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Liu X, Zhang C, Huang J, Liu H, Li B, Zhang F, Xu C. Biomarkers identification in follicular fluid in relation to live birth in in vitro fertilization of women with polycystic ovary syndrome in different subtypes by using UPLC-MS method. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 557:117860. [PMID: 38508572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common infertility disorder which affects reproductive-aged women. However, metabolic change profiles of follicular fluid (FF) in lean and obese women diagnosed with and without PCOS remains unclear. METHODS 95 infertile women were divided into four subgroups: LC (lean control), OC (overweight control), LP (lean PCOS), and OP (overweight PCOS). The FF samples were collected during oocyte retrieval and assayed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) metabolomics. RESULTS A total of 236 metabolites were identified by metabolic analysis. The pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the glycerophospholipid metabolism (impact = 0.11182), ether lipid metabolism (impact = 0.14458), and primary bile acid biosynthesis (impact = 0.03267) were related to metabolic pathway between PCOS and control. Correlation analyses showed that epitestosterone sulfate was found positively correlated with fertilization rate in PCOS, while falcarindione, lucidone C. and notoginsenoside I was found to be negatively correlated. The combined four biomarkers including lucidone C, epitestosterone sulfate, falcarindione, and notoginsenoside I was better in predicting live birth rate, with AUC of 0.779. CONCLUSION The follicular fluid of women with PCOS showed unique metabolic characteristics. Our study provides better identification of PCOS follicular fluid metabolic dynamics, which may serve as potential biomarkers of live birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Haiou Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Barbarossa A, Carrieri A, Carocci A. Melatonin and Related Compounds as Antioxidants. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:546-565. [PMID: 37366352 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230627140816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been reported to be involved in the onset and development of several diseases, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, some types of cancer, and diabetes. Therefore, finding strategies to detoxify free radicals is an active area of research. One of these strategies is the use of natural or synthetic antioxidants. In this context, melatonin (MLT) has been proven to possess most of the required characteristics of an efficient antioxidant. In addition, its protection against oxidative stress continues after being metabolized, since its metabolites also exhibit antioxidant capacity. Based on the appealing properties of MLT and its metabolites, various synthetic analogues have been developed to obtain compounds with higher activity and lower side effects. This review addresses recent studies with MLT and related compounds as potential antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Barbarossa
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126. Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126. Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126. Bari, Italy
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3
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Verma AK, Singh S, Rizvi SI. Therapeutic potential of melatonin and its derivatives in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Biogerontology 2023; 24:183-206. [PMID: 36550377 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-10006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with increasing impairments in brain homeostasis and represents the main risk factor across most neurodegenerative disorders. Melatonin, a neuroendocrine hormone that regulates mammalian chronobiology and endocrine functions is well known for its antioxidant potential, exhibiting both cytoprotective and chronobiotic abilities. Age-related decline of melatonin disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis and cytosolic DNA-mediated inflammatory reactions in neurons is a major contributory factor in the emergence of neurological abnormalities. There is scattered literature on the possible use of melatonin against neurodegenerative mechanisms in the aging process and its associated diseases. We have searched PUBMED with many combinations of key words for available literature spanning two decades. Based on the vast number of experimental papers, we hereby review recent advancements concerning the potential impact of melatonin on cellular redox balance and mitochondrial dynamics in the context of neurodegeneration. Next, we discuss a broader explanation of the involvement of disrupted redox homeostasis in the pathophysiology of age-related diseases and its connection to circadian mechanisms. Our effort may result in the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge on molecular and circadian regulatory mechanisms of melatonin to overcome neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, however, these findings need to be confirmed by larger, well-designed clinical trials. This review is also expected to uncover the associated molecular alterations in the aging brain and explain how melatonin-mediated circadian restoration of neuronal homeodynamics may increase healthy lifespan in age-related NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnish Kumar Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah Medical Center - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India.
