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Aristieta A, Parker JE, Gao YE, Rubin JE, Gittis AH. Dopamine depletion weakens direct pathway modulation of SNr neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106512. [PMID: 38670278 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) transmit information about basal ganglia output to dozens of brain regions in thalamocortical and brainstem motor networks. Activity of SNr neurons is regulated by convergent input from upstream basal ganglia nuclei, including GABAergic inputs from the striatum and the external globus pallidus (GPe). GABAergic inputs from the striatum convey information from the direct pathway, while GABAergic inputs from the GPe convey information from the indirect pathway. Chronic loss of dopamine, as occurs in Parkinson's disease, disrupts the balance of direct and indirect pathway neurons at the level of the striatum, but the question of how dopamine loss affects information propagation along these pathways outside of the striatum is less well understood. Using a combination of in vivo and slice electrophysiology, we find that dopamine depletion selectively weakens the direct pathway's influence over neural activity in the SNr due to changes in the decay kinetics of GABA-mediated synaptic currents. GABAergic signaling from GPe neurons in the indirect pathway was not affected, resulting in an inversion of the normal balance of inhibitory control over basal ganglia output through the SNr. These results highlight the contribution of cellular mechanisms outside of the striatum that impact the responses of basal ganglia output neurons to the direct and indirect pathways in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Aristieta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John E Parker
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ya Emma Gao
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan E Rubin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aryn H Gittis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Liu X, Elsabagh M, Yu Y, Peng A, Dai S, Wang H. L-Arginine inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage and inflammatory response by regulating antioxidant capacity in ovine intestinal epithelial cells. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1973916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mabrouk Elsabagh
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Yin Yu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Along Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sifa Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Hongrong Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Xu GB, Zhu QF, Wang Z, Zhang CL, Yang X, Zhang JJ, Wang FR, Liu J, Zhou M, Wang YL, He X, Gan LS, Liao SG. Pseudosterins A-C, Three 1-Ethyl-3-formyl-β-carbolines from Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Their Cardioprotective Effects. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165045. [PMID: 34443633 PMCID: PMC8398031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudostellaria heterophylla is used in China not only as a functional food but also as an herb to tonify the spleen, enhance immunity, and treat palpitation. Our previous investigation showed that a fraction enriched in glycosides obtained from the roots of P. heterophylla possessed pronounced protective effects on H9c2 cells against CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury. However, the active compounds responsible for the observed effects were still unknown. In the current investigation, pseudosterins A–C (1–3), three new alkaloids with a 1-ethyl-3-formyl-β-carboline skeleton, together with polydatin, have been isolated from the active fraction. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. The four compounds showed cardioprotective effects against sodium hydrosulfite-induced hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cells, with the three alkaloids being more potent. This is also the first report of alkaloids with a β-carboline skeleton isolated from P. heterophylla as cardioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (M.Z.); (Y.-L.W.)
| | - Qin-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Fu-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Meng Zhou
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (M.Z.); (Y.-L.W.)
| | - Yong-Lin Wang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (M.Z.); (Y.-L.W.)
| | - Xun He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.-S.G.); (S.-G.L.)
| | - Li-She Gan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.-S.G.); (S.-G.L.)
| | - Shang-Gao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.-B.X.); (Q.-F.Z.); (C.-L.Z.); (X.Y.); (J.-J.Z.); (F.-R.W.); (J.L.)
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education & Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; (M.Z.); (Y.-L.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (L.-S.G.); (S.-G.L.)
