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Brouwer B, Borg C, de Jong PJ. Self-Disgust and Sexual Functioning: A Scenario-Based Study Testing the Ability of Sex-Related Experiences to Elicit Self-Directed Disgust. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:649-657. [PMID: 36598143 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2158301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that disgust might compromise sexual functioning and can contribute to sexual problems. Although the stimuli and conditions that elicit disgust vary greatly across individuals, they cluster in three categories of disgust elicitors: Stimuli that are associated with an increased risk of the transmission of infectious diseases (pathogen disgust), stimuli that signal poor mating quality and may jeopardize reproductive success (sexual disgust), and behaviors that violate social norms (moral disgust). It has been argued that each of these categories of disgust may interfere with sexual responses. Thus far, research on the role of disgust in sexual contexts focused on external stimuli (e.g., sperm). Yet, recently it has been proposed that disgust can also become directed to features of the self. Such self-directed disgust may also apply to sexual contexts and contribute to sexual problems. As a first step to explore the relevance of self-disgust in sexual functioning, we tested if indeed particular sexual experiences have the ability to elicit self-disgust. Using a within subject design, participants (N = 124; all women) imagined themselves as well as others experiencing a series of sex-related scenarios, each relevant for one of the three categories of disgust, and subsequently rated their self-disgust. For all types of disgust, the scenarios evoked self-disgust, and the "self-perspective" elicited significantly more self-disgust than the "other-perspective." These findings support theoretical models pointing to the relevance of taking self-disgust into consideration as a factor that may compromise sexual functioning. Future research should test whether this also holds for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berber Brouwer
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charmaine Borg
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Wen G, Zhang Y, Nyman TJ, Jern P, Santtila P. Effects of Ginger on Disgust, Sexual Arousal, and Sexual Engagement: A Placebo-Controlled Experiment. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:658-670. [PMID: 36809190 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2175191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sexual problems are common complaints across countries and cultures, and behavioral immune system theory suggests disgust plays an essential role in sexual functioning. The current study investigated 1) if disgust induced by sexual body fluids would reduce sexual arousal, reduce the likelihood of sexual engagement, and enhance disgust toward subsequent erotic stimuli, and 2) if the administration of ginger would affect these reactions. We administered either ginger or placebo pills to a sample of 247 participants (Mage = 21.59, SD = 2.52; 122 women) and asked them to complete either behavioral approach tasks with sexual body fluids or with neutral fluids. Next, participants viewed and responded to questions concerning erotic stimuli (nude and seminude pictures of opposite-sex models). As expected, the sexual body fluids tasks induced disgust. The elevated disgust induced by sexual body fluids tasks resulted in lower sexual arousal in women, whereas ginger consumption counteracted this inhibiting effect of disgust on sexual arousal. Disgust elicited by sexual body fluids also increased disgust toward the subsequent erotic stimuli. Ginger increased sexual arousal toward the erotic stimuli in both men and women who had completed the neutral fluids tasks. Findings provide further evidence of the role of disgust in sexual problems, and, importantly, that ginger may improve the sexual function of individuals via its sexual arousal-enhancing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangju Wen
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai
| | - Yikang Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University
- NYU-ECNU Institute for Social Development, NYU Shanghai
| | | | - Patrick Jern
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Pekka Santtila
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai
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3
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Peixoto MM, Lopes J. Sexual functioning beliefs, sexual satisfaction, and sexual functioning in women: a cross-sectional mediation analysis. J Sex Med 2023; 20:170-176. [PMID: 36763917 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual dysfunctional beliefs are known to be negative predictors of women's sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction, but little is known about the role that beliefs about sexual functioning play in women's sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. AIM The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of sexual functioning in the relationship between women's beliefs about sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. METHODS A sample of 301 women was invited to participate in a web survey about female sexuality in May 2020. OUTCOMES Participants completed the sociodemographic questionnaire, the Beliefs About Sexual Functioning Scale, the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women, and the Female Sexual Functioning Index. RESULTS Sexual functioning was a significant mediator in the relationship between beliefs about sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction in women. When the dimensions of sexual functioning were considered as mediators, only sexual desire and absence of sexual pain were significant mediators in the relationship between beliefs about sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction in women. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Negative beliefs about sexual functioning in women are associated with poor sexual functioning and lack of sexual satisfaction. Therefore, beliefs about sexual functioning should be assessed during the intervention for women's sexual difficulties and to increase sexual pleasure and satisfaction. In addition, special attention should be paid to women with problems with sexual desire and sexual pain when beliefs about sexual functioning are being assessed. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS This study is one of the first attempts to explore the role of beliefs about sexual functioning in women's sexual satisfaction and to examine the mediating role of sexual functioning. Limitations include the small sample size, the lack of a clinical sample, and the nonlongitudinal methodological approach. CONCLUSION Beliefs about sexual functioning are a negative predictor of sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction in women. In addition, women with sexual pain and lack of sexual desire are more likely to have lower sexual satisfaction if they have more negative beliefs about sexual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Lopes
- Instituto de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada-Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Çankaya S, Aslantaş BN. Determination of Sexual Attitude, Sexual Self-Consciousness, and Sociocultural Status in Women With and Without Lifelong Vaginismus: A Case-Control Study. Clin Nurs Res 2022; 31:1340-1351. [PMID: 35686378 DOI: 10.1177/10547738221103334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaginismus is a sexual dysfunction occurring in females presented as a contraction of the muscles around the vagina as a reflex, causing the failure of vaginal penetration. Although many psychological, social, and cultural factors that may cause vaginismus have been suggested, its underlying mechanisms are not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the sexual attitude, sexual self-awareness, and sociocultural status of women with and without lifelong vaginismus. This is a case-control study. A total of 148 women were included in the study: 74 women with a lifelong vaginismus diagnosis and 74 women without a history of vaginismus/painful sexual activity controls. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, the Sexual Self-Consciousness Scale, and the Hendrick Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale. Sexual shyness (OR = 0.854), sexual self-focus (OR = 0.888) and birth control (OR = 1.279), communion (OR = 1.198), and instrumentality (OR = 1.330; the sub-dimensions of the Sexual Attitude Scale) were associated with (χ2 = 96.130, p < .001) vaginismus at the rate of 63%. Those who did not receive sexual information; those who obtained information about sexuality from the social media; those who had negative thoughts about sexuality due to religious reasons; those who found the genitals and sexuality as disgusting; and those having more feelings of fear and pain are more likely to have vaginismus. Some socio-cultural factors may negatively affect women and cause vaginismus. Women with vaginismus had low sexual self-consciousness and negative attitudes toward sexuality. It may be incomplete to consider vaginismus only as a vaginal entry problem. Therefore, in the treatment of vaginismus, women's sexual attitude, sexual self-awareness, and sociocultural factors should be evaluated in a holistic manner.
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Oosterwijk TAT, Borg CC, van Dijk MWGM. Age-related differences in self-reported disgust toward core disgust, sex-related, and food stimuli. J Adolesc 2022; 94:293-304. [PMID: 35390203 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While disgust is functional in preventing contagion from pathogens, it also plays a role in various psychopathologies. Disgust responses toward dirt, bodily secretions, certain types of food, and sexual stimuli typically emerge during (early) childhood. However, there is a lack of research on how disgust develops. This cross-sectional study investigated whether there are age-related differences in subjective, self-reported disgust between early and late adolescence and whether there are differences for distinctive types of disgust (core-disgust, sex-related, food-related). METHODS Using an online survey, 240 Dutch children (116 female, 124 male) aged 9 through 16 years rated the extent to which they found the different types of stimuli disgusting or not on a VAS scale. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results showed that only the disgust responses to sex-related stimuli decreased with age, whereas disgust toward the other categories did not show any age-related differences. Overall girls reported somewhat higher disgust ratings than boys for sex-related stimuli, but not for the other categories. The present study offers important new angles for future research, which might further disentangle the mechanisms through which the changes occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Tamara Oosterwijk
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Heymans Institute for Psychological Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Charmaine Borg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Heymans Institute for Psychological Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M W G Marijn van Dijk