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4
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Jagadeesan S, Karpagam S. Novel series of N-acyl substituted indole based piperazine, thiazole and tetrazoles as potential antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxic agents, and their docking investigation as potential Mcl-1 inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Synthesis, biological evaluation, and bioinformatics analysis of indole analogs on AChE and GST activities. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Amer MA, Ramadan MA, Attia AS, Wasfi R. Silicone Foley catheters impregnated with microbial indole derivatives inhibit crystalline biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1010625. [PMID: 36118027 PMCID: PMC9478552 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1010625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a common causative agent for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). The crystalline biofilm formation by P. mirabilis causes catheter encrustation and blockage leading to antibiotic treatment resistance. Thus, biofilm formation inhibition on catheters becomes a promising alternative for conventional antimicrobial-based treatment that is associated with rapid resistance development. Our previous work has demonstrated the in vitro antibiofilm activity of microbial indole derivatives against clinical isolates of P. mirabilis. Accordingly, we aim to evaluate the capacity of silicone Foley catheters (SFC) impregnated with these indole derivatives to resist biofilm formation by P. mirabilis both phenotypically and on the gene expression level. Silicon Foley catheter was impregnated with indole extract recovered from the supernatant of the rhizobacterium Enterobacter sp. Zch127 and the antibiofilm activity was determined against P. mirabilis (ATCC 12435) and clinical isolate P8 cultured in artificial urine. The indole extract at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC=0.5X MIC) caused a reduction in biofilm formation as exhibited by a 60-70% reduction in biomass and three log10 in adhered bacteria. Results were confirmed by visualization by scanning electron microscope. Moreover, changes in the relative gene expression of the virulence genes confirmed the antibiofilm activity of the indole extract against P. mirabilis. Differential gene expression analysis showed that extract Zch127 at its sub-MIC concentration significantly down-regulated genes associated with swarming activity: umoC, flhC, flhD, flhDC, and mrpA (p< 0.001). In addition, Zch127 extract significantly down-regulated genes associated with polyamine synthesis: speB and glnA (p< 0.001), as well as the luxS gene associated with quorum sensing. Regulatory genes for capsular polysaccharide formation; rcsB and rcsD were not significantly affected by the presence of the indole derivatives. Furthermore, the impregnated catheters and the indole extract showed minimal or no cytotoxic effect against human fibroblast cell lines indicating the safety of this intervention. Thus, the indole-impregnated catheter is proposed to act as a suitable and safe strategy for reducing P. mirabilis CAUTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A. Amer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ahmed S. Attia, ; Reham Wasfi,
| | - Reham Wasfi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ahmed S. Attia, ; Reham Wasfi,
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Gönül Z, Öztürk DA, Küçükbay FZ, Tekin S, Tekin Z, Küçükbay H. Antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of some new dipeptide‐indole conjugates. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Gönül
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry İnönü University Malatya Turkey
| | - Dilara Altay Öztürk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Malatya Turgut Özal University Malatya Turkey
| | - F. Zehra Küçükbay
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy İnönü University Malatya Turkey
| | - Suat Tekin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine İnönü University Malatya Turkey
| | - Zehra Tekin
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy İnönü University Malatya Turkey
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy Adıyaman University Adıyaman Turkey
| | - Hasan Küçükbay
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry İnönü University Malatya Turkey
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Design, Synthesis and Activity of New N1-Alkyl Tryptophan Functionalized Dendrimeric Peptides against Glioblastoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081116. [PMID: 36009010 PMCID: PMC9406037 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to resistance to conventional therapy, a blood–brain barrier that results in poor drug delivery, and a high potential for metastasis, glioblastoma (GBM) presents a great medical challenge. Since the repertoire of the possible therapies is very limited, novel therapeutic strategies require new drugs as well as new approaches. The multiple roles played by L-tryptophan (Trp) in tumorigenesis of GBM and the previously found antiproliferative properties of Trp-bearing dendrimers against this malignancy prompted us to design novel polyfunctional peptide-based dendrimers covalently attached to N1-alkyl tryptophan (Trp) residues. Their antiproliferative properties against GBM and normal human astrocytes (NHA) and their antioxidant potential were tested. Methods: Two groups of amphiphilic peptide dendrimers terminated with N1-butyl and N1-aminopentane tryptophan were designed. The influence of dendrimers on viability of NHA and human GBM cell lines, displaying different genetic backgrounds and tumorigenic potentials, was determined by the MTT test. The influence of compounds on the clonogenic potential of GBM cells was assessed by colony-formation assay. Dendrimers were tested for radical scavenging potency as well as redox capability (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP models). Results: Several peptide dendrimers functionalized with N1-alkyl-tryptophan at 5 µM concentration exhibited high selectivity towards GBM cells retaining 85–95% viable NHA cells while killing cancer cells. In both the MTT and colony-formation assays, compounds 21 (functionalized with N1-butyl-Trp and (+)8 charged) and 25 (functionalized with N1-aminopentane-Trp and (+)12 charged) showed the most promise for their development into anticancer drugs. According to ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidant tests, dendrimers functionalized with N1-alkylated Trp expressed higher ROS-scavenging capacity (ABTS and DPPH) than those with unsubstituted Trp. Conclusions: Peptide dendrimers functionalized with N1-alkyl-tryptophan showed varying toxicity to NHA, while all were toxic to GBM cells. Based on their activity towards inhibition of GBM viability and relatively mild effect on NHA cells the most advantageous were derivatives 21 and 25 with the respective di-dodecyl and dodecyl residue located at the C-terminus. As expected, peptide dendrimers functionalized with N1-alkyl-tryptophan expressed higher scavenging potency against ROS than dendrimers with unsubstituted tryptophan.
