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Evaluation of Expression of Cytochrome P450 Aromatase and Inflammatory, Oxidative, and Apoptotic Markers in Testicular Tissue of Obese Rats (Pre)Treated with Garlic Powder. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:4858274. [PMID: 36644444 PMCID: PMC9833927 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4858274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Today, adolescent obesity is recognized as an epidemic and a cause of reproductive disorders. Decreased testosterone levels occur due to functional defects in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, excessive activity of cytochrome P450 aromatase enzyme, and testicular dysfunction in these people. Oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis are also the main mechanisms of testicular damage during obesity. The use of herbal products such as garlic can improve this disorder due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pretreatment and treatment of garlic powder on the expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase enzyme and the expression of genes involved in testosterone synthesis, inflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis in testicular tissue, and metabolic function of liver tissue in young male obese rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into the controlled and treated groups. Serum levels of lipid, glucose, and insulin as metabolic factors were measured along with the testicular antioxidant and inflammation markers. The expression of Bcl2, Bax, and caspase-3 along with NF-κB, SREBP-1c, CPT-1beta, Nrf-2, CD36, FAS, CYP19A1, P450scc, StAR, 17βHSD, PPARα, and aromatase (CYP19, P450arom) was also measured. Testicular histological evaluation and spermatogenic process was also performed. The results showed that oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic factors significantly increased in obese rats. The testicular expression of aromatase, NF-κB, Bax, and caspase 3 increased and Nrf2 expression decreased in obese rats, while (pre) treatment with garlic powder significantly decreased the expression of these genes in obese rats. These results were also confirmed by the findings of the histological evaluation and sperm analysis. It can be concluded that garlic powder could improve reproductive dysfunction in obese rats.
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Shaman AA, Zidan NS, Atteia HH, Alalawy AI, Alzahrani S, AlBishi LA, Helal AI, Braiji SH, Farrag F, Shukry M, Sakran MI. Arthrospira platensis nanoparticles defeat against diabetes-induced testicular injury in rat targeting, oxidative, apoptotic, and steroidogenesis pathways. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14456. [PMID: 35560246 DOI: 10.1111/and.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Varieties of studies have been used to investigate the health benefits of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis); however, more research is needed to examine if its nano form may be utilized to treat or prevent several chronic diseases. So, we designed this study to explore the effect and the cellular intracellular mechanisms by which Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) alleviates the testicular injury induced by diabetes in male Wistar rats. Eighty Wistar male rats (n = 80) were randomly allocated into eight groups. Group 1 is untreated rats (control), Group 2 including STZ-induced diabetic rats with 65 mg/kg body weight STZ (STZ-diabetic), Group 3-5: including diabetic rats treated with NSP1, NSP2, and NSP3 at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg body weight, respectively, once daily orally by the aid of gastric gavage for 12 consecutive weeks and groups 6-8 include normal rats received NSP (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg body weight once daily orally. The identical volume of normal saline was injected into both control and diabetic rats. After 12 weeks of diabetes induction, the rats were killed. According to our findings, NSP administration to diabetic rats enhances the total body weight and the weight of testes and accessory glands; in addition, NSP significantly reduced nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in testicular tissue improved sperm parameters. Intriguingly, it raises testicular GSH and SOD activity by a significant amount (p < 0.05). As well, Oral administration of NSP to diabetic rats resulted in a decrease in the blood glucose levels, HA1C, induced in the diabetic group, which overcame the diabetic complications NSP caused down-regulation of apoptotic genes with upregulation of BCL-2 mRNA expression (p < 0.05) and prominent up-regulation of steroidogenesis genes expression level in testes in comparison to the diabetic rats which resulted in improving the decreased levels of testosterone hormone, FSH, and LH induced by diabetes. In the same way, our histopathological findings support our biochemical and molecular findings; in conclusion, NSP exerted a protective effect against reproductive dysfunction induced by diabetes not only through its high antioxidant and hypoglycemic action but also through its down-regulation of Apoptotic genes and up-regulation of steroidogenesis regulatory genes expression level in diabetic testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Ali Shaman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla S Zidan
- Faculty of Home Economics, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of nutrition and food science Faculty of Specific Education, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah H Atteia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Adel I Alalawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharifa Alzahrani
- Pharmacilogy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila A AlBishi
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza I Helal
- Faculty of Medicine, Histology and Cell Biology Department, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | | | - Foad Farrag
