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Li J, Xia Y, Xu H, Xiong R, Zhao Y, Li P, Yang T, Huang Q, Shan F. Activation of brain lactate receptor GPR81 aggravates exercise-induced central fatigue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R822-R831. [PMID: 36189986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00094.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced fatigue is a complex physiological phenomenon and is greatly influenced by central mechanisms in brain. As one of the most abundant circulating carbon metabolites, l-lactate in brain has been considered to be an important supplementary fuel during exercise; however, whether it plays a signaling role in fatigue remains largely obscure. In this study, our results initially revealed that brain l-lactate levels were increased after an exhaustive swimming session in several brain regions including motor cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Then, we examined the specific role of brain lactate receptor, also known as hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (GPR81), in exercise-induced fatigue. We found that intracerebroventricular injection of either d-lactate (an enantiomer that could mediate activation of GPR81 as l-lactate) or a potent GPR81 agonist 3-chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (CHBA), significantly decreased the swimming time to fatigue. After being subjected to the same weight-loaded swimming for 30 min, no obvious changes of blood lactate levels, gastrocnemius pAMPK/AMPK ratio, and glycogen contents were observed between intracerebroventricular CHBA-injected mice and vehicle-treated ones, which suggested a comparable degree of peripheral fatigue. Meanwhile, there were higher extracellular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and lower extracellular glutamate levels and glutamate/GABA ratio in motor cortex of the intracerebroventricular CHBA-injected mice than that of vehicle-treated ones, indicating a greater extent of central fatigue in CHBA-injected mice than that in vehicle animals. Collectively, our results suggested that an increased level of brain l-lactate acts as a signaling molecule via activating GPR81, which in turn exacerbates central fatigue during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Traumatic Shock and Transfusion, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Honghao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Medicine, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Renping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cold Environmental Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- Department of Cold Environmental Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fabo Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Liu L, Li W, Xie P. The regulatory effects of lactic acid on neuropsychiatric disorders. DISCOVER MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 2:8. [PMID: 37861858 PMCID: PMC10501010 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-022-00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid is produced mainly in astrocytes in the brain and serves as a substance that supplies energy to neurons. In recent years, numerous studies identified the potential effects of lactic acid on the central nervous system and demonstrated its role in regulating brain function as an energy metabolism substrate or cellular signaling molecule. Both deficiency and accumulation of lactic acid cause neurological dysfunction, which further lead to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Major depressive disorder, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and Multiple sclerosis. Although an association between lactic acid and neuropsychiatric disorders was reported in previous research, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which lactic acid regulates brain function is of significance for the early diagnosis and prevention of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize evidence that is focused on the potential mechanisms of lactic acid as a signaling molecule involved in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders and propose a new mechanism by which lactic acid regulates brain function and disease through the microbiota-gut-brain axis to offer new insight into the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
- College of Stomatology and Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Hostrup M, Cairns SP, Bangsbo J. Muscle Ionic Shifts During Exercise: Implications for Fatigue and Exercise Performance. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1895-1959. [PMID: 34190344 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise causes major shifts in multiple ions (e.g., K+ , Na+ , H+ , lactate- , Ca2+ , and Cl- ) during muscle activity that contributes to development of muscle fatigue. Sarcolemmal processes can be impaired by the trans-sarcolemmal rundown of ion gradients for K+ , Na+ , and Ca2+ during fatiguing exercise, while changes in gradients for Cl- and Cl- conductance may exert either protective or detrimental effects on fatigue. Myocellular H+ accumulation may also contribute to fatigue development by lowering glycolytic rate and has been shown to act synergistically with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to compromise cross-bridge function. In addition, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release function is severely affected by fatiguing exercise. Skeletal