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Effects of Linkers and Substitutions on Multitarget Directed Ligands for Alzheimer’s Diseases: Emerging Paradigms and Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116085. [PMID: 35682763 PMCID: PMC9181730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is multifactorial, progressive and the most predominant cause of cognitive impairment and dementia worldwide. The current “one-drug, one-target” approach provides only symptomatic relief to the condition but is unable to cure the disease completely. The conventional single-target therapeutic approach might not always induce the desired effect due to the multifactorial nature of AD. Hence, multitarget strategies have been proposed to simultaneously knock out multiple targets involved in the development of AD. Herein, we provide an overview of the various strategies, followed by the multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) development, rationale designs and efficient examples. Furthermore, the effects of the linkers and substitutional functional groups on MTDLs against various targets of AD and their modes of action are also discussed.
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10
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Antioxidant Properties, Neuroprotective Effects and in Vitro Safety Evaluation of New Pyrrole Derivatives. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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(-)-Tubifolidine as strychnos indole alkaloid: Spectroscopic charactarization (FT-IR, NMR, UV-Vis), antioxidant activity, molecular docking, and DFT studies. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Potentiating the Benefits of Melatonin through Chemical Functionalization: Possible Impact on Multifactorial Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111584. [PMID: 34769013 PMCID: PMC8583879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although melatonin is an astonishing molecule, it is possible that chemistry will help in the discovery of new compounds derived from it that may exceed our expectations regarding antioxidant protection and perhaps even neuroprotection. This review briefly summarizes the significant amount of data gathered to date regarding the multiple health benefits of melatonin and related compounds. This review also highlights some of the most recent directions in the discovery of multifunctional pharmaceuticals intended to act as one-molecule multiple-target drugs with potential use in multifactorial diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, we discuss the beneficial activities of melatonin derivatives reported to date, in addition to computational strategies to rationally design new derivatives by functionalization of the melatonin molecular framework. It is hoped that this review will promote more investigations on the subject from both experimental and theoretical perspectives.
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Jasiewicz B, Kozanecka-Okupnik W, Przygodzki M, Warżajtis B, Rychlewska U, Pospieszny T, Mrówczyńska L. Synthesis, antioxidant and cytoprotective activity evaluation of C-3 substituted indole derivatives. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15425. [PMID: 34326403 PMCID: PMC8322387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of fifteen indole derivatives substituted at the C-3 position were synthesized and characterized. The antioxidant activity of all derivatives was investigated by three in vitro antioxidant assays, and the derivative with pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate moiety was the most active as a radical scavenger and Fe3+-Fe2+ reducer. It can be stated that possible hydrogen and electron transfer mechanism is suggested for the quenching of the free radical. Moreover, the indolyl radical stabilization and the presence of unsubstituted indole nitrogen atom are mandatory for the observed antioxidant activity, which strongly depends on the type of the substituent directly connected to the methylene group at the C-3 position. Human red blood cells (RBC) have been used as a cell model to study derivatives interaction with the cell membrane. Haemolytic activity and RBC shape transformation were observed for certain derivatives in a concentration-dependent manner. However, most of the derivatives at sublytic concentration showed high cytoprotective activity against oxidative haemolysis induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). The cytoprotective properties of derivatives can be explained mostly due to their interactions with the RBC membrane components. Taking together, theoretical estimations and experimental data confirm the beneficial interactions between the selected C-3 substituted indole derivatives and the RBC membrane under oxidative stress conditions. These results encourage us to further structural optimization of C-3 substituted indole derivatives as potent antioxidant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jasiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | - Michał Przygodzki
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Warżajtis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Urszula Rychlewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pospieszny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Lucyna Mrówczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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14
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Jaworek AK, Szepietowski JC, Hałubiec P, Wojas-Pelc A, Jaworek J. Melatonin as an Antioxidant and Immunomodulator in Atopic Dermatitis-A New Look on an Old Story: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081179. [PMID: 34439427 PMCID: PMC8388892 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is common inflammatory dermatosis, typically with chronic and recurrent course, which significantly reduces the quality of life. Sleep disturbances are considered to be remarkably burdensome ailments in patients with AD, and are routinely included during assessment of disease severity. Therefore, endogenous substances engaged in the control of circadian rhythms might be important in pathogenesis of AD and, possibly, be used as biomarkers of disease severity or even in development of novel therapies. Melatonin (MT), the indoleamine produced by pineal gland (but also by multiple other tissues, including skin), plays a pivotal role in maintaining the sleep/wake homeostasis. Additionally, it possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which might directly link chronic skin inflammation and sleep abnormalities characteristic of AD. The objective of this work is to systematically present and summarize the results of studies (both experimental and clinical) that investigated the role of MT in the AD, with a focus on the antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kazimierz Jaworek
