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Aldana E, Álvarez López-Herrero N, Benito H, Colomina MJ, Fernández-Candil J, García-Orellana M, Guzmán B, Ingelmo I, Iturri F, Martín Huerta B, León A, Pérez-Lorensu PJ, Valencia L, Valverde JL. Consensus document for multimodal intraoperatory neurophisiological monitoring in neurosurgical procedures. Basic fundamentals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 68:82-98. [PMID: 32624233 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to establish a guide to action, agreed by anaesthesiologists and neurophysiologists alike, to perform effective intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring for procedures presenting a risk of functional neurological injury, and neurosurgical procedures. The first section discusses the main techniques currently used for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. The second exposes the anaesthetic and non-anaesthetic factors that are likely to affect the electrical records of the nervous system structures. This section is followed by an analysis detailing the adverse effects associated with the most common techniques and their use. Finally, the last section describes a series of guidelines to be followed upon the various intraoperative clinical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aldana
- Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Vithas Xanit Internacional, Benalmádena, Málaga, España
| | - N Álvarez López-Herrero
- Neurofisiología, Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - H Benito
- Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España
| | - M J Colomina
- Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | | | - M García-Orellana
- Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - B Guzmán
- Neurofisiología clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano de Blesa, Zaragoza, España
| | - I Ingelmo
- Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
| | - F Iturri
- Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, España
| | - B Martín Huerta
- Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - A León
- Neurofisiología, Servicio de Neurología, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, España
| | - P J Pérez-Lorensu
- Neurofisiología Clínica, Unidad de Monitorización Neurofisiológica Intraoperatoria, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, España
| | - L Valencia
- Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España
| | - J L Valverde
- Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital Vithas Xanit Internacional, Benalmádena, Málaga, España
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HervÍas-Parejo S, Heleno R, Rumeu B, Guzmán B, Vargas P, Olesen JM, Traveset A, Vera C, Benavides E, Nogales M. Small size does not restrain frugivory and seed dispersal across the evolutionary radiation of Galápagos lava lizards. Curr Zool 2019; 65:353-361. [PMID: 31413708 PMCID: PMC6688575 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivory in lizards is often assumed to be constrained by body size; only large individuals are considered capable of consuming fruits, with the potential of acting as seed dispersers. However, only one previous study has tested the correlation of frugivory with body and head size at an archipelago scale across closely related species. All nine lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) were studied on the eleven largest Galápagos islands from 2010 to 2016 to investigate whether frugivory is related to body and head size. We also tested whether fruit abundance influences fruit consumption and explored the effect of seed ingestion on seedling emergence time and percentage. Our results showed that across islands, lava lizards varied considerably in size (64-102 mm in mean snout-vent length) and level of frugivory (1-23%, i.e., percentage of droppings with seeds). However, level of frugivory was only weakly affected by size as fruit consumption was also common among small lizards. Lava lizards consumed fruits throughout the year and factors other than fruit abundance may be more important drivers of fruit selection (e.g., fruit size, energy content of pulp). From 2,530 droppings, 1,714 seeds of at least 61 plant species were identified, 76% of the species being native to the Galápagos. Most seeds (91%) showed no external structural damage. Seedling emergence time (44 versus 118 days) and percentage (20% versus 12%) were enhanced for lizard-ingested seeds compared to control (uningested) fruits. De-pulping by lizards (i.e., removal of pulp with potential germination inhibitors) might increase the chances that at least some seeds find suitable recruitment conditions. We concluded that lizards are important seed dispersers throughout the year and across the whole archipelago, regardless of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra HervÍas-Parejo
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Rumeu
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | | | | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Global Change Research Group, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos Vera
- Galápagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Edgar Benavides
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, USA
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC-IPNA), Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Canary Islands, Spain
