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Yu H, Huang X, Zhou L, Wang Y. Incorporation of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and eugenol into zein films for active food packaging: enhanced mechanical properties, antimicrobial activity, and controlled release. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:2846-2857. [PMID: 37711567 PMCID: PMC10497491 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Active packaging with antimicrobial functions to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of food products has gained great interest. Because commercial plastic packaging materials are not biodegradable and cause great environmental problems, plant-derived natural materials have been widely studied for the application of biodegradable packaging materials. Herein, we reported a study of essential oils (EOs)-loaded zein film. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN), carvacrol, and eugenol were added to equip the films with antimicrobial effects, while polyethylene glycol (PEG) and oleic acid (OA) were selected for the improvements of mechanical properties. The results showed that PEG efficiently improves the tensile strength and elongation (%E) of zein films compared to OA, although PEG induced weaker water barrier properties of the films than OA. FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of the hydrogen bonds between zein and PEG/OA. The EO-embedded zein film showed better antimicrobial effects than EO themselves. CIN-embedded films showed the highest antimicrobial effect among the three EOs. The sizes of the inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus of PEG-added zein films with 1%, 3%, and 5% CIN were 5.67, 12.67, and 16.67 mm, which were larger than that of pure CIN, with the sizes of 0.00, 3.00, and 4.67 mm, respectively. The developed films demonstrate a gradual release of EOs and show antimicrobial effects up to 96 h, indicating their high potential for the applications as active food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Xueying Huang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Liping Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100 China
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Taibi M, Elbouzidi A, Ou-Yahia D, Dalli M, Bellaouchi R, Tikent A, Roubi M, Gseyra N, Asehraou A, Hano C, Addi M, El Guerrouj B, Chaabane K. Assessment of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Ptychotis verticillata Duby Essential Oil from Eastern Morocco: An In Vitro and In Silico Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040655. [PMID: 37107017 PMCID: PMC10135233 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ptychotis verticillata Duby, referred to as Nûnkha in the local language, is a medicinal plant that is native to Morocco. This particular plant is a member of the Apiaceae family and has a longstanding history in traditional medicine and has been utilized for therapeutic purposes by practitioners for generations. The goal of this research is to uncover the phytochemical makeup of the essential oil extracted from P. verticillata, which is indigenous to the Touissite region in Eastern Morocco. The extraction of the essential oil of P. verticillata (PVEO) was accomplished through the use of hydro-distillation via a Clevenger apparatus. The chemical profile of the essential oil was then determined through analysis utilizing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The study findings indicated that the essential oil of P. verticillata is composed primarily of Carvacrol (37.05%), D-Limonene (22.97%), γ-Terpinene (15.97%), m-Cymene (12.14%) and Thymol (8.49%). The in vitro antioxidant potential of PVEO was evaluated using two methods: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical trapping assay and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. The data demonstrated considerable radical scavenging and relative antioxidative power. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most susceptible bacterial strains tested, while Geotrichum candidum, Candida albicans, and Rhodotorula glutinis were the most resilient fungi strains. PVEO had broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial properties. To elucidate the antioxidative and antibacterial characteristics of the identified molecules, we applied the methodology of molecular docking, a computational approach that forecasts the binding of a small molecule to a protein. Additionally, we utilized the Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) algorithm; Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME); and Pro-Tox II (to predict the toxicity in silico) tests to demonstrate PVEO’s identified compounds’ drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic properties, the anticipated safety features after ingestion, and the potential pharmacological activity. Finally, our findings scientifically confirm the ethnomedicinal usage and usefulness of this plant, which may be a promising source for future pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Taibi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Centre de l’Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Amine Elbouzidi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Douaae Ou-Yahia
- Centre de l’Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Dalli
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed The First, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Reda Bellaouchi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Aziz Tikent
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Roubi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Nadia Gseyra
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Addi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Bouchra El Guerrouj
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Centre de l’Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Chaabane
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
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Mahmud J, Muranyi P, Salmieri S, Lacroix M. Optimization of a natural antimicrobial formulation against potential meat spoilage bacteria and food-borne pathogens: Mixture design methodology and predictive modeling. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106000. [PMID: 36709849 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study is about the combined antimicrobial effect of essential oils (EOs), namely Mediterranean (MN) EO, German thyme (GT) EO, Cinnamon (CN) EO, Indian (IN) EO, Asian (AN) EO, and citrus extract (CE) against spoilage bacteria (Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Carnobacterium divergens, Brochothrix thermosphacta, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and selected pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes). Firstly, each EO and CE were screened for antibacterial activity by microdilution assay, and the most efficient antimicrobial extracts were selected based on the lowest MIC values to perform the combination assays. Afterward, a simplex-centroid mixture design was used to develop optimal antimicrobial mixtures capable of protecting meat from spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. The optimization tool allowed us to postulate models and validate them statistically as well as to create a prediction profile of the experiment. Thus, the optimal mixtures named active formulation 1 (AF1) containing MN EO/GT EO/VC EO/CE with a ratio of 1:2:2:1 and active formulation 2 (AF2) containing IN EO/AN EO/CE/VC EO with a ratio of 2:2:1:2, were developed based on the demonstration of their synergistic effect against tested bacteria. The obtained formulations at organoleptically acceptable concentrations could be applied in the preservation of meat and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Mahmud
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS-Armand-Frappier, Health and Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Owner of the MAPAQ Chair on Stabilized Natural Antimicrobials and Food Quality, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Peter Muranyi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser, Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Stephane Salmieri
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS-Armand-Frappier, Health and Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Owner of the MAPAQ Chair on Stabilized Natural Antimicrobials and Food Quality, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Monique Lacroix
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS-Armand-Frappier, Health and Biotechnology Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Owner of the MAPAQ Chair on Stabilized Natural Antimicrobials and Food Quality, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
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Evaluation of the synergistic antifungal effects of thymol and cinnamaldehyde combination and its mechanism of action against Rhizopus stolonifer in vitro and in vivo. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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5
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Paiano RB, de Sousa RLM, Bonilla J, Moreno LZ, de Souza EDF, Baruselli PS, Moreno AM. In vitro effects of cinnamon, oregano, and thyme essential oils against Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes isolated from dairy cows with clinical endometritis. Theriogenology 2023; 196:106-111. [PMID: 36413866 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clinical endometritis causes serious economic losses in dairy farms, mainly due to its negative health impact on fertility and milk production, as well as the additional costs of medicines used to treat the affected animals. The therapy for uterine diseases is principally performed with antibiotic treatment; however, its indiscriminate use in dairy herds can favor the increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria, leading to treatment failures. In this regard, the use of unconventional treatment may be a good option to reduce the use of antimicrobials in milk production. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of cinnamon, oregano, and thyme essential oils, and their combinations, against bovine uterine pathogens. The antibacterial activities of these essential oils were evaluated by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) indices against Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes, which were isolated from dairy cows with clinical endometritis. Among the essential oils evaluated, the lowest MIC and MBC values observed were obtained with cinnamon essential oil alone. The association among essential oils showed different kinds of interactions, and in some situations, antagonism was observed. This study demonstrated a promising antimicrobial activity of cinnamon's essential oil, indicating that it has excellent potential to be explored as a possible alternative in the treatment of clinical endometritis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan B Paiano
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-01, Brazil; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Ricardo L M de Sousa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Jeannine Bonilla
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil; Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2 W1, Canada
| | - Luisa Z Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-01, Brazil
| | | | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-01, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, 87 Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-01, Brazil
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Sakai T, Sakamoto JJ, Asada R, Furuta M, Tsuchido T. Different patterns of germination inhibition by carvacrol and thymol in Bacillus subtilis spores. JOURNAL OF MICROORGANISM CONTROL 2023; 28:3-13. [PMID: 37277956 DOI: 10.4265/jmc.28.1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify how the phenolic monoterpene carvacrol and its structural isomer thymol both as essential oil components (EOCs) inhibit the germination of Bacillus subtilis spore. Germination was evaluated by the OD600 reduction rate in a growth medium and phosphate buffer containing either l-alanine (l-Ala) system or l-asparagine, d-glucose, d-fructose plus KCl (AGFK) system. The germination of the wild-type spores in the Trypticase Soy broth (TSB) was found to be greatly inhibited by thymol than by carvacrol. Such a difference in the germination inhibition was confirmed by the dipicolinic acid (DPA) release from germinating spores in the AGFK buffer system, but not in the l-Ala system. Similar to the wild-type spores, no difference in the inhibitory activity between the EOCs was also indicated with the gerB, gerK-deletion mutant spores in the l-Ala buffer system and the above substantial difference was also done with the gerA-deleted mutant spores in the AGFK. Fructose was found to release spores from the EOC inhibition and inversely even stimulated. Increased concentrations of glucose and fructose partially suppressed the germination inhibition by carvacrol. The results obtained should contribute to the elucidation of the control effects of these EOCs on bacterial spores in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Sakai
- Department of Quantum and Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Jin J Sakamoto
- Research Center of Microorganism Control, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Ryoko Asada
- Department of Quantum and Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
- Research Center of Microorganism Control, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University
- Radiation Research Center, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Department of Quantum and Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
- Research Center of Microorganism Control, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University
- Radiation Research Center, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Tetsuaki Tsuchido
- Research Center of Microorganism Control, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University
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The Use of Natural Methods to Control Foodborne Biofilms. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010045. [PMID: 36678393 PMCID: PMC9865977 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are large aggregates of various species of bacteria or other microorganisms tightly attached to surfaces through an intricate extracellular matrix. These complex microbial communities present quite the challenge in the food processing industry, as conditions such as raw meats and diverse food product content in contact with workers, drains, machinery, and ventilation systems, make for prime circumstances for contamination. Adding to the challenge is the highly resistant nature of these biofilm growths and the need to keep in mind that any antimicrobials utilized in these situations risk health implications with human consumption of the products that are being processed in these locations. For that reason, the ideal means of sanitizing areas of foodborne biofilms would be natural means. Herein, we review a series of innovative natural methods of targeting foodborne biofilms, including bacteriocins, bacteriophages, fungi, phytochemicals, plant extracts, essential oils, gaseous and aqueous control, photocatalysis, enzymatic treatments, and ultrasound mechanisms.