- Department of Dermatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacek Cezary Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Hałubiec
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Dermatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Anna Wojas-Pelc
- Department of Dermatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Jaworek
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Cracow, Poland;
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Singh G, Satija P, Singh A, Pawan, Mohit, Kaur JD, Devi A, Saini A, Singh J. Bis-triazole with indole pendant Organosilicon framework: Probe for recognition of Pb2+ ions. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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BF 3-OEt 2 Catalyzed C3-Alkylation of Indole: Synthesis of Indolylsuccinimidesand Their Cytotoxicity Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082202. [PMID: 33920456 PMCID: PMC8069703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient BF3-OEt2 promoted C3-alkylation of indole has been developed to obtain3-indolylsuccinimidesfrom commercially available indoles and maleimides, with excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, anti-proliferative activity of these conjugates was evaluated against HT-29 (Colorectal), Hepg2 (Liver) and A549 (Lung) human cancer cell lines. One of the compounds, 3w, having N,N-Dimethylatedindolylsuccinimide is a potent congener amongst the series with IC50 value 0.02 µM and 0.8 µM against HT-29 and Hepg2 cell lines, respectively, and compound 3i was most active amongst the series with IC50 value 1.5 µM against A549 cells. Molecular docking study and mechanism of reaction have briefly beendiscussed. This method is better than previous reports in view of yield and substrate scope including electron deficient indoles.
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Raziullah, Kumar M, Khan AA, Dutta HS, Ahmad A, Vaishnav J, Kant R, Ampapathi RS, Koley D. Ru(II)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Hydroarylative Coupling of Indolines with Internal Alkynes by C−H Activation. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raziullah
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Afsar Ali Khan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | | | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
| | | | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Ravi Sankar Ampapathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- SAIF CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Dipankar Koley
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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Iškauskienė M, Kadlecová A, Voller J, Janovská L, Malinauskienė V, Žukauskaitė A, Šačkus A. Synthesis of 5-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones and their protective activity against oxidative stress. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100001. [PMID: 33733468 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A small library of 2-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]-5-(alkylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles was prepared, starting from indole-3-acetic acid methyl ester and its 5-methyl-substituted derivative. The synthetic route involved the formation of intermediate hydrazides, their condensation with carbon disulfide, and intramolecular cyclization to corresponding 5-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones. The latter were then S-alkylated, and in case of ester derivatives, they were further hydrolyzed into corresponding carboxylic acids. All 5-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones and their S-alkylated derivatives were then screened for their protective effects in vitro and in vivo. Methyl substitution on the indole ring and propyl, butyl, or benzyl substitution on sulfhydryl group-possessing compounds were revealed to protect Friedreich's ataxia fibroblasts against the effects of glutathione depletion induced by the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine. Two of the active compounds also reproducibly increased the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to juglone-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Iškauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alena Kadlecová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Voller
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Janovská
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vida Malinauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kozanecka-Okupnik W, Sierakowska A, Berdzik N, Kowalczyk I, Mrówczyńska L, Jasiewicz B. New triazole-bearing gramine derivatives - synthesis, structural analysis and protective effect against oxidative haemolysis. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:3413-3419. [PMID: 33356568 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1864364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The new series of triazole-bearing gramine derivatives were synthesized through a CuAAC procedure. The structures of all newly obtained compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis and DFT methods. The obtained derivatives were screened for their protective potency against oxidative haemolysis induced by free radicals generated from 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Our work demonstrates that derivatives with propyl or octyl linker and phthalimide group associated with indole-triazole moiety, which have a folded structure, effectively protect human erythrocytes against oxidative stress-induced haemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Sierakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - N Berdzik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - I Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - L Mrówczyńska
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - B Jasiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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20
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Devi TJ, Singh TP, Singh RR, Singh EH, Singh OM. Deep Eutectic Solvent Promoted Regioselective Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Mono and Bisindolylalkenes from
β