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Hervías-Parejo S, Nogales M, Guzmán B, Trigo MDM, Olesen JM, Vargas P, Heleno R, Traveset A. Potential role of lava lizards as pollinators across the Galápagos Islands. Integr Zool 2019; 15:144-148. [PMID: 30811785 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lizards have been reported as important pollinators on several oceanic islands. Here we evaluate the potential role of Galápagos lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) as pollinators across their radiation. Over 3 years, we sampled pollen transport by 9 lava lizard species on the 10 islands where they are present, including 7 single-island endemics. Overall, only 25 of 296 individuals sampled (8.4%) transported pollen of 10 plant species, the most common being Prosopis juliflora, Exodeconus miersii, Sesuvium sp. and Cordia leucophlyctis. At least 8 of these plant species were native, and none were confirmed as introduced to the archipelago. Despite the low overall proportion of individuals carrying pollen, this was observed in 7 of the nine lizard species, and on 8 of the ten main islands (Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, Pinta, Santa Cruz and Santiago), suggesting that this is a widespread interaction. The results reported here support the potential role of lava lizards as pollinators across their radiation, although they may represent a relatively modest contribution when compared with birds and insects. However, we cannot discard that lizards may be ecologically significant for particular plant species and ecosystems given the specific climatic condition and functional diversity of each island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hervías-Parejo
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Carrer V, Guzmán B, Martí M, Alonso C, Coderch L. Lanolin-Based Synthetic Membranes as Percutaneous Absorption Models for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030073. [PMID: 29933575 PMCID: PMC6161196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The major in vitro permeation studies are currently performed in Franz-type diffusion cells because of their simplicity, cost effectiveness and because the experimental conditions can be easily controlled. Apart from the skin, Franz-type diffusion cells can be used with synthetic membranes. Nevertheless, they do not emulate the nature of the lipidic matrix, which is responsible for the topical barrier function. Objective: This paper offers two new approaches combining different synthetic membranes (Strat-M® and Nucleopore®) with lanolin, which provides lipidic components similar to the lipidic matrix. Methods: The molecular structure of lanolin was studied in membranes by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The water permeability and absorption of lidocaine, diclofenac sodium and betamethasone dipropionate were also studied and compared against free-lanolin membranes and skin. Results: The results showed an increasing barrier function after lanolin application in both membranes, resulting in a decrease in water permeability. Observing the IR spectra, the lateral packaging of the lipid in the synthetic membranes seems to emulate the orthorhombic disposition from the stratum corneum. Moreover, the three substances applied to the lanolin-containing membranes have a similar absorption to that of the skin. Conclusions: In conclusion, combining synthetic membranes with lanolin may be a useful approach to mimic topical actives’ absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Carrer
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Guzmán
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Martí
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Alonso
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luisa Coderch
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08304 Barcelona, Spain.
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de Vega C, Albaladejo RG, Guzmán B, Steenhuisen SL, Johnson SD, Herrera CM, Lachance MA. Flowers as a reservoir of yeast diversity: description of Wickerhamiella nectarea f.a. sp. nov., and Wickerhamiella natalensis f.a. sp. nov. from South African flowers and pollinators, and transfer of related Candida species to the genus Wickerhamiella as new combinations. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 17:3966713. [PMID: 28810705 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowers offer favourable microenvironments for yeast growth, and are increasingly recognised as a rich source of novel yeast species. Independent surveys of yeasts associated with flowers and pollinators in South Africa led to the discovery of 38 strains of two new species. Physiological profiles and analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene showed that they represent two novel species that belong to the Wickerhamiella clade. We describe the species as Wickerhamiella nectarea f.a. sp. nov. (type strain EBDCdVSA11-1T, CBS 14162T, NRRL Y-63791T) and W. natalensis f.a. sp. nov. (type strain EBDCdVSA7-1T, CBS 14161T, NRRL Y-63790T). We extend the known range of flower-associated Wickerhamiella species to South Africa and discuss the ecology and phylogenetic relationships of the clade in relation to its host species and biogeography. Examination of growth characteristics supports that the Wickerhamiella clade exhibits a high degree of evolutionary lability, and that specialisation to different niches may occur rapidly. We review the current status of floral yeast biodiversity and nectar as a reservoir of species diversity, and the importance of pollinators and biogeography. In addition, 18 species formerly assigned to the genus Candida are reassigned formally to the genus Wickerhamiella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara de Vega