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The Antimicrobial and Toxicity Influence of Six Carrier Oils on Essential Oil Compounds. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010030. [PMID: 36615224 PMCID: PMC9821837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Essential oil compounds have been identified as alternative antimicrobials; however, their use is limited due to their toxicity on human lymphocytes, skin, and reproduction. Carrier oils can reduce the toxicity of essential oils, which raises the question as to whether such activity would extend to the essential oil compounds. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and toxicity activity of essential oil compounds in combination with carrier oils. The antimicrobial properties of the essential oil compounds, alone and in combination with carrier oils, were determined using the broth microdilution assay. The toxicity was determined using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Antimicrobial synergy (ΣFIC ≤ 0.50) occurred in 3% of the samples when tested against the ESKAPE pathogens. The compound thymoquinone in combination with the carrier oil Prunus armeniaca demonstrated broad-spectrum synergistic activity and a selectivity index above four, highlighting this combination as the most favorable. The carrier oils reduced the toxicity of several compounds, with Calendula officinalis and P. armeniaca carrier oils being responsible for the majority of the reduced toxicity observed. This study provides insight into the interactions that may occur when adding a carrier oil to essential oil compounds.
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Kovačević Z, Tomanić D, Čabarkapa I, Šarić L, Stanojević J, Bijelić K, Galić I, Ružić Z, Erdeljan M, Kladar N. Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Withdrawal Period of Essential Oil-Based Pharmaceutical Formulation in Bovine Mastitis Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416643. [PMID: 36554523 PMCID: PMC9779522 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the risk it represents to public health, and the possible consequences for animal health and welfare, there is an increasing focus on reducing antimicrobial usage (AMU) in animal husbandry. Therefore, a great interest in developing alternatives to AMU in livestock production is present worldwide. Recently, essential oils (EOs) have gained great attention as promising possibilities for the replacement of antibiotics. The current study aimed to test the potential of using a novel EO-based pharmaceutical formulation (Phyto-Bomat) in bovine mastitis treatment. The antibacterial activity was performed using the microdilution technique. Lactating dairy cows were treated with 15 mL of Phyto-Bomat in the inflamed quarter for 5 consecutive days in order to analyze blood and milk samples for thymol and carvacrol residues using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antimicrobial activity expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) indicates that this formulation has the highest activity against Gram-positive strains. The dominant compounds in Phyto-Bomat were thymol and carvacrol, at 12.58 ± 1.23 mg/mL and 23.11 ± 2.31 mg/mL, respectively. The quantification of these two compounds in evaluated biological samples showed that 24 h after administration the concentration of thymol and carvacrol in milk samples was at the same level as before application. On the other hand, thymol and carvacrol were detectable in plasma samples even after 24 h post-treatment, with values ranging from 0.15-0.38 and 0.21-0.66 µg/mL, respectively. The tested formulation showed encouraging results of antibacterial activity against bovine mastitis pathogens, as well as the withdrawal period of dominant compounds, which implies that further testing regarding the bacteriological and clinical cure rates in clinical settings is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana Kovačević
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragana Tomanić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Čabarkapa
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ljubiša Šarić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovan Stanojević
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Katarina Bijelić
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivan Galić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zoran Ružić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mihajlo Erdeljan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Pino-Otín MR, Gan C, Terrado E, Sanz MA, Ballestero D, Langa E. Antibiotic properties of Satureja montana L. hydrolate in bacteria and fungus of clinical interest and its impact in non-target environmental microorganisms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18460. [PMID: 36323748 PMCID: PMC9630514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the microbicidal and microbiostatic activity of S. montana hydrolate L., the water-soluble fraction of the hydro-distillation process used to obtain the essential oil, on 14 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and a fungus of clinical interest. To consider whether this hydrolate is a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional antibiotics, its effect on non-target microorganisms in the aquatic and terrestrial environment was analysed using natural soil and river microorganism communities, characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that S. montana hydrolate was especially effective (25% v/v concentration) against Pasteurella aerogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Acinetobacter baumannii (priority 1, WHO). It was also a microbicide for a further 7 bacterial strains and the fungus Candida albicans (50% v/v concentration). The river and soil communities exposed to the hydrolate showed a decrease in their growth, as well as a decrease in their ability to metabolize polymers and carbohydrates (soil microorganisms) and polymers, carboxylic and ketone acids (river microorganisms). Hydrolates could be an alternative to conventional antibiotics, but their impact on the environment must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa Pino-Otín
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, Km. 510, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Gan
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, Km. 510, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Terrado
- Universidad de Zaragoza, C. de Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Angeles Sanz
- CITA, Área de Laboratorios de Análisis y Asistencia Tecnológica, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Ballestero
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, Km. 510, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elisa Langa
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, Km. 510, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
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Curcumin or microencapsulated phytogenic blend to replace ionophore and non-ionophore antibiotics in weaned calves: Effects on growth performance and health. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gurtler JB, Garner CM. A Review of Essential Oils as Antimicrobials in Foods with Special Emphasis on Fresh Produce. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1300-1319. [PMID: 35588157 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumer safety concerns over established fresh produce washing methods and the demand for organic and clean-label food has led to the exploration of novel methods of produce sanitization. Essential oils (EOs), which are extracted from plants, have potential as clean-label sanitizers because they are naturally derived and act as antimicrobials and antioxidants. In this review, the antimicrobial effects of EOs are explored individually and in combination, as emulsions, combined with existing chemical and physical preservation methods, incorporated into films and coatings, and in vapor phase. We examined combinations of EOs with one another, with EO components, with surfactants, and with other preservatives or preservation methods to increase sanitizing efficacy. Components of major EOs were identified, and the chemical mechanisms, potential for antibacterial resistance, and effects on organoleptic properties were examined. Studies have revealed that EOs can be equivalent or better sanitizing agents than chlorine; nevertheless, concentrations must be kept low to avoid adverse sensory effects. For this reason, future studies should address the maximum permissible EO concentrations that do not negatively affect organoleptic properties. This review should be beneficial to food scientists or industry personnel interested in the use of EOs for sanitization and preservation of foods, including fresh produce. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Gurtler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Residue Chemistry and Predictive Microbiology Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038-8551, USA
| | - Christina M Garner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Residue Chemistry and Predictive Microbiology Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038-8551, USA
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Yin L, Liang C, Wei W, Huang S, Ren Y, Geng Y, Huang X, Chen D, Guo H, Fang J, Deng H, Lai W, Yu S, Ouyang P. The Antibacterial Activity of Thymol Against Drug-Resistant Streptococcus iniae and Its Protective Effect on Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914868. [PMID: 35733967 PMCID: PMC9207766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a zoonotic pathogen, which seriously threatens aquaculture and human health worldwide. Antibiotics are the preferred way to treat S. iniae infection. However, the unreasonable use of antibiotics leads to the enhancement of bacterial resistance, which is not conducive to the prevention and treatment of this disease. Therefore, it is urgent to find new efficient and environmentally friendly antibacterial agents to replace traditional antibiotics. In this study, the antibacterial activity and potential mechanism of thymol against S. iniae were evaluated by electron microscopy, lactate dehydrogenase, DNA and protein leakage and transcriptomic analysis. Thymol exhibited potent antibacterial activity against S. iniae in vitro, and the MIC and MBC were 128 and 256μg/mL, respectively. SEM and TEM images showed that the cell membrane and cell wall were damaged, and the cells were abnormally enlarged and divided. 2MIC thymol disrupted the integrity of cell walls and membranes, resulting in the release of intracellular macromolecules including nucleotides, proteins and inorganic ions. The results of transcriptomic analysis indicated that thymol interfered with energy metabolism and membrane transport, affected DNA replication, repair and transcription in S. iniae. In vivo studies showed that thymol had a protective effect on experimental S. iniae infection in channel catfish. It could reduce the cumulative mortality of channel catfish and the number of S. iniae colonization in tissues, and increase the activities of non-specific immune enzymes in serum, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme and acid phosphatase. Taken together, these findings suggested that thymol may be a candidate plant agent to replace traditional antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of S. iniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizi Yin
