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Vollstädt MGR, Galetti M, Kaiser‐Bunbury CN, Simmons BI, Gonçalves F, Morales‐Pérez AL, Navarro L, Tarazona‐Tubens FL, Schubert S, Carlo T, Salazar J, Faife‐Cabrera M, Strong A, Madden H, Mitchell A, Dalsgaard B. Plant–frugivore interactions across the Caribbean islands: Modularity, invader complexes and the importance of generalist species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian G. R. Vollstädt
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Christopher N. Kaiser‐Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, Penryn Campus University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Benno I. Simmons
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, Penryn Campus University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Fernando Gonçalves
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Luis Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo Universidad de Vigo Vigo Spain
| | | | - Spencer Schubert
- Department of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk Virginia USA
| | - Tomas Carlo
- Biology Department & Ecology Program The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jackeline Salazar
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
- Grupo Jaragua Inc. Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
| | - Michel Faife‐Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Centro de Estudios Jardín Botánico Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas Santa Clara Cuba
| | - Allan Strong
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont, Aiken Center Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Hannah Madden
- Caribbean Netherlands Science Institute (CNSI) Oranjestad The Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University Den Burg The Netherlands
| | - Adam Mitchell
- Sint Eustatius National Parks Oranjestad Netherlands
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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2
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Heleno RH, Mendes F, Coelho AP, Ramos JA, Palmeirim JM, Rainho A, de Lima RF. The upsizing of the São Tomé seed dispersal network by introduced animals. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben H. Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE‐UC), Dept of Life Sciences, Univ. of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas Coimbra Portugal
| | - Filipa Mendes
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE‐UC), Dept of Life Sciences, Univ. of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana P. Coelho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) and Dept of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
- Dept of Biology and CESAM, Univ. of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago Aveiro Portugal
| | - Jaime A. Ramos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) and Dept of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
| | - Jorge M. Palmeirim
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Dept of Life Sciences, Univ. of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Rainho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) and Dept of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ricardo F. de Lima
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) and Dept of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
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3
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Schrader J, Wright IJ, Kreft H, Westoby M. A roadmap to plant functional island biogeography. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2851-2870. [PMID: 34423523 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Island biogeography is the study of the spatio-temporal distribution of species, communities, assemblages or ecosystems on islands and other isolated habitats. Island diversity is structured by five classes of process: dispersal, establishment, biotic interactions, extinction and evolution. Classical approaches in island biogeography focused on species richness as the deterministic outcome of these processes. This has proved fruitful, but species traits can potentially offer new biological insights into the processes by which island life assembles and why some species perform better at colonising and persisting on islands. Functional traits refer to morphological and phenological characteristics of an organism or species that can be linked to its ecological strategy and that scale up from individual plants to properties of communities and ecosystems. A baseline hypothesis is for traits and ecological strategies of island species to show similar patterns as a matched mainland environment. However, strong dispersal, environmental and biotic-interaction filters as well as stochasticity associated with insularity modify this baseline. Clades that do colonise often embark on distinct ecological and evolutionary pathways, some because of distinctive evolutionary forces on islands, and some because of the opportunities offered by freedom from competitors or herbivores or the absence of mutualists. Functional traits are expected to be shaped by these processes. Here, we review and discuss the potential for integrating functional traits into island biogeography. While we focus on plants, the general considerations and concepts may be extended to other groups of organisms. We evaluate how functional traits on islands relate to core principles of species dispersal, establishment, extinction, reproduction, biotic interactions, evolution and conservation. We formulate existing knowledge as 33 working hypotheses. Some of these are grounded on firm empirical evidence, others provide opportunities for future research. We organise our hypotheses under five overarching sections. Section A focuses on plant functional traits enabling species dispersal to islands. Section B discusses how traits help to predict species establishment, successional trajectories and natural extinctions on islands. Section C reviews how traits indicate species biotic interactions and reproduction strategies and which traits promote intra-island dispersal. Section D discusses how evolution on islands leads to predictable changes in trait values and which traits are most susceptible to change. Section E debates how functional ecology can be used to study multiple drivers of global change on islands and to formulate effective conservation measures. Islands have a justified reputation as research models. They illuminate the forces operating within mainland communities by showing what happens when those forces are released or changed. We believe that the lens of functional ecology can shed more light on these forces than research approaches that do not consider functional differences among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schrader
