April 2014 that claim Itk inhibitors. It first considers those applications that claim selective, or apparently selective, Itk inhibitors. It then considers those applications that claim less-selective Itk inhibitors. The recent interest in irreversible Itk inhibitors is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION There is a difference of opinion as to the preferred utility for Itk inhibitors. Progress has been made in designing selective Itk inhibitors but little clinical progress. Until clinical data are available, it remains difficult to assess how well Itk inhibitors compare with JAK inhibitors as potential treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. However, animal data suggest that irreversible Itk inhibitors could be useful in treating asthma, whereas dual Itk inhibitors may have more utility in treating rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting , 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks, SL1 8JW , UK
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15
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Zhong Y, Johnson AJ, Byrd JC, Dubovsky JA. Targeting Interleukin-2-Inducible T-cell Kinase (ITK) in T-Cell Related Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:1-11. [PMID: 27917390 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v2n6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), a member of the Tec family tyrosine kinases, is the predominant Tec kinase in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells mediating T cell receptor (TCR) and Fc receptor (Fc R) initiated signal transduction. ITK deficiency results in impaired T and NK cell functions, leading to various disorders including malignancies, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. In this mini-review, the role of ITK in T cell signaling and the development of small molecule inhibitors of ITK for the treatment of T-cell related disorders is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhong
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amy J Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason A Dubovsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
Immunodeficiencies with nonfunctional T cells comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by altered function of T lymphocytes in spite of largely preserved T cell development. Some of these forms are due to hypomorphic mutations in genes causing severe combined immunodeficiency. More recently, advances in human genome sequencing have facilitated the identification of novel genetic defects that do not affect T cell development, but alter T cell function and homeostasis. Along with increased susceptibility to infections, these conditions are characterized by autoimmunity and higher risk of malignancies. The study of these diseases, and of corresponding animal models, has provided fundamental insights on the mechanisms that govern immune homeostasis.
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Verykokakis M, Krishnamoorthy V, Iavarone A, Lasorella A, Sigvardsson M, Kee BL. Essential functions for ID proteins at multiple checkpoints in invariant NKT cell development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:5973-83. [PMID: 24244015 PMCID: PMC3864619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells display characteristics of both adaptive and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Like other ILCs, iNKT cells constitutively express ID proteins, which antagonize the E protein transcription factors that are essential for adaptive lymphocyte development. However, unlike ILCs, ID2 is not essential for thymic iNKT cell development. In this study, we demonstrated that ID2 and ID3 redundantly promoted iNKT cell lineage specification involving the induction of the signature transcription factor PLZF and that ID3 was critical for development of TBET-dependent NKT1 cells. In contrast, both ID2 and ID3 limited iNKT cell numbers by enforcing the postselection checkpoint in conventional thymocytes. Therefore, iNKT cells show both adaptive and innate-like requirements for ID proteins at distinct checkpoints during iNKT cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis Verykokakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
| | | | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty for Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Barbara L. Kee
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
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18
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Vargas L, Hamasy A, Nore BF, E. Smith CI. Inhibitors of BTK and ITK: State of the New Drugs for Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammatory Diseases. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:130-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Vargas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge; Sweden
| | | | | | - C. I. E. Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge; Sweden
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19
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Moshous D, Martin E, Carpentier W, Lim A, Callebaut I, Canioni D, Hauck F, Majewski J, Schwartzentruber J, Nitschke P, Sirvent N, Frange P, Picard C, Blanche S, Revy P, Fischer A, Latour S, Jabado N, de Villartay JP. Whole-exome sequencing identifies Coronin-1A deficiency in 3 siblings with immunodeficiency and EBV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1594-603. [PMID: 23522482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immunodeficiencies are a rare group of inborn diseases characterized by a broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Substantial advances in the identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms can be achieved through the study of patients with increased susceptibility to specific infections and immune dysregulation. We evaluated 3 siblings from a consanguineous family presenting with EBV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferation at an early age (12, 7½, and 14 months, respectively) and profound naive T-cell lymphopenia. OBJECTIVE On the basis of the hypothesis of a rare inborn immunodeficiency of autosomal recessive inheritance, we sought to characterize the underlying genetic defect. METHODS We performed genome-wide homozygosity mapping, followed by whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS We identified a homozygous inherited missense mutation in the gene encoding Coronin-1A (CORO1A) in the 3 siblings. This mutation, p. V134M, results in the substitution of an evolutionarily conserved amino acid within the β-propeller domain, which abrogates almost completely the protein expression in the patients' cells. In addition to a significant diminution of naive T-cell numbers, we found impaired development of a diverse T-cell repertoire, near-to-absent invariant natural killer T cells, and severely diminished mucosal-associated invariant T cell numbers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings define a new clinical entity of a primary immunodeficiency with increased susceptibility to EBV-induced lymphoproliferation in patients associated with hypomorphic Coronin-1A mutation.
