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Joung HY, Oh JM, Song MS, Kwon YB, Chun S. Selegiline Modulates Lipid Metabolism by Activating AMPK Pathways of Epididymal White Adipose Tissues in HFD-Fed Obese Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2539. [PMID: 38004519 PMCID: PMC10675427 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, as a major cause of many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, is among the most serious health problems. Increased monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been observed in the adipose tissue of obese humans and animals. Although previous studies have already demonstrated the potential of MAO-B inhibitors as a treatment for this condition, the mechanism of their effect has been insufficiently elucidated. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of selegiline, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, using in vivo animal models. The effect was evaluated through an assessment of body energy homeostasis, glucose tolerance tests, and biochemical analysis. Pharmacological inhibition of MAO-B by selegiline was observed to reduce body weight and fat accumulation, and improved glucose metabolism without a corresponding change in food intake, in HFD-fed obese mice. We also observed that both the expression of adipogenenic markers, including C/EBPα and FABP4, and lipogenic markers such as pACC were significantly reduced in epididymal white adipose tissues (eWATs). Conversely, increased expression of lipolytic markers such as ATGL and pHSL and AMPK phosphorylation were noted. Treating obese mice with selegiline significantly increased expression levels of UCP1 and promoted eWAT browning, indicating increased energy expenditure. These results suggest that selegiline, by inhibiting MAO-B activity, is a potential anti-obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Joung
- Department of Physiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea; (H.-Y.J.); (J.-M.O.)
| | - Jung-Mi Oh
- Department of Physiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea; (H.-Y.J.); (J.-M.O.)
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Bae Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sungkun Chun
- Department of Physiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea; (H.-Y.J.); (J.-M.O.)
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wu D, Jin L, Huang X, Deng H, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Zhang C, Guo HY. Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2452-2477. [PMID: 36093586 PMCID: PMC9481144 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctium lappa L. is a prevalent medicinal herb and a health supplement that is commonly used in Asia. Over the last few decades, the bioactive component arctigenin has attracted the attention of researchers because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, multiple sclerosis fighting, antitumor, and anti-leukemia properties. After summarising the research and literature on arctigenin, this study outlines the current status of research on pharmacological activity, total synthesis, and structural modification of arctigenin. The purpose of this study is to assist academics in obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the research progress on arctigenin and to provide constructive suggestions for further investigation of this useful molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Lili Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe-shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Changhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
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3
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Kang JH, Lee SK, Yun NJ, Kim YS, Song JJ, Bae YS. IM156, a new AMPK activator, protects against polymicrobial sepsis. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3378-3386. [PMID: 35502484 PMCID: PMC9189331 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IM156, a novel biguanide with higher potency of AMP‐activated protein kinase activation than metformin, has inhibitory activity against angiogenesis and cancer. In this study, we investigated effects of IM156 against polymicrobial sepsis. Administration of IM156 significantly increased survival rate against caecal ligation and puncture (CLP)‐induced sepsis. Mechanistically, IM156 markedly reduced viable bacterial burden in the peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood and attenuated organ damage in a CLP‐induced sepsis model. IM156 also inhibited the apoptosis of splenocytes and the production of inflammatory cytokines including IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐10 in CLP mice. Moreover, IM156 strongly inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in response to lipopolysaccharide in neutrophils. Taken together, these results show that IM156 can inhibit inflammatory response and protect against polymicrobial sepsis, suggesting that IM156 might be a new treatment for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyun Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joo Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason Jungsik Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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4
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Yoon SY, Yu JS, Hwang JY, So HM, Seo SO, Kim JK, Jang TS, Chung SJ, Kim KH. Phloridzin Acts as an Inhibitor of Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase MEG2 Relevant to Insulin Resistance. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061612. [PMID: 33799458 PMCID: PMC7998658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the megakaryocyte protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (PTP-MEG2, also named PTPN9) activity has been shown to be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Previously, we reported that PTP-MEG2 knockdown enhances adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, suggesting that PTP-MEG2 may be a potential antidiabetic target. In this study, we found that phloridzin, isolated from Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, inhibits the catalytic activity of PTP-MEG2 (half-inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 32 ± 1.06 μM) in vitro, indicating that it could be a potential antidiabetic drug candidate. Importantly, phloridzin stimulated glucose uptake by differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 muscle cells compared to that by the control cells. Moreover, phloridzin led to the enhanced phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt relevant to increased insulin sensitivity. Importantly, phloridzin attenuated palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 muscle cells. We also found that phloridzin did not accelerate adipocyte differentiation, suggesting that phloridzin improves insulin sensitivity without significant lipid accumulation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that phloridzin, an inhibitor of PTP-MEG2, stimulates glucose uptake through the activation of both AMPK and Akt signaling pathways. These results strongly suggest that phloridzin could be used as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Yoon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.-Y.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (J.Y.H.); (H.M.S.); (S.O.S.)
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Kwangju Women’s University, Gwangju 62396, Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.-Y.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (J.Y.H.); (H.M.S.); (S.O.S.)
| | - Ji Young Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.-Y.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (J.Y.H.); (H.M.S.); (S.O.S.)
| | - Hae Min So
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.-Y.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (J.Y.H.); (H.M.S.); (S.O.S.)
| | - Seung Oh Seo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.-Y.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (J.Y.H.); (H.M.S.); (S.O.S.)
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Tae Su Jang
- Department of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea;
| | - Sang J. Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.-Y.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (J.Y.H.); (H.M.S.); (S.O.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.C.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-290-7703 (S.J.C.); +82-31-290-7700 (K.H.K.)
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.-Y.Y.); (J.S.Y.); (J.Y.H.); (H.M.S.); (S.O.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.C.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-290-7703 (S.J.C.); +82-31-290-7700 (K.H.K.)
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Polyphenols and Other Bioactive Compounds of Sideritis Plants and Their Potential Biological Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163763. [PMID: 32824863 PMCID: PMC7464829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing problem of obesity associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, causes of obesity are extensively investigated. In addition to a high caloric diet and low physical activity, gut microbiota disturbance may have a potential impact on excessive weight gain. Some reports indicate differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora of obese people in comparison to lean. Bioactive compounds of natural origin with beneficial and multifaceted effects on the body are more frequently used in prevention and treatment of many metabolic diseases including obesity. Sideritis scardica is traditionally consumed as mountain tea in the Balkans to strengthen the body and improve mood. Many reports indicate a positive effect on digestive system, weight loss, and prevention of insulin resistance. Additionally, it exhibits antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects. The positive effect of Sideritis scardica extracts on memory and general cognitive abilities is indicated as well. The multilevel positive effect on the body appears to originate from the abundant occurrence of phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids in Sideritis scardica extracts. However, mechanisms underlying their action require careful discussion and further research. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize the available knowledge on the role and mechanism of action of biologically active compounds of Sideritis scardica and other related species from the genus Sideritis.