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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4
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Falcón W, Moll D, Hansen DM. Frugivory and seed dispersal by chelonians: a review and synthesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:142-166. [PMID: 31608582 DOI: 10.1101/379933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that frugivory and seed dispersal (FSD) by turtles and tortoises is much more common than previously thought. We here review published and unpublished records of chelonian FSD, and assess the role of chelonians as seed dispersers, from individual species to the community level. We first discuss the distribution of chelonian FSD and the characteristics of the fruit and/or seed species eaten and dispersed by chelonians. We then use the seed dispersal efficiency framework to explore the quantitative and qualitative components of seed dispersal by tortoises and turtles, embarking on a journey from when the fruits and/or seeds are consumed, to when and where they are deposited, and assess how efficient chelonians are as seed dispersers. We finally discuss chelonian FSD in the context of communities and of chelonians as megafauna. A substantial proportion of the world's aquatic and terrestrial turtles and a major part of testudinid tortoises (71 species in 12 families) include fruits and/or seeds in their diet; fruits of at least 588 plant species in 121 families are ingested and/or dispersed by chelonians. For some chelonians, overall or in certain seasons, fruit may even form the largest part of their diet. Contrary to seed dispersal by lizards, the other major reptilian frugivores, chelonian FSD is not an island phenomenon in terms of geographic distribution. Nevertheless, on islands tortoises are often among the largest native terrestrial vertebrates - or were until humans arrived. We synthesise our knowledge of chelonian FSD, and discuss the relevance of our findings for conservation and restoration, especially in relation to rewilding with large and giant tortoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Falcón
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Don Moll
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Dennis M Hansen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Zoological Museum of the University of Zurich, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
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5
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Falcón W, Moll D, Hansen DM. Frugivory and seed dispersal by chelonians: a review and synthesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:142-166. [PMID: 31608582 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that frugivory and seed dispersal (FSD) by turtles and tortoises is much more common than previously thought. We here review published and unpublished records of chelonian FSD, and assess the role of chelonians as seed dispersers, from individual species to the community level. We first discuss the distribution of chelonian FSD and the characteristics of the fruit and/or seed species eaten and dispersed by chelonians. We then use the seed dispersal efficiency framework to explore the quantitative and qualitative components of seed dispersal by tortoises and turtles, embarking on a journey from when the fruits and/or seeds are consumed, to when and where they are deposited, and assess how efficient chelonians are as seed dispersers. We finally discuss chelonian FSD in the context of communities and of chelonians as megafauna. A substantial proportion of the world's aquatic and terrestrial turtles and a major part of testudinid tortoises (71 species in 12 families) include fruits and/or seeds in their diet; fruits of at least 588 plant species in 121 families are ingested and/or dispersed by chelonians. For some chelonians, overall or in certain seasons, fruit may even form the largest part of their diet. Contrary to seed dispersal by lizards, the other major reptilian frugivores, chelonian FSD is not an island phenomenon in terms of geographic distribution. Nevertheless, on islands tortoises are often among the largest native terrestrial vertebrates - or were until humans arrived. We synthesise our knowledge of chelonian FSD, and discuss the relevance of our findings for conservation and restoration, especially in relation to rewilding with large and giant tortoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Falcón
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Don Moll
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Dennis M Hansen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.,Zoological Museum of the University of Zurich, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
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6
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Land Cover Classification of Complex Agroecosystems in the Non-Protected Highlands of the Galapagos Islands. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The humid highlands of the Galapagos are the islands’ most biologically productive regions and a key habitat for endemic animal and plant species. These areas are crucial for the region’s food security and for the control of invasive plants, but little is known about the spatial distribution of its land cover. We generated a baseline high-resolution land cover map of the agricultural zones and their surrounding protected areas. We combined the high spatial resolution of PlanetScope images with the high spectral resolution of Sentinel-2 images in an object-based classification using a RandomForest algorithm. We used images collected with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to verify and validate our classified map. Despite the astounding diversity and heterogeneity of the highland landscape, our classification yielded useful results (overall Kappa: 0.7, R2: 0.69) and revealed that across all four inhabited islands, invasive plants cover the largest fraction (28.5%) of the agricultural area, followed by pastures (22.3%), native vegetation (18.6%), food crops (18.3%), and mixed forest and pioneer plants (11.6%). Our results are consistent with historical trajectories of colonization and abandonment of the highlands. The produced dataset is designed to suit the needs of practitioners of both conservation and agriculture and aims to foster collaboration between the two areas.