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Zhang H, Zhang RH, Liao XM, Yang D, Wang YC, Zhao YL, Xu GB, Liu CH, Li YJ, Liao SG, Zhou M. Discovery of β-Carboline Derivatives as a Highly Potent Cardioprotectant against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9166-9181. [PMID: 34132541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Timely myocardial reperfusion salvages ischemic myocardium from infarction, whereas reperfusion itself induces cardiomyocyte death, which is called myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Herein, β-carboline derivative 17c was designed and synthesized with obvious myocardial protective activity for the first time. Pretreatment of 17c effectively protected the cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells from H2O2-induced lactate dehydrogenase leakage and restored the endogenous antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Besides, 17c effectively protected the mitochondria through decreasing the reactive oxygen species overproduction and enhancing the mitochondrial membrane potential. As a result, 17c significantly reduced the necrosis of cardiomyocytes in H2O2-induced oxidative stress, which was more potent than polydatin. In MI/R injury rats, 17c pretreatment obviously increased the levels of SOD and GSH-Px and inhibited the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Through this way, the size of myocardial infarction was significantly reduced after MI/R injury in vivo, better than that of polydatin, suggesting that 17c is a promising cardioprotectant for the prevention of MI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Chan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Long Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Bo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Gao Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, , Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
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Modulations of Cardiac Functions and Pathogenesis by Reactive Oxygen Species and Natural Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050760. [PMID: 34064823 PMCID: PMC8150787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiac myocytes plays a critical role in regulating their physiological functions. Disturbance of balance between generation and removal of ROS is a major cause of cardiac myocyte remodeling, dysfunction, and failure. Cardiac myocytes possess several ROS-producing pathways, such as mitochondrial electron transport chain, NADPH oxidases, and nitric oxide synthases, and have endogenous antioxidation mechanisms. Cardiac Ca2+-signaling toolkit proteins, as well as mitochondrial functions, are largely modulated by ROS under physiological and pathological conditions, thereby producing alterations in contraction, membrane conductivity, cell metabolism and cell growth and death. Mechanical stresses under hypertension, post-myocardial infarction, heart failure, and valve diseases are the main causes for stress-induced cardiac remodeling and functional failure, which are associated with ROS-induced pathogenesis. Experimental evidence demonstrates that many cardioprotective natural antioxidants, enriched in foods or herbs, exert beneficial effects on cardiac functions (Ca2+ signal, contractility and rhythm), myocytes remodeling, inflammation and death in pathological hearts. The review may provide knowledge and insight into the modulation of cardiac pathogenesis by ROS and natural antioxidants.
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Sun S, Zou Y, Hao S, Niu Z, Wu L. Polydatin inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response in BV2 microglia by disrupting the formation of lipid rafts. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:138-144. [PMID: 33509007 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1867999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polydatin has been used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. However, its role in the regulation of neuroinflammation has not been reported. In this study, we designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of polydatin in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia cells. METHODS Inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, and PGE2 production were measured by ELISA. The protein of signaling pathways were detected by western blot analysis. RESULTS The results showed that polydatin significantly ameliorated the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, and PGE2 up-regulated by LPS. Polydatin also blocked LPS-induced NF-κB activation. In addition, PI3K and AKT, the up-stream molecules of NF-κB signaling pathway, were inhibited by the treatment of polydatin. Also, we found the formation of lipid rafts was inhibited by polydatin through attenuating the cholesterol content. Finally, polydatin was found to increase the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that polydatin exhibited its anti-inflammatory effects in BV2 cells through disrupting lipid rafts, which subsequently inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yourui Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shaocai Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhanfeng Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Assini R, Abercrombie ED. Zolpidem ameliorates motor impairments in the unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:1896-1905. [PMID: 30019535 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nuclei within the basal ganglia-such as the globus pallidus external segment, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata-have been shown to exhibit synchronous bursting activity entrained to excessive cortical beta oscillations following dopamine depletion. Zolpidem binds to GABAA receptors with selectivity for those expressing the α1 subunit, potentiating inhibitory postsynaptic currents and increasing