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Madhavi Y, Gaikwad N, Yerra VG, Kalvala AK, Nanduri S, Kumar A. Targeting AMPK in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications: Energy Homeostasis, Autophagy and Mitochondrial Health. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5207-5229. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180406120051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5′-monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key enzymatic protein involved
in linking the energy sensing to the metabolic manipulation. It is a serine/threonine kinase activated
by several upstream kinases. AMPK is a heterotrimeric protein complex regulated by AMP, ADP, and
ATP allosterically. AMPK is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues of the living system such as heart,
kidney, liver, brain and skeletal muscles. Thus malfunctioning of AMPK is expected to harbor several
human pathologies especially diseases associated with metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction. AMPK
activators including synthetic derivatives and several natural products that have been found to show therapeutic
relief in several animal models of disease. AMP, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICA
riboside) and A769662 are important activators of AMPK which have potential therapeutic importance
in diabetes and diabetic complications. AMPK modulation has shown beneficial effects against
diabetes, cardiovascular complications and diabetic neuropathy. The major impact of AMPK modulation
ensures healthy functioning of mitochondria and energy homeostasis in addition to maintaining a strict
check on inflammatory processes, autophagy and apoptosis. Structural studies on AMP and AICAR suggest
that the free amino group is imperative for AMPK stimulation. A769662, a non-nucleoside
thienopyridone compound which resulted from the lead optimization studies on A-592107 and several
other related compound is reported to exhibit a promising effect on diabetes and its complications through
activation of AMPK. Subsequent to the discovery of A769662, several thienopyridones,
hydroxybiphenyls pyrrolopyridones have been reported as AMPK modulators. The review will explore
the structure-function relationships of these analogues and the prospect of targeting AMPK in diabetes
and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.V. Madhavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Nikhil Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Kalvala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Balanagar, Telangana, India
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7
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Yoon SY, Kang HJ, Ahn D, Hwang JY, Kwon SJ, Chung SJ. Identification of chebulinic acid as a dual targeting inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases relevant to insulin resistance. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103087. [PMID: 31284101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural products as antidiabetic agents have been shown to stimulate insulin signaling via the inhibition of the protein tyrosine phosphatases relevant to insulin resistance. Previously, we have identified PTPN9 and DUSP9 as potential antidiabetic targets and a multi-targeting natural product thereof. In this study, knockdown of PTPN11 increased AMPK phosphorylation in differentiated C2C12 muscle cells by 3.8 fold, indicating that PTPN11 could be an antidiabetic target. Screening of a library of 658 natural products against PTPN9, DUSP9, or PTPN11 identified chebulinic acid (CA) as a strong allosteric inhibitor with a slow cooperative binding to PTPN9 (IC50 = 34 nM) and PTPN11 (IC50 = 37 nM), suggesting that it would be a potential antidiabetic candidate. Furthermore, CA stimulated glucose uptake and resulted in increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Taken together, we demonstrated that CA increased glucose uptake as a dual inhibitor of PTPN9 and PTPN11 through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. These results strongly suggest that CA could be used as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Yoon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jeong Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang J Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Bone DBJ, Meister J, Knudsen JR, Dattaroy D, Cohen A, Lee R, Lu H, Metzger D, Jensen TE, Wess J. Skeletal Muscle-Specific Activation of G q Signaling Maintains Glucose Homeostasis. Diabetes 2019; 68:1341-1352. [PMID: 30936140 PMCID: PMC6610017 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SKM) insulin resistance plays a central role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Because G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent excellent drug targets, we hypothesized that activation of specific functional classes of SKM GPCRs might lead to improved glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes. At present, little is known about the in vivo metabolic roles of the various distinct GPCR signaling pathways operative in SKM. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that selective activation of SKM Gq signaling can improve SKM glucose uptake and whole-body glucose homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Studies with transgenic mice expressing a Gq-linked designer GPCR selectively in SKM cells demonstrated that receptor-mediated activation of SKM Gq signaling greatly promoted glucose uptake into SKM and significantly improved glucose homeostasis in obese, glucose-intolerant mice. These beneficial metabolic effects required the activity of SKM AMPK. In contrast, obese mutant mice that lacked both Gαq and Gα11 selectively in SKM showed severe deficits in glucose homeostasis. Moreover, GPCR-mediated activation of Gq signaling also stimulated glucose uptake in primary human SKM cells. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that agents capable of enhancing SKM Gq signaling may prove useful as novel antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B J Bone
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jaroslawna Meister
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jonas R Knudsen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diptadip Dattaroy
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amanda Cohen
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Regina Lee
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Huiyan Lu
- Mouse Transgenic Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Yoon SY, Lee SR, Hwang JY, Benndorf R, Beemelmanns C, Chung SJ, Kim KH. Fridamycin A, a Microbial Natural Product, Stimulates Glucose Uptake without Inducing Adipogenesis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040765. [PMID: 30939853 PMCID: PMC6520714 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a complex, heterogeneous, and polygenic disease. Currently, available drugs for treating type 2 diabetes predominantly include sulfonylureas, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and biguanides. However, long-term treatment with these therapeutic drugs is often accompanied by undesirable side effects, which have driven interest in the development of more effective and safer antidiabetic agents. To address the urgent need for new chemical solutions, we focused on the analysis of structurally novel and/or biologically new metabolites produced by insect-associated microbes as they have recently been recognized as a rich source of natural products. Comparative LC/MS-based analysis of Actinomadura sp. RB99, isolated from a fungus-growing termite, led to the identification of the type II polyketide synthase-derived fridamycin A. The structure of fridamycin A was confirmed by ¹H NMR data and LC/MS analysis. The natural microbial product, fridamycin A, was examined for its antidiabetic properties in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which demonstrated that fridamycin A induced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway but did not affect adipocyte differentiation, suggesting that the glucose uptake took place through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway without inducing adipogenesis. Our results suggest that fridamycin A has potential to induce fewer side effects such as weight gain compared to rosiglitazone, a commonly used antidiabetic drug, and that fridamycin A could be a novel potential therapeutic candidate for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Yoon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Ji Young Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - René Benndorf
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sang J Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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10
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Li Y, Peng J, Li P, Du H, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Wang LL, Zuo Z. Identification of potential AMPK activator by pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking and QSAR study. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 79:165-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Yoon SY, Lee JH, Kwon SJ, Kang HJ, Chung SJ. Ginkgolic acid as a dual-targeting inhibitor for protein tyrosine phosphatases relevant to insulin resistance. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:264-269. [PMID: 30153591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that disrupt the insulin-signaling pathway were investigated by siRNAs to identify potential antidiabetic targets. Individual knockdown of PTPN9 and DUSP9 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes increased AMPK phosphorylation, respectively, and furthermore, concurrent knockdown of both PTPN9 and DUSP9 synergistically increased AMPK phosphorylation. Next, 658 natural products were screened to identify dual inhibitors of both PTPN9 and DUSP9. Based on the selectivity and inhibition potency of the compounds, ginkgolic acid (GA) was selected for further study as a potential antidiabetic drug candidate. GA inhibited the enzymatic activity of PTPN9 (Ki = 53 µM) and DUSP9 (Ki = 2.5 µM) in vitro and resulted in a significant increase of glucose-uptake in differentiated C2C12 muscle cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, GA increased phosphorylation of AMPK in 3T3L1 adipocytes. In this study, GA as a dual targeting inhibitor of PTPN9 and DUSP9 increased glucose uptake in 3T3L1 and C2C12 cells by activating the AMPK signaling pathway. These results strongly suggest GA could be used as a therapeutic candidate for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Yoon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jeong Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang J Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Chung MM, Nicol CJ, Cheng YC, Lin KH, Chen YL, Pei D, Lin CH, Shih YN, Yen CH, Chen SJ, Huang RN, Chiang MC. Metformin activation of AMPK suppresses AGE-induced inflammatory response in hNSCs. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:75-83. [PMID: 28159472 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the precise mechanisms remain unclear, T2DM may exacerbate neurodegenerative processes. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling is an evolutionary preserved pathway that is important during homeostatic energy biogenesis responses at both the cellular and whole-body levels. Metformin, a ubiquitously prescribed anti-diabetic drug, exerts its effects by AMPK activation. However, while the roles of AMPK as a metabolic mediator are generally well understood, its performance in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration are not yet well defined. Given hyperglycemia is accompanied by an accelerated rate of advanced glycosylation end product (AGE) formation, which is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic neuronal impairment and, inflammatory response, clarification of the role of AMPK signaling in these processes is needed. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that metformin, an AMPK activator, protects against diabetic AGE induced neuronal impairment in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). In the present study, hNSCs exposed to AGE had significantly reduced cell viability, which correlated with elevated inflammatory cytokine expression, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α. Co-treatment with metformin significantly abrogated the AGE-mediated effects in hNSCs. In addition, metformin rescued the transcript and protein expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and inhibitory kappa B kinase (IKK) in AGE-treated hNSCs. NF-κB is a transcription factor with a key role in the expression of a variety of genes involved in inflammatory responses, and metformin did prevent the AGE-mediated increase in NF-κB mRNA and protein levels in the hNSCs exposed to AGE. Indeed, co-treatment with metformin significantly restored inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels in AGE-treated hNSCs. These findings extend our understanding of the central role of AMPK in AGE induced inflammatory responses, which increase the risk of neurodegeneration in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Christopher J Nicol