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Heymans Institute for Psychological Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Nobre P, Rosa PJ, Vasconcelos P, Tavares I, Carvalho J, Quinta-Gomes A, Moura C, Carrito M. Sexual Health and the Pandemic Crisis: Testing the Role of Psychological Vulnerability/Protective Factors on Sexual Functioning and Sexual Distress During a Critical Life Period in Portugal. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:169-181. [PMID: 35028806 PMCID: PMC8757627 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that the current COVID-19 pandemic has a potential negative impact in several areas of life, including sexual health. However, less is known about the psychological dimensions that may work as vulnerability/protective factors for the development of sexual problems in the current pandemic. The current study used a longitudinal design to examine the role played by personality trait factors (neuroticism, extraversion) as well as psychosexual factors (sexual beliefs) in predicting sexual functioning and sexual distress across time during the current pandemic crisis. A total of 528 individuals (337 women) completed a web survey assessing sexual health indicators and psychological factors. The first wave was conducted during the confinement period in Portugal (N = 528) between May and June 2020 and the second four months later (N = 146), when strict confinement rules were over. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine the ability of psychological factors to predict sexual functioning and distress across time, while controlling for age and gender. Results indicated that sexual distress at time point 2 was lower than during confinement, and men had lower levels of sexual functioning post-confinement while no significant difference was observed for women. Moreover, higher levels of neuroticism and age-related beliefs significantly predicted lower sexual functioning as well as higher sexual distress, whereas lower levels of extraversion predicted lower sexual functioning after controlling for age and gender effects. Findings support the role of psychological vulnerability factors to predict sexual problems across time and may have important implications in the prevention and treatment of sexual dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Nobre
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro J Rosa
- Lusófona University, Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lisbon, Portugal
- ISMAT, Transdisciplinary Research Center (ISHIP), Portimão, Portugal
| | - Priscila Vasconcelos
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Tavares
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Quinta-Gomes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Moura
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Carrito
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
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Koops TU, Briken P. "A Woman Should Still Be a Woman" - A Grounded Theory of the Origins of Sexual Pain and Difficulties with Intercourse. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2021; 47:707-720. [PMID: 34176446 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2021.1942348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The origin of women's sexual pain and difficulties with intercourse is still under-researched. The aim of this study was to examine women's constructions of origins. Twenty-eight participants previously diagnosed with vaginismus or dyspareunia were recruited via patient lists and private practices. Interviews had a semi-structured biographic-narrative format; transcripts were analyzed using Grounded Theory. Participants' narratives were constructed based on two major processes: Negotiating Womanhood and Othering the Body. They were integrated in an explanatory model. Identified processes permeated women's subjective experience and construction of the origin of their sexual difficulties, and were related to societal discourses and women's embodied experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thula U Koops
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Koops TU, Wiessner C, Ehrenthal JC, Briken P. Assessing Psychodynamic Conflicts and Level of Personality Functioning in Women Diagnosed With Vaginismus and Dyspareunia. Front Psychol 2021; 12:687369. [PMID: 34248792 PMCID: PMC8264788 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on etiological and risk factors of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, formerly classified as dyspareunia and vaginismus, is limited. The Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD) system offers a valuable basis for developmental considerations, and has not yet been used to research sexual pain difficulties in women. We conducted an exploratory pilot study of psychodynamic motivational conflicts and level of personality functioning as defined by the OPD system by means of an anonymous online survey among 24 women who had been diagnosed with dyspareunia or vaginismus. We matched them with 24 healthy controls and compared groups using paired-samples t-tests and Wilcoxon tests. Effect sizes were calculated using Pearson's r. Large effect sizes were found for mean or median differences of several OPD Structure Questionnaire (OPD-SQ) scales (self-reflection, p = 0.002/r = 0.59; affect differentiation, p = 0.007/r = 0.53; self-perception, p = 0.002/r = 0.58; impulse control, p = 0.007/r = 0.53; self-worth regulation, p = 0.008/r = 0.52; self-regulation, p = 0.004/r = 0.56; experiencing affect, p = 0.009/r = 0.53; bodily self, p = 0.008/r = 0.54; OPD-SQ total score, p = 0.007/r = 0.52; internal communication, p = 0.001/r = 0.63) and OPD Conflict Questionnaire (OPD-CQ) scales (guilt conflict active, p = 0.004/r = 0.60; Oedipal conflict passive, p = 0.009/r = 0.51; individuation versus dependency conflict active, p = 0.01/r = 0.52; guilt conflict passive, p < 0.001/r = 0.70; self-worth conflict passive, p = 0.001/r = 0.70; passive mode, p < 0.001/r = 0.68). The problems with personality functioning and more pronounced types of conflicts participants displayed suggest proneness for self-invalidation, internalization and restricted self-perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thula U Koops
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wiessner