the time decay of channel opening. Interestingly, zolpidem-sensitive nuclei within the basal ganglia circuitry are also those that have been shown to exhibit hyperexcitation in a dopamine-depleted state. We hypothesized that a drug with selectivity for these nuclei may improve motor impairments associated with Parkinson's disease. In order to determine the threshold dose at which zolpidem might encumber motor behavior, a dose-response experiment was performed in intact rats using rotarod. Next, we tested whether subthreshold doses (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg; i.p.) of zolpidem improved volitional motor behavior/coordination using the rotarod balance beam and cylinder/paw preference tests in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. It was found that 0.1 mg/kg zolpidem significantly improved rotarod performance and significantly reduced forelimb use asymmetry compared to undrugged post-lesion conditions. Here, we present the first translational evidence for a role of zolpidem-sensitive GABAA receptors in the treatment of PD motor symptoms. Our data show that zolpidem improves both motor coordination and volitional forelimb use in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of PD, and thus suggest that zolpidem-sensitive GABAA receptors may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Assini
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Elizabeth D Abercrombie
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
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Corelease of Inhibitory Neurotransmitters in the Mouse Auditory Midbrain. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9453-9464. [PMID: 28847813 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1125-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the auditory midbrain, which integrates most ascending auditory information from lower brainstem regions, receives prominent long-range inhibitory input from the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL), a region thought to be important for temporal pattern discrimination. Histological evidence suggests that neurons in the VNLL release both glycine and GABA in the ICC, but functional evidence for their corelease is lacking. We took advantage of the GlyT2-Cre mouse line (both male and female) to target expression of ChR2 to glycinergic afferents in the ICC and made whole-cell recordings in vitro while exciting glycinergic fibers with light. Using this approach, it was clear that a significant fraction of glycinergic boutons corelease GABA in the ICC. Viral injections were used to target ChR2 expression specifically to glycinergic fibers ascending from the VNLL, allowing for activation of fibers from a single source of ascending input in a way that has not been previously possible in the ICC. We then investigated aspects of the glycinergic versus GABAergic current components to probe functional consequences of corelease. Surprisingly, the time course and short-term plasticity of synaptic signaling were nearly identical for the two transmitters. We therefore conclude that the two neurotransmitters may be functionally interchangeable and that multiple receptor subtypes subserving inhibition may offer diverse mechanisms for maintaining inhibitory homeostasis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Corelease of neurotransmitters is a common feature of the brain. GABA and glycine corelease is particularly common in the spinal cord and brainstem, but its presence in the midbrain is unknown. We show corelease of GABA and glycine for the first time in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the auditory midbrain. Glycine and GABA are both inhibitory neurotransmitters involved in fast synaptic transmission, so we explored differences between the currents to establish a physiological foundation for functional differences in vivo In contrast to the auditory brainstem, coreleased GABAergic and glycinergic currents in the midbrain are strikingly similar. This apparent redundancy may ensure homeostasis if one neurotransmitter system is compromised.
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Can a Positive Allosteric Modulation of GABAergic Receptors Improve Motor Symptoms in Patients with Parkinson's Disease? The Potential Role of Zolpidem in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:2531812. [PMID: 27293955 PMCID: PMC4886078 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2531812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
At present, patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) are unsatisfactorily controlled by currently used anti-Parkinsonian dopaminergic drugs. Various studies suggest that therapeutic strategies based on nondopaminergic drugs might be helpful in PD. Zolpidem, an imidazopyridine widely used as sleep inducer, shows high affinity only for GABAA receptors containing the α-1 subunit and facilitates GABAergic neurotransmission through a positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors. Various observations, although preliminary, consistently suggest that in PD patients zolpidem may induce beneficial (and sometimes remarkable) effects on motor symptoms even after single doses and may also improve dyskinesias. Since a high density of zolpidem binding sites is in the two main output structures of the basal ganglia which are abnormally overactive in PD (internal globus pallidus, GPi, and substantia nigra pars reticulata, SNr), it was hypothesized that in PD patients zolpidem may induce through GABAA receptors an inhibition of GPi and SNr (and, possibly, of the subthalamic nucleus also), resulting in an increased activity of motor cortical areas (such as supplementary motor area), which may give rise to improvement of motor symptoms of PD. Randomized clinical trials are needed in order to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of zolpidem in treating motor symptoms of PD.
