1
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Gomez-Lugo JJ, Casillas-Vega NG, Gomez-Loredo A, Balderas-Renteria I, Zarate X. High-Yield Expression and Purification of Scygonadin, an Antimicrobial Peptide, Using the Small Metal-Binding Protein SmbP. Microorganisms 2024; 12:278. [PMID: 38399682 PMCID: PMC10893511 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Producing active antimicrobial peptides with disulfide bonds in bacterial strains is challenging. The cytoplasm of Escherichia coli has a reducing environment, which is not favorable to the formation of disulfide bonds. Additionally, E. coli may express proteins as insoluble aggregates known as inclusion bodies and have proteolytic systems that can degrade recombinant peptides. Using E. coli strains like SHuffle and tagging the peptides with fusion proteins is a common strategy to overcome these difficulties. Still, the larger size of carrier proteins can affect the final yield of recombinant peptides. Therefore, a small fusion protein that can be purified using affinity chromatography may be an ideal strategy for producing antimicrobial peptides in E. coli. (2) Methods: In this study, we investigated the use of the small metal-binding protein SmbP as a fusion partner for expressing and purifying the antimicrobial peptide scygonadin in E. coli. Two constructs were designed: a monomer and a tandem repeat; both were tagged with SmbP at the N-terminus. The constructs were expressed in E. coli SHuffle T7 and purified using immobilized metal-affinity chromatography. Finally, their antimicrobial activity was determined against Staphylococcus aureus. (3) Results: SmbP is a remarkable fusion partner for purifying both scygonadin constructs, yielding around 20 mg for the monomer and 30 mg for the tandem repeat per 1 mL of IMAC column, reaching 95% purity. Both protein constructs demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus at MICs of 4 μM and 40 μM, respectively. (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrates the potential of SmbP for producing active peptides for therapeutic applications. The two scygonadin constructs in this work showed promising antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, suggesting they could be potential candidates for developing new antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Gomez-Lugo
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Mexico; (J.J.G.-L.); (A.G.-L.); (I.B.-R.)
| | - Nestor G. Casillas-Vega
- Departamento de Patologia Clinica, Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
| | - Alma Gomez-Loredo
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Mexico; (J.J.G.-L.); (A.G.-L.); (I.B.-R.)
- Centro de Investigacion en Biotecnologia y Nanotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Parque de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica, Km 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Mariano Escobedo, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Isaias Balderas-Renteria
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Mexico; (J.J.G.-L.); (A.G.-L.); (I.B.-R.)
| | - Xristo Zarate
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Mexico; (J.J.G.-L.); (A.G.-L.); (I.B.-R.)
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2
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He F, Chai Y, Zeng Z, Lu F, Chen H, Zhu J, Fang Y, Cheng K, Miclet E, Alezra V, Wan Y. Rapid Formation of Intramolecular Disulfide Bridges using Light: An Efficient Method to Control the Conformation and Function of Bioactive Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22639-22648. [PMID: 37788450 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are widely found in natural peptides and play a pivotal role in stabilizing their secondary structures, which are highly associated with their biological functions. Herein, we introduce a light-mediated strategy to effectively control the formation of disulfides. Our strategy is based on 2-nitroveratryl (oNv), a widely used photolabile motif, which serves both as a photocaging group and an oxidant (after photolysis). We demonstrated that irradiation of oNv-caged thiols with UV light could release free thiols that are rapidly oxidized by locally released byproduct nitrosoarene, leading to a "break-to-bond" fashion. This strategy is highlighted by the in situ restoration of the antimicrobial peptide tachyplesin I (TPI) from its external disulfide-caged analogue TPI-1. TPI-1 exhibits a distorted structure and a diminished function. However, upon irradiation, the β-hairpin structure and membrane activity of TPI were largely restored via rapid intramolecular disulfide formation. Our study proposes a powerful method to regulate the conformation and function of peptides in a spatiotemporal manner, which has significant potential for the design of disulfide-centered light-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chai
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Zizhen Zeng
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Fangling Lu
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Zhu
- Institute of TCM, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China
| | - Yuanying Fang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Keguang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Emeric Miclet
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Valérie Alezra
- Laboratoire de Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, ICMMO, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91400, France
| | - Yang Wan
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
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3
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Sakata N, Murakami Y, Miyazawa M, Shimamoto S, Hidaka Y. A Novel Peptide Reagent for Investigating Disulfide-Coupled Folding Intermediates of Mid-Size Proteins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083494. [PMID: 37110728 PMCID: PMC10142513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of protein folding have largely involved the use of disulfide-containing proteins, since the disulfide-coupled folding of proteins allows folding intermediates to be trapped and their conformations determined. However, studies of the folding mechanisms of mid-size proteins face several problems, one of which is that detecting folding intermediates is difficult. Therefore, to solve this issue, a novel peptide reagent, maleimidohexanoyl-Arg5-Tyr-NH2, was designed and applied to the detection of folding intermediates of model proteins. BPTI was chosen as a model small protein to estimate the ability of the novel reagent to detect folding intermediates. In addition, a precursor protein (prococoonase) of Bombyx mori cocoonase was used as a model mid-size protein. Cocoonase is classified as a serine protease and has a high homology with trypsin. We recently found that the propeptide sequence of prococoonase (proCCN) is important for the folding of cocoonase. However, it was difficult to study the folding pathway of proCCN since the folding intermediates could not be separated on a reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). Therefore, to separate the folding intermediates by RP-HPLC, the novel labeling reagent was used to accomplish this for proCCN. The results indicated that the peptide reagent allowed the intermediates to be captured, separated on SDS-PAGE, and analyzed by RP-HPLC without the occurrence of undesirable disulfide-exchange reactions during the labeling reactions. The peptide reagent reported herein is a practical tool for investigating the mechanisms of disulfide-coupled folding of mid-size proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sakata
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuri Murakami
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Miyazawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shimamoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuji Hidaka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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4
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Li R, Wu N, Xue H, Gao B, Liu H, Han T, Hu X, Tu Y, Zhao Y. Influence and effect mechanism of disulfide bonds linkages between protein-coated lipid droplets and the protein matrix on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and protein structure of ovalbumin emulsion gels. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 223:113182. [PMID: 36736177 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, disulfide bonds between the interfacial protein film formed on the lipid particles and the protein in ovalbumin emulsion gels were blocked with 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 mM of the N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to explore the influence and effect mechanism of disulfide bonds between the interfacial proteins on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and protein structure of sunflower oil-ovalbumin emulsion gels. Ovalbumin emulsion gels with NEM-treated ovalbumin emulsion (N-OE) had lower hardness, free sulfhydryl content, water holding capacity (WHC), and surface hydrophobicity, but higher spin-spin relaxation time (T2) than ovalbumin emulsion gels with NEM-treated ovalbumin substrate solution (N-OSS). In addition, N-OE and N-OSS had lower hardness, free sulfhydryl content, WHC and surface hydrophobicity, as well as a more coarse and disordered microstructure than non-NEM treated ovalbumin emulsion gel (control group). The free sulfhydryl content, hardness, WHC, and surface hydrophobicity of the ovalbumin emulsion gels all decreased as the NEM concentration rose (p < 0.05), whereas the amide A band changed to higher wave numbers. These results collectively indicated that the reduction of disulfide between the interfacial layer and the proteins inhibited the hydrophobic effect, the formation of hydrogen bonds, and prevented the formation of larger aggregates. Thus the disulfide bonds between the interfacial proteins contribute to the hardness enhancement and water stabilization of the ovalbumin gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Li
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Na Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Huilan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Tianfeng Han
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yonggang Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Agricultural Products Processing and Quality Control Engineering Laboratory of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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5