‐Ketodithioesters. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Tchekalarova J, Ivanova N, Nenchovska Z, Tzoneva R, Stoyanova T, Uzunova V, Surcheva S, Tzonev A, T Angelova V, Andreeva-Gateva P. Evaluation of neurobiological and antioxidant effects of novel melatonin analogs in mice. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1566-1579. [PMID: 33424250 PMCID: PMC7783092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the pharmacophore model of melatonin (MT1) receptor, we recently synthesized a series of indole derivatives that showed anticonvulsant activity with low neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rodents. In the present study, the three most potent C3-modified derivatives with hydrazine structure 3c, 3e, and 3f, with 2-chlorophenyl, 2-furyl, and 2-thienyl fragments, respectively, were selected, and their neurobiological activity was explored in mice. In Experiment #1, the dose-dependent anxiolytic effect of a single i.p. administration of the novel compounds at doses of 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg were studied in the open field (OF) test. In Experiment#2, the analgesic effect of 3c, 3e, and 3f (30–100 mg/kg) was tested in the hot plate test and formalin test. Experiment#3 was designed to assess the antidepressant-like activity of 3c, 3e, and 3f (10–60 mg/kg). The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST)-induced effect on markers of oxidative stress in the frontal cortex (FC), and the hippocampus was evaluated. Melatonin was used in the same doses as melatonin analogs in all three experiments as a positive control. Desipramine (10 mg/kg) was also applied as a control in the FST. The three melatonin analogs bearing hydrazide/hydrazone substitution at 3C of the indol scaffold demonstrated improved antidepressant-like activity compared to the melatonin. The tested substances are devoided of anxiolytic effects. The antioxidant activity of the melatonin analogs and analgesic potential is comparable to that of melatonin. The 3C substitution with hydrazide/hydrazone moiety substantially contributes to the antidepressant and antioxidant activity of the melatonin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Natasha Ivanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Zlatina Nenchovska
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Tzoneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tzveta Stoyanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Veselina Uzunova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slavina Surcheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alex Tzonev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Violina T Angelova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavlina Andreeva-Gateva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
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22
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Castañeda-Arriaga R, Pérez-González A, Reina M, Galano A. Computer-designed melatonin derivatives: potent peroxyl radical scavengers with no pro-oxidant behavior. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Wang SY, Shi XC, Laborda P. Indole-based melatonin analogues: Synthetic approaches and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Ji H, Guo W, Niu C, Li Y, Lian S, Zhan X, Guo J, Zhen L, Yang H, Li S, Wang J. Metabonomics analysis of Zi goose follicular granulosa cells using ENO1 gene expression interference. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:838-846. [PMID: 31821655 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Zi goose is native to North-east China and is noted for its high egg production. Alpha enolase (ENO1) is a glycolytic enzyme which functions as a plasminogen receptor in follicular granulosa cells (FGCs), with several studies showing that FGCs can support follicular development. By transfecting the ENO1 interfering plasmid (shRNA) into FGCs, ENO1 expression in these cells was downregulated, suggesting the successful knock-down of ENO1 in these cells. In this knock-down model, we detected 13 metabolites from FGCs using LC/MS. When compared with the non-coding shRNA (NC) group, the lower level metabolites were (R)-(+)-citronellic acid, altretamine, 3-hydroxycaproic acid, heptadecanoic acid, cholecalciferol vitamin D3, indole, benzoic acid, capric acid, caffeic acid, azelaic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid and cholic acid, while oleic acid was detected at high levels. To further examine the results of metabolomics, six key metabolites were verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We found that vitamin D3, indole, benzoic acid, capric acid and cholic acid were significantly downregulated in the shRNA group, while oleic acid was significantly upregulated. This observation was consistent with the metabolomics data. Through these studies, we found that decreased ENO1 levels altered certain metabolite levels in FGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Wenjin Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyang Niu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xuelong Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jingru Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Li Zhen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Huanmin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shize Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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25
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Sudhamani H, Syam Prasad G, Venkataramaiah C, Raju CN, Rajendra W. In silico and in vitro antioxidant activity profiles of urea and thiourea derivatives of 5-hydroxytryptophan. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:373-381. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1683864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Sudhamani
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
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26