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Mierzejewski P, Kolaczkowski M, Marcinkowska M, Wesolowska A, Samochowiec J, Pawlowski M, Bienkowski P. Antipsychotic-like effects of zolpidem in Wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 773:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Brown RE, McKenna JT. Turning a Negative into a Positive: Ascending GABAergic Control of Cortical Activation and Arousal. Front Neurol 2015; 6:135. [PMID: 26124745 PMCID: PMC4463930 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Recent technological advances have illuminated the role of GABAergic neurons in control of cortical arousal and sleep. Sleep-promoting GABAergic neurons in the preoptic hypothalamus are well-known. Less well-appreciated are GABAergic projection neurons in the brainstem, midbrain, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, which paradoxically promote arousal and fast electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms. Thus, GABA is not purely a sleep-promoting neurotransmitter. GABAergic projection neurons in the brainstem nucleus incertus and ventral tegmental nucleus of Gudden promote theta (4-8 Hz) rhythms. Ventral tegmental area GABAergic neurons, neighboring midbrain dopamine neurons, project to the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. They discharge faster during cortical arousal and regulate reward. Thalamic reticular nucleus GABAergic neurons initiate sleep spindles in non-REM sleep. In addition, however, during wakefulness, they tonically regulate the activity of thalamocortical neurons. Other GABAergic inputs to the thalamus arising in the globus pallidus pars interna, substantia nigra pars reticulata, zona incerta, and basal forebrain regulate motor activity, arousal, attention, and sensory transmission. Several subpopulations of cortically projecting GABAergic neurons in the basal forebrain project to the thalamus and neocortex and preferentially promote cortical gamma-band (30-80 Hz) activity and wakefulness. Unlike sleep-active GABAergic neurons, these ascending GABAergic neurons are fast-firing neurons which disinhibit and synchronize the activity of their forebrain targets, promoting the fast EEG rhythms typical of conscious states. They are prominent targets of GABAergic hypnotic agents. Understanding the properties of ascending GABAergic neurons may lead to novel treatments for diseases involving disorders of cortical activation and wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School , Brockton, MA , USA
| | - James T McKenna
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School , Brockton, MA , USA
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Effects of Stimulation of the Substantia Innominata and Caudate Nucleus on Postsynaptic Reactions of Neurons of the Cat Somatosensory Cortex Activated by Excitation of Nociceptors. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-014-9405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Du QH, Peng C, Zhang H. Polydatin: a review of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1347-1354. [PMID: 23862567 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.792849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polydatin, also named piceid (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene-3-β-d-glucoside, PD), is a monocrystalline compound isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. (Polygonaceae), but is also detected in grape, peanut, hop cones, red wines, hop pellets, cocoa-containing products, chocolate products and many daily diets. There are numerous investigations reported of PD in the past 22 years, but they are usually scattered across various publications, which may block further research and clinical use of PD. OBJECTIVE The article summarizes and evaluates the published scientific information of PD pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics since 1990. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information from 98 cases included in this review was compiled using major databases such as MEDLINE, Elsevier, Springer, PubMed, Scholar and CNKI. RESULTS Numerous pharmacological investigations of PD mainly focus on cardiovascular effects, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, liver and lung protection, etc. CONCLUSION A great number of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic investigations in the past 22 years have demonstrated that PD has favorable therapeutic properties, indicating its potential as an effective material. However, further research is needed to explore its molecular mechanisms of action and definitive target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hui Du
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pharmacy College , Chengdu , P.R. China and