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida de Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael G Albaladejo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz Guzmán
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, P/Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/ Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Carlos M Herrera
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida de Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marc-André Lachance
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Teixido AL, Guzmán B, Staggemeier VG, Valladares F. Phylogeny determines flower size-dependent sex allocation at flowering in a hermaphroditic family. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:963-972. [PMID: 28727278 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In animal-pollinated hermaphroditic plants, optimal floral allocation determines relative investment into sexes, which is ultimately dependent on flower size. Larger flowers disproportionally increase maleness whereas smaller and less rewarding flowers favour female function. Although floral traits are considered strongly conserved, phylogenetic relationships in the interspecific patterns of resource allocation to floral sex remain overlooked. We investigated these patterns in Cistaceae, a hermaphroditic family. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among Cistaceae species and quantified phylogenetic signal for flower size, dry mass and nutrient allocation to floral structures in 23 Mediterranean species using Blomberg's K-statistic. Lastly, phylogenetically-controlled correlational and regression analyses were applied to examine flower size-based allometry in resource allocation to floral structures. Sepals received the highest dry mass allocation, followed by petals, whereas sexual structures increased nutrient allocation. Flower size and resource allocation to floral structures, except for carpels, showed a strong phylogenetic signal. Larger-flowered species allometrically allocated more resources to maleness, by increasing allocation to corollas and stamens. Our results suggest a major role of phylogeny in determining interspecific changes in flower size and subsequent floral sex allocation. This implies that flower size balances the male-female function over the evolutionary history of Cistaceae. While allometric resource investment in maleness is inherited across species diversification, allocation to the female function seems a labile trait that varies among closely related species that have diversified into different ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Teixido
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Móstoles, Spain
| | - B Guzmán
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - V G Staggemeier
- Department of Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Phenology Lab, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Guzmán B, Gómez JM, Vargas P. Is floral morphology a good predictor of floral visitors to Antirrhineae (snapdragons and relatives)? Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:515-524. [PMID: 28316136 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between plants and flower visitors has been historically proposed as a main factor driving the evolutionary change of both flower and pollinator phenotypes. The considerable diversity in floral morphology within the tribe Antirrhineae has been traditionally related to pollinator types. We used empirical data on the flower visitors from 59 Antirrhineae taxa from the literature and our own field surveys, which provide an opportunity to test whether flower phenotypes are reliable predictors of visitors and pollinator niches. The degree of adjustment between eight key floral traits and actual visitors was explored by testing the predictive value of inferred pollinator syndromes (i.e. suites of floral traits that characterise groups of plant species related to pollination). Actual visitors and inferred pollinator niches (categorisation of visitors' association using a modularity algorithm) were also explored using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The bee pollinator niche is correctly classified for flowers with dull corolla colour, without nectar guides, as the most important predictor. Both predictive value and statistical classification prove useful in classifying Antirrhineae taxa and the bee pollinator niche, mostly as a consequence of the high proportion of genera and taxa with occluded corollas primarily visited by bees. Our predictive approach rendered a high Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of floral traits in the diagnosis of visitors/pollinator niches. In particular, a high PPV was found for bees as both visitors and forming pollinator niches. In addition, LDA showed that four pollinator niches are well defined based on floral traits. The large number of species visited by bees irrespective of pollinator syndromes leads us to hypothesise their generalist pollinator role, despite the phenotypically specialised flowers of Antirrhineae.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Guzmán
- Dpto. de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Gómez
- Dpto. de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain
- Dpto. de Ecología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P Vargas