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Marcinkowska M, Bucki A, Panek D, Siwek A, Fajkis N, Bednarski M, Zygmunt M, Godyń J, Del Rio Valdivieso A, Kotańska M, Kołaczkowski M, Więckowska A. Anti-Alzheimer's multitarget-directed ligands with serotonin 5-HT 6 antagonist, butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory, and antioxidant activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900041. [PMID: 31162703 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT6 receptors, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and oxidative stress are related to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Inhibition of BuChE provides symptomatic treatment of the disease and the same effect was demonstrated for 5-HT 6 antagonists in clinical trials. Oxidative stress is regarded as a major and primary factor contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease; therefore, antioxidant agents may provide a disease-modifying effect. Combining BuChE inhibition, 5-HT 6 antagonism, and antioxidant properties may result in multitarget-directed ligands providing cognition-enhancing properties with neuroprotective activity. On the basis of the screening of the library of 5-HT 6 antagonists against BuChE, we selected two compounds and designed their structural modifications that could lead to improved BuChE inhibitory activity. We synthesized two series of compounds and tested their affinity and functional activity at 5-HT 6 receptors, BuChE inhibitory activity and antioxidant properties. Compound 12 with K i and K b values against 5-HT 6 receptors of 41.8 and 74 nM, respectively, an IC 50 value of 5 µM against BuChE and antioxidant properties exceeding the activity of ascorbic acid is a promising lead structure for further development of anti-Alzheimer's agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marcinkowska
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Panek
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nikola Fajkis
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zygmunt
- Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Godyń
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alvaro Del Rio Valdivieso
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kotańska
- Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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27
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Melatonin: A Versatile Protector against Oxidative DNA Damage. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030530. [PMID: 29495460 PMCID: PMC6017920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage to DNA has important implications for human health and has been identified as a key factor in the onset and development of numerous diseases. Thus, it is evident that preventing DNA from oxidative damage is crucial for humans and for any living organism. Melatonin is an astonishingly versatile molecule in this context. It can offer both direct and indirect protection against a wide variety of damaging agents and through multiple pathways, which may (or may not) take place simultaneously. They include direct antioxidative protection, which is mediated by melatonin's free radical scavenging activity, and also indirect ways of action. The latter include, at least: (i) inhibition of metal-induced DNA damage; (ii) protection against non-radical triggers of oxidative DNA damage; (iii) continuous protection after being metabolized; (iv) activation of antioxidative enzymes; (v) inhibition of pro-oxidative enzymes; and (vi) boosting of the DNA repair machinery. The rather unique capability of melatonin to exhibit multiple neutralizing actions against diverse threatening factors, together with its low toxicity and its ability to cross biological barriers, are all significant to its efficiency for preventing oxidative damage to DNA.
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28
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Lan AP, Chen J, Chai ZF, Hu Y. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and cobalt in Parkinson's disease through ROS-mediated mechanisms. Biometals 2016; 29:665-78. [PMID: 27349232 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons. Despite extensive research in the past decades, the etiology of PD remains elusive. Nevertheless, multiple lines of evidence suggest that oxidative stress is one of the common causes in the pathogenesis of PD. It has also been suggested that heavy metal-associated oxidative stress may be implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Here we review the roles of redox metals, including iron, copper and cobalt, in PD. Iron is a highly reactive element and deregulation of iron homeostasis is accompanied by concomitant oxidation processes in PD. Copper is a key metal in cell division process, and it has been shown to have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Cobalt induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage in brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - J Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Z F Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Y Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
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29
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Galano A. A first principles investigation on the electron donor ability of synthetic melatonin derivatives: implications for their antioxidant activity. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Laube M, Kniess T, Pietzsch J. Development of Antioxidant COX-2 Inhibitors as Radioprotective Agents for Radiation Therapy-A Hypothesis-Driven Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:antiox5020014. [PMID: 27104573 PMCID: PMC4931535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) evolved to be a primary treatment modality for cancer patients. Unfortunately, the cure or relief of symptoms is still accompanied by radiation-induced side effects with severe acute and late pathophysiological consequences. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are potentially useful in this regard because radioprotection of normal tissue and/or radiosensitizing effects on tumor tissue have been described for several compounds of this structurally diverse class. This review aims to substantiate the hypothesis that antioxidant COX-2 inhibitors are promising radioprotectants because of intercepting radiation-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in normal tissue, especially the vascular system. For this, literature reporting on COX inhibitors exerting radioprotective and/or radiosensitizing action as well as on antioxidant COX inhibitors will be reviewed comprehensively with the aim to find cross-points of both and, by that, stimulate further research in the field of radioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Laube
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden D-01328, Germany.
| | - Torsten Kniess
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden D-01328, Germany.
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden D-01328, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden D-01062, Germany.