- Departments of Pathology & Molecular Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Dee Pei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxing Branch, Taipei 103, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Nuo Shih
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Yen
- Department of International Business, Ming Chuan University, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jiuun Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Huang
- Department of Entomology and Research Center for Plant-Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
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Chen W, Pan Y, Wang S, Liu Y, Chen G, Zhou L, Ni W, Wang A, Lu Y. Cryptotanshinone activates AMPK-TSC2 axis leading to inhibition of mTORC1 signaling in cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:34. [PMID: 28061838 PMCID: PMC5219700 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptotanshinone (CPT), a fat-soluble phenanthraquinone from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been demonstrated to inhibit phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), a couple of direct downstream effectors of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), resulting in cancer cell arrested in G0 phase and subsequent inhibition of proliferation. However, its concrete molecular mechanism about how CPT inhibits mTORC1 signaling pathway is unclear. Methods one solution was used to check cell viability and western blotting for determining expression of the indicated proteins. Molecular docking was performed to assess the binding of CPT with mTOR. The co-immunoprecipitation assay was to analyze whether CPT could disrupt the mTORC1 and TSC1/TSC2 complex. Recombinant adenoviral dominant-negative AMPKα was used to downregulate expression of AMPKα and lentiviral AMPK and TSC2 to silence the AMPK and TSC2 in Rh30 cells. Results Primarily, Rh30 cells expressing rapamycin-resistant mutant mTOR are also sensitive to CPT, while the molecular docking result for CPT binding to mTOR is negative, suggesting that CPT inhibition of mTORC1 is different from rapamycin. Then the related proteins of PTEN-PI3K pathway was proved not to be affected, but the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated by a concentration- and time- dependent manner, meaning that it may be associated with AMPK. Further results indicated that compound C, inhibitor of AMPK, could clearly reversed CPT inhibitory effect on Rh30 cells, and dominant-negative AMPK in cancer cells conferred resistance to CPT inhibition of 4E-BP1 and phosphorylation of S6K1, as well as sh-AMPK. Furthermore, compared with AMPK-positive MEF cells, AMPK-negative MEF cells are less sensitive to CPT by the findings that 4E-BP1 and phosphorylation of S6K1 express comparatively more. Additionally, phosphorylation of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) was activated under the treatment of CPT, and down-expression of TSC2 by shRNA slightly recovered expression of 4E-BP1 and phosphorylation of S6K1, while co-immunoprecipitation of TSC2 did not alter expression of TSC1 by CPT. Conclusion CPT inhibiting mTORC1 pathway was mostly due to activation of AMPK-TSC2 axis rather than specific binding to mTORC1. CPT is a potent anticancer agent targeting AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.138, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
| | - Yanhong Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.138, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Siliang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.138, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.138, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Guangying Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.138, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Wenting Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.138, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.138, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Yin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.138, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
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Green tea extract intake during lactation modified cardiac macrophage infiltration and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in weanling rats from undernourished mother during gestation and lactation. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 8:178-187. [PMID: 27919304 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maternal dietary restriction is often associated with cardiovascular disease in offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea extract (GTE) intake during lactation on macrophage infiltration, and activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and serine-threonine kinase Akt (Akt) in the hearts of weanlings exposed to maternal dietary protein restriction. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed control (C) or low-protein diets (LP) throughout gestation. Following delivery, the dams received a control or a GTE-containing control diet during lactation: control diet during gestation and lactation (CC), low-protein diet during gestation and lactation (LPC), low-protein diet during gestation and 0.12% GTE-containing low-protein diet during lactation (LPL), and low-protein diet during gestation and 0.24% GTE-containing low-protein diet during lactation (LPH). The female offspring were sacrificed at day 22. Biochemical parameters in the plasma, macrophage infiltration, degree of fibrosis and expression levels of AMPK and Akt were examined. The plasma insulin level increased in LPH compared with LPC. Percentage of the fibrotic areas and the number of macrophages in LPC were higher than those in CC. Conversely, the fibrotic areas and the macrophage number in LPH were smaller (21 and 56%, respectively) than those in LPC. The levels of phosphorylated AMPK in LPL and LPH, and Akt in LPH were greater than those in LPC. In conclusion, maternal protein restriction may induce macrophage infiltration and the decrease of insulin levels. However, GTE intake during lactation may suppress macrophage infiltration and restore insulin secretion function via upregulation of AMPK and insulin signaling in weanlings.
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Ming W, Lu G, Xin S, Huanyu L, Yinghao J, Xiaoying L, Chengming X, Banjun R, Li W, Zifan L. Mitochondria related peptide MOTS-c suppresses ovariectomy-induced bone loss via AMPK activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:412-419. [PMID: 27237975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting bone loss has been the focus of the study in osteoporosis. The present study is intended to evaluate whether MOTS-c, a novel mitochondria related 16 aa peptide, can protect mice from ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. After ovary removal, the mice were injected with MOTS-c at a dose of 5 mg/kg once a day for 12 weeks. Our results showed that MOTS-c treatment significantly alleviated bone loss, as determined by micro-CT examination. Mechanistically, we found that the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) induced osteoclast differentiation was remarkably inhibited by MOTS-c. Moreover, MOTS-c increased phosphorylated AMPK levels, and compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, could partially abrogate the effects of the MOTS-c on osteoclastogenesis. Thus, our findings provide evidence that MOTS-c may exert as an inhibitor of osteoporosis via AMPK dependent inhibition of osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Gan Lu
- Department of Gynecology of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, PR China.
| | - Sha Xin
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Lu Huanyu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Jiang Yinghao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Lei Xiaoying
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Xu Chengming
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Ruan Banjun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Lu Zifan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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Kim JY, Min JY, Baek JM, Ahn SJ, Jun HY, Yoon KH, Choi MK, Lee MS, Oh J. CTRP3 acts as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis through AMPK-c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling in vitro and RANKL-induced calvarial bone destruction in vivo. Bone 2015; 79:242-51. [PMID: 26103094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines derived from adipocytes are important factors that act as circulating regulators of bone metabolism. C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related Protein-3 (CTRP3) is a novel adipokine with multiple effects such as lowering glucose levels, inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver, and increasing angiogenesis and anti-inflammation. However, the effects and the mechanisms of CTRP3 on bone metabolism, which is regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, have not been investigated. Here, we found that CTRP3 inhibited osteoclast differentiation induced by osteoclastogenic factors in bone marrow cell-osteoblast co-cultures, but did not affect the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) to osteoprotegerin (OPG) induced by osteoclastogenic factors in osteoblasts. We also found that CTRP3 inhibited osteoclast differentiation from mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) induced by RANKL in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. Functionally, CTRP3 inhibited the F-actin formation and bone resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. Pretreatment with CTRP3 significantly inhibited RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc1), essential transcription factors for osteoclast development. Surprisingly, the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was considerably increased by pretreatment with CTRP3 for 1h. The CTRP3-stimulated AMPK activation was also maintained during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. CTRP3 did not affect RANKL-induced p38, ERK, JNK, Akt, IκB, CREB, and calcium signaling (Btk and PLCγ2). These results suggest that CTRP3 plays an important role as a negative regulator of RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation by acting as an inhibitor of NFATc1 activation through the AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, CTRP3 treatment reduced RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone destruction in mouse calvarial bone in vivo based on micro-CT and histologic analysis. In conclusion, these findings strongly suggest that CTRP3 deserves new evaluation as a potential treatment target in various bone diseases associated with excessive osteoclast differentiation and bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Kim
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Youl Min
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Baek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jun Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Young Jun
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ha Yoon
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Choi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Institute for Environmental Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung Su Lee
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Institute for Skeletal Disease, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaemin Oh