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Sakran
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Section, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Ezz El Arab A, Abbas OA, Abdelrahman MT. Effect of Different Garlic Preparations on Testosterone, Thyroid Hormones, and Some Serum Trace Elements in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1274-1286. [PMID: 34050456 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Garlic is a house-available vegetable which is widely used for its spicy and medicinal benefits. Impact of different preparations on testosterone, thyroid hormones, and blood micro and trace elements were studied. Eight groups of male albino rats were selected including control group and other seven groups administered different doses of different garlic preparations by oral gavages for 1 month. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for determination of serum hormones by radioimmunoassay, serum micro and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and testes tissues for histological examination. All treated groups with different garlic preparations revealed a highly significant decrease of testosterone level in rats as compared to control which confirmed with histological changes. Increase of thyroid hormones in some groups was seen. Hypokalemia and hypernatremia effect was recorded due to garlic treatments. Calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc, manganese, iron, cadmium, lead, silicon, molybdenum, germanium, barium, boron, niobium, and aluminum levels showed alterations in different preparations groups. On the other hand, insignificant changes of strontium, chromium, cesium, and the nickel serum levels were noted. Interestingly, although all garlic preparations have negative effects on serum testosterone level and testicular tissues, some garlic preparations have different effects on blood elements. Consequently, it infers that the usage of different garlic preparations must abide benefit/risk assessment to avoid unexpected health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa Ezz El Arab
- Radioisotopes Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama Ahmed Abbas
- Radioisotopes Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Giza, Egypt
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Sadogh A, Gorji N, Moeini R. Herbal foodstuffs in Avicenna's recommended diet to improve sperm quality and increase male fertility; an evidence-based approach. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 19:47-70. [PMID: 33544522 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention to diet was considered important issues in improvement of men infertility in Persian Medicine (PM). The purpose of this study was to extract herbal foodstuffs introduced by Avicenna, one of the greatest PM physicians to improve the semen production and to provide evidence of their impact on the basis of current studies."Canon of Medicine", the most important Avecinna's book, was searched with keywords equivalent to semen, fertility and infertility, main herbal foodstuffs were extracted and was searched with keywords sperm, semen, infertility, and fertility in Google scholar, PubMed and Scopus databases. Manuscripts from 1950 up to December 2019 were selected and reviewed. Almond, Onion, Chickpea, Garlic, Coconut, Palm date, Sesame, Fenugreek, Carrot, Fig, Grapes, Pistachio, Hazelnut and Walnut are among main foodstuffs which recommended by Avicenna and there is also evidence that they have positive effects on testosterone production and improvement of various sperm parameters, including count, motility and morphology. Containing large amount of different macro and micronutrients such as vitamins including vit B, C, A and E, minerals such as Mg, Se, Zn, Cu and Fe, important unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and oleic acids, amino acids such as lysine and arginine and phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenes and steroids can be considered as a main factor in the effectiveness of these foodstuffs. Designing a diet based on the fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds that Avicenna has recommended, may be effective in treating male infertility but further studies are needed to clarify this issue. Research on the effectiveness of his other recommended foodsuffs may also offer new treatments and supplements for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Sadogh
- Student Reseaerch Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Narjes Gorji
- Department of History of Medical Science, School of Persian medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Moeini
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants used in the treatment of male infertility in southern Benin. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Soleimanzadeh A, Mohammadnejad L, Ahmadi A. Ameliorative effect of Allium sativum extract on busulfan-induced oxidative stress in mice sperm. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2018; 9:265-271. [PMID: 30357081 PMCID: PMC6198159 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.32079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Busulfan is known to cause several adverse effects including reproductive toxicity in humans. Garlic (Allium sativum), a widely distributed medicinal plant, is highly regarded for its medicinal activities including antioxidant property. This study was conducted to assess whether garlic extract could serve as protective agents against testicular toxicity during busulfan treatment in a mice model. Seventy-two adult male mice were randomly divided into nine groups. In groups 1,2 and 3, distilled water, busulfan, and dimethyl sulfoxide and in the treatment groups hydro-alcoholic extract of garlic was administered orally at different doses per day (groups 4, 5 and 6; 200, 400, 800 mg kg-1 respectively). Groups 7, 8 and 9 were treated with the extract (200, 400 and 800 mg kg-1, respectively) plus busulfan. Following euthanasia, blood samples and epididymal sperm were collected. The busulfan-treated group showed significant decreases in sperm quality parameters, and serum levels of testosterone, LH and FSH was observed in the busulfan-treated mice. In addition, the TAC levels and antioxidant enzymes activities were reduced and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased in the busulfan-treated mice. Notably, garlic extract co-administration caused a considerable recovery in sperm quality parameters, TAC levels, antioxidant enzymes activities, hormonal changes and MDA level. Based on our results, garlic has antioxidant effects against busulfan-induced testicular damages in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Soleimanzadeh