muscle has a multitude of ion transport systems that counter exercise-related ionic shifts of which the Na+ /K+ -ATPase is of major importance. Metabolic perturbations occurring during exercise can exacerbate trans-sarcolemmal ionic shifts, in particular for K+ and Cl- , respectively via metabolic regulation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP ) and the chloride channel isoform 1 (ClC-1). Ion transport systems are highly adaptable to exercise training resulting in an enhanced ability to counter ionic disturbances to delay fatigue and improve exercise performance. In this article, we discuss (i) the ionic shifts occurring during exercise, (ii) the role of ion transport systems in skeletal muscle for ionic regulation, (iii) how ionic disturbances affect sarcolemmal processes and muscle fatigue, (iv) how metabolic perturbations exacerbate ionic shifts during exercise, and (v) how pharmacological manipulation and exercise training regulate ion transport systems to influence exercise performance in humans. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1895-1959, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simeon Peter Cairns
- SPRINZ, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Effects of 2 Intersection Strategies for Physical Recovery in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:585-590. [PMID: 33477108 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of static stretching (SS) and cold-water immersion (CWI) on strength performance and blood lactate levels of jiu-jitsu athletes. METHODS A total of 21 male Brazilian jiu-jitsu fighters were randomly assigned to SS (9 × 30-s carpal extension), CWI (3 × 3 min at 10°C), or a control group (CG); their maximal handgrip strength, handgrip muscle endurance, dynamic kimono grip strength test, and blood lactate concentration were assessed before and after a simulated Brazilian jiu-jitsu fight and after one of the recovery interventions. RESULTS There was an interaction (F = 9.075; P = .002) and a time effect (F = 11.792; P = .003) for dynamic kimono grip strength test, showing a decrease in performance for the CG (P = .0001; effect size [ES] = 0.52, moderate) and after SS (P = .006; ES = 0.43, small). There was an interaction (F = 3.592; P = .015) and a time effect (F = 122.631; P = .0001) for blood lactate concentration, showing lower levels after CWI versus CG (P = .028; ES = 0.93, moderate) and after CWI versus SS (P = .042; ES = 0.82, moderate). There was an interaction (F = 9.617; P = .001) for handgrip strength, showing an impairment in performance after SS (P = .001; ES = 0.67, moderate). CONCLUSION CWI promoted restoration of muscle strength and endurance and reduction in blood lactate levels after the simulated fight and can thus be used by jiu-jitsu athletes as a recovery strategy between fights.
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Keytsman C, Hansen D, Wens I, Eijnde BO. Exercise-induced lactate responses in Multiple Sclerosis: A retrospective analysis. NeuroRehabilitation 2019; 45:99-106. [PMID: 31403957 DOI: 10.3233/nre-192740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with Multiple Sclerosis have elevated resting serum lactate concentrations compared to healthy controls (HC). OBJECTIVE To evaluate lactate concentrations during acute exercise and/or following training in MS compared to HC. METHODS In this retrospective study, blood lactate concentrations (mmol/l) originating from two previous studies were analyzed. Lactate concentrations originated from acute submaximal (MSsubmax; HC, n = 11; MS, n = 32) or maximal (MSmax; HC, n = 20; MS, n = 24) exercise tests and following a 24-week mild to moderate intensity (MSsubmax, n = 12) or 12-week high intensity interval (MSmax, n = 13) exercise intervention. RESULTS Under submaximal conditions in MS and compared to HC, lactaterest (MS: 2.7±0.6 vs HC: 2.3±0.7 was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated. After 24 weeks of mild-to-moderate-intensity exercise training and compared to PRE-values, lactatebout2 (2.5±0.7 vs 3.4±1.1) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased during submaximal testing in MSsubmax. Under maximal conditions, lactatestart (2.3±1.0 vs 1.7±0.9) was significantly (p > 0.05) elevated in MS. Twelve weeks of high intensity interval training did not improve this (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this retrospective analysis we conclude that lactate concentrations during acute submaximal and maximal exercise in persons with MS are similar compared to healthy controls. Moderate intensity exercise therapy appeared to improve lactate accumulation but high intensity exercise therapy did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Keytsman
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dominique Hansen
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Inez Wens
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bert O Eijnde
