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Hematopoietic Tumors. WITHROW AND MACEWEN'S SMALL ANIMAL CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161412 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2362-5.00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Taylor SS, Tappin SW, Dodkin SJ, Papasouliotis K, Casamian-Sorrosal D, Tasker S. Serum protein electrophoresis in 155 cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:643-53. [PMID: 20655494 PMCID: PMC10911482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) results obtained between 2002 and 2009 from clinical cases presented to the University of Bristol Feline Centre were examined retrospectively. One hundred and fifty-five results met the inclusion criteria. Signalment and final diagnoses were obtained from the case records. Clinical cases were classified as having normal or abnormal SPE results by comparison to reference intervals for SPE created using 77 clinically normal cats. Abnormal results were then further divided according to the specific SPE abnormality. Cases were also categorised, according to the final diagnosis, using the DAMNITV classification system. Of the 155 cases, 136 (87.7%) had abnormal SPE results, most commonly due to a polyclonal increase in gamma globulins. A monoclonal gammopathy occurred in four cats; one with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), one with lymphoma and two cases of splenic plasmacytoma (one suspected, one confirmed). The most common DAMNITV classification associated with SPE abnormalities was infectious/inflammatory disease (80/136; 58.8%), including 39 cats diagnosed with FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Taylor
- The Feline Centre, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Division of Companion Animals, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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Appel SL, Moens NMM, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Woods JP, Nykamp S, Bienzle D. Multiple myeloma with central nervous system involvement in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:743-7. [PMID: 18764709 DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.5.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 1.5-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was admitted for hind limb locomotor difficulties and signs of pain along the lumbar portion of the vertebral column. At the time of referral, the cat was paraparetic with deficits in the spinal reflexes of the hind limbs. Neuroanatomic localization was at the L6-S2 spinal cord segments, corresponding approximately to the region of the L4-L6 vertebral bodies. CLINICAL FINDINGS Radiography revealed a mixed osteolytic-proliferative lesion within the body of L5 involving the cranial end plate, as well as punctate radiolucencies in the distal portion of the femur. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intramedullary spinal cord lesion along with extensive meningeal and nerve root lesions in the area of the L4-L6 vertebral bodies. Cytologic analysis of a bone marrow aspirate from the right trochanteric fossa revealed a substantial plasma cell infiltrate. Analysis of CSF revealed a high protein concentration and morphologically abnormal plasma cells. Urine, but not serum, protein electrophoresis revealed a sharp gamma-globulin peak consistent with a monoclonal band of Bence-Jones proteins. The diagnosis was multiple myeloma. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The cat was treated with melphalan and prednisolone. A rapid clinical response was reported, and by week 3 after diagnosis, the cat's locomotion and behavior had normalized. However, by month 4, multifocal neurologic deficits were evident. The cat was euthanized at 9 months because of tetraparesis and substantial weight loss. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To our knowledge, this is the first report of myeloma in a cat that had electrophoretically detectable light chain proteinuria but lacked a detectable serum monoclonal gammopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Appel
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Mellor PJ, Haugland S, Smith KC, Powell RM, Archer J, Scase TJ, Villiers EJ, McNeil PE, Nixon C, Knott C, Fournier D, Murphy S, Polton GA, Belford C, Philbey AW, Argyle DJ, Herrtage ME, Day MJ. Histopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Cytologic Analysis of Feline Myeloma-Related Disorders: Further Evidence for Primary Extramedullary Development in the Cat. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:159-73. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-2-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Feline myeloma-related disorders (MRD) are rare neoplasms of plasma cells. The multistep transformation model of myeloma in humans is based on the premise that plasma cells undergo neoplastic transformation primarily within the intramedullary compartment and that over time they become poorly differentiated and metastasize to extramedullary locations. Historically, diagnostic criteria used for human multiple myeloma have been applied to the cat, with the assumption that feline MRD commonly arises in the intramedullary compartment. Our objectives were to describe the features of feline MRD confirmed by cytology, histopathology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry and to categorize these tumors. A priori hypotheses were 1) tumor category predicts survival and 2) cats with well-differentiated tumors commonly have extramedullary involvement in contrast to human myeloma patients. This multicenter, retrospective study identified 26 MRD cases. There was good agreement between histopathologic and cytologic tumor categorization. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were shown to be valuable adjunct tests in the diagnosis of MRD. Cats with well-differentiated tumors had increased median survival relative to those with poorly differentiated tumors (254 versus 14 days). We have reported that marked extramedullary involvement at initial clinical presentation is significantly more common in the cat than in human MRD patients. In this study, we demonstrate that cats with well-differentiated tumors more commonly have extramedullary involvement than human myeloma patients with well-differentiated tumors (90% versus 20%, P < 0.0002). These results contrast strongly with the human myeloma model of primary intramedullary neoplastic transformation and suggest that primary extramedullary neoplastic transformation may be more common in feline MRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Mellor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - S. Haugland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - K. C. Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
| | - R. M. Powell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - T. J. Scase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - E. J. Villiers
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - C. Nixon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - G. A. Polton
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, UK
| | | | - A. W. Philbey
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - D. J. Argyle
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - M. E. Herrtage
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - M. J. Day
