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Valenti GD, Faraci P. Identifying Predictive Factors in Compliance with the COVID-19 Containment Measures: A Mediation Analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1325-1338. [PMID: 34471391 PMCID: PMC8403564 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s323617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has led governments to implement some containment measures to flatten the curve of the diffusion of the virus. The current study aims to investigate individual differences in compliance with these restrictive behaviors. In a sample of Italian individuals (N = 300), we examined whether sociodemographic factors, personality traits, fatalism, and fear could be considered as possible predictors. METHODS We performed a series of standard multiple regression analyses and proposed a mediation analysis to test the associations among variables. RESULTS Overall, our results suggested that men are less likely to engage in preventive behaviors, younger individuals are more reluctant to adhere to social distancing mandates, and fear has a functional role in predicting positive outcomes. CONCLUSION The results of our analyses are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palmira Faraci
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna “Kore”, Enna, Italy
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Li M, Ahmed MZ, Hiramoni FA, Zhou A, Ahmed O, Griffiths MD. Mental Health and Personality Traits during COVID-19 in China: A Latent Profile Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8693. [PMID: 34444441 PMCID: PMC8391495 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health problems have increased and are likely to be influenced by personality traits. The present study investigated the association between personality traits and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) symptoms, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms) through the person-centered approach because this has some advantages over the variable-centered approach. The data were collected from a sample of 765 Chinese citizens who participated in an online survey in October 2020. Latent profile analysis identified three latent personality profiles-highly adaptive, adaptive, and maladaptive. Highly adaptive individuals had higher extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and lower neuroticism, while maladaptive individuals had lower extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and higher neuroticism. Multivariate analysis of variance results showed that individuals with highly adaptive profiles had lower anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms compared to individuals with adaptive and maladaptive profiles. The findings of the present study indicate mental health professionals would benefit from formulated intervention plans given the association between latent personality profiles and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (M.L.); (M.Z.A.)
- School of Education, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Md Zahir Ahmed
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (M.L.); (M.Z.A.)
| | | | - Aibao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (M.L.); (M.Z.A.)
| | - Oli Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh;
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
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Blagov PS. Adaptive and Dark Personality in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Predicting Health-Behavior Endorsement and the Appeal of Public-Health Messages. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021; 12:697-707. [PMID: 38602980 PMCID: PMC7342937 DOI: 10.1177/1948550620936439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Who embraces directions to socially distance, boost hygiene, and protect others during a pandemic of contagious respiratory disease? Do differently phrased public-health messages appeal to different people? I based predictions on the five-factor, triarchic psychopathy, and Dark Triad models of normal-range and dark traits; the extended parallel process model (EPPM); and schema-congruence theory. In a survey of 502 online participants, normal-range traits (esp agreeableness and conscientiousness) predicted endorsement of social distancing and hygiene, as well as the appeal of health messages in general. Consistent with the EPPM, conscientiousness and neuroticism had an interaction. Dark traits (esp psychopathy, meanness, and disinhibition) predicted low endorsement of health behaviors and the intent to knowingly expose others to risk. Most participants preferred a message appealing to compassion ("Help protect the vulnerable…"), but dark traits predicted lower appeal of that message. Personality appears relevant to epidemiology and public-health communication in a contagious-disease context.
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Krupić D, Žuro B, Krupić D. Big Five traits, approach-avoidance motivation, concerns and adherence with COVID-19 prevention guidelines during the peak of pandemic in Croatia. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 179:110913. [PMID: 33850340 PMCID: PMC8031466 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Without the vaccine, the only way to prevent the spread of coronavirus is following Covid-19 preventive guidelines such as keeping social distance, wearing masks and gloves, reducing mobility, etc. Success depends on how many individuals strictly follow the suggestions from epidemiologists. In this study, we examined who and why is adhering to the guidelines. A community sample of 500 participants fulfilled a short Big Five Inventory (BFI), Questionnaire of Approach and Avoidance Motivation (QAAM), and two scales constructed according to the Covid-19 epidemiological guidelines in Croatia. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis indicate that agreeable and conscientious individuals are complying more with preventive measures. In addition, approach, not avoidance, motivation appears to be more important in following the guidelines. Results are discussed in terms of framing messages to explain goals that might be reached by compliant behaviour rather than emphasising the negative consequences of the pandemic. Emphasising negative consequences seems to produce negative emotional states with no beneficial changes on the behavioural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Krupić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Osijek, Croatia
| | - Barbara Žuro
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Osijek, Croatia.,Peter McVerry Trust, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dajana Krupić
- Centre for Psychological Counselling and Research Norvel, Croatia
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Aschwanden D, Strickhouser JE, Sesker AA, Lee JH, Luchetti M, Stephan Y, Sutin AR, Terracciano A. Psychological and Behavioural Responses to Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Role of Personality. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020; 35:PER2281. [PMID: 32836766 PMCID: PMC7361622 DOI: 10.1002/per.2281 10.1002/per.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between personality traits and psychological and behavioural responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Personality was assessed in January/February 2020 when the public was not aware of the spread of coronavirus in the USA. Participants were reassessed in late March 2020 with four sets of questions about the pandemic: concerns, precautions, preparatory behaviours, and duration estimates. The sample consisted of N = 2066 participants (mean age = 51.42; range = 18-98; 48.5% women). Regression models were used to analyse the data with age, gender, education, race, and ethnicity as covariates. Consistent with the preregistered hypotheses, higher neuroticism was related to more concerns and longer duration estimates related to COVID-19, higher extraversion was related to shorter duration estimates, and higher conscientiousness was associated with more precautions. In contrast to the preregistered hypotheses, higher neuroticism was associated with fewer precautions and unrelated to preparatory behaviours. Age moderated several trait-response associations, suggesting that some of the responses were associated more strongly in older adults, a group at risk for complications of COVID-19. For example, older adults high in conscientiousness prepared more. The present findings provide insights into how personality predicts concerns and behaviours related to the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Aschwanden