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Narayan M. The Non-native Disulfide-Bond-Containing Landscape Orthogonal to the Oxidative Protein-Folding Trajectory: A Necessary Evil? J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10273-10284. [PMID: 36472840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative protein folding describes the process by which disulfide-bond-containing proteins mature from their ribosomal, fully reduced and unfolded, origins. Over the past 40 years, a number of exemplar proteins including bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNaseA), bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), and hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL), among others, have provided rich insight into the nature of the intermolecular interactions that drive the formation of the native, biologically active fold. In this Review Article, we revisit the oxidative folding process of RNase A with a focus on reconciling the role of non-native disulfide-bond-containing species that populate the oxidative folding landscape. Toward gaining such an understanding, we project the regeneration pathway onto a Cartesian coordinate system. This helps not only to recognize the magnitude of the seemingly "fruitless", non-native disulfide-bond-containing species that lie orthogonal to the "native-protein-forming" reaction progress but also to reconcile a role for their existence in the regenerative trajectory. Finally, we superimpose the folding funnel onto the regeneration trajectory to draw parallels between oxidative folders and conformational folders (proteins that lack disulfide bonds). The overall objective is to provide the reader with a semi-quantitative description of oxidative protein folding and the barriers to successful regeneration while underscoring a role of seemingly fruitless intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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6
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Markova SV, Larionova MD, Vysotski ES. Production of Metridia Luciferase in Native Form by Oxidative Refolding from E. coli Inclusion Bodies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2524:59-73. [PMID: 35821463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2453-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The small coelenterazine-dependent luciferase from Metridia longa (MLuc), in view of its high activity, simplicity of bioluminescent (BL) reaction, and stability, has found successful analytical applications as a genetically encoded reporter for in vivo assessment of cellular processes. However, the study on the biochemical and BL properties and the development of in vitro analytical applications of MLuc are hampered by the difficulties of obtaining a sufficient amount of the highly active recombinant protein due to the presence of multiple (up to five) disulfide bonds per molecule. Here, we present a protocol to obtain the recombinant disulfide-rich MLuc using a cheap and simple Escherichia coli expression system without any affinity tags in its native form by refolding from inclusion bodies. The method includes (i) purification of MLuc inclusion bodies, solubilization of the aggregated form with full reduction of disulfide bonds, and refolding to the native state using a glutathione redox system in the presence of arginine and Cu2+ ions and (ii) chromatographic purification of MLuc and its functional assessment in terms of activity. We introduce the empirical, optimal conditions for oxidative refolding and subsequent purification of MLuc, with its basic properties taken into account. We believe that this protocol is adaptable for a large-scale harvest of other natively folded copepod luciferases as well as other disulfide-rich recombinant proteins from E. coli inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Markova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Marina D Larionova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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7
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Narayan M. Securing Native Disulfide Bonds in Disulfide-Coupled Protein Folding Reactions: The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Elements vis-à-vis Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31404-31410. [PMID: 34869967 PMCID: PMC8637583 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play an important role in physiology and are the mainstay of proteins that reside in the plasma membrane and of those that are secreted outside the cell. Disulfide-bond-containing proteins comprise ∼30% of all eukaryotic proteins. Using bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) as an exemplar, we review the regeneration (oxidative folding) of disulfide-bond-containing proteins from their fully reduced state to the biologically active form. We discuss the key aspects of the oxidative folding landscape w.r.t. the acquisition and retention of native disulfide bonds which is an essential requirement for the polypeptide to be biologically functional. By re-examining the regeneration trajectory in light of the symbiotic relationship between native disulfide bonds and a protective structure, we describe the elements that compete with the processes that secure native disulfide bonds in disulfide-coupled protein folding. The impact of native-disulfide-bond formation on protein stability, trafficking, protein misfolding, and neurodegenerative onset is elaborated upon.
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8
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Pietzner M, Wheeler E, Carrasco-Zanini J, Cortes A, Koprulu M, Wörheide MA, Oerton E, Cook J, Stewart ID, Kerrison ND, Luan J, Raffler J, Arnold M, Arlt W, O’Rahilly S, Kastenmüller G, Gamazon ER, Hingorani AD, Scott RA, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C. Mapping the proteo-genomic convergence of human diseases. Science 2021; 374:eabj1541. [PMID: 34648354 PMCID: PMC9904207 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the genetic regulation of proteins is essential for understanding disease etiology and developing therapies. We identified 10,674 genetic associations for 3892 plasma proteins to create a cis-anchored gene-protein-disease map of 1859 connections that highlights strong cross-disease biological convergence. This proteo-genomic map provides a framework to connect etiologically related diseases, to provide biological context for new or emerging disorders, and to integrate different biological domains to establish mechanisms for known gene-disease links. Our results identify proteo-genomic connections within and between diseases and establish the value of cis-protein variants for annotation of likely causal disease genes at loci identified in genome-wide association studies, thereby addressing a major barrier to experimental validation and clinical translation of genetic discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pietzner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julia Carrasco-Zanini
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Mine Koprulu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maria A. Wörheide
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erin Oerton
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James Cook
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Isobel D. Stewart
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicola D. Kerrison
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Johannes Raffler
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Institut für Digitale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Arnold
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA,Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9AL, United Kingdom
| | - Aroon D. Hingorani
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,Health Data Research UK, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK,Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Health Data Research UK, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany,Health Data Research UK, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK,Correspondence to Dr. Claudia Langenberg ()
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9
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Kwon JW, Jeon YK, Kim J, Kim SJ, Kim SJ. Intramolecular Disulfide Bonds for Biogenesis of CALHM1 Ion Channel Are Dispensable for Voltage-Dependent Activation. Mol Cells 2021; 44:758-769. [PMID: 34711692 PMCID: PMC8560582 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is a membrane protein with four transmembrane helices that form an octameric ion channel with voltage-dependent activation. There are four conserved cysteine (Cys) residues in the extracellular domain that form two intramolecular disulfide bonds. We investigated the roles of C42-C127 and C44-C161 in human CALHM1 channel biogenesis and the ionic current (ICALHM1). Replacing Cys with Ser or Ala abolished the membrane trafficking as well as ICALHM1. Immunoblotting analysis revealed dithiothreitol-sensitive multimeric CALHM1, which was markedly reduced in C44S and C161S, but preserved in C42S and C127S. The mixed expression of C42S and wild-type did not show a dominant-negative effect. While the heteromeric assembly of CALHM1 and CALHM3 formed active ion channels, the co-expression of C42S and CALHM3 did not produce functional channels. Despite the critical structural role of the extracellular cysteine residues, a treatment with the membrane-impermeable reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP, 2 mM) did not affect ICALHM1 for up to 30 min. Interestingly, incubation with TCEP (2 mM) for 2-6 h reduced both ICALHM1 and the surface expression of CALHM1 in a time-dependent manner. We propose that the intramolecular disulfide bonds are essential for folding, oligomerization, trafficking and maintenance of CALHM1 in the plasma membrane, but dispensable for the voltage-dependent activation once expressed on the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Young Keul Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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10
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Narayan M. The Formation of Native Disulfide Bonds: Treading a Fine Line in Protein Folding. Protein J 2021; 40:134-139. [PMID: 33765253 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The folding of proteins that contain disulfide bonds is termed oxidative protein folding. It involves a chemical reaction resulting in the formation of disulfide bonds and a physical conformational folding reaction that promotes the formation of the native structure. While the presence of disulfide bonds significantly increases the complexity of the folding landscape, it is generally recognized that native disulfide bonds help funnel the trajectory towards the final folded form. Here, we review the role of disulfide bonds in oxidative protein folding and argue that even structure-inducing native disulfide bond formation treads a fine line in the regeneration of disulfide-bond-containing proteins. The translation of this observation to protein misfolding related disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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11