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Mohammadnejad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abbas Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Musavi H, Tabnak M, Alaei Sheini F, Hasanzadeh Bezvan M, Amidi F, Abbasi M. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on male fertility: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.15171/jhp.2018.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Sohrabi M, Hosseini M, Inan S, Alizadeh Z, Vahabian M, Vahidinia AA, Lahoutian H. Effect of Antioxidants on Testicular iNOS and eNOS after High-Fat Diet in Rat. Pak J Biol Sci 2017; 20:289-297. [PMID: 29023053 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2017.289.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Spermatogenesis is a process by which germ cells produce spermatozoa and can be disturbed at every level. Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOS), implicate in interactions with Oxidative Stress (OS) which is one of the main factors in the etiology of male infertility. The High Fat Diet (HFD) is a major factor of obesity which in turn is important for enhancing OS. Antioxidants and garlic could attenuate or reverse effects of HFD. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary antioxidants and garlic on testicular inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in Wistar albino rats fed on HFD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groups (each n = 8) were: SD (100% access to standard diet), F-HFD, (100% access to HFD) and R-HFD (70% access to HFD), F-HFD +antioxidants, F-HFD+garlic and R-HFD+antioxidants. The HFD consisted of a 60% fatty diet in 3 forms: Without antioxidants, with antioxidants and with garlic. The testicular iNOS and eNOS were studied by immunohistochemical (IHC) method. Also used ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, t-tests and Tukey's test (where necessary) to analyze the data (p<0.05). RESULTS The iNOS increased in the F-HFD and R-HFD+antioxidants groups. The eNOS increased in R-HFD,F-HFD and F-HFD+garlic groups. The H-E evaluation in R-HFD group showed a decrease in spermatogenesis score count and seminiferous tubules diameters (μm) in comparison with the SD and F-HFD groups. R-HFD+antioxidants group had lower score than F-HFD+antioxidants and F-HFD+garlic groups. CONCLUSION Restricted fat diet consumption causes increase in weight and impairs spermatogenesis. Results of this study reveal that adding the antioxidants can't improve histological changes of testis. The iNOS expression in seminiferous tubules in restricted fat diet along with antioxidants, suggest a potential role of iNOS in spermatogenesis and male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sohrabi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 65178-3-8736 Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Hosseini
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 65178-3-8736 Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sevinc Inan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Zohreh Alizadeh
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 65178-3-8736 Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Vahabian
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 65178-3-8736 Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Vahidinia
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 65178-3-8736
| | - Hosein Lahoutian
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, 65178-3-8736 Hamadan, Iran
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Sharma A, Flores-Vallejo RDC, Cardoso-Taketa A, Villarreal ML. Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used in Mexican traditional medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 208:264-329. [PMID: 27155134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE We provide an extensive summary of the in vitro antibacterial properties of medicinal plants popularly used in Mexico to treat infections, and we discuss the ethnomedical information that has been published for these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a bibliographic investigation by analyzing local and international peer-reviewed papers selected by consulting internationally accepted scientific databases from 1995 to 2014. We provide specific information about the evaluated plant parts, the type of extracts, the tested bacterial strains, and the inhibitory concentrations for each one of the species. We recorded the ethnomedical information for the active species, as well as their popular names and local distribution. Information about the plant compounds that has been identified is included in the manuscript. This review also incorporates an extensive summary of the available toxicological reports on the recorded species, as well as the worldwide registries of plant patents used for treating bacterial infections. In addition, we provide a list with the top plant species with antibacterial activities in this review RESULTS: We documented the in vitro antibacterial activities of 343 plant species pertaining to 92 botanical families against 72 bacterial species, focusing particularly on Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plant families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae and Euphorbiaceae included the largest number of active species. Information related to popular uses reveals that the majority of