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuanghui Huang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongqiang Ren
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shumin Yu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Ouyang
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Liu X, Liu R, Zhao R, Wang J, Cheng Y, Liu Q, Wang Y, Yang S. Synergistic Interaction Between Paired Combinations of Natural Antimicrobials Against Poultry-Borne Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:811784. [PMID: 35602084 PMCID: PMC9115557 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.811784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antimicrobials (NAM) are promising candidates for the successful control of poultry-borne bacteria, carrying potent antimicrobial activity (AMA) against a wide range of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Individual activities of carvacrol, eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, oregano, and thymol, along with the combined activity of paired compounds, were examined using broth microdilution and checkerboard techniques. The characteristic interactions between the compounds were calculated using an improved method, based on combination index (CI) values. The bacteria examined herein were selected due to their known genetic resistance to at least one antibiotic. Our results indicated that thymol was most effective, exhibiting the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value against Salmonella pullorum, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, establishing the order of antimicrobial efficacy as: thymol > oregano > carvacrol > trans-cinnamaldehyde > eugenol. In the interaction study, the paired combination of carvacrol and thymol showed synergistic effects and was highly effective in reducing the antibiotic resistance of all the evaluated pathogens. Notably, all CI values were <1.0 in evaluations of S. pullorum, indicating the absence of antagonism between eugenol and thymol (or oregano). In K. pneumoniae, majority of CI values, which had a few concentration points, were smaller than 1.0, indicating a synergistic effect between eugenol and carvacrol (oregano or thymol), and trans-cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol. In E. coli, apart from some concentration points, some CI values were smaller than 1.0, demonstrating a synergistic effect between eugenol and carvacrol, and thymol and carvacrol (eugenol or oregano). It is therefore of great significance to investigate and illuminate the minimal effect concentration of these five components when they are used in combination as feed additives. Moreover, the improved evaluation method of this study provides a precise and extensive means to assess the synergistic effects of NAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ruting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jishi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongyou Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Scandorieiro S, Rodrigues BCD, Nishio EK, Panagio LA, de Oliveira AG, Durán N, Nakazato G, Kobayashi RKT. Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Strategically Combined With Origanum vulgare Derivatives: Antibacterial Mechanism of Action and Effect on Multidrug-Resistant Strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842600. [PMID: 35602016 PMCID: PMC9121793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria have become a public health problem worldwide, reducing treatment options against several pathogens. If we do not act against this problem, it is estimated that by 2050 superbugs will kill more people than the current COVID-19 pandemic. Among solutions to combat antibacterial resistance, there is increasing demand for new antimicrobials. The antibacterial activity of binary combinations containing bioAgNP (biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Fusarium oxysporum), oregano essential oil (OEO), carvacrol (Car), and thymol (Thy) was evaluated: OEO plus bioAgNP, Car plus bioAgNP, Thy plus bioAgNP, and Car plus Thy. This study shows that the mechanism of action of Thy, bioAgNP, and Thy plus bioAgNP involves damaging the membrane and cell wall (surface blebbing and disruption seen with an electron microscope), causing cytoplasmic molecule leakage (ATP, DNA, RNA, and total proteins) and oxidative stress by enhancing intracellular reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation; a similar mechanism happens for OEO and Car, except for oxidative stress. The combination containing bioAgNP and oregano derivatives, especially thymol, shows strategic antibacterial mechanism; thymol disturbs the selective permeability of the cell membrane and consequently facilitates access of the nanoparticles to bacterial cytoplasm. BioAgNP-treated Escherichia coli developed resistance to nanosilver after 12 days of daily exposition. The combination of Thy and bioAgNP prevented the emergence of resistance to both antimicrobials; therefore, mixture of antimicrobials is a strategy to extend their life. For antimicrobials alone, minimal bactericidal concentration ranges were 0.3-2.38 mg/ml (OEO), 0.31-1.22 mg/ml (Car), 0.25-1 mg/ml (Thy), and 15.75-31.5 μg/ml (bioAgNP). The time-kill assays showed that the oregano derivatives acted very fast (at least 10 s), while the bioAgNP took at least 30 min to kill Gram-negative bacteria and 7 h to kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). All the combinations resulted in additive antibacterial effect, reducing significantly minimal inhibitory concentration and acting faster than the bioAgNP alone; they also showed no cytotoxicity. This study describes for the first time the effect of Car and Thy combined with bioAgNP (produced with F. oxysporum components) against bacteria for which efficient antimicrobials are urgently needed, such as carbapenem-resistant strains (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Scandorieiro
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bianca C. D. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Erick K. Nishio
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luciano A. Panagio
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology and Oral Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Admilton G. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology – Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Nelson Durán
- Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Renata K. T. Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Khanoonkon N, Rugthaworn P, Kongsin K, Sukyai P, Harnkarnsujarit N, Sothornvit R, Chollakup R, Sukatta U. Enhanced antimicrobial effectiveness of synergistic mixtures of rambutan peel extract and cinnamon essential oil on food spoilage bacteria and bio‐based food packaging. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattaporn Khanoonkon
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro‐Industrial Product Improvement Institute Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Prapassorn Rugthaworn
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro‐Industrial Product Improvement Institute Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kunat Kongsin
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro‐Industrial Product Improvement Institute Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
- Biotechnology of Biopolymers and Bioactive Compounds Special Research Unit, Faculty of Agro‐Industry, Department of Biotechnology Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Prakit Sukyai
- Biotechnology of Biopolymers and Bioactive Compounds Special Research Unit, Faculty of Agro‐Industry, Department of Biotechnology Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Nathdanai Harnkarnsujarit
- Faculty of Agro‐Industry, Department of Packaging and Materials Technology Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Rungsinee Sothornvit
- Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaengsaen, Department of Food Engineering Kasetsart University Nakhon Pathom Thailand
| | - Rungsima Chollakup
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro‐Industrial Product Improvement Institute Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Udomlak Sukatta
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro‐Industrial Product Improvement Institute Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
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17
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Rani S, Verma S, Singh H, Ram C. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of essential oils in combination with medium-chain fatty acids against predominant bovine mastitis pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:959-969. [PMID: 35178733 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis has become a significant economic importance for dairy industry. Concerns regarding poor milk quality, and emergence of bacterial resistance has necessitated to develop alternative therapeutic approach to antibiotics for treatment of mastitis. Saturated medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and essential oils (EOs) are known natural antimicrobials, but their combined effect has not been investigated extensively. The objective of the present investigation was to examine the bactericidal effect of various combined treatments of eight EOs and three saturated MCFAs to inactivate predominant mastitis pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213; Escherichia coli ATCC 25922; Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27736; and Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 27956. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values confirmed that all the tested pathogens were variably susceptible to both EOs and saturated MCFAs. Among essential oils, carvacrol (CAR), trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), and thymol (TM) showed highest inhibitory activity at concentration 0.38-1.32 mg/mL. Carvacrol exhibited effective additive antibacterial activity in combined treatment with octanoic acid (OA) in terms of its fractional inhibitory index (0.63-0.88) and time-kill effect in reducing about 6 log CFU/mL bacterial cells in less than 5 min. Effort was also made to elucidate mechanism of antibacterial action of CAR and OA against selected mastitis pathogens by observing changes in cell microstructure, permeability and integrity of cell membrane and their membrane potential. After adding CAR and OA at MIC level, there were obvious changes in cell morphology, leakage of small electrolytes, and macromolecules at the initial few hours of treatment i.e. within 1-2 h were observed. Our results indicated that CAR and OA could be evaluated as alternatives or adjuncts to antibiotics as intramammary infusion or topical application to treat bovine mastitis, significantly improving the microbiological safety of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Rani
