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Zotz G, Andrade JL, Einzmann HJR. CAM plants: their importance in epiphyte communities and prospects with global change. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:685-698. [PMID: 36617243 PMCID: PMC10799991 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE The epiphytic life form characterizes almost 10 % of all vascular plants. Defined by structural dependence throughout their life and their non-parasitic relationship with the host, the term epiphyte describes a heterogeneous and taxonomically diverse group of plants. This article reviews the importance of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) among epiphytes in current climatic conditions and explores the prospects under global change. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We question the view of a disproportionate importance of CAM among epiphytes and its role as a 'key innovation' for epiphytism but do identify ecological conditions in which epiphytic existence seems to be contingent on the presence of this photosynthetic pathway. Possibly divergent responses of CAM and C3 epiphytes to future changes in climate and land use are discussed with the help of experimental evidence, current distributional patterns and the results of several long-term descriptive community studies. The results and their interpretation aim to stimulate a fruitful discussion on the role of CAM in epiphytes in current climatic conditions and in altered climatic conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Zotz
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 5634, D-26046 Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - José Luis Andrade
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Helena J R Einzmann
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 5634, D-26046 Oldenburg, Germany
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2
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Filling the gap to avoid extinction: conservation status of Brazilian species of Epidendrum L. (Orchidaceae). J Nat Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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The magnitude and extent of edge effects on vascular epiphytes across the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18847. [PMID: 33139836 PMCID: PMC7606527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Edge effects are ubiquitous landscape processes influencing over 70% of forest cover worldwide. However, little is known about how edge effects influence the vertical stratification of communities in forest fragments. We combined a spatially implicit and a spatially explicit approach to quantify the magnitude and extent of edge effects on canopy and understorey epiphytic plants in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Within the human-modified landscape, species richness, species abundance and community composition remained practically unchanged along the interior-edge gradient, pointing to severe biotic homogenisation at all strata. This is because the extent of edge effects reached at least 500 m, potentially leaving just 0.24% of the studied landscape unaffected by edges. We extrapolated our findings to the entire Atlantic Forest and found that just 19.4% of the total existing area is likely unaffected by edge effects and provide suitable habitat conditions for forest-dependent epiphytes. Our results suggest that the resources provided by the current forest cover might be insufficient to support the future of epiphyte communities. Preserving large continuous ‘intact’ forests is probably the only effective conservation strategy for vascular epiphytes.
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4
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Ceballos SJ. Vascular epiphyte communities in secondary and mature forests of a subtropical montane area. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Spicer ME, Mellor H, Carson WP. Seeing beyond the trees: a comparison of tropical and temperate plant growth forms and their vertical distribution. Ecology 2020; 101:e02974. [PMID: 31944269 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Forests are the most diverse and productive terrestrial ecosystems on Earth, so sustainably managing them for the future is a major global challenge. Yet, our understanding of forest diversity relies almost exclusively on the study of trees. Here, we demonstrate unequivocally that other growth forms (shrubs, lianas, herbs, epiphytes) make up the majority of vascular plant species in both tropical and temperate forests. By comparing the relative distribution of species richness among plant growth forms for over 3,400 species in 18 forests in the Americas, we construct the first high-resolution quantification of plant growth form diversity across two ecologically important regions at a near-continental scale. We also quantify the physical distribution of plant species among forest layers, that is, where among the vertical strata plants ultimately live their adult lives, and show that plants are strongly downshifted in temperate forests vs. tropical forests. Our data illustrate a previously unquantified fundamental difference between tropical and temperate forests: what plant growth forms are most speciose, and where they ultimately live in the forest. Recognizing these differences requires that we re-focus ecological research and forest management plans to encompass a broader suite of plant growth forms. This more holistic perspective is essential to conserve global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Elise Spicer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Hannah Mellor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Walter P Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
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6
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Walker MJ, Dorrestein A, Camacho JJ, Meckler LA, Silas KA, Hiller T, Haelewaters D. A tripartite survey of hyperparasitic fungi associated with ectoparasitic flies on bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in a neotropical cloud forest in Panama. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:19. [PMID: 29633707 PMCID: PMC5892177 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The Darién province in eastern Panama is one of the most unexplored and biodiverse regions in the world. The Chucantí Nature Reserve, in Serranía de Majé, consists of a diverse tropical cloud forest ecosystem. The aim of this research was to explore and study host associations of a tripartite system of bats, ectoparasitic flies on bats (Diptera, Streblidae), and ectoparasitic fungi (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) that use bat flies as hosts. We captured bats at Chucantí, screened each bat for presence of bat flies, and screened collected bat flies for presence of Laboulbeniales. We mistnetted for 68 mistnet hours and captured 227 bats representing 17 species. We captured Micronycteris schmidtorum, a species previously unreported in Darién. In addition, we encountered the rarely collected Platyrrhinus dorsalis, representing the westernmost report for this species. Of all captured bats, 148 carried bat flies (65%). The number of sampled bat flies was 437, representing 16 species. One species represents a new country record (Trichobius anducei) and five species represent first reports for Darién (Basilia anceps, Anatrichobius scorzai, Nycterophilia parnelli, T. johnsonae, T. parasiticus). All 74 bat fly species currently reported in Panama are presented in tabulated form. Of all screened bat flies, 30 bore Laboulbeniales fungi (7%). Based on both morphology and large ribosomal subunit (LSU) sequence data, we delimited 7 species of Laboulbeniales: Gloeandromyces nycteribiidarum (newly reported for Panama), G. pageanus, G. streblae, Nycteromyces streblidinus, and 3 undescribed species. Of the 30 infected flies, 21 were Trichobius joblingi. This species was the only host on which we observed double infections of Laboulbeniales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Walker