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7
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HervÍas-Parejo S, Heleno R, Rumeu B, Guzmán B, Vargas P, Olesen JM, Traveset A, Vera C, Benavides E, Nogales M. Small size does not restrain frugivory and seed dispersal across the evolutionary radiation of Galápagos lava lizards. Curr Zool 2019; 65:353-361. [PMID: 31413708 PMCID: PMC6688575 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivory in lizards is often assumed to be constrained by body size; only large individuals are considered capable of consuming fruits, with the potential of acting as seed dispersers. However, only one previous study has tested the correlation of frugivory with body and head size at an archipelago scale across closely related species. All nine lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) were studied on the eleven largest Galápagos islands from 2010 to 2016 to investigate whether frugivory is related to body and head size. We also tested whether fruit abundance influences fruit consumption and explored the effect of seed ingestion on seedling emergence time and percentage. Our results showed that across islands, lava lizards varied considerably in size (64-102 mm in mean snout-vent length) and level of frugivory (1-23%, i.e., percentage of droppings with seeds). However, level of frugivory was only weakly affected by size as fruit consumption was also common among small lizards. Lava lizards consumed fruits throughout the year and factors other than fruit abundance may be more important drivers of fruit selection (e.g., fruit size, energy content of pulp). From 2,530 droppings, 1,714 seeds of at least 61 plant species were identified, 76% of the species being native to the Galápagos. Most seeds (91%) showed no external structural damage. Seedling emergence time (44 versus 118 days) and percentage (20% versus 12%) were enhanced for lizard-ingested seeds compared to control (uningested) fruits. De-pulping by lizards (i.e., removal of pulp with potential germination inhibitors) might increase the chances that at least some seeds find suitable recruitment conditions. We concluded that lizards are important seed dispersers throughout the year and across the whole archipelago, regardless of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra HervÍas-Parejo
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Rumeu
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | | | | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos Vera
- Galápagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Edgar Benavides
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, USA
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC-IPNA), Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Canary Islands, Spain
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8
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Fessl B, Heimpel GE, Causton CE. Invasion of an Avian Nest Parasite, Philornis downsi, to the Galapagos Islands: Colonization History, Adaptations to Novel Ecosystems, and Conservation Challenges. DISEASE ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-65909-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Nogales M, González-Castro A, Rumeu B, Traveset A, Vargas P, Jaramillo P, Olesen JM, Heleno RH. Contribution by vertebrates to seed dispersal effectiveness in the Galápagos Islands: a community-wide approach. Ecology 2017; 98:2049-2058. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); Canary Islands Spain
| | - A. González-Castro
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); Canary Islands Spain
| | - B. Rumeu
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - A. Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (UIB-CSIC); Balearic Islands Spain
| | - P. Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - P. Jaramillo
- Charles Darwin Foundation; Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos Ecuador
| | - J. M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - R. H. Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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10
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Ellis-Soto D, Blake S, Soultan A, Guézou A, Cabrera F, Lötters S. Plant species dispersed by Galapagos tortoises surf the wave of habitat suitability under anthropogenic climate change. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181333. [PMID: 28727747 PMCID: PMC5519159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Native biodiversity on the Galapagos Archipelago is severely threatened by invasive alien species. On Santa Cruz Island, the abundance of introduced plant species is low in the arid lowlands of the Galapagos National Park, but increases with elevation into unprotected humid highlands. Two common alien plant species, guava (Psidium guajava) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) occur at higher elevations yet their seeds are dispersed into the lowlands by migrating Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.). Tortoises transport large quantities of seeds over long distances into environments in which they have little or no chance of germination and survival under current climate conditions. However, climate change is projected to modify environmental conditions on Galapagos with unknown consequences for the distribution of native