- Synbiotic Functional Food and Bioremediation Research Laboratory, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Sunita Verma
- Synbiotic Functional Food and Bioremediation Research Laboratory, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Hemlata Singh
- Synbiotic Functional Food and Bioremediation Research Laboratory, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Chand Ram
- Synbiotic Functional Food and Bioremediation Research Laboratory, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
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18
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Innovative next-generation therapies in combating multi-drug-resistant and multi-virulent Escherichia coli isolates: insights from in vitro, in vivo, and molecular docking studies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1691-1703. [PMID: 35133473 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite notable advances in vaccine and antimicrobial therapies, treatment failure has been increasingly reported worldwide. Of note, multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains have a considerable share in the evolution of this crisis. So, current practice guidelines are directed towards complementary and alternative therapies. Therefore, we evaluated the antibacterial and antivirulence activities of curcumin, thymol, and eugenol essential oils (EOs) as well as EOs-EOs and EOs-antibiotics interactions on MDR and multi-virulent E. coli isolates. Unfortunately, MDR E. coli could be isolated with a prevalence rate of 95.6% (86/90). Additionally, the majority of our isolates harbored both fimH (95.6%) and ompA (91.1%) genes, and half of them (45/90) were multi-virulent. Interestingly, all the tested EOs, especially curcumin, exhibited inhibitory activities against all MDR and multi-virulent E. coli isolates. The addition of thymol enhanced the antibacterial activities of curcumin and eugenol. Moreover, the activities of piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem were increased by adding any one of the tested EOs. Regarding the antivirulence activities of the tested EOs, the cell surfaces of treated E. coli isolates under transmission electron microscope (TEM) were uneven. The cells appeared damaged and lost their appendages. Furthermore, EOs strongly reduced the transcription of ompA and fimH genes. The antibacterial and antivirulence activities of the used EOs were confirmed by in silico and mice protection assays. Hereby, we introduced the promising uses of curcumin, thymol, and eugenol oils as complementary and alternative therapies for combating MDR and multi-virulent E. coli isolates. KEY POINTS: • Our promising results confirmed that we were right for renewed interest of EOs. • The EOs, especially curcumin, can be used to prevent treatment failure. • We supposed a new pharmaceutical formulation of antibiotic powders dissolved in EOs.
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Baldim I, Paziani MH, Grizante Barião PH, Kress MRVZ, Oliveira WP. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Loaded with Lippia sidoides Essential Oil as a Strategy to Combat the Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010180. [PMID: 35057078 PMCID: PMC8781248 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging pathogen Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen that was associated with nosocomial infectious outbreaks. Its worldwide incidence and the emerging multidrug-resistant strains highlight the urgency for novel and effective antifungal treatment strategies. Lippia sidoides essential oil (LSEO) proved antifungal activity, including anti-Candida. However, it may undergo irreversible changes when in contact with external agents without adequate protection. Herein, we encapsulated LSEO in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) through the hot emulsification method followed by sonication. NLC matrix was based on oleic acid and Compritol® 888, or a combination of carnauba wax and beeswax, stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Eight formulations were produced and characterized by the determination of the particle size (213.1 to 445.5 nm), polydispersity index (around 0.3), and ζ-potential (−93.1 to −63.8 mV). The antifungal activity of nanoparticles and LSEO against C. auris and the in vivo toxicity in Galleria mellonella model were also evaluated. Both NLC and LSEO exhibited potent activity against the yeast, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration between 281 and 563 µg/mL, and did not evidence toxicity in the in vivo model. Therefore, this study confirms the viability of NLCs loaded with LSEO in combating drug-resistant pathogens as a potential new therapeutic strategy for managing of candidemia.
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Han HS, Koo SY, Choi KY. Emerging nanoformulation strategies for phytocompounds and applications from drug delivery to phototherapy to imaging. Bioact Mater 2021; 14:182-205. [PMID: 35310344 PMCID: PMC8892098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over thousands of years, natural bioactive compounds derived from plants (bioactive phytocompounds, BPCs) have been used worldwide to address human health issues. Today, they are a significant resource for drug discovery in the development of modern medicines. Although many BPCs have promising biological activities, most of them cannot be effectively utilized in drugs for therapeutic applications because of their inherent limitations of low solubility, structural instability, short half-life, poor bioavailability, and non-specific distribution to organs. Researchers have utilized emerging nanoformulation (NF) technologies to overcome these limitations as they have demonstrated great potential to improve the solubility, stability, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of BPCs. This review exemplifies NF strategies for resolving the issues associated with BPCs and summarizes recent advances in their preclinical and clinical applications for imaging and therapy. This review also highlights how innovative NF technologies play a leading role in next-generation BPC-based drug development for extended therapeutic applications. Finally, this review discusses the opportunities to take BPCs with meaningful clinical impact from bench to bedside and extend the patent life of BPC-based medicines with new formulations or application to new adjacent diseases beyond the primary drug indications. Natural bioactive phytocompounds derived from plants have been used worldwide to address human health issues. However, most of them cannot be effectively utilized in drugs for therapeutic applications because of their inherent limitations. Nanoformulation approach has recently been underlined as an emerging pharmaceutical strategy to overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of bioactive phytocompounds. Various types of nanoformulation and their up-to-date applications for targeted delivery, phototherapy, and imaging are reviewed. Finally, their clinical implications for the repurposing of bioactive phytocompounds are deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Seung Han
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Koo
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Choi
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang X, Zhou D, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Xiao X, Liu F, Yu Y. Synergistic inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus by gallic acid and thymol and its potential application on fresh-cut tomatoes. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103925. [PMID: 34809951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus of five typical plant-derived compounds [gallic acid (G.A), citral (Cit), thymol (Thy), salicylic acid (S.A), lauric acid (L.A)] were investigated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). The results showed that only a combination of Thy and G.A (TGA), with a concentration of 0.1 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively, had a synergistic effect (FICI = 0.5) on both E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus. The amount of Thy and G.A in mixture were four-fold lower than the MICs of the individuals shown to cause the equivalent antimicrobial activity in trypticase soy broth (TSB). The microbial reduction obtained in TSB with addition of TGA were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the reduction shown for the broth supplemented with the separated phenolics. TGA caused the changes of morphology and membrane integrity of bacteria. Additionally, the application of TGA on fresh-cut tomatoes are investigated. Fresh-cut tomatoes inoculated with E. coli O157:H7and S. aureus were washed for 2min, 5min, 10min at 4 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C in 0.3% NaOCl, or water containing TGA at various concentrations. Overall, the reduction of TGA achieved against S. aureus is higher than E. coli O157:H7. Same concentrations of combined antimicrobials at a temperature of 40 °C further increased the degree of microbial inactivation, with an additional 0.89-1.51 log CFU/g reduction compared to that at 25 °C. Moreover, 1/2MICThy+1/2MICG.A at 25 °C for 10min or 40 °C for 5min were generally acceptable with sensorial scores higher than 7. Our results showed that TGA could work synergistically on the inactivation of the tested bacteria and may be used as an alternative disinfectant of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510640, China
| | - Donggen Zhou
- Ningbo International Travel Healthcare Center, No.336 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang province, 315012, China
| | - Yifang Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510640, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510640, China
| | - Xinglong Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510640, China.
| | - Fengsong Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510640, China
| | - Yigang Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510640, China.