- Imaging Science-based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea; Institute for Skeletal Disease, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Admyre T, Amrot-Fors L, Andersson M, Bauer M, Bjursell M, Drmota T, Hallen S, Hartleib-Geschwindner J, Lindmark B, Liu J, Löfgren L, Rohman M, Selmi N, Wallenius K. Inhibition of AMP deaminase activity does not improve glucose control in rodent models of insulin resistance or diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:1486-96. [PMID: 25459661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of AMP deaminase (AMPD) holds the potential to elevate intracellular adenosine and AMP levels and, therefore, to augment adenosine signaling and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). To test the latter hypothesis, novel AMPD pan inhibitors were synthesized and explored using a panel of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models focusing on confirming AMPD inhibitory potency and the potential of AMPD inhibition to improve glucose control in vivo. Repeated dosing of selected inhibitors did not improve glucose control in insulin-resistant or diabetic rodent disease models. Mice with genetic deletion of the muscle-specific isoform Ampd1 did not showany favorable metabolic phenotype despite being challenged with high-fat diet feeding. Therefore, these results do not support the development of AMPD inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Chiaradonna F, Cirulli C, Palorini R, Votta G, Alberghina L. New Insights into the Connection Between Histone Deacetylases, Cell Metabolism, and Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:30-50. [PMID: 24483782 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Histone deacetylases (HDACs) activity and cell metabolism are considered important targets for cancer therapy, as both are deregulated and associated with the onset and maintenance of tumors. RECENT ADVANCES Besides the classical function of HDACs as HDAC enzymes controlling the transcription, it is becoming increasingly evident that these proteins are involved in the regulation of several other cellular processes by their ability to deacetylate hundreds of proteins with different functions in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Importantly, recent high-throughput studies have identified as important target proteins several enzymes involved in different metabolic pathways. Conversely, it has been also shown that metabolic intermediates may control HDACs activity. Consequently, the acetylation/deacetylation of metabolic enzymes and the ability of metabolic intermediates to modulate HDACs may represent a cross-talk connecting cell metabolism, transcription, and other HDACs-controlled processes in physiological and pathological conditions. CRITICAL ISSUES Since metabolic alterations and HDACs deregulation are important cancer hallmarks, disclosing connections among them may improve our understanding on cancer mechanisms and reveal novel therapeutic protocols against this disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS High-throughput metabolic studies performed by using more sophisticated technologies applied to the available models of conditional deletion of HDACs in cell lines or in mice will fill the gap in the current understanding and open directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cirulli
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Palorini
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Votta
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
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Oligonol suppresses lipid accumulation and improves insulin resistance in a palmitate-induced in HepG2 hepatocytes as a cellular steatosis model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:185. [PMID: 26077338 PMCID: PMC4490649 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Oligonol is a low molecular weight form of polyphenol polymers derived from lychee fruits. Several studies suggest that Oligonol has an anti-obesity effect. Since obesity is tightly associated with insulin resistance, we investigated a possible remission effect of Oligonol on lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in human hepatic HepG2 cells. Methods HepG2 cells were treated with palmitate for 24 h to induce cellular hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. The cells were then treated with Oligonol at subtoxic concentrations and examined for lipid metabolism, cytokine production, and insulin signaling using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Results Oligonol treatment reversed the palmitate-induced intracellular lipid accumulation, down regulated the expression of lipogenic genes, and up-regulated genes for fatty acid degradation. Oligonol restored insulin sensitivity, as was determined by the phosphorylation states of IRS-1. Oligonol also inhibited STAT3-SOCS3 signaling and increased AMPK phosphorylation in HepG2 cells. Conclusion Oligonol treatment improved palmitate-induced cellular steatosis and insulin resistance in HepG2 cells with concomitant reduction of inflammatory cytokines and decrease in STAT3-SOCS3 and AMPK-mTOR pathways. Oligonol may have beneficial effects in lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in the liver.
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20
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Jurmeister S, Ramos-Montoya A, Neal DE, Fryer LGD. Transcriptomic analysis reveals inhibition of androgen receptor activity by AMPK in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3785-99. [PMID: 25003216 PMCID: PMC4116520 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations contribute to prostate cancer development and progression; however, the role of the central metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) remains controversial. The androgen receptor (AR), a key driver of prostate cancer, regulates prostate cancer cell metabolism by driving the expression of a network of metabolic genes and activates AMPK through increasing the expression of one of its upstream kinases. To more clearly define the role of AMPK in prostate cancer, we performed expression profiling following pharmacologic activation of this kinase. We found that genes down-regulated upon AMPK activation were over-expressed in prostate cancer, consistent with a tumour suppressive function of AMPK. Strikingly, we identified the AR as one of the most significantly enriched transcription factors mediating gene expression changes downstream of AMPK signalling in prostate cancer cells. Activation of AMPK inhibited AR transcriptional activity and reduced androgen-dependent expression of known AR target genes. Conversely, knock-down of AMPK increased AR activity. Modulation of AR expression could not explain these effects. Instead, we observed that activation of AMPK reduced nuclear localisation of the AR. We thus propose the presence of a negative feedback loop in prostate cancer cells whereby AR activates AMPK and AMPK feeds back to limit AR-driven transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jurmeister
- Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, UK
| | | | | | - Lee G D Fryer
- Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, UK
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Abstract
The global prevalence of metabolic disorders is an immediate threat to human health. Genetic features, environmental aspects and lifestyle changes are the major risk factors determining metabolic dysfunction in the body. Autophagy is a housekeeping stress-induced lysosomal degradation pathway, which recycles macromolecules and metabolites for new protein synthesis and energy production and regulates cellular homeostasis by clearance of damaged protein or organelles. Recently, a dramatically increasing number of literatures has shown that defects of the autophagic machinery is associated with dysfunction of multiple metabolic tissues including pancreatic β cells, liver, adipose tissue and muscle, and is implicated in metabolic disorders such as obesity and insulin resistance. Here in this review, we summarize the representative works on these topics and discuss the versatile roles of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and its possible implication in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altea Rocchi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Congcong He
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Chuang HC, Chou CC, Kulp SK, Chen CS. AMPK as a potential anticancer target - friend or foe? Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:2607-18. [PMID: 23859619 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key player in maintaining energy homeostasis in response to metabolic stress. Beyond diabetes and metabolic syndrome, there is a growing interest in the therapeutic exploitation of the AMPK pathway in cancer treatment in light of its unique ability to regulate cancer cell proliferation through the reprogramming of cell metabolism. Although many studies support the tumor-suppressive role of AMPK, emerging evidence suggests that the metabolic checkpoint function of AMPK might be overridden by stress or oncogenic signals so that tumor cells use AMPK activation as a survival strategy to gain growth advantage. These findings underscore the complexity in the cellular function of AMPK in maintaining energy homeostasis under physiological versus pathological conditions. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of recent findings on the functional interplay of AMPK with different cell metabolic and signaling effectors, particularly histone deacetylases, in mediating downstream tumor suppressive or promoting mechanisms in different cell systems. Although AMPK activation inhibits tumor growth by targeting multiple signaling pathways relevant to tumorigenesis, under certain cellular contexts or certain stages of tumor development, AMPK might act as a protective response to metabolic stresses, such as nutrient deprivation, low oxygen, and low pH, or as downstream effectors of oncogenic proteins, including androgen receptor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, c-Src, and MYC. Thus, investigations to define at which stage(s) of tumorigenesis and cancer progression or for which genetic aberrations AMPK inhibition might represent a more relevant strategy than AMPK activation for cancer treatment are clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Rm 336, Parks Hall, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Yong Y, Shin SY, Jung Y, Jung H, Ahn S, Chong Y, Lim Y. Flavonoids activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-015-0003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Adachi Y, Kanbayashi Y, Harata I, Ubagai R, Takimoto T, Suzuki K, Miwa T, Noguchi Y. Petasin activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates glucose metabolism. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1262-1269. [PMID: 24871354 DOI: 10.1021/np400867m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Petasin (1), a natural product found in plants of the genus Petasites, has beneficial medicinal effects, such as antimigraine and antiallergy activities. However, whether or not 1 modulates metabolic diseases is unknown. In this study, the effects of 1 on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is considered a pharmacological target for treating metabolic diseases, are described. It was found that an extract of Petasites japonicus produces an increase in the phosphorylation of AMPK in vitro, and the main active compound 1 was isolated. When this compound was administered orally to mice, activation of AMPK in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue was observed. Moreover, pretreatment with 1 enhanced glucose tolerance following the administration of a glucose solution to normal mice. The mechanism by which 1 activates AMPK was subsequently investigated, and an increased intracellular AMP/ATP ratio in the cultured cells treated with 1 occurred. In addition, treatment with petasin inhibited mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Taken together, the present results indicated that 1 modulates glucose metabolism and activates AMPK through the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. The preclinical data suggested that petasin (1) could be useful for the treatment of metabolic diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Adachi
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co. Inc. , 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, 210-8681, Japan
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Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Exhibits Antidiabetic Activities in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:645812. [PMID: 25013446 PMCID: PMC4072050 DOI: 10.1155/2014/645812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, commonly known as lingonberry, has been identified among species used by the Cree of Eeyou Istchee of northern Quebec to treat symptoms of diabetes. In a previous study, the ethanol extract of berries of V. vitis-idaea enhanced glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells via stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of plant extract in a dietary mouse model of mild type 2 diabetes. C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, ∼35% lipids) for 8 weeks that become obese and insulin-resistant (diet-induced obesity, DIO) were used. Treatment began by adding V. vitis-idaea extract to HFD at 3 different concentrations (125, 250, and 500 mg/Kg) for a subsequent period of 8 weeks (total HFD, 16 weeks). The plant extract significantly decreased glycemia and strongly tended to decrease insulin levels in this model. This was correlated with a significant increase in GLUT4 content and activation of the AMPK and Akt pathways in skeletal muscle. V. vitis-idaea treatment also improved hepatic steatosis by decreasing hepatic triglyceride levels and significantly activated liver AMPK and Akt pathways. The results of the present study confirm that V. vitis-idaea represents a culturally relevant treatment option for Cree diabetics and pave the way to clinical studies.