the plants, in addition to treating infections, are used to treat other conditions. The distribution of Mexican plants extended from those that were reported to grow in just one state to those that grow in all 32 Mexican states. From 75 plant species, 225 compounds were identified. Out of the total plant species, only 140 (40.57%) had at least one report about their toxic effects. From 1994 to July 2014 a total of 11,836 worldwide antibacterial patents prepared from different sources were recorded; only 36 antibacterial patents from plants were registered over the same time period. We offered some insights on the most important findings regarding the antibacterial effects, current state of the art, and research perspectives of top plant species with antibacterial activities in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Studies of the antibacterial in vitro activity of medicinal plants popularly used in Mexico to treat infections indicate that both the selection of plant material and the investigation methodologies vary. Standardized experimental procedures as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic studies to document the effectiveness of plant extracts and compounds are necessary. This review presents extensive information about the medicinal plants possessing antibacterial activity that has been scientifically studied and are popularly used in Mexico. We anticipate that this review will be of use for future studies because it constitutes a valuable information tool for selecting the most significant plants and their potential antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Biotecnología y Agronomía (ESIABA), Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, México
| | - Rosario Del Carmen Flores-Vallejo
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca Morelos 62209, México
| | - Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca Morelos 62209, México
| | - María Luisa Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca Morelos 62209, México
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Hammami I, Ali RB, Nahdi A, Kallech-Ziri O, Boussada M, El May A, El May MV. Chronic consumption of Hypericum humifusum leaf extracts impairs epididymis spermatozoa characters in association with oxidative stress in adult male Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:616-625. [PMID: 28686976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing interest in Hypericum (Hypericaceae) genus. The first part of the present study focused on the phytochemical analysis of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of Hypericum humifusum leaves. The second part of the study investigated the effect of Hypericum humifusum leaf extracts on male reproductive parameters. 30 male rats were grouped into control (1mL/rat, distilled water), treated by 200mg/kg body weight (bw) aqueous extract (A200), 400mg/kg bw aqueous extract (A400), 10mg/kg bw methanolic extract (M10) and 20mg/kg bw methanolic extract (M20) groups. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds. After thirty-day treatment, body and reproductive organs were weighed. Testes in all rat groups were processed for biochemical assays and histopathological examinations. Epididymis sperm analyses were also performed. Testicular tissue homogenate samples were used for Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) measurements. We showed that Hh extracts induced a severe seminiferous tubular damage with an increase in the percentage of empty seminiferous tubules. Epididymis sperm analysis revealed a significant reduction in density and viability of sperm with alteration of spermatozoa morphology. Also, we found that Hh leaf extracts decreased plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides levels. These results were associated with an increase of MDA levels and a decrease of catalase and SOD activities in testis tissues. Our finding revealed that chronic consumption of Hh extracts induces disruption of normal spermatogenesis by alteration of sperm density, viability, and morphology. This action may be due to an inhibition of the antioxidant-defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hammami
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Ridha Ben Ali
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afef Nahdi
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Kallech-Ziri
- National Research Institute of Physico-chemical Analyses, INRAP, Sidi Thabet 2020 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Boussada
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed El May
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Place Bab Saadoun 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Michèle Véronique El May
- Research Unit n° 17/ES/13, Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine 15 of Djebel Lakhdar Street 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
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Lohiya NK, Balasubramanian K, Ansari AS. Indian folklore medicine in managing men's health and wellness. Andrologia 2017; 48:894-907. [PMID: 27681646 DOI: 10.1111/and.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
India is a home for a large variety of plants with remarkable medicinal and pharmacological value. Traditional medicine in the form of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani has used many of these plants since ancient days for treating and curing various ailments of the body. When it comes to issues related to reproductive health, people still hesitate to discuss and/or accept it openly and hence look for alternate and natural remedies. The various tribal populations distributed across different parts of the country still use these plant extracts in various formulations for maintenance of good health. The medical utilities of several of these plants have been documented; however, there are many more, whose potential is yet to be explored. This review discusses the role of various plants grown in the Indian subcontinent that have been widely used in maintaining various aspects of reproductive health in men such as infertility, aphrodisiac, contraception, libido, sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract cancers as well as in treating chronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Lohiya