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Gupta A, Singh AK, Kumar R, Jamieson S, Pandey AK, Bishayee A. Neuroprotective Potential of Ellagic Acid: A Critical Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1211-1238. [PMID: 33693510 PMCID: PMC8321875 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a dietary polyphenol present in various fruits, vegetables, herbs, and nuts. It exists either independently or as part of complex structures, such as ellagitannins, which release EA and several other metabolites including urolithins following absorption. During the past few decades, EA has drawn considerable attention because of its vast range of biological activities as well as its numerous molecular targets. Several studies have reported that the oxidative stress-lowering potential of EA accounts for its broad-spectrum pharmacological attributes. At the biochemical level, several mechanisms have also been associated with its therapeutic action, including its efficacy in normalizing lipid metabolism and lipidemic profile, regulating proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, upregulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and inhibiting NF-κB action. EA exerts appreciable neuroprotective activity by its free radical-scavenging action, iron chelation, initiation of several cell signaling pathways, and alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction. Numerous in vivo studies have also explored the neuroprotective attribute of EA against various neurotoxins in animal models. Despite the increasing number of publications with experimental evidence, a critical analysis of available literature to understand the full neuroprotective potential of EA has not been performed. The present review provides up-to-date, comprehensive, and critical information regarding the natural sources of EA, its bioavailability, metabolism, neuroprotective activities, and underlying mechanisms of action in order to encourage further studies to define the clinical usefulness of EA for the management of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarah Jamieson
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
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12
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Jiang S, Carroll L, Mariotti M, Hägglund P, Davies MJ. Formation of protein cross-links by singlet oxygen-mediated disulfide oxidation. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101874. [PMID: 33601275 PMCID: PMC7900768 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-links formed within and between proteins are a major cause of protein dysfunction, and are postulated to drive the accumulation of protein aggregates in some human pathologies. Cross-links can be formed from multiple residues and can be reversible (usually sulfur-sulfur bonds) or irreversible (typically carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds). Disulfides formed from oxidation of two Cys residues are widespread, with these formed both deliberately, via enzymatic reactions, or as a result of unintended oxidation reactions. We have recently demonstrated that new protein-glutathione mixed disulfides can be formed through oxidation of a protein disulfide to a thiosulfinate, and subsequent reaction of this species with glutathione. Here we investigate whether similar reactions occur between an oxidized protein disulfide, and a Cys residues on a second protein, to give novel protein cross-links. Singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated oxidation of multiple proteins (α-lactalbumin, lysozyme, beta-2-microglobulin, C-reactive protein), and subsequent incubation with the Cys-containing protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), generates inter-protein cross-links as detected by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and mass spectrometry (MS). The cross-link yield is dependent on the 1O2 concentration, the presence of the original protein disulfide bond, and the free Cys on GAPDH. MS with 18O-labeling has allowed identification of the residues involved in some cases (e.g. Cys25 from the Cys25-Cys80 disulfide in beta-2-microglobulin, with Cys149 or Cys244 of GAPDH). The formation of these cross-links results in a loss of GAPDH enzymatic activity. These data provide 'proof-of-concept' for a novel mechanism of protein cross-link formation which may help rationalize the accumulation of cross-linked proteins in multiple human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luke Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele Mariotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Narayan M. Revisiting the Formation of a Native Disulfide Bond: Consequences for Protein Regeneration and Beyond. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225337. [PMID: 33207635 PMCID: PMC7697891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative protein folding involves the formation of disulfide bonds and the regeneration of native structure (N) from the fully reduced and unfolded protein (R). Oxidative protein folding studies have provided a wealth of information on underlying physico-chemical reactions by which disulfide-bond-containing proteins acquire their catalytically active form. Initially, we review key events underlying oxidative protein folding using bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A), bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and hen-egg white lysozyme (HEWL) as model disulfide bond-containing folders and discuss consequential outcomes with regard to their folding trajectories. We re-examine the findings from the same studies to underscore the importance of forming native disulfide bonds and generating a “native-like” structure early on in the oxidative folding pathway. The impact of both these features on the regeneration landscape are highlighted by comparing ideal, albeit hypothetical, regeneration scenarios with those wherein a native-like structure is formed relatively “late” in the R→N trajectory. A special case where the desired characteristics of oxidative folding trajectories can, nevertheless, stall folding is also discussed. The importance of these data from oxidative protein folding studies is projected onto outcomes, including their impact on the regeneration rate, yield, misfolding, misfolded-flux trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytoplasm, and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Narayan
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas as El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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14
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Fields FR, Suresh N, Hiller M, Freed SD, Haldar K, Lee SW. Algorithmic assessment of missense mutation severity in the Von-Hippel Lindau protein. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234100. [PMID: 33151962 PMCID: PMC7644048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is an autosomal dominant rare disease that causes the formation of angiogenic tumors. When functional, pVHL acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). Genetic mutations that perturb the structure of pVHL result in dysregulation of HIF, causing a wide array of tumor pathologies including retinal angioma, pheochromocytoma, central nervous system hemangioblastoma, and clear cell renal carcinoma. These VHL-related cancers occur throughout the lifetime of the patient, requiring frequent intervention procedures, such as surgery, to remove the tumors. Although VHL is classified as a rare disease (1 in 39,000 to 1 in 91,000 affected) there is a large heterogeneity in genetic mutations listed for observed pathologies. Understanding how these specific mutations correlate with the myriad of observed pathologies for VHL could provide clinicians insight into the potential severity and onset of disease. Using a select set of 285 ClinVar mutations in VHL, we developed a multiparametric scoring algorithm to evaluate the overall clinical severity of missense mutations in pVHL. The mutations were assessed according to eight weighted parameters as a comprehensive evaluation of protein misfolding and malfunction. Higher mutation scores were strongly associated with pathogenicity. Our approach establishes a novel in silico method by which VHL-specific mutations can be assessed for their severity and effect on the biophysical functions of the VHL protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R. Fields
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Niraja Suresh
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Morgan Hiller
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Stefan D. Freed
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Chemistry-Biology-Biochemistry Interfaces, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kasturi Haldar
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shaun W. Lee
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Chemistry-Biology-Biochemistry Interfaces, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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15
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Iwaoka M, Mitsuji T, Shinozaki R. Oxidative folding pathways of bovine milk β-lactoglobulin with odd cysteine residues. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1379-1391. [PMID: 31087497 PMCID: PMC6668375 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) is a major whey protein with unique structural characteristics: it possesses a free Cys thiol (SH) and two disulfide (SS) bonds and consists of a β‐barrel core surrounded by one long and several short α helices. Although SS‐intact conformational folding has been studied in depth, the oxidative folding pathways and accompanying SS formation/rearrangement are poorly understood. In this study, we used trans‐3,4‐dihydroxyselenolane oxide, a water‐soluble selenoxide reagent which undergoes rapid and quantitative SS formation, to determine the oxidative folding pathways of BLG variant A (BLGA) at pH 8.0 and 25 °C. This was done by characterizing two key one‐SS intermediates, a particular folding intermediate having a Cys66–Cys160 SS bond (I‐1) and a particular folding intermediate having a Cys106–Cys119 SS bond (I‐2), which have a native Cys66–Cys160 and Cys106–Cys119 SS bond, respectively. In the major folding pathway, the reduced protein (R) with abundant α helices was oxidized to I‐1, which was then transformed to I‐2 through SS rearrangement. The native protein (N) was formed by oxidation of I‐2. The redundant Cys121 thiol facilitates SS rearrangement. N is also generated from an ensemble of folding intermediates having two SS bonds (2SS) intermediates with scrambled SS bonds through SS rearrangement, but this minor pathway is deteriorative due to aggregation or overoxidation of 2SS. During oxidative folding of BLGA, α→β conformational transition occurred as previously observed in SS‐intact folding. These findings are informative not only for elucidating oxidative folding pathways of other members of the β‐lactoglobulin family, but also for understanding the roles of a redundant Cys thiol in the oxidative folding process of a protein with odd Cys residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Mitsuji