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Liu W, Zhai X, Li H, Ji L. Depression-like behaviors in mice subjected to co-treatment of high-fat diet and corticosterone are ameliorated by AICAR and exercise. J Affect Disord 2014; 156:171-7. [PMID: 24388462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are highly co-morbid, and there may be a bi-directional connection between the two. Herein, we have described a mouse model of a depression-like and insulin-resistant (DIR) state induced by the co-treatment of high-fat diet (HFD) and corticosterone (CORT). 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d- ribofuranoside (AICAR), a pharmacological activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), was originally used to improve insulin resistance (IR). Interestingly, our results show a clear potential for AICAR as a putative antidepressant with a chronic action on the DIR mice. In contrast to the traditional antidepressants, AICAR as a promising antidepressant avoids reducing insulin actions of skeletal muscle in the context of long-term HFD. Exercise also produced antidepressant effects. Our data suggest that the effects of AICAR and exercise on DIR may further increase our understanding on the link between depression and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haipeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Abstract
Treatment of diabetes mellitus requires, at a certain stage of its course, drug intervention. This article reviews the properties of available antidiabetic medications and highlights potential targets for developing newer and safer drugs. Antidiabetic agents are grouped in the article as parts I, II and III according to the history of development. Part I groups early developed drugs, during the 20th century, including insulin, sulfonylureas, the metiglinides, insulin sensitizers, biguanides and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Part II groups newer drugs developed during the early part of the 21st century, the past decade, including GLP-1 analogs, DPP-VI inhibitors, amylin analogs and SGLT2 inhibitors. Part III groups potential targets for future design of newer antidiabetic agents with less adverse effects than the currently available antidiabetic drugs.
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Mirguet O, Sautet S, Clément CA, Toum J, Donche F, Marques C, Rondet E, Pizzonero M, Beaufils B, Dudit Y, Huet P, Trottet L, Grondin P, Brusq JM, Boursier E, Saintillan Y, Nicodeme E. Discovery of Pyridones As Oral AMPK Direct Activators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:632-6. [PMID: 24900722 DOI: 10.1021/ml400157g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved fuel-sensing enzyme that is activated in shortage of energy and suppressed in its surfeit. AMPK activation stimulates fatty acid oxidation, enhances insulin sensitivity, alleviates hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, and inhibits proinflammatory changes. Thus, AMPK is a well-received therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Here, we will report the discovery of pyrrolopyridone derivatives as AMPK direct activators. We will illustrate the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of the series as well as some pharmacokinetic results. Some compounds exhibited encouraging oral exposure and were evaluated in a mouse diabetic model. Compound 17 showed oral activity at 30 mg/kg on blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mirguet
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Sautet
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Catherine-Anne Clément
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme Toum
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Donche
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Celine Marques
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emilie Rondet
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathieu Pizzonero
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin Beaufils
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yann Dudit
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Huet
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lionel Trottet
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Grondin
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Brusq
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Boursier
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yannick Saintillan
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edwige Nicodeme
- Centre de Recherches François Hyafil, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 25 avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
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Yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) attenuates both central and peripheral inflammatory effects of diet-induced obesity in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:809-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of arctigenin ester and ether derivatives as activators of AMPK. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3882-93. [PMID: 23673223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of new arctigenin and 9-deoxy-arctigenin derivatives bearing different ester and ether side chains at the phenolic hydroxyl positions are designed, synthesized, and evaluated for activating AMPK potency in L6 myoblasts. Initial biological evaluation indicates that some alkyl ester and phenethyl ether arctigenin derivatives display potential activities in AMPK phosphorylation improvement. Further structure-activity relationship analysis shows that arctigenin ester derivatives 3a, 3h and 9-deoxy-arctigenin phenethyl ether derivatives 6a, 6c, 6d activate AMPK more potently than arctigenin. Moreover, the 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl ether moiety of 6c has been demonstrated as a potential functional group to improve the effect of AMPK phosphorylation. The structural optimization of arctigenin leads to the identification of 6c as a promising lead compound that exhibits excellent activity in AMPK activation.
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β2-adrenoceptor agonists can both stimulate and inhibit glucose uptake in mouse soleus muscle through ligand-directed signalling. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 386:761-73. [PMID: 23564017 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The β-adrenoceptor agonists BRL37344 and clenbuterol have opposite effects on glucose uptake in mouse soleus muscle, even though the β2-adrenoceptor mediates both effects. Different agonists may direct the soleus muscle β2-adrenoceptor to different signalling mechanisms. Soleus muscles were incubated with 2-deoxy[1-(14)C]-glucose, β-adrenoceptor agonists, other modulators of cyclic AMP, and inhibitors of intracellular signalling. The adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin (1 μM), the phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram (10 μM) and BRL37344 (10, but not 100 or 1,000, nM) increased, whereas clenbuterol (100 nM) decreased, glucose uptake. Forskolin increased, whereas clenbuterol decreased, muscle cyclic AMP content. BRL37344 (10 nM) did not increase cyclic AMP. Nevertheless, protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors prevented the stimulatory effect of BRL37344. Nanomolar but not micromolar concentrations of adrenaline stimulated glucose uptake. After preincubation of muscles with pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml), 100 nM clenbuterol, 0.1-10 μM adrenaline and 100 nM BRL37344 stimulated glucose uptake. Clenbuterol increased the proportion of phosphorylated to total β2-adrenoceptor. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not of the classical MAPK pathway, prevented stimulation of glucose uptake by BRL37344. Elevation of the cyclic AMP content of soleus muscle stimulates glucose uptake. Clenbuterol, and high concentrations of adrenaline and BRL37344 direct the β2-adrenoceptor partly to Gαi, possibly mediated by β2-adrenoceptor phosphorylation. The stimulatory effect of 10 nM BRL37344 requires the activity of PKA, PI3K and p38 MAPK, consistent with BRL37344 directing the β2-adrenoceptor to Gαs. Ligand-directed signalling may explain why β2-adrenoceptor agonists have differing effects on glucose uptake in soleus muscle.