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Mierzejewski P, Kolaczkowski M, Nowak N, Korkosz A, Scinska A, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Samochowiec J, Kostowski W, Bienkowski P. Pharmacological characteristics of zolpidem-induced catalepsy in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:99-103. [PMID: 24135337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drug acting preferentially at α1-containing GABAA receptors expressed in various parts of the brain, including the basal ganglia. The aim of the present study was to provide preliminary characteristics of zolpidem-induced catalepsy in Wistar rats. Zolpidem (2.5-10.0mg/kg), but not diazepam and midazolam, produced dose-dependent cataleptic responses in the bar test, which were similar to those produced by a reference antipsychotic drug, haloperidol. Zolpidem-induced catalepsy was abolished by a benzodiazepine site antagonist, flumazenil (5.0mg/kg), D2/3 receptor agonist, quinpirole (1.0mg/kg), and a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.1mg/kg), but not by a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone (3.0mg/kg). The present results indicate that systemic injections of zolpidem may produce short-lasting, neuroleptic-like catalepsy in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mierzejewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Jiang X, Liu W, Deng J, Lan L, Xue X, Zhang C, Cai G, Luo X, Liu J. Polydatin protects cardiac function against burn injury by inhibiting sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak by reducing oxidative modification of ryanodine receptors. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:292-9. [PMID: 23499836 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies demonstrate that burn trauma induces leaky sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in heart due to excessively active ryanodine receptor (RyR) function. SR Ca(2+) leak causes partial depletion of SR Ca(2+) content and disturbances in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, resulting in the pathogenesis of burn-generated cardiac dysfunction. This study investigated the role of polydatin, a resveratrol glucoside, in preventing SR leak and its therapeutic effect against burn-generated cardiac dysfunction. We found that polydatin treatment improved cardiac function impaired by burn injury of 30% of total body surface area. Parallel to the alterations in cardiac function, polydatin significantly increased the defective systolic Ca(2+) transient and contractility in burn-traumatized cardiomyocytes. Burn injury increased the occurrence of Ca(2+) sparks. The enhancement of Ca(2+) spark-mediated SR leak caused partial depletion of SR Ca(2+) content in burn-traumatized cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we found that the content of free thiols (the number of reduced cysteines) in RyR2 in cardiomyocytes determined by the monobromobimane fluorescence of RyR2 was decreased markedly in burn-traumatized hearts. Polydatin treatment decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and restored the amount of free thiols in RyR2 in burns. Concomitantly, polydatin corrected Ca(2+) spark-mediated SR leak and restored SR Ca(2+) load. The systolic Ca(2+) transient and cellular contractility were significantly increased by polydatin treatment. Taken together, the present findings provide the first evidence demonstrating that polydatin prevents enhanced Ca(2+) spark-mediated SR leak by reducing oxidative stress in RyR2 in burn-traumatized heart, leading to protection of cardiac function against burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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di Michele F, Luchetti S, Bernardi G, Romeo E, Longone P. Neurosteroid and neurotransmitter alterations in Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:132-42. [PMID: 23563222 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with a massive loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra leading to dopamine hypofunction and alteration of the basal ganglia circuitry. These neurons, are under the control, among others, of the excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems. An imbalance between these systems may contribute to excitotoxicity and dopaminergic cell death. Neurosteroids, a group of steroid hormones synthesized in the brain, modulate the function of several neurotransmitter systems. The substantia nigra of the human brain expresses high concentrations of allopregnanolone (3α, 5αtetrahydroprogesterone), a neurosteroid that positively modulates the action of GABA at GABAA receptors and of 5α-dihydroprogesterone, a neurosteroid acting at the genomic level. This article reviews the roles of NS acting as neuroprotectants and as GABAA receptor agonists in the physiology and pathophysiology of the basal ganglia, their impact on dopaminergic cell activity and survival, and potential therapeutic application in PD.