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22
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In vitro activity of carvacrol in combination with meropenem against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:143-156. [PMID: 34729712 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbapenem resistance observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains limits treatment options. Therefore, use of antibiotics combined with bioactive compounds may be an important strategy to control K. pneumoniae. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of combination of carvacrol and meropenem on carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) strains. The presence of blaOXA-48 carbapenemase in all 25 CRKP strains was identified using the PCR technique. The combination of carvacrol and meropenem was tested for antimicrobial activity on CRKP strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol and meropenem were detected within a range of 32-128 µg/mL using the broth microdilution method. Synergy between carvacrol and meropenem was observed on 8 of the 25 CRKP strains by checkerboard assay (FICI = 0.5) and confirmed by time-kill assay. According to the live-dead test results, the viability percentage of the cells exposed to synergistic combination was 35.47% at the end of 24 h. The membrane damage caused by the synergistic combination was spectrophotometrically measured (A = 0.21) and further confirmed by SEM analysis. According to the MTT assay, both carvacrol and meropenem did not show any statistically significant cytotoxic effect on Vero cells (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest that carvacrol and meropenem can act synergistically to inhibit the growth of CRKP.
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Esmaeili Y, Paidari S, Baghbaderani SA, Nateghi L, Al-Hassan AA, Ariffin F. Essential oils as natural antimicrobial agents in postharvest treatments of fruits and vegetables: a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lang M, Montjarret A, Duteil E, Bedoux G. Cinnamomum cassia and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oils Reduce the Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in an In Vivo Infection Model Using Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecules 2021; 26:5598. [PMID: 34577068 PMCID: PMC8467367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of intestinal colonization in livestock by means of non-bactericidal additives is an important management lever for zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. Caenorhabditis elegans is proposed here as a model for the evaluation of five essential oils (EOs) as anti-colonization products against Salmonella Typhimurium. An evaluation of the toxicity of EOs for C. elegans showed LD50 values ranging from 74.5 ± 9.6 µg/mL for Cinnamomum cassia (CEO) to 271.6 ± 14.9 µg/mL for Syzygium aromaticum (SyEO). Both EOs significantly inhibited bacterial colonization in the digestive tract of C. elegans with reductions of 0.88 and 0.70 log CFU/nematode at nontoxic concentrations of 50 µg/mL and 150 µg/mL, respectively. With the minimal bactericidal concentrations of CEO and SyEO against S. Typhimurium being 312.5 µg/mL and 625 µg/mL, respectively, an antibacterial effect can be excluded to explain the inhibition of the bacterial load. The anti-colonizing activity of these two EOs could, however, be related to an inhibition of the swimming motility, which was significantly reduced by 23.47% for CEO at 50 µg/mL and 19.56% for SyEO at 150 µg/mL. This study shows the potential of C. elegans as a predictive in vivo model of anti-colonizing activities that is suitable for the evaluation of essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lang
- BioArmor S.A., Z.I de la Gare, F-22940 Plaintel, France; (A.M.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines EA 3884, Université Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France;
| | - Aude Montjarret
- BioArmor S.A., Z.I de la Gare, F-22940 Plaintel, France; (A.M.); (E.D.)
| | - Emmanuel Duteil
- BioArmor S.A., Z.I de la Gare, F-22940 Plaintel, France; (A.M.); (E.D.)
| | - Gilles Bedoux
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines EA 3884, Université Bretagne Sud, F-56100 Lorient, France;
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Taşdemir AN, Onbaşılar EE, Yalçın S, Boyalı B, Aygören H, Tülek E, Sarıçam S, Akan M. Effects of oregano juice on eggshell microbial load, layer embryo development, hatching results, and growth at the first 2 weeks after hatch. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:404. [PMID: 34278537 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the factors affecting the hatching results and chick quality is the implementation of an appropriate disinfection program with effective disinfectants. This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of oregano juice as a disinfection of hatching layer eggs as an alternative to formaldehyde. In the study, 1800 eggs collected from 48-week old Akbay white layer breeders were used. Eggs were divided into 3 equal disinfection groups (fumigation with formaldehyde, 50% oregano juice, and 100% oregano juice). In the study, the characteristics of the eggshell, microbial load, embryo development, egg weight loss, hatching results, chick weight and quality, and performance in the first 2 weeks were determined. No differences were observed among the disinfection groups in egg shell characteristics, microbial load in the shell, hatchability of fertile and set eggs, embryonic deaths, and body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio in female chicks. Egg weight loss was higher (P < 0.001) in the 50% oregano juice group (13.75%) compared to the formaldehyde fumigation group (12.11%). Chick quality score was found to be lower in the formaldehyde fumigation group (96.44) compared to the other two oregano juice groups (P < 0.001). The chicks hatched from the eggs in the formaldehyde fumigation group consumed more feed (119 g/week) in the first 2 weeks (P < 0.001). The use of 50% oregano juice in the disinfection of hatching eggs did not have any negative effects compared to the fumigation process with formaldehyde. Therefore, it is concluded that disinfection with 50% oregano juice was effective in reducing the microbial load in the egg shell as much as formaldehyde fumigation, and even it was superior in chick quality score.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E E Onbaşılar
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - S Yalçın
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Boyalı
- Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Aygören
- Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Tülek
- Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Sarıçam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Akan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Kim J, Kim H, Beuchat LR, Ryu JH. Synergistic antimicrobial activities of plant essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes in organic tomato juice. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ji J, Shankar S, Fernandez J, Juillet E, Salmieri S, Lacroix M. A rapid way of formulation development revealing potential synergic effects on numerous antimicrobial combinations against foodborne pathogens. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105047. [PMID: 34129905 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between various essential oils (EOs) were evaluated for the development of antimicrobial formulations. A full factorial design was applied for testing eight EOs (Mustard, Thyme, Garlic, Oregano, Chinese cinnamon, Cinnamon bark, Red bergamot, Winter savory) against nine bacteria (E.coli O157:H7 RM1239, E.coli O157:H7 RM 1931, E.coli O157:H7 RM 1933, E.coli O157:H7 RM 1934, E.coli O157:H7 380-94, Listeria monocytogenes LM 1045, Listeria innocua ATCC 51742, Salmonella Typhimurium SL 1344, Salmonella enterica Newport ATCC 6962) and two molds (Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 10106, Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015). Results showed that combinations of Thyme + Oregano, Oregano + Cinnamon bark, Chinese cinnamon + Cinnamon bark have shown high interactions in Factorial design and validated to be mostly additive effects against tested bacteria. The combination of Mustard + Thyme, Mustard + Garlic, and Thyme + Garlic EOs showed high interactions and also all additive effects against tested molds. The corresponding results of Factorial design and checkerboard render the designation to demonstrate the highly efficient formulations and interactions rapidly among abundant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ji
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shiv Shankar
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jorge Fernandez
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emma Juillet
- Agri-Food and Organic Industries Option, Department of Biological Engineering, IUT of Créteil-Vitry, Paris-Est Créteil Val-De-Marne University, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Salmieri
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Monique Lacroix
- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, Canadian Irradiation Center, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Comparative Studies on Volatile Oil Components Derived from Integrated Processing Technology of Origin and Traditional Cutting Processing Technology of Moslae Herba and Their Effects on Rats With Lung-Yin Deficiency. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5557222. [PMID: 34122595 PMCID: PMC8172294 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5557222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the components of the volatile oil derived from the integration processing technology of origin (IPTO) of Moslae Herba (MH) and their effects on the treatment of rats with Lung-Yin deficiency. IPTO was compared with the traditional cutting processing technology (TCPT) to provide a feasible basis. The chemical constituents of the volatile oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The Lung-Yin deficiency model was established by subjecting the animals to smoke and administering them with thyroid tablet suspension. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, model, Tween-80, positive, IPTO, and TCPT. After 30 days of intragastric administration, the macroscopic signs of rats and pathological morphology of the lung tissues were observed by the hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining method. The positive expression of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was observed by an immunohistochemical method. The levels of cholesterol (CHO), albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were detected in the serum of rats. A total of 42 and 37 components were identified from the volatile oils of IPTO and TCPT, respectively. Among them, the contents of carvacrol and thymol were higher in IPTO. The volatile oil of MH derived from IPTO and TCPT could improve the general signs and autonomous activities of the rats with Lung-Yin deficiency; increase the contents of cGMP, TP, and ALB; and decrease the anal temperature of the rats, the contents of IL-1β, CHO, and BUN in serum, the ratio of cAMP to cGMP, and the average optical density of TNF-α in their lung tissues. The findings indicated that IPTO was more efficient than TCPT. Its therapeutic effect might be associated with the change in TNF-α expression; the increase in cGMP, TP, and ALB contents; and the decrease in IL-1β, CHO, and BUN levels, laying the foundation for the clinical development and application of MH.