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The Extract of Herbal Medicines Activates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Diet-Induced Obese Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:756025. [PMID: 23533517 PMCID: PMC3606713 DOI: 10.1155/2013/756025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our study investigated whether the extract of six herbal medicines (OB-1) has an inhibitory effect on obesity. High-fat diet-(HFD-) induced rats and controls were treated with 40 mg/100 g body weight of OB-1 or saline once a day for 5 weeks. After significant changes in body weight were induced, OB-1 and saline were administered to each subgroup of HFD and control groups for additional 5 weeks. No statistically significant decrease of body weight in OB-1-treated rats was found compared to controls. However, OB-1-treated rats were found to be more active in an open-field test and have a reduction in the size of adipocytes compared to controls. We observed no changes in the mRNA expressions of leptin and adiponectin from adipocytes between OB-1- and saline-treated rats with HFD-induced obesity group. However, OB-1 treatments were shown to be inversely correlated with accumulation of lipid droplets in liver tissue, suggesting that OB-1 could inhibit a lipid accumulation by blocking the pathway related to lipid metabolism. Moreover, the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was significantly increased in OB-1-treated rats with HFD compared to controls. These results suggest that OB-1 has no direct antiobesity effect and, however, could be a regulator of cellular metabolism.
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Sviripa V, Zhang W, Conroy MD, Schmidt ES, Liu AX, Truong J, Liu C, Watt DS. Fluorinated N,N'-diarylureas as AMPK activators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1600-3. [PMID: 23414799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) plays a central role in regulating energy homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. AMPK also regulates lipid synthesis by inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and regulates mTOR signaling by activating TSC2. Due to its important roles in cell metabolism, AMPK is an attractive target for metabolic diseases, such as type II diabetes and obesity. AMPK activators, such as metformin, that are used for diabetes treatment are also effective anticancer agents. However, the efficacies of many known AMPK activators are relatively low. For example, metformin activates AMPK at millimolar levels. In this study, we identified a novel family of AMPK activators, namely fluorinated N,N'-diarylureas, that activate AMPK at 1-3μM concentrations. These novel agents strongly inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells. We studied the potential mechanisms of these agents, performed a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study and identified several fluorinated N,N'-diarylureas as potent AMPK activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Sviripa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
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Aguilera-Méndez A, Fernández-Mejía C. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of biotin supplementation involves increased levels of cGMP and AMPK activation. Biofactors 2012; 38:387-94. [PMID: 22806917 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its role as a carboxylase cofactor, biotin modifies gene expression and has manifold effects on systemic processes. Several studies have shown that biotin supplementation reduces hypertriglyceridemia. We have previously reported that this effect is related to decreased expression of lipogenic genes. In the present work, we analyzed signaling pathways and posttranscriptional mechanisms involved in the hypotriglyceridemic effects of biotin. Male BALB/cAnN Hsd mice were fed a control or a biotin-supplemented diet (1.76 or 97.7 mg of free biotin/kg diet, respectively for 8 weeks after weaning. The abundance of mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP-1c), fatty-acid synthase (FAS), total acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and its phosphorylated form, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were evaluated in the liver. We also determined the serum triglyceride concentrations and the hepatic levels of triglycerides and cyclic GMP (cGMP). Compared to the control group, biotin-supplemented mice had lower serum and hepatic triglyceride concentrations. Biotin supplementation increased the levels of cGMP and the phosphorylated forms of AMPK and ACC-1 and decreased the abundance of the mature form of SREBP-1c and FAS. These data provide evidence that the mechanisms by which biotin supplementation reduces lipogenesis involve increased cGMP content and AMPK activation. In turn, these changes lead to augmented ACC-1 phosphorylation and decreased expression of both the mature form of SREBP-1c and FAS. Our results demonstrate for the first time that AMPK is involved in the effects of biotin supplementation and offer new insights into the mechanisms of biotin-mediated hypotriglyceridemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asdrúbal Aguilera-Méndez
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México City, Mexico
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Srivastava RAK, Pinkosky SL, Filippov S, Hanselman JC, Cramer CT, Newton RS. AMP-activated protein kinase: an emerging drug target to regulate imbalances in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism to treat cardio-metabolic diseases. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2490-514. [PMID: 22798688 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r025882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor of energy metabolism at the cellular as well as whole-body level. It is activated by low energy status that triggers a switch from ATP-consuming anabolic pathways to ATP-producing catabolic pathways. AMPK is involved in a wide range of biological activities that normalizes lipid, glucose, and energy imbalances. These pathways are dysregulated in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), which represents a clustering of major cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, lipid abnormalities, and energy imbalances. Clearly, there is an unmet medical need to find a molecule to treat alarming number of patients with MetS. AMPK, with multifaceted activities in various tissues, has emerged as an attractive drug target to manage lipid and glucose abnormalities and maintain energy homeostasis. A number of AMPK activators have been tested in preclinical models, but many of them have yet to reach to the clinic. This review focuses on the structure-function and role of AMPK in lipid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism. The mode of action of AMPK activators, mechanism of anti-inflammatory activities, and preclinical and clinical findings as well as future prospects of AMPK as a drug target in treating cardio-metabolic disease are discussed.
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Cardaci S, Filomeni G, Ciriolo MR. Redox implications of AMPK-mediated signal transduction beyond energetic clues. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2115-25. [PMID: 22619229 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.095216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), its fundamental role in regulating metabolic pathways and the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of its activity by adenine nucleotides has been widely studied. AMPK is not only an energy-responsive enzyme, but it also senses redox signals. This review aims at recapitulating the recent lines of evidence that demonstrate the responsiveness of this kinase to metabolic and nitroxidative imbalance, thus providing new insights into the intimate networks of redox-based signals upstream of AMPK. In particular, we discuss its well-recognized activation downstream of mitochondrial dysfunction, debate the recent findings that AMPK is directly targeted by pro-oxidant species, and question alternative redox pathways that allow AMPK to be included into the large class of redox-sensing proteins. The possible therapeutic implications of the role of AMPK in redox-associated pathologies, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, are also discussed in light of recent advances that suggest a role for AMPK in the tuning of redox-dependent processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cardaci
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Lee SH, Kim BJ, Choi HJ, Cho SW, Shin CS, Park SY, Lee YS, Lee SY, Kim HH, Kim GS, Koh JM. (-)-Epigallocathechin-3-gallate, an AMPK activator, decreases ovariectomy-induced bone loss by suppression of bone resorption. Calcif Tissue Int 2012; 90:404-10. [PMID: 22434366 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) negatively regulates receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclast formation in vitro. The present study investigated the effect of (-)-epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an AMPK activator, on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss in mice. Female mice subjected to OVX were administered EGCG for 8 weeks. We measured total-body bone mineral density (BMD) before and after the operation at an interval of 4 weeks. We performed micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of the tibia and bone histomorphometric examination of the femur. Western blot analysis was additionally performed, to detect levels of the phosphorylated and total forms of AMPK-α in calvarial extracts. EGCG prevented OVX-induced body weight gain. The OVX control did not show a significant increase in BMD values at baseline and after treatment, unlike the sham control. EGCG attenuated OVX-induced bone loss. Micro-CT experiments revealed that EGCG induced a significant increase in trabecular bone volume and trabecular number and a decrease in trabecular spacing compared to the OVX control. Histomorphometric analyses further showed that EGCG suppressed osteoclast surface and number. Phosphorylated AMPK expression was significantly elevated in bone following EGCG treatment. Our findings collectively indicate that EGCG decreases OVX-induced bone loss via inhibition of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls the aging process via an integrated signaling network. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:230-41. [PMID: 22186033 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient control of energy metabolic homeostasis, enhanced stress resistance, and qualified cellular housekeeping are the hallmarks of improved healthspan and extended lifespan. AMPK signaling is involved in the regulation of all these characteristics via an integrated signaling network. Many studies with lower organisms have revealed that increased AMPK activity can extend the lifespan. Experiments in mammals have demonstrated that AMPK controls autophagy through mTOR and ULK1 signaling which augment the quality of cellular housekeeping. Moreover, AMPK-induced stimulation of FoxO/DAF-16, Nrf2/SKN-1, and SIRT1 signaling pathways improves cellular stress resistance. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-κB signaling by AMPK suppresses inflammatory responses. Emerging studies indicate that the responsiveness of AMPK signaling clearly declines with aging. The loss of sensitivity of AMPK activation to cellular stress impairs metabolic regulation, increases oxidative stress and reduces autophagic clearance. These age-related changes activate innate immunity defence, triggering a low-grade inflammation and metabolic disorders. We will review in detail the signaling pathways of this integrated network through which AMPK controls energy metabolism, autophagic degradation and stress resistance and ultimately the aging process.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that osteoporosis, similarly to obesity and diabetes, could be another disorder of energy metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has emerged over the last decade as a key sensing mechanism in the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis and is an essential mediator of the central and peripheral effects of many hormones on the metabolism of appetite, fat and glucose. Novel work demonstrates that the AMPK signaling pathway also plays a role in bone physiology. Activation of AMPK promotes bone formation in vitro and the deletion of α or β subunit of AMPK decreases bone mass in mice. Furthermore, AMPK activity in bone cells is regulated by the same hormones that regulate food intake and energy expenditure through AMPK activation in the brain and peripheral tissues. AMPK is also activated by antidiabetic drugs such as metformin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which also impact on skeletal metabolism. Interestingly, TZDs have detrimental skeletal side effects, causing bone loss and increasing the risk of fractures, although the role of AMPK mediation is still unclear. These data are presented in this review that also discusses the potential roles of AMPK in bone as well as the possibility for AMPK to be a future therapeutic target for intervention in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeyabalan
- Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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Somanadhan B, Leong C, Whitton SR, Ng S, Buss AD, Butler MS. Identification of a naturally occurring quinazolin-4(3H)-one firefly luciferase inhibitor. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1500-1502. [PMID: 21639131 DOI: 10.1021/np1006179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A prefractionated Streptomyces-derived extract was initially identified as being active using a luciferase-based AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of the new compound quinazolin-4(3H)-one (1) as the active component. However, 1 was shown to have potent firefly luciferase inhibitory activity with no effect on AMPK. This is the first report of a natural luciferase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Somanadhan
- MerLion Pharmaceuticals, 1 Science Park Road, The Capricorn #05-01, Singapore Science Park II 117528, Singapore.