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
| | - K Balasubramanian
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - A S Ansari
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
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Roy S, Chaudhuri TK. Toxicological assessment of Diplazium esculentum on the reproductive functions of male Swiss albino mouse. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:171-182. [PMID: 27308970 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1190739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajyoti Roy
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India and
- Immunopharmacology and Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India and
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Hammami I, Nahdi A, Atig F, El May A, El May MV. Garlic (Allium sativum) feeding impairs Sertoli cell junctional proteins in male Wistar rat testis: microscopy study. Andrologia 2016; 48:1281-1288. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Hammami
- Research Unit n 01/UR/08-07; Faculty of Medicine; Tunis El Manar University; Tunis Tunisia
| | - A. Nahdi
- Research Unit n 01/UR/08-07; Faculty of Medicine; Tunis El Manar University; Tunis Tunisia
| | - F. Atig
- Department of Cytogenetic and Reproductive Biology; Farhat Hached Hospital; Sousse Tunisia
| | - A. El May
- Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute; Tunis Tunisia
| | - M. V. El May
- Research Unit n 01/UR/08-07; Faculty of Medicine; Tunis El Manar University; Tunis Tunisia
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Saalu LC. Nigerian Folklore Medicinal Plants with Potential Antifertility Activity in Males: A Scientific Appraisal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2016.201.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Memudu AE, Akinrinade ID, Ogundele OM. Retention of testicular integrity and testosterone levels upon ingestion of garlic cloves (Allium sativum) in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(15)30351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Hammami I, Nahdi A, Atig F, Kouidhi W, Amri M, Mokni M, May AE, May ME. Effects of Garlic Fractions Consumption on Male Reproductive Functions. J Med Food 2013; 16:82-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hammami
- Research Unit no 01/UR/08-07 (Disruption of the Balance Between Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis), Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afef Nahdi
- Research Unit no 01/UR/08-07 (Disruption of the Balance Between Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis), Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Atig
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Wided Kouidhi
- Research Unit no 01/UR/08-07 (Disruption of the Balance Between Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis), Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehrzia Mokni
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed El May
- Research Unit no 01/UR/08-07 (Disruption of the Balance Between Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis), Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Michèle El May
- Research Unit no 01/UR/08-07 (Disruption of the Balance Between Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis), Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
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Dhanapal R, Ratna JV, Gupta M, Sarathchandran I. Preliminary study on antifertility activity of Enicostemma axillare leaves and Urena lobata root used in Indian traditional folk medicine. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:616-22. [PMID: 22840449 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible antifertility activity of Enicostemma axillare (E. axillare) leaves and Urena lobata (U. lobata) root in adult male Wistar albino rats. METHODS Six groups of rats were treated with ethanolic (70%v/v) extracts of E. axillare (375 and 750 mg/kg body weight) and U. lobata root (300 and 600 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 55 days. Control groups received the distilled water and vehicle. All the treated rats had corresponding recovery groups. At the end of each treatment periods, animals were killed and organ weights, sperm characteristics, testicular and epididymal biochemicals as well as testicular enzymes were assessed. RESULTS The E. axillare and U. lobata at tested doses did not decrease body weight, whereas the weight of testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles were significantly (P<0.01) reduced. Significantly (P<0.01) more reductions in the sperm motility, viability and counts, epididymal and testicular protein contents were noted in the rats treated with higher dose of both the plants. Both the plants at the higher dose caused a marked increase (P<0.01) in sperm morphological abnormalities, testicular cholesterol and ascorbic acid contents were remarkably increased (P<0.01), while, the activities of testicular glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and Δ(5)-3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (Δ(5)-3β-HSD) were significantly reduced (P<0.01). However, reversal of these changes occurred after 55 days of treatment withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the E. axillare leaves and U. lobata root reversibly inhibited spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis indicating reversible antifertility activity which could partially support the traditional of these plants as male contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaiyan Dhanapal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kakatiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pembarthi (V), Hasanparthy (M), Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India-506 371.