and introduced biodiversity. We quantified seed dispersal of guava and passion fruit in tortoise dung piles and the distribution of adult plants along two elevation gradients on Santa Cruz to assess current levels of 'wasted' seed dispersal. We computed species distribution models for both taxa under current and predicted future climate conditions. Assuming that tortoise migratory behaviour continues, current levels of "wasted" seed dispersal in lowlands were projected to decline dramatically in the future for guava but not for passion fruit. Tortoises will facilitate rapid range expansion for guava into lowland areas within the Galapagos National Park where this species is currently absent. Coupled with putative reduction in arid habitat for native species caused by climate change, tortoise driven guava invasion will pose a serious threat to local plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ellis-Soto
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Stephen Blake
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- WildCare Institute, St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Alaaeldin Soultan
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anne Guézou
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Fredy Cabrera
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador
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11
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LI N, YANG W, FANG S, LI X, LIU Z, LENG X, AN S. Dispersal of invasivePhytolacca americanaseeds by birds in an urban garden in China. Integr Zool 2017; 12:26-31. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning LI
- School of Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Wen YANG
- School of Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shubo FANG
- Fisheries and Life Science School; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai China
| | - Xinhai LI
- Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhanchen LIU
- College of Biology and the Environment; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing China
| | - Xin LENG
- School of Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shuqing AN
- School of Life Science; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
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12
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TRAVESET A, NOGALES M, VARGAS P, RUMEU B, OLESEN JM, JARAMILLO P, HELENO R. Galápagos land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus) as a seed disperser. Integr Zool 2016; 11:207-13. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna TRAVESET
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); C/ Miquel Marqués 21 Esporles Mallorca 07190 Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Manuel NOGALES
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC-IPNA); Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología; 38206 Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Pablo VARGAS
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC-RJB); Department of Biodiversity and Conservation; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz RUMEU
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas; Coimbra 3000-456 Portugal
| | - Jens M. OLESEN
- Institute of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Patricia JARAMILLO
- Charles Darwin Foundation; Puerto Ayora; Santa Cruz, Galápagos Quito Ecuador
| | - Ruben HELENO
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas; Coimbra 3000-456 Portugal
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13
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Bebawi FF, Campbell SD, Mayer RJ. Seed fall, seed predation, twigging and litter fall of Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/rj16021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold is a garden ornamental in northern Australia and two biotypes, the peach and the yellow, are recognised. In some areas it has naturalised and now has environmental and economic effects. As part of a broader research program into the ecology of C. thevetia, a field study was undertaken in northern Queensland to quantify seed fall and seed predation (by avian wildlife) of the peach biotype. The amount of twigging caused by birds while they fed on the seeds and the level of litter production were also recorded. Seed fall, seed predation, twigging and litter production occurred in all months of the year. Seed fall increased slowly over late spring and summer before peaking in mid- to late autumn (April–May) and then declining until October. Mean (± s.e.m.) estimated total annual seed fall was 19140 ± 2880 and 17030 ± 2930 seeds ha–1 in the first and second years respectively. Seed predation by birds was substantial, with 57% of all seeds predated. Birds also chewed an average of 600 twigs ha–1 year–1. Litter production varied from 430 to 950 kg dry weight (DW) ha–1 month–1. In total, 7900 ± 640 and 7390 ± 1420 kg (DW) litter was produced during the first and second years respectively. Although seed production of C. thevetia is less than a lot of other rangeland weeds, seed predation by birds further reduces the number of seeds entering the soil seed bank. The stem damage that occurred in conjunction with seed predation contributed to overall litter production and warrants further investigation in terms of its effect on plant growth.