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41
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. AMP-activated protein kinase: a potential player in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2011; 118:460-74. [PMID: 21623793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) stimulates energy production via glucose and lipid metabolism, whereas it inhibits energy consuming functions, such as protein and cholesterol synthesis. Increased cytoplasmic AMP and Ca(2+) levels are the major activators of neuronal AMPK signaling. Interestingly, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with several abnormalities in neuronal energy metabolism, for example, decline in glucose uptake, mitochondrial dysfunctions and defects in cholesterol metabolism, and in addition, with problems in maintaining Ca(2+) homeostasis. Epidemiological studies have also revealed that many metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are risk factors for cognitive impairment and sporadic AD. Emerging studies indicate that AMPK signaling can regulate tau protein phosphorylation and amyloidogenesis, the major hallmarks of AD. AMPK is also a potent activator of autophagic degradation which seems to be suppressed in AD. All these observations imply that AMPK is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the responses of AMPK activation are dependent on stimulation and the extent of activating stress. Evidently, AMPK signaling can repress and delay the appearance of AD pathology but later on, with increasing neuronal stress, it can trigger detrimental effects that augment AD pathogenesis. We will outline the potential role of AMPK function in respect to various aspects affecting AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits NF-κB signaling and inflammation: impact on healthspan and lifespan. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2011. [PMID: 21431325 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0748-0.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial regulator of energy metabolic homeostasis and thus a major survival factor in a variety of metabolic stresses and also in the aging process. Metabolic syndrome is associated with a low-grade, chronic inflammation, primarily in adipose tissue. A low-level of inflammation is also present in the aging process. There are emerging results indicating that AMPK signaling can inhibit the inflammatory responses induced by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) system. The NF-κB subunits are not direct phosphorylation targets of AMPK, but the inhibition of NF-κB signaling is mediated by several downstream targets of AMPK, e.g., SIRT1, PGC-1α, p53, and Forkhead box O (FoxO) factors. AMPK signaling seems to enhance energy metabolism while it can repress inflammatory responses linked to chronic stress, e.g., in nutritional overload and during the aging process. AMPK can inhibit endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stresses which are involved in metabolic disorders and the aging process. Interestingly, many target proteins of AMPK are so-called longevity factors, e.g., SIRT1, p53, and FoxOs, which not only can increase the stress resistance and extend the lifespan of many organisms but also inhibit the inflammatory responses. The activation capacity of AMPK declines in metabolic stress and with aging which could augment the metabolic diseases and accelerate the aging process. We will review the AMPK pathways involved in the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and suppression of inflammation. We also emphasize that the capacity of AMPK to repress inflammatory responses can have a significant impact on both healthspan and lifespan.
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Salminen A, Hyttinen JMT, Kaarniranta K. AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits NF-κB signaling and inflammation: impact on healthspan and lifespan. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:667-76. [PMID: 21431325 PMCID: PMC3111671 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial regulator of energy metabolic homeostasis and thus a major survival factor in a variety of metabolic stresses and also in the aging process. Metabolic syndrome is associated with a low-grade, chronic inflammation, primarily in adipose tissue. A low-level of inflammation is also present in the aging process. There are emerging results indicating that AMPK signaling can inhibit the inflammatory responses induced by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) system. The NF-κB subunits are not direct phosphorylation targets of AMPK, but the inhibition of NF-κB signaling is mediated by several downstream targets of AMPK, e.g., SIRT1, PGC-1α, p53, and Forkhead box O (FoxO) factors. AMPK signaling seems to enhance energy metabolism while it can repress inflammatory responses linked to chronic stress, e.g., in nutritional overload and during the aging process. AMPK can inhibit endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stresses which are involved in metabolic disorders and the aging process. Interestingly, many target proteins of AMPK are so-called longevity factors, e.g., SIRT1, p53, and FoxOs, which not only can increase the stress resistance and extend the lifespan of many organisms but also inhibit the inflammatory responses. The activation capacity of AMPK declines in metabolic stress and with aging which could augment the metabolic diseases and accelerate the aging process. We will review the AMPK pathways involved in the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and suppression of inflammation. We also emphasize that the capacity of AMPK to repress inflammatory responses can have a significant impact on both healthspan and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha M. T. Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Gonzalez CD, Lee MS, Marchetti P, Pietropaolo M, Towns R, Vaccaro MI, Watada H, Wiley JW. The emerging role of autophagy in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Autophagy 2011; 7:2-11. [PMID: 20935516 PMCID: PMC3359481 DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.1.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging body of evidence supports a role for autophagy in the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Persistent high concentrations of glucose lead to imbalances in the antioxidant capacity within the cell resulting in oxidative stress-mediated injury in both disorders. An anticipated consequence of impaired autophagy is the accumulation of dysfunctional organelles such as mitochondria within the cell. Mitochondria are the primary site of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and an imbalance in ROS production relative to the cytoprotective action of autophagy may lead to the accumulation of ROS. Impaired mitochondrial function associated with increased ROS levels have been proposed as mechanisms contributing to insulin resistance. In this article we review and interpret the literature that implicates a role for autophagy in the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus as it applies to β-cell dysfunction, and more broadly to organ systems involved in complications of diabetes including the cardiovascular, renal and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, CEMIC University Hospital and University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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45
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Abstract
Exercise, together with a low-energy diet, is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes type 2 diabetes . Exercise improves insulin sensitivity insulin sensitivity by increasing the number or function of muscle mitochondria mitochondria and the capacity for aerobic metabolism, all of which are low in many insulin-resistant subjects. Cannabinoid 1-receptor antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists improve insulin sensitivity in humans and promote fat oxidation in rodents independently of reduced food intake. Current drugs for the treatment of diabetes are not, however, noted for their ability to increase fat oxidation, although the thiazolidinediones increase the capacity for fat oxidation in skeletal muscle, whilst paradoxically increasing weight gain.There are a number of targets for anti-diabetic drugs that may improve insulin sensitivity insulin sensitivity by increasing the capacity for fat oxidation. Their mechanisms of action are linked, notably through AMP-activated protein kinase, adiponectin, and the sympathetic nervous system. If ligands for these targets have obvious acute thermogenic activity, it is often because they increase sympathetic activity. This promotes fuel mobilisation, as well as fuel oxidation. When thermogenesis thermogenesis is not obvious, researchers often argue that it has occurred by using the inappropriate device of treating animals for days or weeks until there is weight (mainly fat) loss and then expressing energy expenditure energy expenditure relative to body weight. In reality, thermogenesis may have occurred, but it is too small to detect, and this device distracts us from really appreciating why insulin sensitivity has improved. This is that by increasing fatty acid oxidation fatty acid oxidation more than fatty acid supply, drugs lower the concentrations of fatty acid metabolites that cause insulin resistance. Insulin sensitivity improves long before any anti-obesity effect can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R S Arch
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK
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47