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Ogbuewu IP, Unamba-Oparah IC, Odoemenam VU, Etuk IF, Okoli IC. The potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive principles in males. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 3:255-63. [PMID: 22540095 PMCID: PMC3336916 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2011.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rising human population throughout the world especially in developing and underdeveloped countries has detrimental effects on life supporting system on earth. Traditionally, plants have been used to treat different kinds of ailments. The growing importance of phytochemicals in males has been reported. Contraceptive ability of plants has been reported in several animal models. The reversibility of the anti-fertility effects of plants and its active compounds are of potential clinical relevance in the development of male contraceptive. This review attempts to discuss the latest reports on the potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive principles in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi Princewill Ogbuewu
- Animal physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
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19
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Hammami I, El May MV. Impact of garlic feeding (Allium sativum) on male fertility. Andrologia 2012; 45:217-24. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Hammami
- Research Unity 01/UR/08-07; Faculty of Medicine; Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology; Tunis; Tunisia
| | - M. V. El May
- Research Unity 01/UR/08-07; Faculty of Medicine; Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology; Tunis; Tunisia
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20
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Yedjou CG, Tchounwou PB. In vitro assessment of oxidative stress and apoptotic mechanisms of garlic extract in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2012:6. [PMID: 23847719 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.s3-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Garlic supplementation in diet has been shown to be beneficial to cancer patients. Recently, its pharmacological role in the prevention and treatment of cancer has received increasing attention. However, the mechanisms by which garlic extract (GE) induces cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in cancer cells remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to use HL-60 cells as a test model to evaluate whether or not GE-induced cytotoxicty and apoptosis in human leukemia (HL-60) cells is mediated through oxidative stress. METHODS Human leukemia (HL-60) cells were treated with different concentrations of GE for 12 hr. Cell survival was determined by MTT assay. The extent of oxidative cell/tissue damage was determined by measuring malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation biomarker) concentrations by spectrophotometry. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry assessment (Annexin-V and caspase-3 assays) and agarose gel electrophoresis (DNA laddering assay). RESULTS Data obtained from the MTT assay indicated that GE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the viability of HL-60 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. We detected a significant (p < 0.05) increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in GE-treated HL-60 cells compared to the control. Flow cytometry data showed a strong concentration-response relationship between GE exposure and Annexin-V positive HL-60 cells. Similarly, a statistically significant and concentration-dependent increase (p <0.05) were recorded with regard to caspase-3 activity in HL-60 cells undergoing late apoptosis. These results were confirmed by data of DNA laddering assay showing a clear evidence of nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in GE-treated cells. CONCLUSION Our finding indicates that GE-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HL-60 cells involve phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase-3 activation, and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation associated with the formation of MDA, a by-product of lipid peroxidation and biomarker of oxidative stress. At therapeutic concentrations, GE-induced cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in HL-60 cells is mediated by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement G Yedjou
- Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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21