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14
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Watanabe K, Sugawara T. Is heterostyly rare on oceanic islands? AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv087. [PMID: 26199401 PMCID: PMC4570599 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heterostyly has been considered rare or absent on oceanic islands. However, there has been no comprehensive review on this issue. Is heterostyly truly rare on oceanic islands? What makes heterostyly rare on such islands? To answer these questions, we review the reproductive studies on heterostyly on oceanic islands, with special emphasis on the heterostylous genus Psychotria in the Pacific Ocean as a model system. Overall, not many reproductive studies have been performed on heterostylous species on oceanic islands. In Hawaiian Psychotria, all 11 species are thought to have evolved dioecy from distyly. In the West Pacific, three species on the oceanic Bonin and Lanyu Islands are distylous (Psychotria homalosperma, P. boninensis and P. cephalophora), whereas three species on the continental Ryukyu Islands show various breeding systems, such as distyly (P. serpens), dioecy (P. rubra) and monoecy (P. manillensis). On some other Pacific oceanic islands, possibilities of monomorphy have been reported. For many Psychotria species, breeding systems are unknown, although recent studies indicate that heterostylous species may occur on some oceanic islands. A shift from heterostyly to other sexual systems may occur on some oceanic islands. This tendency may also contribute to the rarity of heterostyly, in addition to the difficulty in colonization/autochthonous evolution of heterostylous species on oceanic islands. Further investigation of reproductive systems of Psychotria on oceanic islands using robust phylogenetic frameworks would provide new insights into plant reproduction on oceanic islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Watanabe
- Okinawa College, National Institute of Technology, 905 Henoko, Nago, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugawara
- Makino Herbarium, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Vitales D, García-Fernández A, Pellicer J, Vallès J, Santos-Guerra A, Cowan RS, Fay MF, Hidalgo O, Garnatje T. Key processes for Cheirolophus (Asteraceae) diversification on oceanic islands inferred from AFLP data. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113207. [PMID: 25412495 PMCID: PMC4239036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation of the genus Cheirolophus (Asteraceae) in Macaronesia constitutes a spectacular case of rapid diversification on oceanic islands. Twenty species - nine of them included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - have been described to date inhabiting the Madeiran and Canarian archipelagos. A previous phylogenetic study revealed that the diversification of Cheirolophus in Macaronesia started less than 2 Ma. As a result of such an explosive speciation process, limited phylogenetic resolution was reported, mainly due to the low variability of the employed molecular markers. In the present study, we used highly polymorphic AFLP markers to i) evaluate species' boundaries, ii) infer their evolutionary relationships and iii) investigate the patterns of genetic diversity in relation to the potential processes likely involved in the radiation of Cheirolophus. One hundred and seventy-two individuals representing all Macaronesian Cheirolophus species were analysed using 249 AFLP loci. Our results suggest that geographic isolation played an important role in this radiation process. This was likely driven by the combination of poor gene flow capacity and a good ability for sporadic long-distance colonisations. In addition, we also found some traces of introgression and incipient ecological adaptation, which could have further enhanced the extraordinary diversification of Cheirolophus in Macaronesia. Last, we hypothesize that current threat categories assigned to Macaronesian Cheirolophus species do not reflect their respective evolutionary relevance, so future evaluations of their conservation status should take into account the results presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vitales
- Laboratori de Botànica – Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Fernández
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica – Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Robyn S. Cowan
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F. Fay