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31
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Nicolson GL, de Mattos GF, Settineri R, Costa C, Ellithorpe R, Rosenblatt S, La Valle J, Jimenez A, Ohta S. Clinical Effects of Hydrogen Administration: From Animal and Human Diseases to Exercise Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2016.71005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Galano A. Computational-aided design of melatonin analogues with outstanding multifunctional antioxidant capacity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00549g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The IIcD melatonin-analogue was identified as the most promising multifunctional antioxidant from a set of 19, and better for that purpose than the parent molecule and Trolox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
- México D. F
- Mexico
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33
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Gohain M, Lin S, Bezuidenhoudt BC. Al(OTf)3-catalyzed SN2′ substitution of the β-hydroxy group in Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts with indoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Laube M, Tondera C, Sharma SK, Bechmann N, Pietzsch FJ, Pigorsch A, Köckerling M, Wuest F, Pietzsch J, Kniess T. 2,3-Diaryl-substituted indole based COX-2 inhibitors as leads for imaging tracer development. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05650g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2,3-diaryl-substituted indoles containing a fluorine or methoxy group was synthesized via Fischer indole synthesis, McMurry cyclization, or Bischler–Möhlau reaction to identify potential leads for PET radiotracer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Laube
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
| | - Christoph Tondera
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
| | - Sai Kiran Sharma
- Department of Oncology
- Cross Cancer Institute
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
| | - Franz-Jacob Pietzsch
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research
| | - Arne Pigorsch
- Department of Inorganic Solid State Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Köckerling
- Department of Inorganic Solid State Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology
- Cross Cancer Institute
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
| | - Torsten Kniess
- Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
- 01328 Dresden, Germany
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35
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Vakarelska-Popovska MH, Velkov ZA. Structure of Flavones and Flavonols. Part II: Role of Position on the O-H Bond Dissociation Enthalpy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/cc.2014.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Karaaslan C, Kadri H, Coban T, Suzen S, Westwell AD. Synthesis and antioxidant properties of substituted 2-phenyl-1H-indoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2671-4. [PMID: 23540647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the design, synthesis and antioxidant activity of a series of substituted 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1H-indoles and 2-(methoxyphenyl)-1H-indoles. The new compounds are structurally related to the known indole-based antioxidant lead compound melatonin (MLT), and the antitumour 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole and 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)benzothiazole series. Efficient access to the target 2-phenylindoles was achieved via Fischer indole synthesis between substituted phenylhydrazines and acetophenones. 2-(4-Aminophenyl)indoles (such as the 6-fluoro analogue 3b) in particular showed potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assays (80% and 81% inhibition at 1mM concentration of 3b, respectively), at a level comparable with the reference standard MLT (98% and 75% at 1 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Karaaslan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
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Gohain M, Jacobs J, Marais C, Bezuidenhoudt BCB. Al(OTf)3 Catalysed Friedel-Crafts Michael Type Addition of Indoles to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones with PEG-200 as Recyclable Solvent. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An Al(OTf)3 catalysed efficient Friedel–Crafts Michael type addition of indoles to α,β-unsaturated ketones using recyclable PEG-200 as an alternative reaction solvent is disclosed. The reaction under microwave irradiation is clean, leads to excellent yields in minutes and reduces the use of volatile organic compounds.
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S. Targeting disease through novel pathways of apoptosis and autophagy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1203-14. [PMID: 22924465 PMCID: PMC3500415 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.719499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis and autophagy impact cell death in multiple systems of the body. Development of new therapeutic strategies that target these processes must address their complex role during developmental cell growth as well as during the modulation of toxic cellular environments. AREAS COVERED Novel signaling pathways involving Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), β-catenin and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) govern apoptotic and autophagic pathways during oxidant stress that affect the course of a broad spectrum of disease entities including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, myocardial injury, skeletal system trauma, immune system dysfunction and cancer progression. Implications of potential biological and clinical outcome for these signaling pathways are presented. EXPERT OPINION The CCN family member WISP1 and its intimate relationship with canonical and non-canonical wingless signaling pathways of PI3K, Akt1, β-catenin and mTOR offer an exciting approach for governing the pathways of apoptosis and autophagy especially in clinical disorders that are currently without effective treatments. Future studies that can elucidate the intricate role of these cytoprotective pathways during apoptosis and autophagy can further the successful translation and development of these cellular targets into robust and safe clinical therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, F 1220, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA.