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Soulaimani B, Hidar NE, Ben El Fakir S, Mezrioui N, Hassani L, Abbad A. Combined antibacterial activity of essential oils extracted from Lavandula maroccana (Murb.), Thymus pallidus Batt. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. against antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Eur J Integr Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cionti C, Taroni T, Sabatini V, Meroni D. Nanostructured Oxide-Based Systems for the pH-Triggered Release of Cinnamaldehyde. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1536. [PMID: 33801042 PMCID: PMC8003980 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde is a natural product with antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties, poorly stable in environmental conditions. Systems for the controlled release of cinnamaldehyde are of great interest to the food and pharmaceutical industries. Here, a new oxide-based construct for the release of cinnamaldehyde catalyzed by acidic pH was obtained by a facile grafting method based on amino-silane linkers and imine chemistry. The grafting procedure led to a loading of ca. 5 molecules/nm2, determined on oxide powders with CHN and TGA measurements. The covalent grafting of cinnamaldehyde, demonstrated by FTIR analyses, preserved the molecule stability, simplifying storage. Release tests were performed at different pH values (between 5.0 and 7.4). Thanks to imine chemistry, a fast cinnamaldehyde (CIN) release was observed in a pH 5.0 environment. Using 1 mg/mL suspensions, CIN concentrations within the range adopted in the food industry were obtained (12.4 ppm). The grafting procedure was also performed on a porous film based on a photocatalytic oxide, demonstrating the versatility of this method, adaptable to both powders and macroscopic materials. By taking advantage of the photoactivity of the oxide, regeneration of the fouled film was achieved upon UV irradiation for 1 h, opening the door to reusable devices for the controlled release of cinnamaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cionti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (T.T.); (V.S.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Taroni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (T.T.); (V.S.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Sabatini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (T.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Daniela Meroni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (T.T.); (V.S.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Osaili TM, Hasan F, Dhanasekaran DK, Obaid RS, Al-Nabulsi AA, Ayyash M, Karam L, Savvaidis IN, Holley R. Effect of active essential oils added to chicken tawook on the behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 during storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108947. [PMID: 33181419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the antimicrobial effect of active essential oil components (EOs) namely (carvacrol (CA), cinnamaldehyde (CI) and thymol (TH)) on Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in chicken tawook during storage at 4 and 10 °C. A marinade consisting of ingredients commonly used in the chicken tawook recipe was prepared and mixed with 1% and 2% v/v CA, CI or TH. The marinade with or without EOs was added to fresh chicken breast cubes inoculated with the foodborne pathogens. Afterward, marinated chicken "tawook" was stored at 4 and 10 °C covered with cling wrap to mimic chill and mild abuse storage conditions for up to 7 days. At 10 °C, the marinade decreased L. monocytogenes numbers on day 4 and 7 by about 2.4 log10 CFU/g as compared to unmarinated samples. Adding EOs to chicken tawook did not change L. monocytogenes numbers during storage at 4 and 10 °C. For Salmonella spp., the marinade decreased the numbers during 10 °C storage on day 4 and 7 by about 4.9 log10 CFU/g as compared to unmarinated samples. At 4 °C, EOs at 2% decreased Salmonella spp. on day 7 by 0.5 log10 CFU/g. One percent CI significantly decreased Salmonella by 1.5 log10 CFU/g, at day 4 of storage. At 10 °C, 1% CA, 2% CI, 1% and 2% TH decreased Salmonella spp. in the samples by 0.5 log10 CFU/g on day 7. The marinade decreased E. coli O157:H7 numbers on the chicken samples during 10 °C storage on day 4 and 7 by about 3.3 log10 CFU/g as compared to unmarinated samples. Regardless of storage day at 4 °C, EOs decreased E. coli O157:H7 populations in chicken tawook by ≤2.4 log10 CFU/g compared to samples without EOs, where the decrease was ≤1.4 log10 CFU/g. Moreover, no significant decrease in E. coli O157:H7 populations could be attributed to the addition of EOs in samples which were stored at 10 °C. Increasing the concentration of EOs from 1 to 2% seemed to have no significant effect in reducing the tested foodborne pathogen populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Fayeza Hasan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dinesh Kumar Dhanasekaran
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reyad S Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Layal Karam
- Department of Nursing & Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, P.O. Box: 72, Zouk Mikael, Lebanon
| | - Ioannis N Savvaidis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, 20 Greece
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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Swetha TK, Vikraman A, Nithya C, Hari Prasath N, Pandian SK. Synergistic antimicrobial combination of carvacrol and thymol impairs single and mixed-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:1256-1271. [PMID: 33435734 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1869949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis are important opportunistic human pathogens, which form mixed-species biofilms and cause recalcitrant device associated infections in clinical settings. Further to many reports suggesting the therapeutic potential of plant-derived monoterpenoids, this study investigated the interaction of the monoterpenoids carvacrol (C) and thymol (T) against mono- and mixed-species growth of C. albicans and S. epidermidis. C and T exhibited synergistic antimicrobial activity. The time-kill study and post-antimicrobial effect results revealed the effective microbicidal action of the C + T combination. Filamentation, surface coating assays and live-dead staining of biofilms determined the anti-hyphal, antiadhesion, and anti-biofilm activities of the C + T combination, respectively. Notably, this combination killed highly tolerant persister cells of mono-species and mixed-species biofilms and demonstrated less risk of resistance development. The collective data suggest that the C + T combination could act as an effective therapeutic agent against biofilm associated mono-species and mixed-species infections of C. albicans and S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arumugam Vikraman
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chari Nithya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lee S, Kim H, Beuchat LR, Kim Y, Ryu JH. Synergistic antimicrobial activity of oregano and thyme thymol essential oils against Leuconostoc citreum in a laboratory medium and tomato juice. Food Microbiol 2020; 90:103489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thymol and carvacrol in nanoliposomes: Characterization and a comparison with free counterparts against planktonic and glass-adhered Salmonella. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Cho TJ, Park SM, Yu H, Seo GH, Kim HW, Kim SA, Rhee MS. Recent Advances in the Application of Antibacterial Complexes Using Essential Oils. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071752. [PMID: 32290228 PMCID: PMC7181228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antibacterial spectrum of essential oils (EOs) has been analyzed along with consumers’ needs on natural biocides, singular treatments generally require high concentration of EOs and long-term exposures to eliminate target bacteria. To overcome these limitations, antibacterial complex has been developed and this review analyzed previous reports regarding the combined antibacterial effects of EOs. Since unexpectable combined effects (synergism or antagonism) can be derived from the treatment of antibacterial complex, synergistic and antagonistic combinations have been identified to improve the treatment efficiency and to avoid the overestimation of bactericidal efficacy, respectively. Although antibacterial mechanism of EOs is not yet clearly revealed, mode of action regarding synergistic effects especially for the elimination of pathogens by using low quantity of EOs with short-term exposure was reported. Whereas comprehensive analysis on previous literatures for EO-based disinfectant products implies that the composition of constituents in antibacterial complexes is variable and thus analyzing the impact of constituting substances (e.g., surfactant, emulsifier) on antibacterial effects is further needed. This review provides practical information regarding advances in the EO-based combined treatment technologies and highlights the importance of following researches on the interaction of constituents in antibacterial complex to clarify the mechanisms of antibacterial synergism and/or antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Cho
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, 2511, Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Korea;
| | - Sun Min Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.M.P.); (H.Y.); (G.H.S.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Hary Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.M.P.); (H.Y.); (G.H.S.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Go Hun Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.M.P.); (H.Y.); (G.H.S.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.M.P.); (H.Y.); (G.H.S.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Min Suk Rhee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.M.P.); (H.Y.); (G.H.S.); (H.W.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3290-3058
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Da Silva RS, De Oliveira MMG, Silva KP, Da Silva Vasconcelos Rodrigues I, Dos Santos Pinto V, Blank AF, Fernandes RPM. Synergistic effect of Cordia curassavica Jacq. essential oils association against the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:4376-4389. [PMID: 31832936 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of pesticides applied to treat diseases caused by bacteria has caused serious environmental problems. There are few fungicides/bactericides for the treatment of plant diseases caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), and only two natural products with general bactericidal/fungicidal use are available on the market. Thus, this study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs), and their combinations, from five distinct genotypes of Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult (Syn. Varronia curassavica Jacq.) (CCUR) against Xcc. GC/MS chemical analysis revealed α-pinene, sabinene, (E)-caryophyllene, ar-curcumene, β-sesquiphellandrene, 7-cyclodecen-1-one, and ar-Turmerone as the major compounds of the five EOs of CCUR. All EOs showed growth inhibition of Xcc with minimum inhibitory concentration between 500 and 1000 μg mL-1. The associations between two EOs from different CCUR genotypes showed that 70% of the total combinations had an additive effect. However, the combinations between CCUR-002 × (-302, -202) and CCUR-302 × (-601) showed a synergistic effect, with mean fractional inhibitory concentration FIC50 values of 0.28, 0.42, and 0.40, respectively. This study demonstrates that combinations of C. curassavica EOs have antimicrobial activity and a potential to be used in the control of black rot. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Salomão Da Silva