- Department of Geriatrics, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | - Jason E. Strickhouser
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | - Amanda A. Sesker
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | - Martina Luchetti
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | | | - Angelina R. Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
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Aschwanden D, Strickhouser JE, Sesker AA, Lee JH, Luchetti M, Stephan Y, Sutin AR, Terracciano A. Psychological and Behavioural Responses to Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Role of Personality. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020; 35:PER2281. [PMID: 32836766 PMCID: PMC7361622 DOI: 10.1002/per.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between personality traits and psychological and behavioural responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Personality was assessed in January/February 2020 when the public was not aware of the spread of coronavirus in the USA. Participants were reassessed in late March 2020 with four sets of questions about the pandemic: concerns, precautions, preparatory behaviours, and duration estimates. The sample consisted of N = 2066 participants (mean age = 51.42; range = 18-98; 48.5% women). Regression models were used to analyse the data with age, gender, education, race, and ethnicity as covariates. Consistent with the preregistered hypotheses, higher neuroticism was related to more concerns and longer duration estimates related to COVID-19, higher extraversion was related to shorter duration estimates, and higher conscientiousness was associated with more precautions. In contrast to the preregistered hypotheses, higher neuroticism was associated with fewer precautions and unrelated to preparatory behaviours. Age moderated several trait-response associations, suggesting that some of the responses were associated more strongly in older adults, a group at risk for complications of COVID-19. For example, older adults high in conscientiousness prepared more. The present findings provide insights into how personality predicts concerns and behaviours related to the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Aschwanden
- Department of Geriatrics, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | - Jason E. Strickhouser
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | - Amanda A. Sesker
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | - Martina Luchetti
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
| | | | - Angelina R. Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of MedicineFlorida State UniversityFLUSA
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Allen MS. The Role of Personality in Sexual and Reproductive Health. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721419862293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strong evidence suggests that sexual behavior and reproductive success can be predicted by personality traits. Here, I review new studies that have contributed to the understanding of these associations and outline potential avenues for further research. Findings show that extraversion is the most important personality trait in sexual behavior (number of lifetime sexual partners, involvement in casual sex, marital infidelity, condom use, male and female sexual dysfunction, sexual coercion, and sexual harassment) and that neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are also associated with these outcomes. Extraversion has emerged as the most important personality trait for fertility in men but appears relatively unimportant for fertility in women. Findings for other personality traits are somewhat mixed, probably because of variations in research design, and further prospective studies are recommended to address potential bidirectional associations. Further research is also needed in adolescent samples, in understudied topic areas (e.g., sexually transmitted infections, biomarkers of fertility), and on personality similarity between sexual partners in samples from both poor and developed nations.
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Personality stability and change between age 12 and 14 predicts relationships, sexual activity and same-sex sexual attraction at age 14. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Much of personality research attempts to identify causal links between personality traits and various types of outcomes. I argue that causal interpretations require traits to be seen as existentially and holistically real and the associations to be independent of specific ways of operationalizing the traits. Among other things, this means that, to the extents that causality is to be ascribed to such holistic traits, items and facets of those traits should be similarly associated with specific outcomes, except for variability in the degrees to which they reflect the traits (i.e. factor loadings). I argue that, before drawing causal inferences about personality trait–outcome associations, the presence of this condition should be routinely tested by, for example, systematically comparing the outcome associations of individual items or facets, or sampling different indicators for measuring the same purported traits. Existing evidence suggests that observed associations between personality traits and outcomes at least sometimes depend on which particular items or facets have been included in trait operationalizations, calling trait–level causal interpretations into question. However, this has rarely been considered in the literature. I argue that when outcome associations are specific to facets, they should not be generalized to traits. Furthermore, when the associations are specific to particular items, they should not even be generalized to facets. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- René Mõttus
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Elucidating the links between personality traits and diabetes mellitus: Examining the role of facets, assessment methods, and selected mediators. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Allik J. A mixed-binomial model for Likert-type personality measures. Front Psychol 2014; 5:371. [PMID: 24847291 PMCID: PMC4023022 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality measurement is based on the idea that values on an unobservable latent variable determine the distribution of answers on a manifest response scale. Typically, it is assumed in the Item Response Theory (IRT) that latent variables are related to the observed responses through continuous normal or logistic functions, determining the probability with which one of the ordered response alternatives on a Likert-scale item is chosen. Based on an analysis of 1731 self- and other-rated responses on the 240 NEO PI-3 questionnaire items, it was proposed that a viable alternative is a finite number of latent events which are related to manifest responses through a binomial function which has only one parameter—the probability with which a given statement is approved. For the majority of items, the best fit was obtained with a mixed-binomial distribution, which assumes two different subpopulations who endorse items with two different probabilities. It was shown that the fit of the binomial IRT model can be improved by assuming that about 10% of random noise is contained in the answers and by taking into account response biases toward one of the response categories. It was concluded that the binomial response model for the measurement of personality traits may be a workable alternative to the more habitual normal and logistic IRT models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Estonian Academy of Sciences Tallinn, Estonia
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