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reina Shinozaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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16
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Grigoryan H, Edmands WMB, Lan Q, Carlsson H, Vermeulen R, Zhang L, Yin SN, Li GL, Smith MT, Rothman N, Rappaport SM. Adductomic signatures of benzene exposure provide insights into cancer induction. Carcinogenesis 2019. [PMID: 29538615 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although benzene has long been recognized as a cause of human leukemia, the mechanism by which this simple molecule causes cancer has been problematic. A complicating factor is benzene metabolism, which produces many reactive intermediates, some specific to benzene and others derived from redox processes. Using archived serum from 20 nonsmoking Chinese workers, 10 with and 10 without occupational exposure to benzene (exposed: 3.2-88.9 ppm, controls: 0.002-0.020 ppm), we employed an adductomic pipeline to characterize protein modifications at Cys34 of human serum albumin, a nucleophilic hotspot in extracellular fluids. Of the 47 measured human serum albumin modifications, 39 were present at higher concentrations in benzene-exposed workers than in controls and many of the exposed-control differences were statistically significant. Correlation analysis identified three prominent clusters of adducts, namely putative modifications by benzene oxide and a benzene diolepoxide that grouped with other measures of benzene exposure, adducts of reactive oxygen and carbonyl species, and Cys34 disulfides of small thiols that are formed following oxidation of Cys34. Benzene diolepoxides are potent mutagens and carcinogens that have received little attention as potential causes of human leukemia. Reactive oxygen and carbonyl species-generated by redox processes involving polyphenolic benzene metabolites and by Cyp2E1 regulation following benzene exposure-can modify DNA and proteins in ways that contribute to cancer. The fact that these diverse human serum albumin modifications differed between benzene-exposed and control workers suggests that benzene can increase leukemia risks via multiple pathways involving a constellation of reactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmik Grigoryan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William M B Edmands
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Henrik Carlsson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Song-Nian Yin
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Lan Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Rappaport
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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17
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Taalab YM, Ibrahim N, Maher A, Hassan M, Mohamed W, Moustafa AA, Salama M, Johar D, Bernstein L. Mechanisms of disordered neurodegenerative function: concepts and facts about the different roles of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:387-415. [PMID: 29303785 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are a dissimilar group of disorders that share a hallmark feature of accumulation of abnormal intraneuronal or extraneuronal misfolded/unfolded protein and are classified as protein misfolding disorders. Cellular and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates multiple signaling cascades of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Consequently, translational and transcriptional alterations in target gene expression occur in response directed toward restoring the ER capacity of proteostasis and reestablishing the cellular homeostasis. Evidences from in vitro and in vivo disease models indicate that disruption of ER homeostasis causes abnormal protein aggregation that leads to synaptic and neuronal dysfunction. However, the exact mechanism by which it contributes to disease progression and pathophysiological changes remains vague. Downstream signaling pathways of UPR are fully integrated, yet with diverse unexpected outcomes in different disease models. Three well-identified ER stress sensors have been implicated in UPR, namely, inositol requiring enzyme 1, protein kinase RNA-activated-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6. Although it cannot be denied that each of the involved stress sensor initiates a distinct downstream signaling pathway, it becomes increasingly clear that shared pathways are crucial in determining whether or not the UPR will guide the cells toward adaptive prosurvival or proapoptotic responses. We review a body of work on the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases based on oxidative stress and cell death pathways with emphasis on the role of PERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen M Taalab
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, 35111, Egypt
| | - Nour Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11591, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Maher
- Zoonotic Disease Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 25200, Egypt
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju-do 32588, South Korea
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Menoufia University, Al-Menoufia, 25200 Egypt.,Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kunatan Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology and MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2751 Australia
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, 35111, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dina Johar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11291, Egypt.,Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology 432 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada, e-mail:
| | - Larry Bernstein
- Triplex Consulting, 54 Firethorn Lane, Northampton, MA 01060, USA
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18
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Wang RS, Oldham WM, Maron BA, Loscalzo J. Systems Biology Approaches to Redox Metabolism in Stress and Disease States. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:953-972. [PMID: 29121773 PMCID: PMC6104248 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE All cellular metabolic processes are tied to the cellular redox environment. Therefore, maintaining redox homeostasis is critically important for normal cell function. Indeed, redox stress contributes to the pathobiology of many human diseases. The cellular redox response system is composed of numerous interconnected components, including free radicals, redox couples, protein thiols, enzymes, metabolites, and transcription factors. Moreover, interactions between and among these factors are regulated in time and space. Owing to their complexity, systems biology approaches to the characterization of the cellular redox response system may provide insights into novel homeostatic mechanisms and methods of therapeutic reprogramming. Recent Advances: The emergence and development of systems biology has brought forth a set of innovative technologies that provide new avenues for studying redox metabolism. This article will review these systems biology approaches and their potential application to the study of redox metabolism in stress and disease states. CRITICAL ISSUES Clarifying the scope of biological intermediaries affected by dysregulated redox metabolism requires methods that are suitable for analyzing big datasets as classical methods that do not account for multiple interactions are unlikely to portray the totality of perturbed metabolic systems. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Given the diverse redox microenvironments within cells, it will be important to improve the spatial resolution of omic approaches. Futures studies on the integration of multiple systems-based methods and heterogeneous omics data for redox metabolism are required to accelerate the development of the field of redox systems biology. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 953-972.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Sheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William M. Oldham
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bradley A. Maron
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Biosynthesis of human myeloperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 642:1-9. [PMID: 29408362 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Members of Chordata peroxidase subfamily [1] expressed in mammals, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO), express conserved motifs around the heme prosthetic group essential for their activity, a calcium-binding site, and at least two covalent bonds linking the heme group to the protein backbone. Although most studies of the biosynthesis of these peroxidases have focused on MPO, many of the features described occur during biosynthesis of other members of the protein subfamily. Whereas MPO biosynthesis includes events typical for proteins generated in the secretory pathway, the importance and consequences of heme insertion are events uniquely associated with peroxidases. This Review summarizes decades of work elucidating specific steps in the biosynthetic pathway of human MPO. Discussion includes cotranslational glycosylation and subsequent modifications of the N-linked carbohydrate sidechains, contributions by molecular chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum, cleavage of the propeptide from proMPO, and proteolytic processing of protomers and dimerization to yield mature MPO. Parallels between the biosynthesis of MPO and TPO as well as the impact of inherited mutations in the MPO gene on normal biosynthesis will be summarized. Lastly, specific gaps in our knowledge revealed by this review of our current understanding will be highlighted.