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Histological and ultrastructural changes in the adult male albino rat testes following chronic crude garlic consumption. Ann Anat 2011; 193:134-41. [PMID: 21333510 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have presented Garlic (Allium sativum) as a restoring agent for testicular cells after exposure to different types of toxins, however, others have shown that it modified spermatogenesis and might have spermicidal effects. This work has been to assess the positive or negative effect of chronic crude garlic consumption on rat testes using light and transmission electron microscopy with reference to plasma testosterone and LH levels. Forty albino male rats were divided into group A (control) and group B (treated rats). Group B was further subdivided into B1, B2, and B3 subgroups which were administer crude garlic as 20% of their daily food for two, three and four months, respectively. The current study has been the first, to the best of our knowledge, to describe the apoptotic effect of chronic crude garlic consumption targeting Sertoli cells, germ cells and peritubular tissue including interstitial Leydig cells and myoid cells. This might be better explained by inflammatory than degenerative changes in the peritubular tissue and Leydig cells leading to a decrease in testosterone level. Consequently, Sertoli cells degenerate due to a decrease in testosterone and detachment from the basal lamina. Germ cells, which are completely dependent upon Sertoli cells and testosterone to complete there spermatogenesis will be affected. Testicular apoptosis with disruption in spermatogenesis following chronic crude garlic consumption could be correlated with two possible theories; being an anti-hypercholesterolemic agent, it might inhibit steroidogenesis resulting in a decrease in testosterone level and being one of the famous phytoestrogens it possibly has direct estrogen-like actions on adult male rat testes.
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Nahdi A, Hammami I, Brasse-Lagnel C, Pilard N, Hamdaoui MH, Beaumont C, El May M. Influence of garlic or its main active component diallyl disulfide on iron bioavailability and toxicity. Nutr Res 2010; 30:85-95. [PMID: 20226993 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is regularly consumed and is known to have diverse biologic activities, particularly due to its antioxidant properties. In this study, we hypothesized that crude garlic can prevent iron-mediated oxidative stress in a rat model of nutritional iron overload, and we used an in vitro model to confirm the results. For the in vivo studies, rats received a basal diet supplemented with or without carbonyl iron (3%) and were fed distilled water or garlic solution (1g/kg body weight) by gavage for 3 weeks. The presence of both garlic and iron led to a 2-fold increase in plasma iron and a 50% increase in liver iron as compared with iron alone. However, garlic did not offer any protection against iron-induced oxidative stress. Duodenal divalent metal transporter-1 mRNA expression was fully repressed by iron and by the combined treatments but was also reduced by garlic alone. To confirm these data, we tested the effect of diallyl disulfide, one of the active components in garlic, in vitro on polarized Caco-2 cells. A 24-hour treatment decreased iron uptake at the apical side of Caco-2 cells but increased the percentage of iron transfer at the basolateral side. This probably resulted from a modest induction of ferroportin mRNA and protein expression. These results suggest that garlic, when given in the presence of iron, enhances iron absorption by increasing ferroportin expression. The presence of garlic in the diet at the dose studied does not seem to protect against iron-mediated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afef Nahdi
- Unité de recherche 01/UR/08-07, Laboratoire d'histologie-embryologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
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23
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D'Cruz SC, Vaithinathan S, Jubendradass R, Mathur PP. Effects of plants and plant products on the testis. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:468-79. [PMID: 20562897 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, plants and plant-based products have been used as a valuable and safe natural source of medicines for treating various ailments. The therapeutic potential of most of these plants could be ascribed to their anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antispasmodic, analgesic and various other pharmacological properties. However, several commonly used plants have been reported to adversely affect male reproductive functions in wildlife and humans. The effects observed with most of the plant and plant-based products have been attributed to the antispermatogenic and/or antisteroidogenic properties of one or more active ingredients. This review discusses the detrimental effects of some of the commonly used plants on various target cells in the testis. A deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms of action of these natural compounds could pave the way for developing therapeutic strategies against their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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Hammami I, Amara S, Benahmed M, El May MV, Mauduit C. Chronic crude garlic-feeding modified adult male rat testicular markers: mechanisms of action. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:65. [PMID: 19552815 PMCID: PMC2710331 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic or Allium sativum (As) shows therapeutic effects such as reduction of blood pressure or hypercholesterolemia but side-effects on reproductive functions remain poorly investigated. Because of garlic's chemical complexity, the processing methods and yield in preparations differ in efficacy and safety. In this context, we clarify the mechanisms of action of crushed crude garlic on testicular markers. METHODS During one month of treatment, 24 male rats were fed 5%, 10% and 15% crude garlic. RESULTS We showed that crude garlic-feeding induced apoptosis in testicular germ cells (spermatocytes and spermatids). This cell death process was characterized by increased levels of active CASP3 but not CASP6. Expression of the caspase inhibitors BIRC3 and BIRC2 was increased at all doses of As while expression of XIAP and BIRC5 was unchanged. Moreover, expression of the IAP inhibitor DIABLO was increased at doses 10% and 15% of As. The germ cell death process induced by As might be related to a decrease in testosterone production because of the reduced expression of steroidogenic enzymes (Star, Cyp11a, Hsd3b5 and Hsd17b). Evaluation of Sertoli markers showed that TUBB3 and GSTA2 expression was unchanged. In contrast, AMH, RHOX5 and CDKN1B expression was decreased while GATA4 expression was increased. CONCLUSION In summary, we showed that feeding with crude garlic inhibited Leydig steroidogenic enzyme expression and Sertoli cell markers. These alterations might induce apoptosis in testicular germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hammami
- Unité de recherche n° 01/UR/08-07, Faculté de Médecine, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdar, 1007 Tunis; Tunisie
- Inserm, U407, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université de Lyon, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université Lyon 1, Oullins, F-69921, France
| | - Souheila Amara
- Inserm, U407, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université de Lyon, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université Lyon 1, Oullins, F-69921, France
| | - Mohamed Benahmed
- Inserm, U407, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université de Lyon, Oullins, F-69921, France; Université Lyon 1, Oullins, F-69921, France
| | - Michèle V El May
- Unité de recherche n° 01/UR/08-07, Faculté de Médecine, 15 rue Djebel Lakhdar, 1007 Tunis; Tunisie
| | - Claire Mauduit
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologique, Pierre-Bénite Cedex F-69495, France
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Figueiroa MS, César Vieira JSB, Leite DS, Filho RCOA, Ferreira F, Gouveia PS, Udrisar DP, Wanderley MI. Green tea polyphenols inhibit testosterone production in rat Leydig cells. Asian J Androl 2009; 11:362-70. [PMID: 19330017 PMCID: PMC3735300 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2009.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of green tea extract (GTE) and its polyphenol constituents, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epicatechin (EC), on basal and stimulated testosterone production by rat Leydig cells in vitro. Leydig cells purified in a Percoll gradient were incubated for 3 h with GTE, EGCG or EC and the testosterone precursor androstenedione, in the presence or absence of either protein kinase A (PKA) or protein kinase C (PKC) activators. The reversibility of the effect was studied by pretreating cells for 15 min with GTE or EGCG, allowing them to recover for 1 h and challenging them for 2 h with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol or androstenedione. GTE and EGCG, but not EC, inhibited both basal and kinase-stimulated testosterone production. Under the pretreatment conditions, the inhibitory effect of the higher concentration of GTE/EGCG on hCG/LHRH-stimulated or 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol-induced testosterone production was maintained, whereas androstenedione-supported testosterone production returned to control levels. At the lower concentration of GTE/EGCG, the inhibitory effect of these polyphenols on 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol-supported testosterone production was reversed. The inhibitory effects of GTE may be explained by the action of its principal component, EGCG, and the presence of a gallate group in its structure seems important for its high efficacy in inhibiting testosterone production. The mechanisms underlying the effects of GTE and EGCG involve the inhibition of the PKA/PKC signalling pathways, as well as the inhibition of P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Figueiroa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50607-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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