- Laboratório de Enzimologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Kleiton Paulo Silva
- Laboratório de Enzimologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderson Dos Santos Pinto
- Laboratório de Recursos Genéticos e Óleos Essenciais, Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Arie Fitzgerald Blank
- Laboratório de Recursos Genéticos e Óleos Essenciais, Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, Universidade federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
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Ayari S, Shankar S, Follett P, Hossain F, Lacroix M. Potential synergistic antimicrobial efficiency of binary combinations of essential oils against Bacillus cereus and Paenibacillus amylolyticus-Part A. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:104008. [PMID: 31991163 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The checkerboard method was used to study the potential interactions between eight essential oils (Basil, Cinnamon, Eucalyptus, Mandarin, Oregano, Peppermint, Tea tree, and Thyme) when used as antibacterial agents against Bacillus cereus LSPQ 2872 and Paenibacillus amylolyticus ATCC 9995. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each essential oil (EO) and the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index for the binary combinations of essential oils (EOs) were determined. According to FIC index values, some of the compound binary combinations showed an additive effect; however, Thyme/Tea tree and Cinnamon/Thyme EOs exhibited a synergistic effect against P. amylolyticus and B. cereus, respectively. Cinnamon/Thyme EOs mixture exhibited no interactive effect against P. amylolyticus, but a synergistic effect against B. cereus. The combination of Oregano/Thyme EOs displayed the best antibacterial activity and showed a synergistic effect against B. cereus and P. amylolyticus bacteria. The Oregano/Thyme EOs mixture has potential application in food preservation to reduce the contamination of B. cereus and P. amylolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Ayari
- Research Laboratory in Sciences, Applied to Food, INRS Armand-Frappier Health and Biotechnology Centre, Canadian Irradiation Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada, H7V 1B7; National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (CNSTN), Tunis Cedex, 2020, Tunisia; National Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT), B.P. 676, Tunis Cedex, 1080, Tunisia
| | - Shiv Shankar
- Research Laboratory in Sciences, Applied to Food, INRS Armand-Frappier Health and Biotechnology Centre, Canadian Irradiation Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - Peter Follett
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
| | - Farah Hossain
- Research Laboratory in Sciences, Applied to Food, INRS Armand-Frappier Health and Biotechnology Centre, Canadian Irradiation Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - Monique Lacroix
- Research Laboratory in Sciences, Applied to Food, INRS Armand-Frappier Health and Biotechnology Centre, Canadian Irradiation Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada, H7V 1B7.
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38
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Inhibitory effects of Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and honey on the expression of exoS and ampC genes in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn wound infections. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103946. [PMID: 31874231 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and honey either alone or in combinations on the expression of exoS and ampC genes in multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa isolates. Thirty-five P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from burn wound infections of patients admitted to the burn ward of Besat hospital of Hamadan, Iran, during 2018. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method to identify MDR isolates. The antibacterial effects of Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and honey either alone or in combinations with each other were compared to Imipenem (as the control group) using the broth dilution method. The expressions of exoS and ampC genes were determined in bacteria treated with sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ternary combination of Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and honey by Real-Time-PCR. The data were analyzed using SPSS software applying student t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests. The P-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The average MICs of Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and honey were 0.82-0.01, 0.01-0.6, and 62.5-250 μg/mL, respectively. The average MIC of the mentioned compounds was 430 times lower than that of Imipenem. A synergistic effect was detected between these drugs against 70% of the isolates. At sub-MIC concentration, the triple combination of Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and honey reduced the expressions of exoS and ampC genes by 6.12 and 2.85 folds, respectively. The combination of Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and honey showed a higher antibacterial effect than Imipenem. However, it needs confirmation with more isolates.
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Cho Y, Kim H, Beuchat LR, Ryu JH. Synergistic activities of gaseous oregano and thyme thymol essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes on surfaces of a laboratory medium and radish sprouts. Food Microbiol 2019; 86:103357. [PMID: 31703857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated combinations of gaseous essential oils (EO gases) for their synergistic inhibitory activities against Listeria monocytogenes on a laboratory medium and radish sprouts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum lethal concentrations of oregano, thyme thymol, and cinnamon bark EO gases against L. monocytogenes were 0.0781 μL/mL on nutrient agar supplemented with glucose and bromocresol purple (NGBA). A checkerboard assay showed that combinations of oregano and thyme thymol EO gases and of oregano and cinnamon bark EO gases exert the strongest synergistic antilisterial activity (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] = 0.3750). A combination of thyme thymol and cinnamon bark EO gases also had a synergistic effect (FICI = 0.5000) on L. monocytogenes on NGBA. Combinations of oregano and thyme thymol EO gases were tested for synergistic antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes on radish sprouts. A combination of these gases, each at 0.313 μL/mL, caused a significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in the number of L. monocytogenes on radish sprouts compared with reductions caused by treatment with oregano or thyme thymol EO gas alone at the same concentration. Our findings provide information that will be useful when developing antimicrobial applications using EO gases to control L. monocytogenes in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurim Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoikyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Larry R Beuchat
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223-1797, USA
| | - Jee-Hoon Ryu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Improvement of antimicrobial activity of sago starch/guar gum bi-phasic edible films by incorporating carvacrol and citral. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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41
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Čabarkapa I, Čolović R, Đuragić O, Popović S, Kokić B, Milanov D, Pezo L. Anti-biofilm activities of essential oils rich in carvacrol and thymol against Salmonella Enteritidis. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:361-375. [PMID: 31088182 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1610169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the bioactive compounds in four essential oils (EO's) from Origanum heracleoticum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Thymus serpyllum and to assess their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against Salmonella Enteritidis. Strains were previously characterized depending on the expression of the extracellular matrix components cellulose and curli fimbriae as rdar (red, dry and rough) and bdar morphotype (brown, dry and rough). This study revealed that the EO's and EOC's (carvacrol and thymol) investigated showed inhibition of biofilm formation at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration. Comparing the efficacy of EO's and EOC's in the inhibition of biofilm formation between the strains with different morphotype (rdar and bdar) did not show a statistically significant difference. Results related to the effectiveness of EO's and EOC's (the essential oil components, carvacrol and thymol) on eradication of preformed 48 h old biofilms indicated that biofilm reduction occurred in a dose-dependent manner over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Čabarkapa
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Radmilo Čolović
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Olivera Đuragić
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Sanja Popović
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Bojana Kokić
- a University of Novi Sad, Institute of Food Technology , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Dubravka Milanov
- b Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put bb , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- c University of Belgrade, Institute of General and Physical Chemistry , Belgrade , Serbia
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Zhou L, Zhang Z, Wei M, Xie Y, He S, Shi H, Lin Z. Evaluation of the antifungal activity of individual and combined monoterpenes against Rhizopus stolonifer and Absidia coerulea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7804-7809. [PMID: 30675711 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of natural plant extracts and essential oils will help to decrease the negative effects of synthetic chemicals. In the present study, the antifungal activity of individual and combined monoterpenes against Rhizopus stolonifer and Absidia coerulea was evaluated. The results from antifungal tests showed that eugenol, carvacrol, and isoeugenol, among all the tested compounds, exhibited strong antifungal activity against the two tested fungi. Furthermore, carvacrol exhibited the most toxic effects against R. stolonifer and A. coerulea, and the IC50 values of carvacrol for the two fungi were 44.94 μg/ml and 50.83 μg/ml, respectively. The compounds (±)-menthol, b-citronellol, geraniol, 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol, citral, and cuminaldehyde had only strong antifungal activity against R. stolonifer. In addition, the value of the synergistic co-efficient (SR) of a combination of isoeugenol and eugenol (1:1) showed an additive effect against R. stolonifer. The combination of isoeugenol and cuminaldehyde (1:1) showed an antagonistic effect against A. coerulea. Our results indicated that carvacrol and isoeugenol had potential antifungal effects against the two tested fungi and could be utilized in novel biological fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Xie
- School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Linan, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongan Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhufeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Control of Hainan, Institute of Plant Protection of Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571100, People's Republic of China.