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Exploring Relationships Between Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder, Sex Guilt, and Religiosity Among College Women in the U.S. J Sex Med 2021; 18:770-782. [PMID: 33757773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite a growing body of research on psychosocial factors in Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder (GPPPD) during sexual intercourse, there are few studies examining adolescent and young adult women's experiences with painful sex and the effects of religiosity, sexual education, and sex guilt. AIM The purpose of the study was to examine the occurrence of GPPPD among sexually active female college students, including psychosocial factors of religiosity and religious practice, sexual education, sex guilt, and sexual distress. METHODS Data were collected from 974 college women from a university in the Northeastern U.S. We limited our sample to sexually active women (n = 593, 60.9%; mean age: 18.96) who responded to the questionnaire item, "In general, do you feel pain with sexual intercourse?" Participants completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), Revised Mosher Sex Guilt Scale, Abbreviated Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire, 10-item Gender Role Beliefs Scale, and measures on sexual wellness and practice and sexual education experiences. Data were analyzed using standard bivariate and regression analyses as well as path analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Women were asked, "In general, do you feel pain with sexual intercourse?" and categorized into one of three pain groups: occasional (10%-25% of the time), frequent (50% or more), and no pain (less than 10%). RESULTS GPPPD with sex was prevalent among young college women, with 113 (19.1%) reporting frequent pain and 143 (24.1%) occasional pain (control n = 337, 56.8%). Numerous statistically significant factors were identified, including frequency of sex, ability to orgasm, sensations during intercourse, presence of a steady sexual partner, expectations of painful sex, sex guilt, and sexual distress. Sex guilt acted as full mediator between religiosity and painful sex. IMPLICATIONS Healthcare providers should proactively initiate conversations with young female patients about painful intercourse to identify issues and normalize language on pain with sex. Educators are urged to teach evidence-based information on pain-free and guilt-free sexual experiences inside and outside religious contexts. CONCLUSION Painful sex affects adolescent and young adult women at a similar rate as non-college adult women and while religiosity does not directly impact young women's GPPPD, religiosity does lead to painful sex if it causes sex guilt. Further research is needed into the mechanisms of religion-based sexual shaming and among religiously conservative women who practice abstinence until marriage. Azim KA, Happel-Parkins A, Moses A, et al. Exploring Relationships Between Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder, Sex Guilt, and Religiosity Among College Women in the U.S. J Sex Med 2021;18:770-782.
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10
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Banaei M, Kariman N, Ozgoli G, Nasiri M, Khiabani A. Sexual penetration cognitions in women with genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2021.1894327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Banaei
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nourossadat Kariman
- Midwifery and Reproductive Health Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giti Ozgoli
- Midwifery and Reproductive Health Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Nasiri
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Khiabani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Borg C, Pawłowska A, van Stokkum R, Georgiadis JR, de Jong PJ. The Influence of Sexual Arousal on Self-Reported Sexual Willingness and Automatic Approach to Models of Low, Medium, and High Prior Attractiveness. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:872-884. [PMID: 31729895 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1687641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence suggests that sexual attraction is flexible, and that high levels of sexual arousal can promote sexual willingness and approach tendencies toward a priori low attractive mates. This experimental study tested whether heightened sexual arousal can lower the threshold for sexual willingness and automatic approach tendencies toward potential sex partners of low and medium attractiveness. Heterosexual male (n =54) and female (n =61) participants were randomly assigned to a sexual arousal or control condition. Approach tendencies were indexed using a reaction time task. Sexual willingness was indexed using participant ratings of willingness to kiss and to consider having sex with same- and other-sex models of low, medium, and high attractiveness. Overall, participants showed stronger approach to models of high and medium than of low attractiveness. Sexual arousal weakened this differential responding but did not result in a robust increase of approach toward less attractive other-sex or same-sex models. Sexual willingness toward less attractive models was not affected by sexual arousal. Independent of condition, women reported greater sexual willingness toward same-sex models. The current pattern of findings does not support the notion that sexual arousal promotes automatic approach and sexual willingness to a broader array of sex partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Borg
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen
| | - Aleksandra Pawłowska
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen
| | - Robin van Stokkum
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen
| | - Janniko R Georgiadis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems / Section Anatomy & Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
| | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen
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12
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Peixoto MM, Nobre PJ. Cognitive-Emotional Predictors of Sexual Functioning in Lesbians, Gays, and Heterosexuals. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1823-1838. [PMID: 32462413 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive-emotional dimensions play a core role in predisposing and maintaining sexual difficulties. This study aimed to assess the role of personality traits, sexual beliefs, cognitive schemas, automatic thoughts and affective states in predicting sexual functioning in a Portuguese sample. A total of 226 lesbian women, 254 heterosexual women, 243 gay men, and 274 heterosexual men completed a web-survey. For each sample, hierarchical regression analyses were conducted, separately. Results indicated that positive affective states and fewer thoughts associated with failure and disengagement during sexual activity act as significant predictors for sexual functioning, in both lesbian and heterosexual women's groups. Specific predictors of better sexual functioning in lesbian women were lower activation of schemas of undesirability and incompetence, and fewer thoughts associated with sexual abuse, body-image and sexual passivity were, whereas particular predictors of better sexual functioning for heterosexual women were erotic thoughts, lower activation of schemas of undesirability and difference/loneliness, and beliefs related to sexual desire as a sin. For men's groups, the best predictor of sexual functioning was the presence of erotic thoughts. Particularly for gay men's group, fewer failure anticipation thoughts were also a predictor of better sexual functioning. Overall, this study supports the core and predictive role of cognitive-emotional dimensions in sexual functioning for lesbian and heterosexual women, as for gay and heterosexual men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela Peixoto
- Psychology for Positive Development Research Center, Lusíada University, Rua Dr. Lopo de Carvalho, 4369-006, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro J Nobre
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Stewart PA, Adams TG, Senior C. The Effect of Trait and State Disgust on Fear of God and Sin. Front Psychol 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 32063875 PMCID: PMC7000625 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing literature suggesting disgust plays a major role in religiosity. However, the relationships between specific domains of disgust sensitivity and general religious fundamentalism or religious scrupulosity remains unknown and a lack of experimental data prevents the drawing of causal inferences about the potential effects of disgust on religiosity. Two studies are reported that examined the relationship between specific types of disgust sensitivity (i.e., pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust) and specific religious beliefs (i.e., fear of sin and fear of God). In the first study it was found that sexual disgust and pathogen disgust were significantly correlated with fear of sin and fear of God, respectively. In the second study the experimental induction of disgust led to greater fear of sin but not to the fear of God. These findings suggest that pathogen and sexual disgust sensitivities may serve as effective mechanisms for inflated scrupulosity. Taken together the outcomes from both studies converge on a greater understanding of the ‘Human Behavioral Immune System’ model that can account for social behavior with the evolution of adaptive benefit and perhaps more importantly highlights the possible drivers of specific religious behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Stewart
- Department of Political Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Thomas G Adams
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Carl Senior
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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14
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Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire (SDBQ): Translation and psychometric properties of the Italian version. SEXOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sexol.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Outcome of Medical and Psychosexual Interventions for Vaginismus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med 2018; 15:1752-1764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Spoelstra SK, Weijmar Schultz WCM, Reissing ED, Borg C, Broens PM. The distinct impact of voluntary and autonomic pelvic floor muscles on genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2018.1442568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Symen K. Spoelstra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willibrord C. M. Weijmar Schultz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke D. Reissing
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charmaine Borg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M.A. Broens