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20
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Conformational folding and disulfide bonding drive distinct stages of protein structure formation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1494. [PMID: 29367639 PMCID: PMC5784126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal relationship between conformational folding and disulfide bonding in protein oxidative folding remains incompletely defined. Here we show a stage-dependent interplay between the two events in oxidative folding of C-reactive protein (CRP) in live cells. CRP is composed of five identical subunits, which first fold spontaneously to a near-native core with a correctly positioned C-terminal helix. This process drives the formation of the intra-subunit disulfide bond between Cys36 and Cys97. The second stage of subunit folding, however, is a non-spontaneous process with extensive restructuring driven instead by the intra-subunit disulfide bond and guided by calcium binding-mediated anchoring. With the folded subunits, pentamer assembly ensues. Our results argue that folding spontaneity is the major determinant that dictates which event acts as the driver. The stepwise folding pathway of CRP further suggests that one major route might be selected out of the many in theory for efficient folding in the cellular environment.
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21
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Shinozaki R, Iwaoka M. Effects of Metal Ions, Temperature, and a Denaturant on the Oxidative Folding Pathways of Bovine α-Lactalbumin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091996. [PMID: 28926961 PMCID: PMC5618645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine α-lactalbumin (αLA) has four disulfide (SS) bonds in the native form (N). On the oxidative folding pathways of this protein, two specific SS folding intermediates, i.e., (61–77, 73–91) and des[6–120], which have two and three native SS bonds, respectively, accumulate predominantly in the presence of Ca2+. In this study, we reinvestigated the pathways using a water-soluble cyclic selenoxide reagent, trans-3,4-dihydroxyselenolane oxide (DHSox), as a strong and quantitative oxidant to oxidize the fully reduced form (R). In the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (under a metal-free condition), SS formation randomly proceeded, and N did not regenerate. On the other hand, two specific SS intermediates transiently generated in the presence of Ca2+. These intermediates could be assigned to (61–77, 73–91) and des[6–120] having two common SS bonds, i.e., Cys61-Cys77 and Cys73-Cys91, near the calcium binding pocket of the β-sheet domain. Much faster folding to N was observed in the presence of Mn2+, whereas Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ did not affect the pathways. The two key intermediates were susceptible to temperature and a denaturant. The oxidative folding pathways revealed were significantly different from those of hen egg white lysozyme, which has the same SS-bonding pattern as αLA, suggesting that the folding pathways of SS-containing proteins can alter depending on the amino acid sequence and other factors, even when the SS-bond topologies are similar to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Shinozaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
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22
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Khairallah A, Farag AA, Johar D, Bernstein L. Endocrine Imbalance Associated With Proteome Changes in Diabetes. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3569-3576. [PMID: 28419534 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of cellular metabolism involves rapid interactions between proteins and nucleic acids, proteins and proteins, and signaling. These involve the interactions with respect to the sulfur bond, noncovalent electrostatic interactions, protein structure stabilization and protein-ligand binding, weak electrostatic interactions in proteins, oxygen radicals that initiate a change in conformation and a chain of events. We review a development in molecular medicine that is a very promising work in progress. We also review the current and future research methods involving mitochondria. Long-term effects of diabetes include glycation of proteins, for example, glycohemoglobin (HbA1c), increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neurological dysfunctions. Tissues are exposed to significant quantities of highly reactive chemical species including nitric oxide • NO and reactive oxygen species ROS over months to years, to an extent generated by mitochondrial activities. The reactions of • NO can be broadly discussed with reference to three main processes which control their fate in biological systems: (1) diffusion and intra-cellular consumption; (2) autooxidation to form nitrous anhydride N2 O3 ; and (3) reaction with superoxide O2• - to form peroxynitrite ONOO-. Reactive nitrogen species produced by macrophages and neutrophils in the interstitial space, with emphasis on • NO, N2 O3 , ONOO-, and nitrogen dioxide radicals • NO2 generate protein and DNA damage. Serum thiol (-SH) groups act as an important extracellular scavenger of peroxides and are therefore helpful in protecting the surrounding tissues. The events described here are a homeostatic endocrine imbalance that is associated with proteostasis. The advances we have seen in untangling this web of interactions are sure to continue at a breathtaking pace. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3569-3576, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khairallah
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Dina Johar
- Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.,Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Larry Bernstein
- Triplex Consulting, 54 Firethorn Lane, Northampton, Massachusetts
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An 11-mer Amyloid Beta Peptide Fragment Provokes Chemical Mutations and Parkinsonian Biomarker Aggregation in Dopaminergic Cells: A Novel Road Map for "Transfected" Parkinson's. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1519-1530. [PMID: 27635664 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation is generally associated with Alzheimer's onset. Here, we demonstrate that incubation of dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells with an Aβ peptide fragment (an 11-mer composed of residues 25-35; Aβ (25-35)) results in elevated intracellular nitrosative stress and induces chemical mutation of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an endoplasmic reticulum-resident oxidoreductase chaperone. Furthermore, Aβ (25-35) provokes aggregation of both the minor and major biomarkers of Parkinson's disease, namely, synphilin-1 and α-synuclein, respectively. Importantly, fluorescence studies demonstrate that Aβ (25-35) triggers colocalization of these Parkinsonian biomarkers to form Lewy-body-like aggregates, a key and irreversible milestone in the neurometabolic cascade leading to Parkinson's disease. In addition, fluorescence assays also reveal direct, aggregation-seeding interactions between Aβ (25-35), PDI and α-synuclein, suggesting neuronal pathogenesis occurs via prion-type cross-transfectivity. These data indicate that the introduction of an Alzheimer's-associated biomarker in dopaminergic cells is proliferative, with the percolative effect exercised via dual, independent, Parkinson-pathogenic pathways, one stress-derived and the other prion-like. The results define a novel molecular roadmap for Parkinsonian transfectivity via an Alzheimeric burden and reveal the involvement of PDI in amyloid beta induced Parkinson's.