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Ahmed J, Altun E, Aydogdu MO, Gunduz O, Kerai L, Ren G, Edirisinghe M. Anti-fungal bandages containing cinnamon extract. Int Wound J 2019; 16:730-736. [PMID: 30767437 PMCID: PMC6849878 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamon‐containing polycaprolactone (PCL) bandages were produced by pressurised gyration and their anti‐fungal activities against Candida albicans were investigated. It was found that by preparing and spinning polymer solutions of cinnamon with PCL, fibres capable of inhibiting fungal growth could be produced, as observed in disk diffusion tests for anti‐fungal susceptibility. Fascinatingly, compared with raw cinnamon powder, the novel cinnamon‐loaded fibres had outstanding long‐term activity. The results presented here are very promising and may indeed accelerate a new era of using completely natural materials in biomedical applications, especially in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubair Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Esra Altun
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet O Aydogdu
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Gunduz
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Laxmi Kerai
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Guogang Ren
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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Yuan W, Teo CHM, Yuk HG. Combined antibacterial activities of essential oil compounds against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and their application potential on fresh-cut lettuce. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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45
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Beristaín-Bauza S, Martínez-Niño A, Ramírez-González A, Ávila-Sosa R, Ruíz-Espinosa H, Ruiz-López I, Ochoa-Velasco C. Inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium growth in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water by hurdle technology. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Different Components of Natural Origin Present in Essential Oils. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061399. [PMID: 29890713 PMCID: PMC6100501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though essential oils (EOs) have been used for therapeutic purposes, there is now a renewed interest in the antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals and EOs in particular. Their demonstrated low levels of induction of antimicrobial resistance make them interesting for bactericidal applications, though their complex composition makes it necessary to focus on the study of their main components to identify the most effective ones. Herein, the evaluation of the antimicrobial action of different molecules present in EOs against planktonic and biofilm-forming Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria was assessed. The bactericidal mechanisms of the different molecules, as well as their cytocompatibility, were also studied. Carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and thymol exhibit the highest in vitro antimicrobial activities against E. coli and S. aureus, with membrane disruption the bactericidal mechanism identified. The addition of those compounds (≥0.5 mg/mL) hampers S. aureus biofilm formation and partially eliminates preformed biofilms. The subcytotoxic values of the tested EO molecules (0.015–0.090 mg/mL) are lower than the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations obtained for bacteria (0.2–0.5 mg/mL) but are higher than that obtained for chlorhexidine (0.004 mg/mL), indicating the reduced cytotoxicity of EOs. Therefore, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and thymol are molecules contained in EOs that could be used against E. coli– and S. aureus–mediated infections without a potential induction of bactericidal resistance and with lower cell toxicity than the conventional widely used chlorhexidine.
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Shin B, Park C, Imlay JA, Park W. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde sensitizes Acinetobacter baumannii to amphenicols. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2323-2335. [PMID: 29387955 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial metabolism modulated by environmental chemicals could alter antibiotic susceptibility. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBA), which cannot support the growth of Acinetobacter baumannii, exhibited synergism only with amphenicol antibiotics including chloramphenicol (CAM) and thiamphenicol. Interestingly, this synergistic effect was not observed with other growth-supporting, structurally similar compounds such as 4-hydroxybenzoate. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that genes involved in protocatechuate metabolism (pca genes) and osmotic stress (bet genes) were significantly upregulated by 4-HBA and CAM treatment. The 14C-labeled CAM influx was lower in a pcaK1 (encoding a transporter of protocatechuate) deletion mutant and was higher in the pcaK1 overexpressing cells relative to that in the wild type upon 4-HBA treatment. Our kinetic data using 14C-labeled CAM clearly showed that CAM uptake is possibly through facilitated diffusion. Deletion of pcaK1 did not result in the elimination of CAM influx, indicating that CAM does not enter only through PcaK1. The amount of 4-HBA in the culture supernatant was, however, unaffected during the test conditions, validating that it was not metabolized by the bacteria. CAM resistant A. baumannii cells derived by serial passages through CAM-amended media exhibited lower level of pcaK1 gene expression. These results led us to conclude that the activation of PcaK1 transporter is probably linked to cellular CAM susceptibility. This is the first report showing a relationship between CAM influx and aromatic compound metabolism in A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Shin
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulwoo Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - James A Imlay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Szczepanik M, Walczak M, Zawitowska B, Michalska-Sionkowska M, Szumny A, Wawrzeńczyk C, Brzezinska MS. Chemical composition, antimicromicrobial activity and insecticidal activity against the lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (Link) and Artemisia dracunculus L. essential oils. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:767-774. [PMID: 28675464 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential oils (EOs) from Artemisia dracunculus L. and Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum were obtained and the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the extracts was investigated. The insecticidal activity of EOs against the larval stages of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) was studied. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of these oils against pathogens transmitted by this pest was also investigated. RESULTS The obtained results indicate the possibility of using Greek oregano EO with a high content of carvacrol as a feed additive in poultry nutrition. The use of the Greek oregano oil at 1% (w/w) dose showed stronger reduction of body weight gain of stage IV larvae. Their body mass was only 10.92% of the control. Moreover, EOs from O. vulgare strongly inhibited the growth of tested bacterial strains as well as Candida albicans. CONCLUSION Greek oregano EO may be a good alternative to antibiotic growth promoters and coccidiostats whose use in feeding farm animals has been prohibited since January 2006 under European Union directives. The introduction of O. vulgare L. ssp. hirtum EO into the premises of farm and poultry houses may help to improve sanitary conditions and control of the lesser mealworm inhabiting these buildings. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryla Szczepanik
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Walczak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Beata Zawitowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Marta Michalska-Sionkowska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Czesław Wawrzeńczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
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49
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Singh DP, Khare P, Bijalwan V, Baboota RK, Singh J, Kondepudi KK, Chopra K, Bishnoi M. Coadministration of isomalto-oligosaccharides augments metabolic health benefits of cinnamaldehyde in high fat diet fed mice. Biofactors 2017; 43:821-835. [PMID: 28799667 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriostatic properties of a potential anti-obesity agent cinnamaldehyde (CMN) may present untoward effects on the resident gut microbiota. Here, we evaluated whether the combination of Isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMOs) with CMN prevents unwanted effects of CMN on gut microbiota and associated metabolic outcomes in HFD-fed mice. Male Swiss albino mice divided into four groups (n = 10), were fed on normal chow, or HFD (58% fat kcal), HFD + CMN (10 mg kg-1 ) and HFD + CMN (10 mg kg-1 ) + IMOs (1 g kg-1 ) for 12 weeks. Effects on HFD-induced biochemical, histological, inflammatory and genomic changes in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and visceral white adipose tissue were studied. Cosupplementation of CMN with IMOs potentiates its preventive action against HFD-induced increase in serum LPS and abundances of selected LPS producing bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia Coli, Cronobacter sp, Citrobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp.). CMN and IMOs co-administration prevented HFD-induced decrease in selected beneficial gut bacterial abundances (Bifidobacteria, Roseburia sp., Akkermansia muciniphila, Feacalibacterium sp.). CMN's effects against HFD-induced increase in gut permeability, histological and inflammatory changes in the colon were further augmented by cosupplementation of IMOs. Similar effects were observed in hepatic inflammatory markers. Cosupplementation of CMN with IMOs and CMN alone administration prevented HFD-induced changes in peripheral hormones and lipid metabolism-related parameters. This study provides evidence that coadministration of IMOs with CMN potentiates its anti-obesity effect and limits the side effects of CMN on gastrointestinal flora. Further, this study gives us important direction for the development of a concept-based novel class of functional foods/nutraceuticals for improved metabolic health. © BioFactors, 43(6):821-835, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Pratap Singh
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, India
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pragyanshu Khare
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, India
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vandana Bijalwan
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar Baboota
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, India
| | - Jagdeep Singh
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, India
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Tsai HC, Sheng L, Zhu MJ. Antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamon oil against Salmonella in almond based matrices. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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