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Vlainić J, Jembrek MJ, Vlainić T, Štrac DŠ, Peričić D. Differential effects of short- and long-term zolpidem treatment on recombinant α1β2γ2s subtype of GABA(A) receptors in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1469-76. [PMID: 22922343 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine agonist at benzodiazepine binding site in GABA(A) receptors, which is increasingly prescribed. Recent studies suggest that prolonged zolpidem treatment induces tolerance. The aim of this study was to explore the adaptive changes in GABA(A) receptors following short and long-term exposure to zolpidem in vitro. METHODS Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably expressing recombinant α1β2γ2s GABA(A) receptors were exposed to zolpidem (1 and 10 μmol/L) for short-term (2 h daily for 1, 2, or 3 consecutive days) or long-term (continuously for 48 h). Radioligand binding studies were used to determine the parameters of [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding sites. RESULTS A single (2 h) or repeated (2 h daily for 2 or 3 d) short-term exposure to zolpidem affected neither the maximum number of [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding sites nor the affinity. In both control and short-term zolpidem treated groups, addition of GABA (1 nmol/L-1 mmol/L) enhanced [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximum enhancement of [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding in short-term zolpidem treated group was not significantly different from that in the control group. In contrast, long-term exposure to zolpidem resulted in significantly increase in the maximum number of [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding sites without changing the affinity. Furthermore, long-term exposure to zolpidem significantly decreased the ability of GABA to stimulate [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding. CONCLUSION The results suggest that continuous, but not intermittent and short-term, zolpidem-exposure is able to induce adaptive changes in GABA(A) receptors that could be related to the development of tolerance and dependence.
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Li RP, Wang ZZ, Sun MX, Hou XL, Sun Y, Deng ZF, Xiao K. Polydatin protects learning and memory impairments in a rat model of vascular dementia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:677-681. [PMID: 22483554 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polydatin is one of the most common encountered stilbenes of nature and a key component of the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. This study is to investigate the effects of polydatin on learning and memory impairments induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats, as well as the potential mechanism. Both common carotid arteries and both vertebral arteries occlusion (four-vessel occlusion, 4-VO) induced severe cognitive deficits tested by water maze task, along with oxidative stress in hippocampus. Oral administration of polydatin for 30 days markedly attenuated cognitive deficits compared with the control (p < 0.05). Biochemical determination revealed that polydatin decreased the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Additionally, polydatin effectively alleviated the injuries of cultured neurons induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). These results suggest that polydatin exhibit therapeutic potential for vascular dementia, which is most likely related, at least in part, to its anti-oxidant activity and the direct protection of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ping Li
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Wang X, Song R, Bian HN, Brunk UT, Zhao M, Zhao KS. Polydatin, a natural polyphenol, protects arterial smooth muscle cells against mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal destabilization following hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R805-14. [PMID: 22277937 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00350.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the activity of polydatin on mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal stability of arteriolar smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) in severe shock. The experimental animals (rats) were divided into five groups: control, hemorrhagic shock, shock + CsA, shock + Res, and shock + PD (exposed to cyclosporin A, resveratrol, or polydatin following induction of hemorrhagic shock, respectively). The calcein-Co(2+) technique revealed opening of ASMC mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP) after shock with resulting mitochondrial swelling, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and reduced intracellular ATP levels. These alterations were all inhibited by exposure to PD, which was significantly more effective than CsA and Res. PD also preserved lysosomal stability, suppressed activation of K(ATP) channels, ASMC hyperpolarization, and reduced vasoresponsiveness to norepinephrine that normally follows severe shock. The results demonstrate that exposure to PD after initiation of severe shock effectively preserves ASMC mitochondrial integrity and has a significant therapeutic effect in severe shock. The effects may partially result from lysosomal stabilization against shock-induced oxidative stress and depressed relocation of hydrolytic enzymes and redox-active lysosomal iron that, in turn, may induce mPTP opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Dept. of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical Univ., Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Miao Q, Wang S, Miao S, Wang J, Xie Y, Yang Q. Cardioprotective effect of polydatin against ischemia/reperfusion injury: roles of protein kinase C and mito K(ATP) activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 