- ADLON - Sportsmedical Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Naharudin MNB, Yusof A. The effect of 10 days of intermittent fasting on Wingate anaerobic power and prolonged high-intensity time-to-exhaustion cycling performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:667-676. [PMID: 29485326 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1438520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Many physically active individuals have undertaken intermittent fasting to reduce their daily caloric intake. However, abstaining from meals for a specific length of time may lead to the acute disturbance of highly carbohydrate-dependent exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of 10 days of intermittent fasting on high-intensity type exercises, Wingate anaerobic (WT) and prolonged high-intensity time-to-exhaustion (HIT) cycling test. Twenty participants were randomised into an intermittent fasting (FAS) and a control group (CON). One day after baseline data collection on Day-0 where participants consumed their recommended daily caloric intake (FAS = 2500 ± 143 kcal day-1; CON = 2492 ± 20 kcal day-1) served over a course of five meals, the FAS group consumed only four meals where 40% was restricted by the omission of lunch (FAS = 1500 ± 55 kcal day-1). This diet was then continued for 10 days. Data on exercise performance and other dependent variables were collected on Day-2, -4, -6, -8 and -10. A reduction in WT power in the FAS group was observed on Day-2 (821.74 ± 66.07 W) compared to Day-0 (847.63 ± 95.94 W) with a moderate effect size (p < .05, ES = 0.4), while HIT time-to-exhaustion performance declined over the 10 days with a trend of recovery from a large to a minimum effect size (p < .05, ES = 0.8-0.3). Body weight and triglyceride were consistently reduced in the FAS group (p < .01). The present study suggests that intermittent fasting must exceed 10 days to ensure that high-intensity performance does not deteriorate because this length of time seems to be required for effective adaptation to the new dietary regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashril Yusof
- a Sports Centre, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Maciejewski H, Bourdin M, Lacour JR, Denis C, Moyen B, Messonnier L. Lactate accumulation in response to supramaximal exercise in rowers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 23:585-92. [PMID: 22288604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test (a) three methods to estimate the quantity of lactate accumulated (QLaA ) in response to supramaximal exercise and (b) correlations between QLaA and the nonoxidative energy supply assessed by the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD). Nine rowers performed a 3-min all-out test on a rowing ergometer to estimate AOD and lactate accumulation in response to exercise. Peak blood lactate concentration [(La)peak ] during recovery was assessed, allowing QLaA(m1) to be estimated by the method of Margaria et al. Application of a bicompartmental model of lactate distribution space to the blood lactate recovery curves allowed estimation of (a) the net amount of lactate released during recovery from the active muscles (NALR max ), and (b) QLaA according to two methods (QLaA(m2) and QLaA(m3)). (La)peak did not correlate with AOD. QLaA(m1), QLaA(m2) and QLaA(m3) correlated with AOD (r = 0.70, r = 0.85 and r = 0.92, respectively). These results confirm that (La)peak does not provide reliable information on nonoxidative energy supply during supramaximal exercise. The correlations between AOD and QLaA(m2) and QLaA(m3) support the concept of studying blood lactate recovery curves to estimate lactate accumulation and thus the contribution of nonoxidative pathway to energy supply during supramaximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maciejewski
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T 9406, Oullins, France; French Rowing Federation (FFSA), Nogent-sur-Marne, France
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9
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Rebuttal from Vinnakota and Kushmerick. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1491. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01506.2010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Akubat I, Abt G. Intermittent exercise alters the heart rate-blood lactate relationship used for calculating the training impulse (TRIMP) in team sport players. J Sci Med Sport 2011; 14:249-53. [PMID: 21237707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The training impulse (TRIMP) quantifies training dose by weighting heart rate according to the relationship between fractional elevation in heart rate (ΔHR) and blood lactate concentration (BLa). This study compared the physiological responses to intermittent and continuous exercise and their influence on TRIMP weightings. DESIGN Repeated measures crossover. METHOD Twelve team sport players undertook a vVO2max test and then a continuous trial (CT) and intermittent trial (IT) in a randomised order. Each trial consisted of 4×4 min stages corresponding to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of vVO2max. Trials were matched for distance and mean speed. RESULTS A repeated measures ANOVA revealed higher BLa for IT at 75% vVO2max (p=0.023) and 100% vVO2max (p=0.012); higher VO(2) for IT at 25% vVO(2max) (p<0.001); higher ΔHR for IT at 25% vVO2max (p<0.001), 75% vVO2max (p=0.03) and 100% vVO2max (p=0.018); higher TRIMP weightings for IT at 0.9 ΔHR (p=0.018) and 1.0 ΔHR (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS Intermittent exercise alters the ΔHR-BLa relationship and TRIMP weightings at high exercise intensities. Determination of the training impulse from the ΔHR-BLa relationship derived from a continuous exercise protocol may underestimate the exercise 'dose' of training and/or matches in team sport players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Akubat
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, The University of Hull, UK