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Kannan Y, Wilson MS. TEC and MAPK Kinase Signalling Pathways in T helper (T H) cell Development, T H2 Differentiation and Allergic Asthma. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2012; Suppl 12:11. [PMID: 24116341 PMCID: PMC3792371 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.s12-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in our understanding of the signalling events during T cell development and differentiation have been made in the past few decades. It is clear that ligation of the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers a series of proximal signalling cascades regulated by an array of protein kinases. These orchestrated and highly regulated series of events, with differential requirements of particular kinases, highlight the disparities between αβ+CD4+ T cells. Throughout this review we summarise both new and old studies, highlighting the role of Tec and MAPK in T cell development and differentiation with particular focus on T helper 2 (TH2) cells. Finally, as the allergy epidemic continues, we feature the role played by TH2 cells in the development of allergy and provide a brief update on promising kinase inhibitors that have been tested in vitro, in pre-clinical disease models in vivo and into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswini Kannan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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Stritesky GL, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA. Selection of self-reactive T cells in the thymus. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 30:95-114. [PMID: 22149933 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
On the whole, the healthy adaptive immune system is responsive to foreign antigens and tolerant to self. However, many individual lymphocytes have, and even require, substantial self-reactivity for their particular functions in immunity. In this review, we discuss several populations of lymphocytes that are thought to experience agonist stimulation through the T cell receptor during selection: nTreg cells, iNKT cells, nIELs, and nTh17s. We discuss the nature of this self-reactivity, how it compares with conventional T cells, and why it is important for overall immune health. We also outline molecular pathways unique to each lineage and consider possible commonalities to their development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretta L Stritesky
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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22
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Hussain A, Yu L, Faryal R, Mohammad DK, Mohamed AJ, Smith CIE. TEC family kinases in health and disease--loss-of-function of BTK and ITK and the gain-of-function fusions ITK-SYK and BTK-SYK. FEBS J 2011; 278:2001-10. [PMID: 21518255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The TEC family is ancient and constitutes the second largest family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. In 1993, loss-of-function mutations in the BTK gene were reported as the cause of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Of all the existing 90 tyrosine kinases in humans, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is the kinase for which most mutations have been identified. These experiments of nature collectively provide a form of mutation scanning with direct implications for the several hundred endogenous signaling proteins carrying domains also found in BTK. In 2009, an inactivating mutation in the ITK gene was shown to cause susceptibility to lethal Epstein-Barr virus infection. Both kinases represent interesting targets for inhibition: in the case of BTK, as an immunosuppressant, whereas there is evidence that the inhibition of inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) could influence the infectivity of HIV and also have anti-inflammatory activity. Since 2006, several patients carrying a fusion protein, originating from a translocation joining genes encoding the kinases ITK and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), have been shown to develop T-cell lymphoma. We review these disease processes and also describe the role of the N-terminal pleckstrin homology-Tec homology (PH-TH) domain doublet of BTK and ITK in the downstream intracellular signaling of such fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamdar Hussain
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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23
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Ellmeier W, Abramova A, Schebesta A. Tec family kinases: regulation of FcεRI-mediated mast-cell activation. FEBS J 2011; 278:1990-2000. [PMID: 21362140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells express the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) and are key players in type I hypersensitivity reactions. They are critically involved in the development of allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma and systemic anaphylaxis, however, they also regulate normal physiological processes that link innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, their activation has to be tightly controlled. One group of signaling molecules that are activated upon FcεRI stimulation is formed by Tec family kinases, and three members of this kinase family (Btk, Itk and Tec) are expressed in mast cells. Many studies have revealed important functions of Tec kinases in signaling pathways downstream of the antigen receptors in lymphocytes. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the function of Tec family kinases in FcεRI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Gomez-Rodriguez J, Kraus ZJ, Schwartzberg PL. Tec family kinases Itk and Rlk / Txk in T lymphocytes: cross-regulation of cytokine production and T-cell fates. FEBS J 2011; 278:1980-9. [PMID: 21362139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Developing thymocytes and T cells express the Tec kinases Itk, Rlk/Txk and Tec, which are critical modulators of T-cell receptor signaling, required for full activation of phospholipase Cγ, and downstream Ca(2+) and ERK-mediated signaling pathways. Over the last 10 years, data have implicated the Tec family kinases Itk and Rlk/Txk as important regulators of cytokine production by CD4(+) effector T-cell populations. Emerging data now suggest that the Tec family kinases not only influence cytokine-producing T-cell populations in the periphery, but also regulate the development of distinct innate-type cytokine-producing T-cell populations in the thymus. Together, these results suggest that the Tec family kinases play critical roles in helping shape immune responses via their effects on the differentiation and function of distinct cytokine-producing, effector T-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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