19:8-12. [PMID: 21795031 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polydatin preconditioning (PPC) has been reported to be protective against brain and intestine ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R injury), but whether polydatin exerts cardioprotective effect against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress plays an important role in the process of I/R. Elevation of oxidative agents and decline in anti-oxidant substance would promote I/R. Meanwhile, the activation of PKC signaling seems to mediate the cardioprotective effects of many drugs by alleviating Ca(2+) influx. In the present study, we reported for the first time that intravenous administration of polydatin before I/R significantly limited the infarct size, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage from the damaged myocardium after I/R. The activity of SOD and the content of MDA remarkably changed in the presence of polydatin as well. However, the cardiac function-preserving and myocardial enzymes leakage-limiting effects of polydatin vanished in the presence of PKC inhibitors and mito K(ATP) channel blockers. But there was not a significant change in the activity of SOD and MDA content. We therefore conclude that PPC exerts cardioprotective effect by the activation of PKC-K(ATP)-dependent signaling and the direct anti-oxidative stress mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Miao
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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Ji H, Zhang X, Du Y, Liu H, Li S, Li L. Polydatin modulates inflammation by decreasing NF-κB activation and oxidative stress by increasing Gli1, Ptch1, SOD1 expression and ameliorates blood-brain barrier permeability for its neuroprotective effect in pMCAO rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2011; 87:50-9. [PMID: 22001340 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis. Polydatin has been proved to elicit numerous biological effects through its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. However, little is known regard to the mechanism of polydatin's neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. We therefore investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of polydatin and explored the underlying mechanisms. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Experiment 1 was used to evaluate the expression of glioma-associated oncogene homolog1 (Gli1), Patched-1 (Ptch1) and Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) after pMCAO, six time points were included. Experiment 2 was used to detect polydatin's neuroprotection after pMCAO. Neurological deficit, brain water content and infarct size were measured at 24h and 72 h after pMCAO. Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western Blotting, activity assay and confocal microscope were used to analyse the expression of Gli1, Ptch1, SOD1 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Experiment 3 was used to detect polydatin's influence on blood-brain barrier (BBB). Compared with Sham group, the expression of Gli1, Ptch1 and SOD1 were up-regulated shortly after pMCAO (P<0.05). Compared with Vehicle group, high dose of polydatin (50mg/kg) up-regulated Gli1, Ptch1, SOD1 and down-regulated NF-κB, and reduced infarct volume, brain water content and behavioral deficits (P<0.05). Meanwhile, BBB permeability was also ameliorated. The results indicated that polydatin protected the brain from damage caused by pMCAO, and this effect may be through up-regulating the expression of Gli1, Ptch1 and SOD1 and down-regulating the expression of NF-κB, and ameliorating BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ji
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
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Palma J, Versace M, Grossberg S. After-hyperpolarization currents and acetylcholine control sigmoid transfer functions in a spiking cortical model. J Comput Neurosci 2011; 32:253-80. [PMID: 21779754 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-011-0354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent networks are ubiquitous in the brain, where they enable a diverse set of transformations during perception, cognition, emotion, and action. It has been known since the 1970's how, in rate-based recurrent on-center off-surround networks, the choice of feedback signal function can control the transformation of input patterns into activity patterns that are stored in short term memory. A sigmoid signal function may, in particular, control a quenching threshold below which inputs are suppressed as noise and above which they may be contrast enhanced before the resulting activity pattern is stored. The threshold and slope of the sigmoid signal function determine the degree of noise suppression and of contrast enhancement. This article analyses how sigmoid signal functions and their shape may be determined in biophysically realistic spiking neurons. Combinations of fast, medium, and slow after-hyperpolarization (AHP) currents, and their modulation by acetylcholine (ACh), can control sigmoid signal threshold and slope. Instead of a simple gain in excitability that was previously attributed to ACh, cholinergic modulation may cause translation of the sigmoid threshold. This property clarifies how activation of ACh by basal forebrain circuits, notably the nucleus basalis of Meynert, may alter the vigilance of category learning circuits, and thus their sensitivity to predictive mismatches, thereby controlling whether learned categories code concrete or abstract information, as predicted by Adaptive Resonance Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Palma
- Center for Adaptive Systems, Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, and Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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