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24
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Serebryany E, Woodard JC, Adkar BV, Shabab M, King JA, Shakhnovich EI. An Internal Disulfide Locks a Misfolded Aggregation-prone Intermediate in Cataract-linked Mutants of Human γD-Crystallin. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19172-83. [PMID: 27417136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.735977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable mechanistic insight has been gained into amyloid aggregation; however, a large number of non-amyloid protein aggregates are considered "amorphous," and in most cases, little is known about their mechanisms. Amorphous aggregation of γ-crystallins in the eye lens causes cataract, a widespread disease of aging. We combined simulations and experiments to study the mechanism of aggregation of two γD-crystallin mutants, W42R and W42Q: the former a congenital cataract mutation, and the latter a mimic of age-related oxidative damage. We found that formation of an internal disulfide was necessary and sufficient for aggregation under physiological conditions. Two-chain all-atom simulations predicted that one non-native disulfide in particular, between Cys(32) and Cys(41), was likely to stabilize an unfolding intermediate prone to intermolecular interactions. Mass spectrometry and mutagenesis experiments confirmed the presence of this bond in the aggregates and its necessity for oxidative aggregation under physiological conditions in vitro Mining the simulation data linked formation of this disulfide to extrusion of the N-terminal β-hairpin and rearrangement of the native β-sheet topology. Specific binding between the extruded hairpin and a distal β-sheet, in an intermolecular chain reaction similar to domain swapping, is the most probable mechanism of aggregate propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Serebryany
- From the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Jaie C Woodard
- the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Bharat V Adkar
- the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Mohammed Shabab
- From the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Jonathan A King
- From the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Eugene I Shakhnovich
- the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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25
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Walsh G. Protein Structure and Engineering. Proteins 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119117599.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Wingfield PT. Overview of the purification of recombinant proteins. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2015; 80:6.1.1-6.1.35. [PMID: 25829302 PMCID: PMC4410719 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps0601s80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
When the first version of this unit was written in 1995, protein purification of recombinant proteins was based on a variety of standard chromatographic methods and approaches, many of which were described and mentioned throughout Current Protocols in Protein Science. In the interim, there has been a shift toward an almost universal usage of the affinity or fusion tag. This may not be the case for biotechnology manufacture where affinity tags can complicate producing proteins under regulatory conditions. Regardless of the protein expression system, questions are asked as to which and how many affinity tags to use, where to attach them in the protein, and whether to engineer a self-cleavage system or simply leave them on. We will briefly address some of these issues. Also, although this overview focuses on E.coli, protein expression and purification, other commonly used expression systems are mentioned and, apart from cell-breakage methods, protein purification methods and strategies are essentially the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Wingfield
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NIAMS - NIH, Building 6B, Room 1B130, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, Tel: 301-594-1313,
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27
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Ugrinov KG, Freed SD, Thomas CL, Lee SW. A multiparametric computational algorithm for comprehensive assessment of genetic mutations in mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (Sanfilippo syndrome). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121511. [PMID: 25807448 PMCID: PMC4373678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS-IIIA, Sanfilippo syndrome) is a Lysosomal Storage Disease caused by cellular deficiency of N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (SGSH). Given the large heterogeneity of genetic mutations responsible for the disease, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which these mutations affect enzyme function is needed to guide effective therapies. We developed a multiparametric computational algorithm to assess how patient genetic mutations in SGSH affect overall enzyme biogenesis, stability, and function. 107 patient mutations for the SGSH gene were obtained from the Human Gene Mutation Database representing all of the clinical mutations documented for Sanfilippo syndrome. We assessed each mutation individually using ten distinct parameters to give a comprehensive predictive score of the stability and misfolding capacity of the SGSH enzyme resulting from each of these mutations. The predictive score generated by our multiparametric algorithm yielded a standardized quantitative assessment of the severity of a given SGSH genetic mutation toward overall enzyme activity. Application of our algorithm has identified SGSH mutations in which enzymatic malfunction of the gene product is specifically due to impairments in protein folding. These scores provide an assessment of the degree to which a particular mutation could be treated using approaches such as chaperone therapies. Our multiparametric protein biogenesis algorithm advances a key understanding in the overall biochemical mechanism underlying Sanfilippo syndrome. Importantly, the design of our multiparametric algorithm can be tailored to many other diseases of genetic heterogeneity for which protein misfolding phenotypes may constitute a major component of disease manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krastyu G Ugrinov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States of America; Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States of America
| | - Stefan D Freed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States of America; Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States of America
| | - Clayton L Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States of America; Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States of America
| | - Shaun W Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States of America; Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States of America
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28
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Kabiraj P, Marin JE, Varela-Ramirez A, Zubia E, Narayan M. Ellagic acid mitigates SNO-PDI induced aggregation of Parkinsonian biomarkers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:1209-20. [PMID: 25247703 DOI: 10.1021/cn500214k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrosative stress mediated S-nitrosylation (SNO) of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a housekeeping oxidoreductase, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sporadic Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD) diseases. Previous cell line studies have indicated that SNO-PDI formation provokes synphilin-1 aggregation, the minor Parkinsonian biomarker protein. Yet no work exists investigating whether SNO-PDI induces α-synuclein aggregation, the major Lewy body constituent associated with Parkinson's pathogenesis. Here, we report that SNO-PDI formation is linked to the aggregation of α-synuclein and also provokes α-synuclein:synphilin-1 deposits (Lewy-body-like debris) normally found in the PD brain. Furthermore, we have examined the ability of a small molecule, 2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy-chromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione (ellagic acid; EA) to scavenge NOx radicals and to protect cells from SNO-PDI formation via rotenone insult both, cell-based and cell-independent in vitro experiments. Furthermore, EA not only mitigates nitrosative-stress-induced aggregation of synphilin-1 but also α-synuclein and α-synuclein:synphilin-1 composites (Lewy-like neurites) in PC12 cells. Mechanistic analyses of the neuroprotective phenomena revealed that EA lowered rotenone-instigated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in PC12 cells, imparted antiapoptotic tributes, and directly interfered with SNO-PDI formation. Lastly, we demonstrate that EA can bind human serum albumin (HSA). These results collectively indicate that small molecules can provide a therapeutic foothold for overcoming Parkinson's through a prophylactic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Kabiraj
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jose Eduardo Marin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Emmanuel Zubia
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological
Sciences, §Cytometry, Screening and Imaging
Core Facility and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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29
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Okumura M, Kadokura H, Hashimoto S, Yutani K, Kanemura S, Hikima T, Hidaka Y, Ito L, Shiba K, Masui S, Imai D, Imaoka S, Yamaguchi H, Inaba K. Inhibition of the functional interplay between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxidoreduclin-1α (Ero1α) and protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) by the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27004-27018. [PMID: 25122773 PMCID: PMC4175339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.564104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that may have adverse effects on human health. We recently isolated protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) as a BPA-binding protein from rat brain homogenates and found that BPA markedly inhibited PDI activity. To elucidate mechanisms of this inhibition, detailed structural, biophysical, and functional analyses of PDI were performed in the presence of BPA. BPA binding to PDI induced significant rearrangement of the N-terminal thioredoxin domain of PDI, resulting in more compact overall structure. This conformational change led to closure of the substrate-binding pocket in b' domain, preventing PDI from binding to unfolded proteins. The b' domain also plays an essential role in the interplay between PDI and ER oxidoreduclin 1α (Ero1α), a flavoenzyme responsible for reoxidation of PDI. We show that BPA inhibited Ero1α-catalyzed PDI oxidation presumably by inhibiting the interaction between the b' domain of PDI and Ero1α; the phenol groups of BPA probably compete with a highly conserved tryptophan residue, located in the protruding β-hairpin of Ero1α, for binding to PDI. Consistently, BPA slowed down the reoxidation of PDI and caused the reduction of PDI in HeLa cells, indicating that BPA has a great impact on the redox homeostasis of PDI within cells. However, BPA had no effect on the interaction between PDI and peroxiredoxin-4 (Prx4), another PDI family oxidase, suggesting that the interaction between Prx4 and PDI is different from that of Ero1α and PDI. These results indicate that BPA, a widely distributed and potentially harmful chemical, inhibits Ero1-PDI-mediated disulfide bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okumura
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan,; Division of Protein Chemistry, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,; RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan,; School Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan,; Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kadokura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shoko Hashimoto
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Yutani
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Shingo Kanemura
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan,; RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan,; Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hikima
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuji Hidaka
- School Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Len Ito
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kohei Shiba
- ProCube Business Division, Sysmex Corporation, 1-1-2, Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan, and
| | - Shoji Masui
- Division of Protein Chemistry, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,; Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Daiki Imai
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan,; RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Susumu Imaoka
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan,; RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan,.