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Medbø JI, Jebens E, Noddeland H, Hanem S, Toska K. Lactate elimination and glycogen resynthesis after intense bicycling. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 66:211-26. [PMID: 16714250 DOI: 10.1080/00365510600570599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscles break down glycogen to lactate during intense exercise, and in the recovery period, glycogen reappears while lactate disappears. The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent lactate is resynthesized to glycogen within the formerly active muscles themselves in man. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen healthy young men cycled for 2 min to exhaustion. Muscle biopsies were taken from the knee extensor muscle before the exercise, just after the ride, and again after 45 min of recovery. In addition, blood samples were taken from the femoral artery and vein, and the leg blood flow was measured using the ultrasound Doppler technique. The muscle biopsies were analysed for glycogen, lactate and other metabolites, and the blood samples were analysed for lactate and glucose. The exchanges of lactate and glucose of the leg were assessed by multiplying the measured arterio-venous (a-v) differences by the blood flow. RESULTS During the exercise the muscles broke down 20+/-4 mmol glycogen kg(-1) wet muscle mass and produced 26+/-1 mmol lactate kg(-1). In the recovery period after 24+/-1 mmol lactate kg(-1) had disappeared, of which 48 % was released to the blood, 52 % disappeared within the muscle. An R-value of 0.62 across the leg suggests that none of the lactate was oxidized. Altogether, 10+/-3 mmol glycogen kg(-1) reappeared during recovery. Glucose uptake accounted for 2 mmol kg(-1) and glycolytic intermediates (G-6-P and free glucose) accounted for 4 mmol kg(-1); 4 mmol glycogen kg(-1) (42 %) reappeared from unknown sources. CONCLUSIONS The present data are compatible with the idea that around half of the lactate produced during intense bicycling is resynthesized to glycogen within the working muscles themselves in the recovery period after the bicycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Medbø
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Ikeuchi M, Yamaguchi K, Koyama T, Sono Y, Yazawa K. Effects of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum greaecum) extract on endurance capacity in mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2007; 52:287-92. [PMID: 17087056 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.52.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effect of fenugreek seed extract (FG) on endurance capacity in male mice aged 4 wk. Mice were given orally either vehicle or FG (150, 300 mg/kg body weight) by stomach intubation for 4 wk. The 300 mg/ kg FG group showed a significant increase in swimming time to exhaustion as compared to the control group. In the FG groups, blood lactate concentration was significantly lower than in the control group. In the control group, plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and plasma glucose were decreased by swimming exercise. But in the FG group, NEFA and plasma glucose were significantly increased by swimming. FG treatment also significantly decreased fat accumulation. These results suggest that improvement in swimming endurance by the administration of FG is caused by the increase in utilization of fatty acids as an energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ikeuchi
- Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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13
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Scott CB. Estimating energy expenditure for brief bouts of exercise with acute recovery. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2006; 31:144-9. [PMID: 16604132 DOI: 10.1139/h05-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four indirect estimations of energy expenditure were examined, (i) O(2) debt, (ii) O(2) deficit, (iii) blood lactate concentration, and (iv) excess CO(2) production during and after 6 exercise durations (2, 4, 10, 15, 30, and 75 s) performed at 3 different intensities (50%, 100%, and 200% of VO(2) max). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if significant differences existed among these 4 estimations of anaerobic energy expenditure and among 4 estimations of total energy expenditure (that included exercise O(2) uptake and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, or EPOC, measurements). The data indicate that estimations of anaerobic energy expenditure often differed for brief (2, 4, and 10 s) bouts of exercise, but this did not extend to total energy expenditure. At the higher exercise intensities with the longest durations O(2) deficit, blood lactate concentration, and excess CO(2) estimates of anaerobic and total energy expenditure revealed high variability; however, they were not statistically different. Moreover, they all differed significantly from the O(2) debt interpretation (p < 0.05). It is concluded that as the contribution of rapid substrate-level ATP turnover with lactate production becomes larger, the greatest error in quantifying total energy expenditure is suggested to occur not with the method of estimation, but with the omission of a reasonable estimate of anaerobic energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Scott
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Southern Maine, Gorham, ME 04038, USA.