- Department of Surgery, Anorectal Physiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Peixoto MM, Nobre P. The Activation of Incompetence Schemas in Response to Negative Sexual Events in Heterosexual and Lesbian Women: The Moderator Role of Personality Traits and Dysfunctional Sexual Beliefs. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:1188-1196. [PMID: 28059574 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1267103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Personality traits and dysfunctional sexual beliefs have been described as vulnerability factors for sexual dysfunction in women, and have also been proposed as dispositional variables for the activation of incompetence schemas in response to negative sexual events. However, no study has tested the role of personality traits and dysfunctional sexual beliefs in the activation of incompetence schemas. The current study aimed to assess the moderator role of neuroticism, extraversion, and dysfunctional sexual beliefs in the association between frequency of unsuccessful sexual episodes and activation of incompetence schemas in heterosexual and lesbian women. An online survey was completed by 1,121 women (831 heterosexual; 290 lesbian). Participants completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), the Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire-Female Version (SDBQ), and the Questionnaire of Cognitive Schemas Activated in Sexual Context (QCSASC). Findings indicate that neuroticism moderates the association between frequency of negative sexual events and activation of incompetence schemas in heterosexual women. Moreover, several sexual beliefs also act as moderators of the relationship between negative sexual episodes and the activation of cognitive schemas in both heterosexual and lesbian women. Overall, findings support the cognitive-emotional model of sexual dysfunctions, emphasizing the role of personality traits and dysfunctional sexual beliefs as facilitators of the activation of incompetence schemas in response to negative events in women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Nobre
- b Faculty of Psychology and Education Science , University of Porto
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Hosseini S, Noroozi M, Montazery G. Investigating the Relation between Women's Body Image and Unconsummated Marriage. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2017; 22:363-366. [PMID: 29033990 PMCID: PMC5637144 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_176_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unconsummated marriage is considered to be one of the complicated sexual issues that lead to multiple complications and problems for couples as well as the society. It is thought that this disorder is more common in traditional cultures and some religions such as Islam, Hinduism, and Judaism. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between women's body image and unconsummated marriage. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a case-control study which was conducted among 50 women who had an unconsummated marriage (case group) and 100 women who had a consummated marriage (control group) in Isfahan, Iran during 2015-2016. Data were collected using the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. RESULTS The total score of body image and all its components had no significant difference between both the groups of the case and the control (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Considering that no relation was found between body image and unconsummated marriage and the religious culture of the Iranian society with conservative sexual norms, investigating unconsummated marriage with emphasis on cultural factors is recommended. Hence, such sexual disorders would be avoided and the number of affected people and challenges can be decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hosseini
- Student Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Noroozi
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gita Montazery
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
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Del Río FJ, Cabello-Santamaría F, Cabello-García MA, Aragón-Vela J. Sexual Pain Disorders in Spanish Women Drug Users. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:145-151. [PMID: 27759504 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1222625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of pain in sexuality, couple relationships and the quality of life is very well known. OBJECTIVES The relationship between substance abuse and the presence of sexual pain disorder is assessed, together with anxiety and sexual attitudes . METHOD Two samples were selected. One sample for women with a history of substance abuse (n = 129), and another one of women nonconsumers (n = 129). The Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS), the Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS) and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaires were used. RESULTS The results indicate that women consumers obtained a higher mean scores in sexual pain disorder (4.88 > 2.89, that is 65.12%), plus higher mean scores on state anxiety (23.82 > 14.56) and trait anxiety (30.93 > 16.95), and lower average figure in erotophilia (84.93 < 95.81). It was also verified that the period of abstinence does not improve sexual response. CONCLUSIONS Substance consumption affects sexual response in women negatively. Sexual response does not improve with abstinence period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Del Río
- a Instituto Andaluz de Sexología y Psicología , Málaga , Spain.,b Department of Psychology , University of Cádiz , Cádiz , Spain
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20
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Abdolmanafi A, Azadfallah P, Fata L, Roosta M, Peixoto MM, Nobre P. Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire (SDBQ): Translation and Psychometric Properties of the Iranian Version. J Sex Med 2015; 12:1820-7. [PMID: 26176716 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sexual dysfunctional beliefs questionnaire (SDBQ) is a validated measure for assessing dysfunctional sexual beliefs. AIMS The aim of this study was to translate and validate the SDBQ to Iranian context. METHODS In order to translate the questionnaire from English into Persian, a forward-backward procedure was applied. After linguistic validation, the psychometric properties of the Iranian version were assessed for both men and women. A total of 387 participants (226 women and 161 men) completed the SDBQ. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A principle component analysis with varimax rotation was performed for both the male and female samples. Reliability was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha (internal consistency) and test-retest coefficients (intraclass correlation coefficient). RESULTS The results from the principle component analysis identified six factors in the female version: sexual conservatism and female sexual passivity, beliefs about masturbation, body image beliefs, sexual desire and pleasure as a sin, age-related beliefs, and denying affection primacy. In the male version six factors were also identified: sex as an abuse of men's power, beliefs related to women's satisfaction, sexual conservatism, female sexual power, "macho" beliefs, and restrictive attitudes toward sex. Findings support the original six-factor solution for the male sample. For the female sample, although a six-factor solution was found, original motherhood-related beliefs were included in the sexual conservatism and female sexual passivity factor, and a new dimension has emerged, related to masturbation beliefs. Additionally, results indicated that the SDBQ had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability in both male and female versions. CONCLUSION Current findings support the reliability and validity of the SDBQ in an Iranian sample and suggest its applicability to assess sexual beliefs in both clinical samples and the general population in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Abdolmanafi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Azadfallah
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Fata
- Medical Education and Development Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Roosta
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pedro Nobre
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, University of Porto, Portugal
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21
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Correlational and Experimental Analyses of the Relation Between Disgust and Sexual Arousal. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015; 39:766-779. [PMID: 26709322 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Borg C, de Jong PJ, Elgersma H. Sexual aversion and the DSM-5: an excluded disorder with unabated relevance as a trans-diagnostic symptom. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2014; 43:1219-1223. [PMID: 25015724 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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23
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Reissing ED, Borg C, Spoelstra SK, Ter Kuile MM, Both S, de Jong PJ, van Lankveld JJDM, Melles RJ, Weijenborg PTM, Weijmar Schultz WCM. "Throwing the baby out with the bathwater": the demise of vaginismus in favor of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2014; 43:1209-1213. [PMID: 25024064 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke D Reissing
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, K1C 6N5, Canada,
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Peixoto MM, Nobre P. Dysfunctional sexual beliefs: a comparative study of heterosexual men and women, gay men, and lesbian women with and without sexual problems. J Sex Med 2014; 11:2690-700. [PMID: 25117861 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conservative and dysfunctional sexual beliefs are commonly associated with sexual problems among heterosexual men and women. However, little is known about the role of sexual beliefs in sexual problems in gay men and lesbians. AIM The present study aimed at analyzing the role of sexual beliefs in sexual dysfunction in a sample of heterosexual and homosexual men and women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants answered questions about self-perceived sexual problems and completed the Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire. METHODS Two hundred twelve men (106 gay) and 192 women (96 lesbian) completed a Web survey. RESULTS Findings indicated that men with sexual dysfunction (regardless of sexual orientation) reported significantly more conservative beliefs and more erroneous beliefs related to partner's sexual satisfaction compared with sexually healthy men. Also, gay men with sexual dysfunction (but not heterosexual men) scored higher on belief in sex as an abuse of men's power compared with healthy controls. In addition, heterosexual men scored higher on "macho" beliefs, beliefs regarding partner's sexual satisfaction, and partner's power, compared with gay men. For women, a main effect was found for sexual orientation, with lesbian women scoring higher on sexual desire as a sin, age-related beliefs, and affection primacy and lower on beliefs related to motherhood primacy. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings suggest that dysfunctional sexual beliefs may play a role as vulnerability factors for sexual dysfunction regardless of sexual orientation, particularly in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela Peixoto
- Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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25