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Division of Protein Chemistry, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,; Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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30
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Hidaka Y. Overview of the Regulation of Disulfide Bond Formation in Peptide and Protein Folding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 76:28.6.1-28.6.6. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps2806s76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hidaka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University Higashi‐Osaka Osaka Japan
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31
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Okumura M, Shimamoto S, Hidaka Y. Chemical methods for producing disulfide bonds in peptides and proteins to study folding regulation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2014; 76:28.7.1-28.7.13. [PMID: 24692016 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps2807s76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a critical role in the folding of secretory and membrane proteins. Oxidative folding reactions of disulfide bond-containing proteins typically require several hours or days, and numerous misbridged disulfide isomers are often observed as intermediates. The rate-determining step in refolding is thought to be the disulfide-exchange reaction from nonnative to native disulfide bonds in folding intermediates, which often precipitate during the refolding process because of their hydrophobic properties. To overcome this, chemical additives or a disulfide catalyst, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), are generally used in refolding experiments to regulate disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding. This unit describes such methods in the context of the thermodynamic and kinetic control of peptide and protein folding, including (1) regulation of disulfide-coupled peptides and protein folding assisted by chemical additives, (2) reductive unfolding of disulfide-containing peptides and proteins, and (3) regulation of disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding using PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okumura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Hidaka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
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32
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Guan X, Chaffey PK, Zeng C, Tan Z. New Methods for Chemical Protein Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 363:155-92. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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33
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Camargo LDL, Babelova A, Mieth A, Weigert A, Mooz J, Rajalingam K, Heide H, Wittig I, Lopes LR, Brandes RP. Endo-PDI is required for TNFα-induced angiogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1398-1407. [PMID: 24103565 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and its homologs are oxidoreductases facilitating protein folding in the ER. Endo-PDI (also termed ERp46) is highly expressed in endothelial cells. It belongs to the PDI family but its physiological function is largely unknown. We studied the role of Endo-PDI in endothelial angiogenic responses. Stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (with TNFα (10ng/ml) increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This effect was largely attenuated by Endo-PDI siRNA, whereas JNK and p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation was Endo-PDI independent. Similarly, TNFα-stimulated NF-κB signaling determined by IκBα degradation as well as TNFα-induced ICAM expression was unaffected by Endo-PDI siRNA. The action of Endo-PDI was not mediated by extracellular thiol exchange or cell surface PDI as demonstrated by nonpermeative inhibitors and PDI-neutralizing antibody. Moreover, exogenously added PDI failed to restore ERK1/2 activation after Endo-PDI knockdown. This suggests that Endo-PDI acts intracellularly potentially by maintaining the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Indeed, knockdown of Endo-PDI attenuated Ras activation measured by G-LISA and Raf phosphorylation. ERK activation influences gene expression by the transcriptional factor AP-1, which controls MMP-9 and cathepsin B, two proteases required for angiogenesis. TNFα-stimulated MMP-9 and cathepsin B induction was reduced by silencing of Endo-PDI. Accordingly, inhibition of cathepsin B or Endo-PDI siRNA blocked the TNFα-stimulated angiogenic response in the spheroid outgrowth assays. Moreover ex vivo tube formation and in vivo Matrigel angiogenesis in response to TNFα were attenuated by Endo-PDI siRNA. In conclusion, our study establishes Endo-PDI as a novel, important mediator of AP-1-driven gene expression and endothelial angiogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia de Lucca Camargo
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Babelova
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Mieth
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Juliane Mooz
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Heinrich Heide
- Functional Proteomics, SFB815 Core Unit, Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB815 Core Unit, Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucia Rossetti Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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34
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Breitwieser GE. Pharmacoperones and the calcium sensing receptor: exogenous and endogenous regulators. Pharmacol Res 2013; 83:30-7. [PMID: 24291533 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) mutations or altered expression cause disorders of calcium handling. Recent studies suggest that reduced targeting to the plasma membrane is a feature common to many CaSR loss-of-function mutations. Allosteric agonists (calcimimetics) can rescue signaling of a subset of CaSR mutants. This review evaluates our current understanding of the subcellular site(s) for allosteric modulator rescue of CaSR mutants. Studies to date make a strong case for calcimimetic potentiation of signaling not only at plasma membrane-localized CaSR, but at the endoplasmic reticulum, acting as pharmacoperones to assist in navigation of multiple quality control checkpoints. The possible role of endogenous pharmacoperones, calcium and glutathione, in folding and stabilization of the CaSR extracellular and transmembrane domains are considered. Finally, the possibility that dihydropyridines act as unintended pharmacoperones of CaSR is proposed. While our understanding of pharmacoperone rescue of CaSR requires refinement, promising results to date argue that this may be a fruitful avenue for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda E Breitwieser
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100N. Academy Avenue, Danville PA 17822-2604, USA.
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35
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Kövér KE, Batta G. NMR investigation of disulfide containing peptides and proteins. AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 2013:37-59. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737081-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins with disulfide bonds are abundant in all kingdoms and play essential role in many biological events. Because small disulfide-rich peptides (proteins) are usually difficult to crystallize, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is by far one of the most powerful techniques for the determination of their solution structure. Besides the “static” three-dimensional structure, NMR has unique opportunities to acquire additional information about molecular dynamics and folding at atomic resolution. Nowadays it is becoming increasingly evident, that “excited”, “disordered” or “fuzzy” protein states may exhibit biological function and disulfide proteins are also promising targets for such studies. In this short two-three years overview those disulfide peptides and proteins were cited from the literature that were studied by NMR. Though we may have missed some, their structural diversity and complexity as well as their wide repertoire of biological functions is impressive. We emphasised especially antimicrobial peptides and peptide based toxins in addition to some biologically important other structures. Besides the general NMR methods we reviewed some contemporary techniques suitable for disclosing the peculiar properties of disulfide bonds. Interesting dynamics and folding studies of disulfide proteins were also mentioned. It is important to disclose the essential structure, dynamics, function aspects of disulfide proteins since this aids the design of new compounds with improved activity and reduced toxicity. Undoubtedly, NMR has the potential to accelerate the development of new disulfide peptides/proteins with pharmacological activity.