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia - Current address: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Science Road, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia
| | - Annabel Dorrestein
- Current address: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Science Road, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia - Department of Animal Ecology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin J Camacho
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Lauren A Meckler
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 105 The Green, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Kirk A Silas
- Painted Sky Road, Reading, Pennsylvania 19606, USA
| | - Thomas Hiller
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA - Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama - Herbario UCH, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, Apartado Postal 0427, David, Panama
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7
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Woods CL. Primary ecological succession in vascular epiphytes: The species accumulation model. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Woods
- Biology Department University of Puget Sound Tacoma WA 98416‐1088 USA
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Fernandez Barrancos EP, Reid JL, Aronson J. Tank bromeliad transplants as an enrichment strategy in southern Costa Rica. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Leighton Reid
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development; Missouri Botanical Garden; 4344 Shaw Boulevard. St. Louis MO 63110 U.S.A
| | - James Aronson
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development; Missouri Botanical Garden; 4344 Shaw Boulevard. St. Louis MO 63110 U.S.A
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175, Campus du CNRS); 1919, route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
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Distribution of vascular epiphytes along a tropical elevational gradient: disentangling abiotic and biotic determinants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19706. [PMID: 26796667 PMCID: PMC4726354 DOI: 10.1038/srep19706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiphytic vascular plants are common species in humid tropical forests. Epiphytes are influenced by abiotic and biotic variables, but little is known about the relative importance of direct and indirect effects on epiphyte distribution. We surveyed 70 transects (10 m × 50 m) along an elevation gradient (180 m–1521 m) and sampled all vascular epiphytes and trees in a typical tropical forest on Hainan Island, south China. The direct and indirect effects of abiotic factors (climatic and edaphic) and tree community characteristics on epiphytes species diversity were examined. The abundance and richness of vascular epiphytes generally showed a unimodal curve with elevation and reached maximum value at ca. 1300 m. The species composition in transects from high elevation (above 1200 m) showed a more similar assemblage. Climate explained the most variation in epiphytes species diversity followed by tree community characteristics and soil features. Overall, climate (relative humidity) and tree community characteristics (tree size represented by basal area) had the strongest direct effects on epiphyte diversity while soil variables (soil water content and available phosphorus) mainly had indirect effects. Our study suggests that air humidity is the most important abiotic while stand basal area is the most important biotic determinants of epiphyte diversity along the tropical elevational gradient.
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Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Melo FPL, Martínez-Ramos M, Bongers F, Chazdon RL, Meave JA, Norden N, Santos BA, Leal IR, Tabarelli M. Multiple successional pathways in human-modified tropical landscapes: new insights from forest succession, forest fragmentation and landscape ecology research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:326-340. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta Morelia 58190 Michoacán Mexico
| | - Felipe P. L. Melo
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, Ex-hacienda de San Jose de la Huerta Morelia 58190 Michoacán Mexico
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences; Wageningen University; P. O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043 Storrs CT 06269-3043 U.S.A
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacan Mexico City 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia; Universidade Federal da Paraiba; Campus I, Cidade Universitária João Pessoa Paraiba 58051-900 Brazil
| | - Inara R. Leal
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil
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11
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Reid JL, Holl KD, Zahawi RA. Seed dispersal limitations shift over time in tropical forest restoration. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:1072-1082. [PMID: 26465043 DOI: 10.1890/14-1399.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Past studies have shown that tropical forest regeneration on degraded farmlands is initially limited by lack of seed dispersal, but few studies have tracked changes in abundance and composition of seed rain past the first few years after land abandonment. We measured seed rain for 12 months in 10 6-9-year-old restoration sites and five mature, reference forests in southern Costa Rica in order to learn (1) if seed rain limitation persists past the first few years of regeneration; (2) how restoration treatments influence seed community structure and composition; and (3) whether seed rain limitation is contingent on landscape context. Each restoration site contained three 0.25-ha treatment plots: (1) a naturally regenerating control, (2) tree islands, and (3) a mixed-species tree plantation. Sites spanned a deforestation gradient with 9-89% forest area within 500 m around the treatment plots. Contrary to previous studies, we found that tree seeds were abundant and ubiquitous across all treatment plots (585.1 ± 142.0 seeds · m(-2) · yr(-1) [mean ± SE]), indicating that lack of seed rain ceased to limit forest regeneration within the first decade of recovery. Pioneer trees and shrubs comprised the vast majority of seeds, but compositional differences between restoration sites and reference forests were driven by rarer, large-seeded species. Large, animal-dispersed tree seeds were more abundant in tree islands (4.6 ± 2.9 seeds · m(-2) · yr(-1)) and plantations (5.8 ± 3.0 seeds · m(-2) · yr(-1)) than control plots (0.2 ± 0.1 seeds · m(-2) · yr(-1)), contributing to greater tree species richness in actively restored plots. Planted tree species accounted for < 1% of seeds. We found little evidence for landscape forest cover effects on seed rain, consistent with previous studies. We conclude that seed rain limitation shifted from an initial, complete lack of tree seeds to a specific limitation on large-seeded, mature forest species over the first decade. Although total seed abundance was equal among restoration treatments, tree plantations and tree islands continued to diversify seed rain communities compared to naturally regenerating controls. Compositional differences between regenerating plots and mature forests suggest that large-seeded tree species are appropriate candidates for enrichment planting.
