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Ballios BG, Mandola A, Tayyib A, Tumber A, Garkaby J, Vong L, Heon E, Roifman CM, Vincent A. Deep phenotypic characterization of the retinal dystrophy in patients with RNU4ATAC-associated Roifman syndrome. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:3734-3742. [PMID: 37225827 PMCID: PMC10697969 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the retinal phenotype in RNU4ATAC-associated Roifman syndrome. METHODS Ten patients (including 8 males) with molecularly confirmed Roifman syndrome underwent detailed ophthalmologic evaluation including fundus imaging, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and electroretinography (ERG). Six patients had follow-up eye exams. All patients also underwent comprehensive examination for features of extra-retinal Roifman syndrome. RESULTS All patients had biallelic RNU4ATAC variants. Nyctalopia was common (7/10). Visual acuity at presentation ranged from 20/20 to 20/200 (Age Range: 5-41 years). Retinal exam revealed features of generalized retinopathy with mid-peripheral pigment epithelial changes. A para or peri-foveal ring of hyper-autofluorescence was the commonest FAF abnormality noted (6/8). The SD-OCT demonstrated relative preservation of the foveal ellipsoid zone in six cases; associated features included cystoid changes (5/10) and posterior staphyloma (3/10). The ERG was abnormal in all patients; nine showed generalized rod-cone dystrophy, whilst one patient with sectoral retinal involvement only had isolated rod dystrophy (20 years old). On follow-up examination (Mean duration: 8.16 years), progressive loss of visual acuity (2/6), mid-peripheral retinal atrophy (3/6) or shortening of ellipsoid zone width (1/6) were observed. CONCLUSION This study has characterized the retinal phenotype in RNU4ATAC-associated Roifman syndrome. Retinal involvement is universal, early-onset, and overall, the retinal and FAF features are consistent with rod-cone degeneration that is slowly progressive over time. The sub-foveal retinal ultrastructure is relatively preserved in majority of patients. Phenotypic variability independent of age exists, and more study of allelic- and sex-based determinants of disease severity are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Ballios
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amarilla Mandola
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alaa Tayyib
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anupreet Tumber
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny Garkaby
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Vong
- The Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and The Jeffrey Modell Research Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and The Jeffrey Modell Research Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Clifford D, Moloney F, Leahy TR, Murray DM. Roifman syndrome: a description of further immunological and radiological features. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e249109. [PMID: 35450878 PMCID: PMC9024203 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-249109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Roifman syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive inherited syndromic immunodeficiency. We wish to add to the available literature by reporting two brothers with clinical, radiological and immunological features of Roifman syndrome, confirmed on whole exome sequencing. We report an excellent response to subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy in both brothers, reducing infection burden and hospital admissions. New radiological features are also described here which may assist in the diagnosis of other patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Clifford
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiachra Moloney
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy Ronan Leahy
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Murray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Principal Investigator, INFANT Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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3
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Camacho-Ordonez N, Ballestar E, Timmers HTM, Grimbacher B. What can clinical immunology learn from inborn errors of epigenetic regulators? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1602-1618. [PMID: 33609625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epigenome is at the interface between environmental factors and the genome, regulating gene transcription, DNA repair, and replication. Epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in establishing and maintaining cell identity and are especially crucial for neurology, musculoskeletal integrity, and the function of the immune system. Mutations in genes encoding for the components of the epigenetic machinery lead to the development of distinct disorders, especially involving the central nervous system and host defense. In this review, we focus on the role of epigenetic modifications for the function of the immune system. By studying the immune phenotype of patients with monogenic mutations in components of the epigenetic machinery (inborn errors of epigenetic regulators), we demonstrate the importance of DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNAs, and mRNA processing for immunity. Moreover, we give a short overview on therapeutic strategies targeting the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Camacho-Ordonez