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Lee YS, Kim YS, Lee SY, Kim GH, Kim BJ, Lee SH, Lee KU, Kim GS, Kim SW, Koh JM. AMP kinase acts as a negative regulator of RANKL in the differentiation of osteoclasts. Bone 2010; 47:926-37. [PMID: 20696287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been reported to stimulate differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts, but the role of AMPK in the physiology of osteoclasts has not been investigated. METHOD Osteoclasts were differentiated from mouse BMMϕs. TRAP-positive multinucleated cells were considered to be osteoclasts using TRAP staining, and resorption area was determined by incubation of cells on dentine discs. Signaling pathways were investigated using Western blotting and RT-PCR. RESULTS RANKL induced phosphorylation/activation of AMPK-α in BMMϕs and stimulated formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells. Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK with compound C and siRNA-mediated knockdown of AMPK-α1, the predominant α-subunit isoform in BMMϕs, increased RANKL-induced formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells and bone resorption via activation of the downstream signaling elements p38, JNK, NF-κB, Akt, CREB, c-Fos, and NFATc1. STO-609, an inhibitor of CaMKK, completely blocked the RANKL-induced activation of AMPK-α, but KN-93, an inhibitor of CaMK, did not. siRNA-mediated TAK1 knockdown also blocked RANKL-induced activation of AMPK-α. The AMPK activators metformin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, berberine, resveratrol, and α-lipoic acid dose-dependently suppressed formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells and bone resorption. CONCLUSION AMPK negatively regulates RANKL, possibly by acting through CaMKK and TAK1. Thus, the development of AMPK activators may be a useful strategy for inhibiting the resorption of bone that is stimulated under RANKL-activated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
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48
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Liu XM, Peyton KJ, Shebib AR, Wang H, Korthuis RJ, Durante W. Activation of AMPK stimulates heme oxygenase-1 gene expression and human endothelial cell survival. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010. [PMID: 21037234 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study determined whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates heme oxygenase (HO)-1 gene expression in endothelial cells (ECs) and if HO-1 contributes to the biological actions of this kinase. Treatment of human ECs with the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) stimulated a concentration- and time-dependent increase in HO-1 protein and mRNA expression that was associated with a prominent increase in nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein. Induction of HO-1 was also observed in rat carotid arteries after the in vivo application of AICAR. Induction of HO-1 by AICAR was blocked by the AMPK inhibitor compound C, the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5'-iodotubercidin, and by silencing AMPK-α(1/2) and was mimicked by the AMPK activator A-769662 and by infecting ECs with an adenovirus expressing constitutively active AMPK-α(1). AICAR also induced a significant rise in HO-1 promoter activity that was abolished by mutating the antioxidant responsive elements of the HO-1 promoter or by the overexpression of dominant negative Nrf2. Finally, activation of AMPK inhibited cytokine-mediated EC death, and this was prevented by the HO inhibitor tin protoporphyrin-IX or by silencing HO-1 expression. In conclusion, AMPK stimulates HO-1 gene expression in human ECs via the Nrf2/antioxidant responsive element signaling pathway. The induction of HO-1 mediates the antiapoptotic effect of AMPK, and this may provide an important adaptive response to preserve EC viability during periods of metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ming Liu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
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Liu XM, Peyton KJ, Shebib AR, Wang H, Korthuis RJ, Durante W. Activation of AMPK stimulates heme oxygenase-1 gene expression and human endothelial cell survival. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H84-93. [PMID: 21037234 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00749.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study determined whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates heme oxygenase (HO)-1 gene expression in endothelial cells (ECs) and if HO-1 contributes to the biological actions of this kinase. Treatment of human ECs with the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) stimulated a concentration- and time-dependent increase in HO-1 protein and mRNA expression that was associated with a prominent increase in nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein. Induction of HO-1 was also observed in rat carotid arteries after the in vivo application of AICAR. Induction of HO-1 by AICAR was blocked by the AMPK inhibitor compound C, the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5'-iodotubercidin, and by silencing AMPK-α(1/2) and was mimicked by the AMPK activator A-769662 and by infecting ECs with an adenovirus expressing constitutively active AMPK-α(1). AICAR also induced a significant rise in HO-1 promoter activity that was abolished by mutating the antioxidant responsive elements of the HO-1 promoter or by the overexpression of dominant negative Nrf2. Finally, activation of AMPK inhibited cytokine-mediated EC death, and this was prevented by the HO inhibitor tin protoporphyrin-IX or by silencing HO-1 expression. In conclusion, AMPK stimulates HO-1 gene expression in human ECs via the Nrf2/antioxidant responsive element signaling pathway. The induction of HO-1 mediates the antiapoptotic effect of AMPK, and this may provide an important adaptive response to preserve EC viability during periods of metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ming Liu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
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Shah M, Kola B, Bataveljic A, Arnett T, Viollet B, Saxon L, Korbonits M, Chenu C. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation regulates in vitro bone formation and bone mass. Bone 2010; 47:309-19. [PMID: 20399918 PMCID: PMC3629687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.04.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a regulator of energy homeostasis, has a central role in mediating the appetite-modulating and metabolic effects of many hormones and antidiabetic drugs metformin and glitazones. The objective of this study was to determine if AMPK can be activated in osteoblasts by known AMPK modulators and if AMPK activity is involved in osteoblast function in vitro and regulation of bone mass in vivo. ROS 17/2.8 rat osteoblast-like cells were cultured in the presence of AMPK activators (AICAR and metformin), AMPK inhibitor (compound C), the gastric peptide hormone ghrelin and the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol. AMPK activity was measured in cell lysates by a functional kinase assay and AMPK protein phosphorylation was studied by Western Blotting using an antibody recognizing AMPK Thr-172 residue. We demonstrated that treatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells with AICAR and metformin stimulates Thr-172 phosphorylation of AMPK and dose-dependently increases its activity. In contrast, treatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells with compound C inhibited AMPK phosphorylation. Ghrelin and propranolol dose-dependently increased AMPK phosphorylation and activity. Cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were not affected by metformin treatment while AICAR significantly inhibited ROS 17/2.8 cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity at high concentrations. To study the effect of AMPK activation on bone formation in vitro, primary osteoblasts obtained from rat calvaria were cultured for 14-17days in the presence of AICAR, metformin and compound C. Formation of 'trabecular-shaped' bone nodules was evaluated following alizarin red staining. We demonstrated that both AICAR and metformin dose-dependently increase trabecular bone nodule formation, while compound C inhibits bone formation. When primary osteoblasts were co-treated with AICAR and compound C, compound C suppressed the stimulatory effect of AICAR on bone nodule formation. AMPK is a alphabetagamma heterotrimer, where alpha is the catalytic subunit. RT-PCR analysis of AMPK subunits in ROS17/2.8 osteoblastic cells and in mouse tibia showed that the AMPKalpha1 subunit is the dominant isoform expressed in bone. We analysed the bone phenotype of 4month-old male wild type (WT) and AMPKalpha1-/- KO mice using micro-CT. Both cortical and trabecular bone compartments were smaller in the AMPK alpha1-deficient mice compared to the WT mice. Altogether, our data support a role for AMPK signalling in skeletal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shah
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 OTU, UK
| | - B. Kola
- Department of Endocrinology Barts and the London Medical School, London, UK
| | - A. Bataveljic
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 OTU, UK
| | - T.R. Arnett
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - B. Viollet
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cancer, INSERM U567, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - L. Saxon
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 OTU, UK
| | - M. Korbonits
- Department of Endocrinology Barts and the London Medical School, London, UK
| | - C. Chenu
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 OTU, UK
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