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Scott CB, Littlefield ND, Chason JD, Bunker MP, Asselin EM. Differences in oxygen uptake but equivalent energy expenditure between a brief bout of cycling and running. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2006; 3:1. [PMID: 16390548 PMCID: PMC1334197 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined aerobic and anaerobic exercise energy expenditure and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) between a 250 Watt, 1-minute bout of cycling and uphill treadmill running. Methods Fourteen active to well-trained subjects volunteered for the investigation (VO2 max: 57.0 ± 12.9 ml·kg·min-1 cycle; 59.3 ± 13.7 ml·kg·min-1 run; p = 0.44). Anaerobic energy expenditure was estimated from △blood lactate. Statistical analysis was completed using a paired t-test (mean ± SD). Results Perceived exertion did not differ between exercise bouts (14.0 ± 2.3 cycle; 13.2 ± 2.1 run; p = 0.29). Exercise oxygen uptake was significantly greater for running (41.4 ± 6.9 kJ) compared to cycling (31.7 ± 7.7 kJ) (p = 0.0001). EPOC was not different between cycling and running (p = 0.21) so that exercise oxygen uptake + EPOC was greater for running (103.0 ± 13.5 kJ) as compared to cycling (85.4 ± 20.2 kJ; p = 0.008). Anaerobic energy expenditure was significantly greater for cycling (32.7 ± 8.9 kJ) versus running (22.5 ± 11.1 kJ) (p = 0.009). Aerobic + anaerobic exercise energy expenditure (cycle 64.3 ± 12.2 kJ; run 63.9 ± 10.1 kJ) (p = 0.90) and total energy expenditure (including EPOC; cycle 118.0 ± 21.8 kJ; run 125.4 ± 19.1 kJ; p = 0.36) were similar for cycling and running. Conclusion Oxygen-only measures reveal discrepancy in energy expenditure between cycling and uphill running. Measurements of exercise oxygen uptake, △blood lactate and a modified EPOC promote the hypothesis of a similarity in exercise and total energy expenditure between 1-minute work-equivalent bouts of cycling and uphill running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Scott
- University of Southern Maine, Department of Sports Medicine, 37 College Ave. Gorham, ME 04038, USA
| | - Nathanael D Littlefield
- University of Southern Maine, Department of Sports Medicine, 37 College Ave. Gorham, ME 04038, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Chason
- University of Southern Maine, Department of Sports Medicine, 37 College Ave. Gorham, ME 04038, USA
| | - Michael P Bunker
- University of Southern Maine, Department of Sports Medicine, 37 College Ave. Gorham, ME 04038, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Asselin
- University of Southern Maine, Department of Sports Medicine, 37 College Ave. Gorham, ME 04038, USA
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Ohkuwa T, Itoh H, Yamamoto T, Yamazaki Y, Sato Y. Comparison of blood lactate levels between swimming in clothes and a swimsuit. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2002; 73:345-349. [PMID: 12230343 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2002.10609030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Ohkuwa
- Department of General Studies at the Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan.