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Laboratori de Botànica – Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Heleno RH, Olesen JM, Nogales M, Vargas P, Traveset A. Seed dispersal networks in the Galápagos and the consequences of alien plant invasions. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122112. [PMID: 23173203 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alien plants are a growing threat to the Galápagos unique biota. We evaluated the impact of alien plants on eight seed dispersal networks from two islands of the archipelago. Nearly 10 000 intact seeds from 58 species were recovered from the droppings of 18 bird and reptile dispersers. The most dispersed invaders were Lantana camara, Rubus niveus and Psidium guajava, the latter two likely benefiting from an asynchronous fruit production with most native plants, which facilitate their consumption and spread. Lava lizards dispersed the seeds of 27 species, being the most important dispersers, followed by small ground finch, two mockingbirds, the giant tortoise and two insectivorous birds. Most animals dispersed alien seeds, but these formed a relatively small proportion of the interactions. Nevertheless, the integration of aliens was higher in the island that has been invaded for longest, suggesting a time-lag between alien plant introductions and their impacts on seed dispersal networks. Alien plants become more specialized with advancing invasion, favouring more simplified plant and disperser communities. However, only habitat type significantly affected the overall network structure. Alien plants were dispersed via two pathways: dry-fruited plants were preferentially dispersed by finches, while fleshy fruited species were mostly dispersed by other birds and reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben H Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Comparison of food hoarding of two sympatric rodent species under interspecific competition. Behav Processes 2012; 92:60-4. [PMID: 23124017 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Competition can greatly affect the food hoarding strategies of rodents and the fate of seeds hoarded. In order to understand the influence of interspecific competition on food caching behavior of sympatric rodents, we investigated food hoarding patterns of two sympatric rodent species, buff-breasted rat (Rattus flavipectus) and Chinese white-bellied rat (Niviventor confucianus), and compared their responses and adjustment in hoarding behavior under interspecific competition. The results showed that: (1) the buff-breasted rat larder hoarded seeds only, while Chinese white-bellied rat hoarded seeds in both larder and scatter forms; (2) two species of rodents both larder hoarded more seeds when competitors were present; and (3) the Chinese white-bellied rats adjusted their seed hoarding from scatter to larder when competitors were introduced, which reduced the seed availability. Therefore, we concluded that rodents would adjust their food hoarding strategy when interspecific competitors were present, and this may produce a different effect on the fate of seeds and the recruitment of plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.
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Role of an esterase in flavor volatile variation within the tomato clade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19009-14. [PMID: 23112200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216515109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato flavor is dependent upon a complex mixture of volatiles including multiple acetate esters. Red-fruited species of the tomato clade accumulate a relatively low content of acetate esters in comparison with the green-fruited species. We show that the difference in volatile ester content between the red- and green-fruited species is associated with insertion of a retrotransposon adjacent to the most enzymatically active member of a family of esterases. This insertion causes higher expression of the esterase, resulting in the reduced levels of multiple esters that are negatively correlated with human preferences for tomato. The insertion was evolutionarily fixed in the red-fruited species, suggesting that high expression of the esterase and consequent low ester content may provide an adaptive advantage in the ancestor of the red-fruited species. These results illustrate at a molecular level how closely related species exhibit major differences in volatile production by altering a volatile-associated catabolic activity.
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Campos-Arceiz A, Steele MA, Carlo TA, Xiong W. An integrative look at frugivory and seed dispersal studies. Integr Zool 2011; 6:71-73. [PMID: 21645272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz
- School of Geography, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, MalaysiaDepartment of Biology, Wilkes University, USADepartment of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, USAnstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Michael A Steele
- School of Geography, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, MalaysiaDepartment of Biology, Wilkes University, USADepartment of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, USAnstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Tomás A Carlo
- School of Geography, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, MalaysiaDepartment of Biology, Wilkes University, USADepartment of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, USAnstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Wenhua Xiong
- School of Geography, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, MalaysiaDepartment of Biology, Wilkes University, USADepartment of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, USAnstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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