- Dpto. de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Valcárcel V, Guzmán B, Medina NG, Vargas P, Wen J. Phylogenetic and paleobotanical evidence for late Miocene diversification of the Tertiary subtropical lineage of ivies (Hedera L., Araliaceae). BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:146. [PMID: 28641575 PMCID: PMC5480257 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedera (ivies) is one of the few temperate genera of the primarily tropical Asian Palmate group of the Araliaceae, which extends its range out of Asia to Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic results suggested Asia as the center of origin and the western Mediterranean region as one of the secondary centers of diversification. The bird-dispersed fleshy fruits of ivies suggest frequent dispersal over long distances (e.g. Macaronesian archipelagos), although reducing the impact of geographic barriers to gene flow in mainland species. Genetic isolation associated with geographic barriers and independent polyploidization events have been postulated as the main driving forces of diversification. In this study we aim to evaluate past and present diversification patterns in Hedera within a geographic and temporal framework to clarify the biogeographic history of the genus. RESULTS Phylogenetic (biogeographic, time divergence and diversification) and phylogeographic (coalescence) analyses using four DNA regions (nrITS, trnH-psbA, trnT-trnL, rpl32) revealed a complex spatial pattern of lineage divergence. Scarce geographic limitation to gene flow and limited diversification are observed during the early-mid Miocene, followed by a diversification rate increase related to geographic divergence from the Tortonian/Messinian. Genetic and palaeobotanical evidence points the origin of the Hedera clade in Asia, followed by a gradual E-W Asian extinction and the progressive E-W Mediterranean colonization. The temporal framework for the E Asia - W Mediterranean westward colonization herein reported is congruent with the fossil record. Subsequent range expansion in Europe and back colonization to Asia is also inferred. Uneven diversification among geographic areas occurred from the Tortonian/Messinian onwards with limited diversification in the newly colonized European and Asian regions. Eastern and western Mediterranean regions acted as refugia for Miocene and post-Miocene lineages, with a similar role as consecutive centers of centrifugal dispersal (including islands) and speciation. CONCLUSIONS The Miocene Asian extinction and European survival of Hedera question the general pattern of Tertiary regional extinction of temperate angiosperms in Europe while they survived in Asia. The Tortonian/Messinian diversification increase of ivies in the Mediterranean challenges the idea that this aridity period was responsible for the extinction of the Mediterranean subtropical Tertiary flora. Differential responses of Hedera to geographic barriers throughout its evolutionary history, linked to spatial isolation related to historical geologic and climatic constraints may have shaped diversification of ivies in concert with recurrent polyploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Valcárcel
- Department of Biology (Botany), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - B Guzmán
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - N G Medina
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - P Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Wen
- Department of Botany/MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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Medina N, Samayoa B, Lau-Bonilla D, Denning DW, Herrera R, Mercado D, Guzmán B, Pérez JC, Arathoon E. Burden of serious fungal infections in Guatemala. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:965-969. [PMID: 28243758 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Guatemala is a developing country in Central America with a high burden of HIV and endemic fungal infections; we attempted to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections for the country. A full literature search was done to identify epidemiology papers reporting fungal infections from Guatemala. We used specific populations at risk and fungal infection frequencies in the population to estimate national rates. The population of Guatemala in 2013 was 15.4 million; 40% were younger than 15 and 6.2% older than 60. There are an estimated 53,000 adults with HIV infection, in 2015, most presenting late. The estimated cases of opportunistic fungal infections were: 705 cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, 408 cases of cryptococcal meningitis, 816 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia, 16,695 cases of oral candidiasis, and 4,505 cases of esophageal candidiasis. In the general population, an estimated 5,568 adult asthmatics have allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) based on a 2.42% prevalence of asthma and a 2.5% ABPA proportion. Amongst 2,452 pulmonary tuberculosis patients, we estimated a prevalence of 495 for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in this group, and 1,484 for all conditions. An estimated 232,357 cases of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is likely. Overall, 1.7% of the population are affected by these conditions. The true fungal infection burden in Guatemala is unknown. Tools and training for improved diagnosis are needed. Additional research on prevalence is needed to employ public health measures towards treatment and improving the reported data of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Medina
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - B Samayoa
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala. .,Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
| | - D Lau-Bonilla