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Th Marc Timmers
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Urology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany; RESIST- Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Olthof AM, Rasmussen JS, Campeau PM, Kanadia RN. Disrupted minor intron splicing is prevalent in Mendelian disorders. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1374. [PMID: 32573973 PMCID: PMC7507305 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Splicing is crucial for proper gene expression, and is predominately executed by the major spliceosome. Conversely, 722 introns in 699 human minor intron‐containing genes (MIGs) are spliced by the minor spliceosome. Splicing of these minor introns is disrupted in diseases caused by pathogenic variants in the minor spliceosome, ultimately leading to the aberrant expression of a subset of these MIGs. However, the effect of variants in minor introns and MIGs on diseases remains unexplored. Methods Variants in MIGs and associated clinical manifestations were identified using ClinVar. The HPO database was then used to curate the related symptoms and affected organ systems. Results: We found pathogenic variants in 211 MIGs, which commonly resulted in intellectual disability, seizures and microcephaly. This revealed a subset of MIGs whose aberrant splicing may contribute to the pathogenesis of minor spliceosome‐related diseases. Moreover, we identified 51 pathogenic variants in minor intron splice sites that reduce the splice site strength and can induce alternative splicing. Conclusion These findings highlight that disrupted minor intron splicing has a broader impact on human diseases than previously appreciated. The hope is that this knowledge will aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that incorporate the minor intron splicing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk M Olthof
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Rasmussen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Rahul N Kanadia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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5
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Hallermayr A, Graf J, Koehler U, Laner A, Schönfeld B, Benet‐Pagès A, Holinski‐Feder E. Extending the critical regions for mutations in the non-coding gene RNU4ATAC in another patient with Roifman Syndrome. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:2224-2228. [PMID: 30455926 PMCID: PMC6230649 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound heterozygosity of a previously described pathogenic variant and a second novel nucleotide substitution (NR_023343.1:n.116A>C) affecting a highly conserved nucleotide in the noncoding RNU4ATAC gene could be identified in a patient with overlapping features of Roifman Syndrome. These data extend the spectrum of pathogenic variants in RNU4ATAC.
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6
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Heremans J, Garcia-Perez JE, Turro E, Schlenner SM, Casteels I, Collin R, de Zegher F, Greene D, Humblet-Baron S, Lesage S, Matthys P, Penkett CJ, Put K, Stirrups K, Thys C, Van Geet C, Van Nieuwenhove E, Wouters C, Meyts I, Freson K, Liston A. Abnormal differentiation of B cells and megakaryocytes in patients with Roifman syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:630-646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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A homozygous mutation in the stem II domain of RNU4ATAC causes typical Roifman syndrome. NPJ Genom Med 2017; 2:23. [PMID: 29263834 PMCID: PMC5677950 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-017-0024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Roifman syndrome (OMIM# 616651) is a complex syndrome encompassing skeletal dysplasia, immunodeficiency, retinal dystrophy and developmental delay, and is caused by compound heterozygous mutations involving the Stem II region and one of the other domains of the RNU4ATAC gene. This small nuclear RNA gene is essential for minor intron splicing. The Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Registry and Repository were used to derive patient information as well as tissues. Utilising RNA sequencing methodologies, we analysed samples from patients with Roifman syndrome and assessed intron retention. We demonstrate that a homozygous mutation in Stem II is sufficient to cause the full spectrum of features associated with typical Roifman syndrome. Further, we demonstrate the same pattern of aberration in minor intron retention as found in cases with compound heterozygous mutations.