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36
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Miernyk JA, Johnston ML. Proteomic analysis of the testa from developing soybean seeds. J Proteomics 2013; 89:265-72. [PMID: 23707235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv Jack) seed development was separated into nine defined stages (S1 to S9). Testa (seed coats) were removed from developing seeds at stages S2, 4, 6, 8, and 9, and subjected to shotgun proteomic profiling. For each stage "total proteins" were isolated from 150 mg dry weight of seed coat using a phenol-based method, then reduced, alkylated, and digested with trypsin. The tryptic peptides were separated using a C18-reversed phase matrix, then analyzed using an LTQ Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. Spectra were searched against the Phytozome G. max DB using the Sorcerer 2 IDA Sequest-based search algorithm. Identities were verified using Scaffold 3. A total of 306 (S2), 328 (S4), 273 (S6), 193 (S8), and 272 (S9) proteins were identified in three out of three biological replicates, and sorted into 11 functional groups: Primary Metabolism, Secondary Metabolism, Cellular Structure, Stress Responses, Nucleic Acid metabolism, Protein Synthesis, Protein Folding, Protein Targeting, Hormones and Signaling, Seed Storage Proteins, and Proteins of Unknown Function. In selected instances, individual seed coat proteins were quantified by spectral counting. The number of proteins involved in intermediary metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, protein folding and degradation are discussed as they relate to seed coat function. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Most previous analyses of seed coats have either targeted individual enzymes or used the results from high-throughput transcript profiling to infer biological function. Because there is seldom a linear correlation between transcript and protein levels, we have undertaken a shotgun proteomics-based description of soybean (G. max (L.) Merr. cv Jack) seed coats, as a function of development, in order to bridge this gap and to establish the baseline for a more comprehensive understanding of seed biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján A Miernyk
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, USA.
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Reinvestigation of the oxidative folding pathways of hen egg white lysozyme: switching of the major pathways by temperature control. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13194-212. [PMID: 23803654 PMCID: PMC3742182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that in the oxidative folding of hen egg white lysozyme (HEL), which has four SS linkages in the native state (N), three des intermediates, i.e., des[76-94], des[64-80], and des [6-127], are populated at 20 °C and N is dominantly formed by the oxidation of des[64-80] and des[6-127]. To elucidate the temperature effects, the oxidative folding pathways of HEL were reinvestigated at 5-45 °C in the presence of 2 M urea at pH 8.0 by using a selenoxide reagent, DHSox. When reduced HEL was reacted with 1-4 equivalents of DHSox, 1S, 2S, 3S, and 4S intermediate ensembles with 1-4 SS linkages, respectively, were produced within 1 min. After the oxidation, 3S was slowly converted to the des intermediates with formation of the native structures through SS rearrangement. At 5 °C, des[76-94] was populated in the largest amount, but the oxidation to N was slower than that of des[64-80] and des[6-127]. At 35 °C, on the other hand, des[64-80] and des[6-127] were no longer stable, and only des[76-94] was populated. The results suggested that the major folding pathways of HEL can be switched from one to the other by temperature control.
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Using UV-absorbance of intrinsic dithiothreitol (DTT) during RP-HPLC as a measure of experimental redox potential in vitro. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6379-84. [PMID: 23743664 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many in-vitro experiments performed to study the response of thiol-containing proteins to changes in environmental redox potentials use dithiothreitol (DTT) to maintain a preset redox environment throughout the experiments. However, the gradual oxidation of DTT during the course of the experiments, and the interaction between DTT and other components in the system, can significantly alter the initial redox potential and complicate data interpretation. Having an internal reporter of the actual redox potential of the assayed sample facilitates direct correlation of biochemical findings with experimental redox status. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is a widely used, well-established tool for analysis and purification of biomolecules, including proteins and peptides. Here, we describe a simple, robust, and quantitative RP-HPLC method we developed and tested for determination of the experimental redox potential of an in-vitro sample at the time of the experiment. It exploits the specific UV-absorbance of the oxidized intrinsic DTT in the samples and retains the high resolving power and high sensitivity of RP-HPLC with UV detection.
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Yue J, Pan Y, Sun L, Zhang K, Liu J, Lu L, Chen J. The unique disulfide bond-stabilized W1 β4-β1 loop in the α4 β-propeller domain regulates integrin α4β7 affinity and signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14228-14237. [PMID: 23553626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α4β7 mediates rolling and firm adhesion of lymphocytes pre- and post-activation, which is distinct from most integrins only mediating firm cell adhesion upon activation. This two-phase cell adhesion suggests a unique molecular basis for the dynamic interaction of α4β7 with its ligand, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). Here we report that a disulfide bond-stabilized W1 β4-β1 loop in α4 β-propeller domain plays critical roles in regulating integrin α4β7 affinity and signaling. Either breaking the disulfide bond or deleting the disulfide bond-occluded segment in the W1 β4-β1 loop inhibited rolling cell adhesion supported by the low-affinity interaction between MAdCAM-1 and inactive α4β7 but negligibly affected firm cell adhesion supported by the high-affinity interaction between MAdCAM-1 and Mn(2+)-activated α4β7. Additionally, disrupting the disulfide bond or deleting the disulfide bond-occluded segment not only blocked the conformational change and activation of α4β7 triggered by talin or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate via inside-out signaling but also disrupted integrin-mediated outside-in signaling and impaired phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. Thus, these findings reveal a particular molecular basis for α4β7-mediated rolling cell adhesion and a novel regulatory element of integrin affinity and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - YouDong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - LiFang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - JianFeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Okumura M, Shimamoto S, Nakanishi T, Yoshida YI, Konogami T, Maeda S, Hidaka Y. Effects of positively charged redox molecules on disulfide-coupled protein folding. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3926-30. [PMID: 23044009 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro folding of disulfide-containing proteins is generally regulated by redox molecules, such as glutathione. However, the role of the cross-disulfide-linked species formed between the redox molecule and the protein as a folding intermediate in the folding mechanism is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the charge on a redox molecule on disulfide-coupled protein folding. Several types of aliphatic thiol compounds including glutathione were examined for the folding of disulfide-containing-proteins, such as lysozyme and prouroguanylin. The results indicate that the positive charge and its dispersion play a critical role in accelerating disulfide-coupled protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okumura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
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Okumura M, Shimamoto S, Hidaka Y. A chemical method for investigating disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding. FEBS J 2012; 279:2283-95. [PMID: 22487262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of protein folding have largely involved studies using disulfide-containing proteins, as disulfide-coupled folding of proteins permits the folding intermediates to be trapped and their conformations determined. Over the last decade, a combination of new biotechnical and chemical methodology has resulted in a remarkable acceleration in our understanding of the mechanism of disulfide-coupled protein folding. In particular, expressed protein ligation, a combination of native chemical ligation and an intein-based approach, permits specifically labeled proteins to be easily produced for studies of protein folding using biophysical methods, such as NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. A method for regio-selective formation of disulfide bonds using chemical procedures has also been established. This strategy is particularly relevant for the study of disulfide-coupled protein folding, and provides us not only with the native conformation, but also the kinetically trapped topological isomer with native disulfide bonds. Here we review recent developments and applications of biotechnical and chemical methods to investigations of disulfide-coupled peptide and protein folding. Chemical additives designed to accelerate correct protein folding and to avoid non-specific aggregation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okumura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
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