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16
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Ohkuwa T, Itoh H, Yamamoto T, Yanagi H, Yamazaki Y, Akimaru T. Effect of varying light intensity on maximal power production and selected metabolic variables. Arch Physiol Biochem 2001; 109:430-4. [PMID: 11935384 DOI: 10.1076/apab.109.5.430.8034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the effect of exposure to two levels of light intensity (bright; 5000 lux, dim; 50 lux) prior to supramaximal cycle exercise on performance and metabolic alterations. The exercise was performed after bright and dim light exposure for 90 minutes. Ten male long-distance runners volunteered to take part in the study. They performed 45-sec supramaximal exercise using a cycle ergometer in a 500-lux. Mean power output was measured during the exercise. Lactate and ammonia in the blood and epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations in plasma were measured at rest immediately after bright and dim light exposures and after the exercise. Bright and dim light exposure prior to exercise did not significantly affect the power output during the exercise. Blood glucose concentration immediately after exercise and plasma epinephrine during the resting period were significantly lower after bright light exposure compared with dim light exposure (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in blood lactate, ammonia, or plasma norepinephrine levels after exercise following bright and dim light exposures. This study demonstrated that bright light stimulation prior to supramaximal exercise decreases glucose and epinephrine levels, but is not related to physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohkuwa
- Department of General Studies, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Showa-ku, Japan.
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17
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Medbø JI, Toska K. Lactate release, concentration in blood, and apparent distribution volume after intense bicycling. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 51:303-12. [PMID: 11492954 DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.51.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To study the release of lactate from muscle and its relationship to the blood lactate concentration during and after intense bicycling, young men cycled at 5.5 W kg(-1) body mass for 2 min to exhaustion or stopped after 1 min (nonexhaustive ride). The leg's release of lactate during and after each ride was taken from the measured blood flow and lactate concentrations in arterial and femoral-venous blood. Muscle biopsies were taken in separate experiments and analyzed for lactate. During the bicycling, 6 to 10% of the lactate produced was released to the blood. During exercise and for the first few minutes after, the rate of lactate release did not differ between 2 min exhaustive and 1 min nonexhaustive bicycling. The integrated release (exercise plus recovery) for the 1 min bicycling was 60 to 80% of the corresponding value of the 2 min exhaustive bicycling. In the late recovery, the blood lactate concentration was 3 to 5 times higher after 2 min exhaustive bicycling than after the 1 min nonexhaustive bicycling. There was thus a mismatch between the amount of lactate released and measured concentration in blood, reflecting a smaller distribution volume after the exhaustive bicycling. The blood lactate concentration may therefore not be a good measure of the lactate production and anaerobic energy release during bicycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Medbø
- National Institute of Occupational Health, N-0033-8149 Oslo, Norway.
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Novel-Chaté V, Rey V, Chioléro R, Schneiter P, Leverve X, Jéquier E, Tappy L. Role of Na+-K+-ATPase in insulin-induced lactate release by skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280:E296-300. [PMID: 11158933 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.2.e296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia increases lactate release by various organs and tissues. Whereas it has been shown that aerobic glycolysis is linked to Na+-K+-ATPase activity, we hypothesized that stimulation by insulin of skeletal muscle Na+-K+-ATPase is responsible for increased muscle lactate production. To test this hypothesis, we assessed muscle lactate release in healthy volunteers from the [13C]lactate concentration in the effluent dialysates of microdialysis probes inserted into the tibialis anterior muscles on both sides and infused with solutions containing 5 mmol/l [U-13C]glucose. On one side, the microdialysis probe was intermittently infused with the same solution additioned with 2.10(-5) M ouabain. In the basal state, [13C]lactate concentration in the dialysate was not affected by ouabain. During a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, [13C]lactate concentration increased by 135% in the dialysate without ouabain, and this stimulation was nearly entirely reversed by ouabain (56% inhibition compared with values in the dialysate collected from the contralateral probe). These data indicate that insulin stimulates muscle lactate release by activating Na+-K+-ATPase in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Novel-Chaté