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8
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Bogaert DJ, Dullaers M, Kuehn HS, Leroy BP, Niemela JE, De Wilde H, De Schryver S, De Bruyne M, Coppieters F, Lambrecht BN, De Baets F, Rosenzweig SD, De Baere E, Haerynck F. Early-onset primary antibody deficiency resembling common variable immunodeficiency challenges the diagnosis of Wiedeman-Steiner and Roifman syndromes. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623346 PMCID: PMC5473876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromic primary immunodeficiencies are rare genetic disorders that affect both the immune system and other organ systems. More often, the immune defect is not the major clinical problem and is sometimes only recognized after a diagnosis has been made based on extra-immunological abnormalities. Here, we report two sibling pairs with syndromic primary immunodeficiencies that exceptionally presented with a phenotype resembling early-onset common variable immunodeficiency, while extra-immunological characteristics were not apparent at that time. Additional features not typically associated with common variable immunodeficiency were diagnosed only later, including skeletal and organ anomalies and mild facial dysmorphism. Whole exome sequencing revealed KMT2A-associated Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome in one sibling pair and their mother. In the other sibling pair, targeted testing of the known disease gene for Roifman syndrome (RNU4ATAC) provided a definite diagnosis. With this study, we underline the importance of an early-stage and thorough genetic assessment in paediatric patients with a common variable immunodeficiency phenotype, to establish a conclusive diagnosis and guide patient management. In addition, this study extends the mutational and immunophenotypical spectrum of Wiedemann-Steiner and Roifman syndromes and highlights potential directions for future pathophysiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfien J Bogaert
- Clinical Immunology Research Lab, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Paediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Centre, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Dullaers
- Clinical Immunology Research Lab, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Centre, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hye Sun Kuehn
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Centre, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Julie E Niemela
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Centre, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hans De Wilde
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Schryver
- Department of Paediatric Allergy and Immunology, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marieke De Bruyne
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frauke Coppieters
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Centre, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans De Baets
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Centre, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Clinical Immunology Research Lab, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Paediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Merico D, Roifman M, Braunschweig U, Yuen RKC, Alexandrova R, Bates A, Reid B, Nalpathamkalam T, Wang Z, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Gray P, Kakakios A, Peake J, Hogarth S, Manson D, Buncic R, Pereira SL, Herbrick JA, Blencowe BJ, Roifman CM, Scherer SW. Compound heterozygous mutations in the noncoding RNU4ATAC cause Roifman Syndrome by disrupting minor intron splicing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8718. [PMID: 26522830 PMCID: PMC4667643 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Roifman Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by growth retardation, cognitive delay, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and antibody deficiency. Here we utilize whole-genome sequencing of Roifman Syndrome patients to reveal compound heterozygous rare variants that disrupt highly conserved positions of the RNU4ATAC small nuclear RNA gene, a minor spliceosome component that is essential for minor intron splicing. Targeted sequencing confirms allele segregation in six cases from four unrelated families. RNU4ATAC rare variants have been recently reported to cause microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type I (MOPD1), whose phenotype is distinct from Roifman Syndrome. Strikingly, all six of the Roifman Syndrome cases have one variant that overlaps MOPD1-implicated structural elements, while the other variant overlaps a highly conserved structural element not previously implicated in disease. RNA-seq analysis confirms extensive and specific defects of minor intron splicing. Available allele frequency data suggest that recessive genetic disorders caused by RNU4ATAC rare variants may be more prevalent than previously reported. Roifman Syndrome is a rare disorder whose disease manifestations include growth retardation, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and immunodeficiency. Here, the authors use whole-genome sequencing to discover that rare compound heterozygous variants disrupting the small nuclear RNA gene RNU4ATAC cause Roifman Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Merico
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Maian Roifman
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Z5.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | | | - Ryan K C Yuen
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Roumiana Alexandrova
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Andrea Bates
- Division for Immunology and Allergy, Canadian Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Brenda Reid
- Division for Immunology and Allergy, Canadian Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Thomas Nalpathamkalam
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Paul Gray
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Alyson Kakakios
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Jane Peake
- Queensland Paediatric Immunology and Allergy Service, The Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Stephanie Hogarth
- Queensland Paediatric Immunology and Allergy Service, The Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - David Manson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Raymond Buncic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Sergio L Pereira
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Jo-Anne Herbrick
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Chaim M Roifman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Division for Immunology and Allergy, Canadian Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4.,Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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10
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Abstract
A characteristic feature of the human airway epithelium is the presence of ciliated cells bearing motile cilia, specialized cell surface projections containing axonemes composed of microtubules and dynein arms, which provide ATP-driven motility. In the airways, cilia function in concert with airway mucus to mediate the critical function of mucociliary clearance, cleansing the airways of inhaled particles and pathogens. The prototypical disorder of respiratory cilia is primary ciliary dyskinesia, an inherited disorder that leads to impaired mucociliary clearance, to repeated chest infections, and to the progressive destruction of lung architecture. Numerous acquired lung diseases are also marked by abnormalities in both cilia structure and function. In this review we summarize current knowledge regarding airway ciliated cells and cilia, how they function to maintain a healthy epithelium, and how disorders of cilia structure and function contribute to inherited and acquired lung disease.
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