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Molaeinezhad M, Salehi M, Borg C, Yousefy A, Latifnejad Roudsari R, Salehi P, Shafiei K, Merghati Khoei E. Marriage consummated for 32 Iranian women using therapist-aided exposure therapy: a brief report. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2014.915304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Morton H, Gorzalka BB. Cognitive aspects of sexual functioning: differences between East Asian-Canadian and Euro-Canadian women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2013; 42:1615-1625. [PMID: 24057209 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-013-0180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sexual beliefs of female undergraduates, as well as the thoughts they experience during sexual experiences. The study aimed to determine potential differences in these variables between East Asian-Canadians and Euro-Canadians, as well as the influence of acculturation on these variables. In addition, the relationships between sexual beliefs, automatic thoughts, and specific aspects of sexual functioning were examined. Euro-Canadian (n = 77) and East Asian-Canadian (n = 123) undergraduate women completed the Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire, the Sexual Modes Questionnaire, the Female Sexual Function Index, and the Vancouver Index of Acculturation. East Asian women endorsed almost all sexual beliefs assessed in this study more than did Euro-Canadian women, and endorsement of these beliefs was associated with acculturation. In addition, East Asian-Canadian and Euro-Canadian women differed in the frequency of experiencing negative automatic thoughts. Results also revealed associations between difficulties in sexual functioning, and both sexual beliefs and automatic thoughts. Together, these results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that differences in cognitive aspects of sexuality may underlie the differences in sexual functioning previously observed between these two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Morton
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada,
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27
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Cherner RA, Reissing ED. A comparative study of sexual function, behavior, and cognitions of women with lifelong vaginismus. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2013; 42:1605-14. [PMID: 23733151 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-013-0111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaginismus is classified as a sexual dysfunction, yet limited research is available on the sexual function and behavior of women with this condition. Comparing women with lifelong vaginismus to women with lifelong dyspareunia and women with no pain during intercourse, this study explored sexual function, anxiety, and behavior along with cognitions related to vaginal penetration. A total of 152 women completed an online survey that included a series of validated questionnaires. Main findings indicated that, relative to both comparison groups, women in the vaginismus group reported a more limited range of sexual behavior across the lifespan and more maladaptive cognitions related to fear of losing control of one's body and the situation during penetration. Compared to the no-pain group, both symptomatic groups reported more difficulties across several indicators of sexual function, more limited sexual behavior in the past year and past month, and more maladaptive cognitions related to vaginal penetration. However, women with vaginismus reported more sexual desire and less difficulty with lubrication compared to women with dyspareunia. Numerous sexual problems extending beyond vaginal penetration difficulties were confirmed, suggesting a need for broader treatment approaches not limited to the experience of vaginal penetration. Results were discussed as they relate to the fear-avoidance model of vaginismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Cherner
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier (4010), Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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28
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van Overveld M, de Jong PJ, Peters ML, van Lankveld J, Melles R, ter Kuile MM. The Sexual Disgust Questionnaire; a Psychometric Study and a First Exploration in Patients with Sexual Dysfunctions. J Sex Med 2013; 10:396-407. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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de Jong PJ, van Overveld M, Borg C. Giving in to arousal or staying stuck in disgust? Disgust-based mechanisms in sex and sexual dysfunction. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2013; 50:247-262. [PMID: 23480071 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2012.746280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex and disgust seem like strange bedfellows. The premise of this review is that disgust-based mechanisms nevertheless hold great promise for improving our understanding of sexual behavior, including dysfunctions. Disgust is a defensive emotion that protects the organism from contamination. Accordingly, disgust is focused on the border of the self, with the mouth and vagina being the body parts that show strongest disgust sensitivity. Given the central role of these organs in sexual behavior, together with the fact that bodily products are among the strongest disgust elicitors, the critical question seems not whether disgust may interfere with sex but rather how people succeed in having pleasurable sex at all. We argue that sexual arousal plays a critical role in counteracting disgust-induced avoidance via lowering the threshold for engaging in "disgusting sex." Following this, all mechanisms that interfere with the generation of sexual arousal or enhance the disgusting properties of sexual stimuli may hamper the functional transition from a sex-avoidance into an approach disposition. Since prolonged contact is the most powerful means to reduce disgust, disgust-based mechanisms that counteract sexual approach may give rise to a self-perpetuating cycle in which enhanced sexual disgust becomes a chronic feature.
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30
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Borg C, Peters ML, Schultz WW, de Jong PJ. Vaginismus: Heightened Harm Avoidance and Pain Catastrophizing Cognitions. J Sex Med 2012; 9:558-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Reissing ED. Consultation and Treatment History and Causal Attributions in an Online Sample of Women with Lifelong and Acquired Vaginismus. J Sex Med 2012; 9:251-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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