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Lausanne, 7 rue du Bugnon, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Yamamoto T, Ohkuwa T, Itoh H, Yamazaki Y, Sato Y. Walking at moderate speed with heel-less shoes increases calf blood flow. Arch Physiol Biochem 2000; 108:398-404. [PMID: 11262597 DOI: 10.1076/apab.108.5.398.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the physiological and biochemical effects of wearing heel-less shoes over a wide range of walking speeds. Six male students wearing alternately regular shoes and heel-less shoes walked at the constant speeds of 60, 80, 100 and 120 m/min for 10 min on a treadmill at 0% grade. The average heart rate was higher during heel-less shoe trials than when subjects walked in regular shoes at each speed, but differences were not significant. The calf blood flow showed its highest mean value at 80 m/min when subjects walked in heel-less shoes, and at 100 m/min when they walked in regular shoes. However, at walking speeds higher than these, calf blood flow decreased for wearers of both types of shoes. The calf blood flow after 80 m/min was higher when walking in heel-less rather than regular shoes. Blood lactate concentration after walking in heel-less shoes at 120 m/min was significantly higher than basal level, but after walking in regular shoes it was unchanged from the level before walking. Noradrenaline concentration at 120 m/min while walking in heel-less shoes was significantly higher than while walking in regular shoes. In conclusion, walking exercise in heel-less shoes induced an increase of the calf blood flow at a moderate speed, and increased glycogen metabolism and noradrenaline secretion at a faster speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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20
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Medbø JI. Is the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit an adequate measure of the anaerobic capacity? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 1996; 21:370-83; discussion 384-8. [PMID: 8905188 DOI: 10.1139/h96-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J I Medbø
- Department of Sport Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Dragvoll, Norway
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21
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Pascoe DD, Gladden LB. Muscle glycogen resynthesis after short term, high intensity exercise and resistance exercise. Sports Med 1996; 21:98-118. [PMID: 8775516 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199621020-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Typical rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after short term, high intensity exercise (15.1 to 33.6 mmol/kg/h) are much higher than glycogen resynthesis rates following prolonged exercise (approximately 2 mmol/kg/h), even when optimal amounts of oral carbohydrate are supplied (approximately mmol/kg/h). Several factors differ during post-exercise recovery from short term, high intensity exercise compared with prolonged exercise. The extremely fast rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis following short term, high intensity exercise may originate from these differences. First, peak blood glucose levels range from 6.6 to 8.9 mmol/L during recovery from short term, high intensity exercise. This is markedly higher than the blood glucose values of 2 to 3.4 mmol/L after prolonged exercise. In response to this elevation in plasma glucose levels, insulin levels increase to approximately 60 microU/ml, a 2-fold increase over resting values. Both glucose and insulin regulate glycogen synthase activity, and higher levels of them improve muscle glycogen synthesis. Secondly, high intensity exercise produces high levels of glycolytic intermediates in muscle, as well as high lactate levels ([La]) in muscle and blood. Finally, fast-twitch glycolytic muscle fibres are more heavily used in short term, high intensity exercise. This promotes greater glycogen depletion in the fast-twitch fibres, which have a higher level of glycogen synthase activity than slow-twitch fibres. While the exact contribution of each of these factors is unknown, they may act in combination to stimulate rapid muscle glycogen resynthesis rates. Muscle glycogen resynthesis rates following resistance exercise (1.3 to 11.1 mmol/kg/h) are slower than the rates observed after short term, high intensity exercise. This may be caused by slightly lower muscle and blood [La] after resistance exercise. In addition, a greater eccentric component in the resistance exercise may cause some interference with glycogen resynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Pascoe
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Auburn University, Alabama, USA
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23
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Bloch G, Jouvensal L, Carlier PG. 1H NMR determination of lactate 13C-enrichment in skeletal muscle: using a double quantum filter for the simultaneous editing of 13C-coupled and 13C-uncoupled methyl protons resonance. Magn Reson Med 1995; 34:353-8. [PMID: 7500874 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910340312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1H NMR simultaneous editing of 13C-coupled and 13C-uncoupled methyl protons resonance, using the selection of double quantum coherences by a gradient pulse, was analyzed in vitro and demonstrated in situ on the hindlimb of an exercised rat model postmortem. In vitro calibration showed agreement with theoretical analysis. High-resolution NMR of muscle extract confirmed the accuracy of the lactate 13C-enrichment calculated using the in situ NMR data and the calibration factor obtained in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bloch
- CEA, Service Hospitalier Fréderic Joliot, Département de Recherche en Imagerie, Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Orsay, France
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Medbø JI. Estimation of lactate release from contracting muscles in humans: a response to recent correspondence. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1994; 152:235-7. [PMID: 7872000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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25
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Bangsbo J. Estimation of lactate release from contracting muscles in man. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1994; 150:349-50. [PMID: 8010142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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