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - D W Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - R Herrera
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - D Mercado
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - B Guzmán
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - J C Pérez
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - E Arathoon
- Asociación de Salud Integral, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Guzmán B, Heleno R, Nogales M, Simbaña W, Traveset A, Vargas P. Evolutionary history of the endangered shrub snapdragon (Galvezia leucantha) of the Galápagos Islands. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Guzmán
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation; Real Jardín Botánico - CSIC; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Ruben Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; 3000-213 Coímbra Portugal
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group; Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología - CSIC; Av. Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife Spain
| | - Walter Simbaña
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering; Universidad Técnica de Ambato; Colombia 02-11 Ambato EC180105 Ecuador
| | - Anna Traveset
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation; Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats - CSIC; Carrer de Miquel Marquès; 21, 07190 Esporles Mallorca Spain
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation; Real Jardín Botánico - CSIC; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
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de Vega C, Guzmán B, Steenhuisen SL, Johnson SD, Herrera CM, Lachance MA. Metschnikowia drakensbergensis sp. nov. and Metschnikowia caudata sp. nov., endemic yeasts associated with Protea flowers in South Africa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3724-3732. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.068445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a taxonomic study of yeasts recovered from nectar of flowers and associated insects in South Africa, 11 strains were found to represent two novel species. Morphological and physiological characteristics and sequence analyses of the large-subunit rRNA gene D1/D2 region, as well as the actin, RNA polymerase II and elongation factor 2 genes, showed that the two novel species belonged to the genus Metschnikowia. Metschnikowia drakensbergensis sp. nov. (type strain EBD-CdVSA09-2T = CBS 13649T = NRRL Y-63721T; MycoBank no. MB809688; allotype EBD-CdVSA10-2A = CBS13650A = NRRL Y-63720A) was recovered from nectar of Protea roupelliae and the beetle Heterochelus sp. This species belongs to the large-spored Metschnikowia clade and is closely related to Metschnikowia proteae, with which mating reactions and single-spored asci were observed. Metschnikowia caudata sp. nov. (type strain EBD-CdVSA08-1T = CBS 13651T = NRRL Y-63722T; MycoBank no. MB809689; allotype EBD-CdVSA57-2A = CBS 13729A = NRRL Y-63723A) was isolated from nectar of Protea dracomontana, P. roupelliae and P. subvestita and a honeybee, and is a sister species to Candida hainanensis and Metschnikowia lopburiensis. Analyses of the four sequences demonstrated the existence of three separate phylotypes. Intraspecies matings led to the production of mature asci of unprecedented morphology, with a long, flexuous tail. A single ascospore was produced in all compatible crosses, regardless of sequence phylotype. The two species appear to be endemic to South Africa. The ecology and habitat specificity of these novel species are discussed in terms of host plant and insect host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara de Vega
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida de Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz Guzmán
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, P/Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Steven D. Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Carlos M. Herrera
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida de Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marc-André Lachance
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Albaladejo RG, Guzmán B, González-Martínez SC, Aparicio A. Extensive pollen flow but few pollen donors and high reproductive variance in an extremely fragmented landscape. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49012. [PMID: 23152842 PMCID: PMC3495779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysing pollen movement is a key to understanding the reproductive system of plant species and how it is influenced by the spatial distribution of potential mating partners in fragmented populations. Here we infer parameters related to levels of pollen movement and diversity of the effective pollen cloud for the wind-pollinated shrub Pistacia lentiscus across a highly disturbed landscape using microsatellite loci. Paternity analysis and the indirect KinDist and Mixed Effect Mating models were used to assess mating patterns, the pollen dispersal kernel, the effective number of males (Nep) and their relative individual fertility, as well as the existence of fine-scale spatial genetic structure in adult plants. All methods showed extensive pollen movement, with high rates of pollen flow from outside the study site (up to 73–93%), fat-tailed dispersal kernels and large average pollination distances (δ = 229–412 m). However, they also agreed in detecting very few pollen donors (Nep = 4.3–10.2) and a large variance in their reproductive success: 70% of males did not sire any offspring among the studied female plants and 5.5% of males were responsible for 50% of pollinations. Although we did not find reduced levels of genetic diversity, the adult population showed high levels of biparental inbreeding (14%) and strong spatial genetic structure (Sp = 0.012), probably due to restricted seed dispersal and scarce safe sites for recruitment. Overall, limited seed dispersal and the scarcity of successful pollen donors can be contributing to generate local pedigrees and to increase inbreeding, the prelude of genetic impoverishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Albaladejo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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13