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12
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Effects of habitat fragmentation on the diversity of epiphytic orchids from a montane forest of southern Mexico. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467414000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Epiphytic orchids are very diverse in montane forests, but fragmentation modifies this diversity. Twenty fragments were quantified to evaluate the effects of fragmentation on the alpha and beta diversities of epiphytic orchids in a montane forest located in southern Mexico. The following factors were evaluated: area, core area, shape, edge density, Euclidean nearest-neighbour distance fragment and contrast index. In each fragment, two transects of 2 × 50 m were drawn, and the trees with a diameter at breast height ≥ 20 cm were recorded. In each tree, the orchid species present were identified and quantified. Twenty-three species of epiphytic orchid in 234 phorophytes corresponding to 20 species were recorded. The epiphytic orchid richness per tree and species turnover was different between the phorophytes. The edge density and the contrast index had significant effects on the alpha diversity, while the isolation of the fragments significantly affected the beta diversity. The edge density positively affected the alpha diversity of the epiphytic orchids, likely through microclimatic changes caused by fragmentation. Drought-tolerant species were common on the edges of the fragments, and shade-tolerant species established on the core area of the fragments. This pattern most likely depends on the ecological range of the taxa, which is crucial to their development and persistence in fragmented habitats.
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13
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Seshadri KS. Effects of Historical Selective Logging on Anuran Communities in a Wet Evergreen Forest, South India. Biotropica 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Seshadri
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Pondicherry University; Pondicherry 605014 India
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment; Royal Enclave; Bangalore 560064 India
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Cascante-Marín A, Oostermeijer G, Wolf J, Fuchs EJ. Genetic Diversity and Spatial Genetic Structure of an Epiphytic Bromeliad in Costa Rican Montane Secondary Forest Patches. Biotropica 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Oostermeijer
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED); Universiteit van Amsterdam; PO Box 94062 NL-1090 GB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wolf
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED); Universiteit van Amsterdam; PO Box 94062 NL-1090 GB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Fuchs
- Escuela de Biología; Universidad de Costa Rica; 11501-2060 San José Costa Rica
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Martin PA, Newton AC, Bullock JM. Carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in tropical secondary forests. Proc Biol Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Martin
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxford OX10 8BB, UK
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Science, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Adrian C. Newton
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Science, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
| | - James M. Bullock
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxford OX10 8BB, UK
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Martin PA, Newton AC, Bullock JM. Carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in tropical secondary forests. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20132236. [PMID: 24197410 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although increasing efforts are being made to restore tropical forests, little information is available regarding the time scales required for carbon and plant biodiversity to recover to the values associated with undisturbed forests. To address this knowledge gap, we carried out a meta-analysis comparing data from more than 600 secondary tropical forest sites with nearby undisturbed reference forests. Above-ground biomass approached equivalence to reference values within 80 years since last disturbance, whereas below-ground biomass took longer to recover. Soil carbon content showed little relationship with time since disturbance. Tree species richness recovered after about 50 years. By contrast, epiphyte richness did not reach equivalence to undisturbed forests. The proportion of undisturbed forest trees and epiphyte species found in secondary forests was low and changed little over time. Our results indicate that carbon pools and biodiversity show different recovery rates under passive, secondary succession and that colonization by undisturbed forest plant species is slow. Initiatives such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and REDD+ should therefore encourage active management to help to achieve their aims of restoring both carbon and biodiversity in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Martin
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, , Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK, Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Science, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, , Poole BH12 5BB, UK
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