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK
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Yamada O, Tamura K, Yagihara H, Isotani M, Azakami M, Sawada S, Ono K, Washizu T, Bonkobara M. Light-chain multiple myeloma in a cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:443-7. [PMID: 17609361 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A diagnosis of light-chain multiple myeloma was made in an 11-year-old male American Shorthair cat. The cat showed atypical plasma cell infiltration in the bone marrow, biclonal gammopathy caused by polymerization of myeloma protein (M-protein), and Bence-Jones proteinuria. The M-protein in the serum of the cat was analyzed by using 12% sodium dodeyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Coomassie brilliant blue staining. An intense band with a size of 27 kDa, the size of the immunoglobulin light chain, was clearly observed, whereas the band corresponding to the immunoglobulin heavy chain (59 kDa) was undetectable. The 27-kDa band was confirmed to be an immunoglobulin light chain by Western blotting by using antibodies for feline immunoglobulin. These data suggested that the neoplastic plasma cells produce light chain only, leading to the diagnosis of light-chain multiple myeloma in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Mellor PJ, Haugland S, Murphy S, Smith KC, Holloway A, Archer J, Powell RM, Polton GA, Tasker S, McCormick D, Tempest ME, McNeil PE, Scase TJ, Knott CD, Bonfanti U, Villiers EJ, Argyle DJ, Herrtage ME, Day MJ. Myeloma-related disorders in cats commonly present as extramedullary neoplasms in contrast to myeloma in human patients: 24 cases with clinical follow-up. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [PMID: 17186853 PMCID: PMC7166647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloma-related disorders (MRD) are rare neoplasms of plasma cells. Published case reports describe a diversity of clinical presentations with confusing terminology and diagnostic criteria as a consequence of the assumption that MRD in cats are analogous to those in dogs or humans. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to describe clinical, clinicopathologic and imaging findings, response to treatment, survival and possible associations with other diseases or vaccination in a large case series. A priori hypotheses were that cats with MRD commonly present with extramedullary involvement and uncommonly have radiographic bone lesions, in contrast to human patients. ANIMALS Twenty-four cats with MRD confirmed by cytology or histopathology and immunohistochemistry. METHOD A multicenter retrospective study was performed. RESULTS Two types of clinical presentation were observed. The first group (n = 17) had neoplasia involving abdominal organs, bone marrow, or both. All developed systemic clinical signs and paraproteinemia. Five of 7 cats that received chemotherapy improved clinically or had decreased serum globulin concentration (median survival, 12.3 months; range, 8.5-22 months). The second group comprised 7 cats with skin masses, 2 of which were paraproteinemic and developed rapidly worsening systemic signs. In cats without systemic signs, excision of the skin masses appeared to be associated with prolonged survival (up to 2.4 years). Cats with MRD commonly presented with extramedullary involvement (67%), versus humans with MRD (5%) (P < .001), and uncommonly presented with radiographic bone lesions (8%) versus humans with MRD (80%) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Radiographic bone lesions are uncommon in cats with MRD and extramedullary presentation is common, relative to human myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Mellor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Gentilini F, Calzolari C, Buonacucina A, Di Tommaso M, Militerno G, Bergamini PF. Different biological behaviour of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia in two dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2005; 3:87-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2005.00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ramaiah SK, Seguin MA, Carwile HF, Raskin RE. Biclonal gammopathy associated with immunoglobulin A in a dog with multiple myeloma. Vet Clin Pathol 2002; 31:83-9. [PMID: 12040490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2002.tb00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old neutered male Airedale Terrier was evaluated for inappetance, weight loss, and lameness. Multiple myeloma was diagnosed based on bone marrow plasmacytosis, multiple lytic bone lesions, and hyperglobulinemia with a clonal gammopathy on serum protein electrophoresis. Splenic plasmacytosis, and retinal lesions consistent with hyperviscosity syndrome also were found. Temporary responses to 2 different chemotherapy protocols (melphalan and prednisone, and cyclophosphamide and prednisone) were seen, with remission of clinical signs and a decrease in the biclonal gammopathy but no resolution of the splenic mass. Eventual return of clinical signs led to euthanasia at 175 days postdiagnosis. Necropsy examination confirmed multiple myeloma involving bone marrow and spleen, and glomerulonephritis. An immunoglobulin-A (IgA) gammopathy was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis; biclonality was ascertained by immunofixation electrophoresis. The clonal components consisted of intact Ig with heavy chain of the alpha class and light chain of an undetermined class. To our knowledge, this is the first report of undimerized biclonal gammopathy in a dog caused by a single heavy chain class involving IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi K Ramaiah
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Bienzle D, Silverstein DC, Chaffin K. Multiple myeloma in cats: variable presentation with different immunoglobulin isotypes in two cats. Vet Pathol 2000; 37:364-9. [PMID: 10896403 DOI: 10.1354/vp.37-4-364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma was diagnosed in two cats with monoclonal hyperglobulinemia, proteinuria, and plasma cell proliferations in bone marrow. An immunoglobulin G-producing myeloma occurred in the vertebral bone marrow of one cat, and twice responded to surgical reduction followed by a combination of local irradiation and chemotherapy. The cat's survival time was approximately 2 years. The other myeloma in a cat that presented with hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency involved visceral organs and produced a biclonal peak due to immunoglobulin A dimer formation on serum electrophoresis. This cat's tumor did not respond to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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Abstract
An Abyssinian cat presented with epistaxis, melaena and retinal vascular changes. Plasma protein levels were markedly elevated and a monoclonal gammopathy was present on serum protein electrophoresis. Based on these laboratory findings, hyperviscosity syndrome was assumed to be responsible for the clinical signs. The cat responded initially to fluid therapy, but relapsed and then developed unilateral exophthalmia. The animal was euthanased and an extramedullary plasmacytoma of the right orbit was diagnosed at postmortem examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ward
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA
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