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de Vega C, Guzmán B, Lachance MA, Steenhuisen SL, Johnson SD, Herrera CM. Metschnikowia proteae sp. nov., a nectarivorous insect-associated yeast species from Africa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:2538-2545. [PMID: 22407789 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.040790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of yeasts isolated from nectar of flowers of Protea caffra (Proteaceae) and associated scarab beetles (Atrichelaphinis tigrina, Cyrtothyrea marginalis, Trichostetha fascicularis and Heterochelus sp.) and drosophilid flies in South Africa, contained 28 isolates that could not be assigned to known species. Comparisons of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene demonstrated the existence of three separate phylotypes with an affinity to the genus Metschnikowia and more specifically to the beetle-associated large-spored Metschnikowia clade. Twenty-six strains that had similar D1/D2 sequences were mixed in all pairwise combinations. They were found to mate and give rise to large asci typical of those in the clade. The name Metschnikowia proteae sp. nov. (type strain EBDT1Y1(T) = CBS 12522(T) = NRRL Y-48784(T); allotype strain EBDC2Y2 = CBS 12521 = NRRL Y-48785) is proposed to accommodate this novel species. The ecology of this novel yeast species is discussed in relation to its potential plant and insect host species. The additional two single strains isolated from Heterochelus sp. represent two novel undescribed species (Candida sp. 1 EBDM2Y3 and Candida sp. 2 EBDM8Y1). As these single strains are probably haploid mating types of Metschnikowia species, their description is deferred until the species are sufficiently well sampled to permit meaningful descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara de Vega
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida de Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz Guzmán
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida de Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marc-André Lachance
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, N6A 5B7, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Carlos M Herrera
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida de Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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García-Maroto F, Mañas-Fernández A, Garrido-Cárdenas JA, Alonso DL, Guil-Guerrero JL, Guzmán B, Vargas P. Δ6-Desaturase sequence evidence for explosive Pliocene radiations within the adaptive radiation of Macaronesian Echium (Boraginaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 52:563-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive radiation in Mediterranean plants is poorly understood. The white-flowered Cistus lineage consists of 12 species primarily distributed in Mediterranean habitats and is herein subject to analysis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a "total evidence" analysis combining nuclear (ncpGS, ITS) and plastid (trnL-trnF, trnK-matK, trnS-trnG, rbcL) DNA sequences and using MP and BI to test the hypothesis of radiation as suggested by previous phylogenetic results. One of the five well-supported lineages of the Cistus-Halimium complex, the white-flowered Cistus lineage, comprises the higher number of species (12) and is monophyletic. Molecular dating estimates a Mid Pleistocene (1.04+/-0.25 Ma) diversification of the white-flowered lineage into two groups (C. clusii and C. salviifolius lineages), which display asymmetric characteristics: number of species (2 vs. 10), leaf morphologies (linear vs. linear to ovate), floral characteristics (small, three-sepalled vs. small to large, three- or five-sepalled flowers) and ecological attributes (low-land vs. low-land to mountain environments). A positive phenotype-environment correlation has been detected by historical reconstructions of morphological traits (leaf shape, leaf labdanum content and leaf pubescence). Ecological evidence indicates that modifications of leaf shape and size, coupled with differences in labdanum secretion and pubescence density, appear to be related to success of new species in different Mediterranean habitats. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The observation that radiation in the Cistus salviifolius lineage has been accompanied by the emergence of divergent leaf traits (such as shape, pubescence and labdanum secretion) in different environments suggets that radiation in the group has been adaptive. Here we argued that the diverse ecological conditions of Mediterranean habitats played a key role in directing the evolution of alternative leaf strategies in this plant group. Key innovation of morphological characteristics is supported by our dated phylogeny, in which a Mediterranean climate establishment (2.8 Ma) predated the adaptive radiation of the white-flowered Cistus.