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Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S, Maiese K. Shedding new light on neurodegenerative diseases through the mammalian target of rapamycin. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:128-48. [PMID: 22980037 PMCID: PMC3479314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect a significant portion of the world's population leading to either disability or death for almost 30 million individuals worldwide. One novel therapeutic target that may offer promise for multiple disease entities that involve Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, trauma, stroke, and tumors of the nervous system is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR signaling is dependent upon the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes that are composed of mTOR and several regulatory proteins including the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1, hamartin/TSC2, tuberin). Through a number of integrated cell signaling pathways that involve those of mTORC1 and mTORC2 as well as more novel signaling tied to cytokines, Wnt, and forkhead, mTOR can foster stem cellular proliferation, tissue repair and longevity, and synaptic growth by modulating mechanisms that foster both apoptosis and autophagy. Yet, mTOR through its proliferative capacity may sometimes be detrimental to central nervous system recovery and even promote tumorigenesis. Further knowledge of mTOR and the critical pathways governed by this serine/threonine protein kinase can bring new light for neurodegeneration and other related diseases that currently require new and robust treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Wang S, Shang YC. Oxidant stress and signal transduction in the nervous system with the PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203037 PMCID: PMC3509553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress impacts multiple systems of the body and can lead to some of the most devastating consequences in the nervous system especially during aging. Both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as diabetes mellitus, cerebral ischemia, trauma, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and tuberous sclerosis through programmed cell death pathways of apoptosis and autophagy can be the result of oxidant stress. Novel therapeutic avenues that focus upon the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), Akt (protein kinase B), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade and related pathways offer exciting prospects to address the onset and potential reversal of neurodegenerative disorders. Effective clinical translation of these pathways into robust therapeutic strategies requires intimate knowledge of the complexity of these pathways and the ability of this cascade to influence biological outcome that can vary among disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail:
| | - Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S. Erythropoietin: new directions for the nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11102-11129. [PMID: 23109841 PMCID: PMC3472733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatment strategies with erythropoietin (EPO) offer exciting opportunities to prevent the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders that currently lack effective therapy and can progress to devastating disability in patients. EPO and its receptor are present in multiple systems of the body and can impact disease progression in the nervous, vascular, and immune systems that ultimately affect disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, retinal injury, stroke, and demyelinating disease. EPO relies upon wingless signaling with Wnt1 and an intimate relationship with the pathways of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Modulation of these pathways by EPO can govern the apoptotic cascade to control β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, mitochondrial permeability, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Yet, EPO and each of these downstream pathways require precise biological modulation to avert complications associated with the vascular system, tumorigenesis, and progression of nervous system disorders. Further understanding of the intimate and complex relationship of EPO and the signaling pathways of Wnt, PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR are critical for the effective clinical translation of these cell pathways into robust treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Cancer Center, F 1220, New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (Y.C.S.); (S.W.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
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Crooke A, Huete-Toral F, Martínez-Águila A, Colligris B, Pintor J. Ocular disorders and the utility of animal models in the discovery of melatoninergic drugs with therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:989-1001. [PMID: 22860991 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.714769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pineal indole-derived hormone melatonin is a modulator of circadian and seasonal rhythms with an important role in ocular health and disease. This could be due to specific melatonin receptors that have been identified in structures such as cornea, lens, ciliary body, retina, choroid and sclera. In addition, a local synthesis of melatonin occurs in several of these ocular tissues. AREAS COVERED The authors review existing literature on the most common animal models where ocular melatonin actions have been tested. The therapeutic potential of melatonin in diabetic keratopathy and retinopathy, keratitis, cataracts, glaucoma, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa is discussed. Furthermore, the authors comment on the usefulness of different animal models for the development of melatoninergic drugs with therapeutic potential. EXPERT OPINION The use of animals for the study of ocular diseases and the potentiality of melatonin and its analogs, as future therapeutic drugs, should be performed on the basis of a rationale study. It is important to note that melatonin receptors seem to be widespread all over the eye. This strongly suggests that, in order to modify the physiology and biochemistry of malfunctioning ocular tissue, the melatonin receptors which are present in that tissue must be first identified. Second there is the need to confirm that those receptors targeted perform the desirable responses, and as a third measure, to use selective agonists (or antagonists) instead of melatonin. However, although some animals mimic ocular pathologies relatively well, and these can be used in melatonin studies, there is still a long way to go till some of the results obtained in animal models could be used for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Crooke
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, E.U. Óptica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/Arcos de Jalón 118, Madrid, Spain
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Gohain M, Marais C, Bezuidenhoudt BC. An Al(OTf)3-catalyzed environmentally benign process for the propargylation of indoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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