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Barja S, Acevedo M, Arnaiz P, Berríos X, Bambs C, Guzmán B, Carvajal J, Cassis B, Navarrete C. [Early markers for atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome in children]. Rev Med Chil 2009; 137:522-530. [PMID: 19623418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of obesity in children favors the appearance of metabolic syndrome (MS), increasing their cardiovascular risk. AIM To evaluate components of MS in children and to correlate them with surrogate markers of atherosclerosis and subclinical inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied 209 children aged 11.5 +/- 2 years (50% girls, 30% prepuberal). Fifty percent had normal weight, 18% were overweight, 29% were obese and 3% were undernourished. A fasting blood sample was obtained to measure lipid levels, glucose, insulin, adiponectin and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (usCRP). Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated using flow mediated dilatation of brachial artery (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). For diagnosis of MS we adapted Cook's criteria. RESULTS Five percent of all children and 18% of those with overweight had MS. Children with more components had significantly higher fasting insulin and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) values. Clustering of MS components was also associated to higher values of usCRP and non significantly to lower adiponectin levels. We did not find differences in FMD. In obese children there was a tendency towards a higher IMT with clustering of MS components, although not significant. CONCLUSIONS Children with overweight presented a higher risk of a clustering of MS components, which was also associated with insulin resistance and increase in ultrasensitive C reactive protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salesa Barja
- Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Barja S, Acevedo M, Arnaiz P, Berríos X, Bambs C, Guzmán B, Carvajal J, Cassis B, Navarrete C. Marcadores de aterosclerosis temprana y síndrome metabólico en niños. Rev Med Chil 2009. [DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872009000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Arnaiz P, Acevedo M, Barja S, Aglony M, Guzmán B, Cassis B, Carvajal J, Moreno M, Navarrete C, Berríos X. Adiponectin levels, cardiometabolic risk factors and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in children. Int J Cardiol 2008; 138:138-44. [PMID: 18774612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of adiponectin have been associated with metabolic risk factors (RF) and cardiac disease. Minimal data is available about the relationship between adiponectin and subclinical atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship of adiponectin to cardiometabolic RF, C-reactive protein (CRP), anthropometric parameters of obesity, and subclinical atherosclerosis in children. METHODS Cross-sectional study in 103 children. We determined body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, percent fat mass, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting lipid profile, glycemia and insulinemia, and CRP. Subclinical atherosclerosis was determined by carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (FMD). RESULTS Mean age of the group was 12.4+/-1.9 years (47% girls; 20.4% prepubertal; 45 eutrophic, 23 overweight and 35 obese). Adiponectin levels were not statistically significantly different in eutrophic children versus obese+overweight: 17.7+/-5.6 and 15.9+/-5.3 microg/mL, respectively. Adiponectin levels in boys were no different from those in girls. Adiponectin correlated significantly with age, BMI, zBMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, HDL, insulinemia, and HOMA index. No statistically significant association with adiponectin was found for CRP, FMD or IMT. After adjusting by sex, pubertal status, and degree of obesity, the adiponectin levels associated significantly with HDL cholesterol and the HOMA index (r(2)=0.34, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin levels were inversely correlated with anthropometric parameters of obesity and insulin resistance and directly correlated with HDL levels. However, no relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis was demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Arnaiz
- Departamento de Pediatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Acevedo M, Arnáiz P, Barja S, Bambs C, Berríos X, Guzmán B, Carvajal J, Cassis B, Navarrete C. Proteína C reactiva y su relación con adiposidad, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y aterosclerosis subclínica en niños sanos. Rev Esp Cardiol 2007; 60:1051-8. [DOI: 10.1157/13111237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Quintana LF, Guzmán B, Collado S, Clària J, Poch E. A coding polymorphism in the 12-lipoxygenase gene is associated to essential hypertension and urinary 12(S)-HETE. Kidney Int 2006; 69:526-30. [PMID: 16514435 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The arachidonic acid-derived metabolite 12-(S)hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE), catalyzed by 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX, ALOX12), exhibits a variety of biological activities with implications in cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown higher urinary excretion of this metabolite in essential hypertension. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of polymorphisms in ALOX12 with hypertension and urinary levels of 12(S)-HETE. We studied 200 patients with essential hypertension (aged 56+/-1 years, mean+/-s.e.m., 97 males) and 166 matched controls (aged 54+/-1 years, 91 males). Out of six polymorphisms in the coding region of ALOX12, only R261Q determined a nonconservative amino-acid change and was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and restriction digestion. Urinary 12(S)-HETE was measured in Sep-Pack-extracted samples using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The distribution of genotypes of the R261Q polymorphism was significantly different between patients and controls: patients 92 (0.46) GG, 84 (0.42) GA, 24 (0.12) AA vs controls 56 (0.34) GG, 78 (0.47) GA, 32 (0.19) AA (P=0.030). On the contrary, no association was observed for two intronic polymorphisms. The urinary excretion of 12(S)-HETE (ng/mg creatinine) was significantly higher in GG homozygous patients (13.0+/-1.5) than in GA (8.2+/-1.8) or in AA (8+/-1.5) patients (P=0.018). These results indicate that a nonsynonymous polymorphism in ALOX12 is associated to essential hypertension and to urinary levels of 12(S)-HETE, thus suggesting a role for this gene in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Quintana
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínic, Universidad de, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Guzmán B, Vargas P. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Cistus L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 37:644-60. [PMID: 16055353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the first phylogenetic hypotheses for the 20 species of Cistus based on plastid (trnL-trnF, matK) and nuclear (ITS) DNA sequence data. Phylogenetic relationships reveal that: (1) Halimium and Cistus form a cohesive, natural group; (2) two major lineages of purple-flowered and white-flowered species are defined, except for the purple-flowered C. parviflorus; (3) monophyly of conspecific populations is congruent with the circumscription of species. Topological congruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies does not support a predominant reticulate system of evolution in Cistus. Reconstruction of character evolution suggests an increment of number of fruit valves in the Cistaceae from 3 to 12 in a unidirectional manner. In contrast, reproductive characters, such as sepal number, petal color, and style length, evolved multiple times in the course of evolution. A single colonization of Cistus into the Canary Islands appears to be responsible for a lineage of four species sharing a most recent common ancestor with five sepals, purple flowers, styles as long as stamens, and five fruit valves. Species diversity in Cistus (14) and Halimium (8), coupled with sister-group relationships and molecular divergence, lead us to suggest the western Mediterranean as a major center of present-day differentiation, but paleobotanical data indicate an earlier formation of the Cistus-Halimium assemblage in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Guzmán
- Royal Botanic Garden of Madrid, CSIC, Plaza Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
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Berríos X, Lagomarsino E, Solar E, Sandoval G, Guzmán B, Riedel I. Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in Chile--20 years of experience. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19:306-12. [PMID: 14689289 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-003-1340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Revised: 09/08/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the epidemiological and clinical picture of post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN), a prospective study was designed to investigate all admissions to a general hospital of a local health service in Chile. The protocol included the investigation of previous streptococcal infections (SI), clinical symptoms and signs, socioeconomic situation (SES), throat and skin swabs for the isolation of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, sequential determination of serum antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer, anti-DNAase B antibodies, and C3. During the 20 years studied, 926 cases were admitted (56% males). Incidence showed an endemic period (EP) 1980-1983, an epidemic outbreak (EO) 1984-1989, and a late period (LP) 1990-1999, with a rate per 100,000 inhabitants of 6.2, 13.2, and 1.7, respectively. The clinical picture was similar in the three periods. SES was homogeneous, with 80% of the population in low and middle-low categories. The average size of the family was 6.9 compared with 4.8 in the general population. Pyoderma was more frequent than pharyngeal infection, and more so during the EO. The isolation rate of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci from the pharynx was 20% compared with 60% from skin swabs. During EP, the most prevalent serotypes were T14-M0 and T1-M1 from the pharynx and TImp19-M0 from the skin. During EO, T14-M0 was more prevalent (30%). M or T classification was possible in EP and EO in 80%-85% of all strains isolated from the two locations. Significant titers for ASO and anti-DNAase B were found on admission: 55% and 75%, respectively. Both tests allowed identification of 100% of previous SI. In conclusion, the incidence of PSAGN had an uneven trend during the observed period. EO was mainly due to skin infection and a predominance of one serotype, T14-MO, was observed. After the EO, the yearly rate gradually decreased from 13.2 in 1988 to 0.0 in 1999, a rate similar to that of industrialized nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Berríos
- Department of Public Health, Catholic University, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
BACKGROUND "Mirame!" program was launched in Chile in 1993, to promote a healthy life style at school age. AIM To evaluate cost-effectiveness of this program. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifth and sixth grade school children, from 5 selected municipalities of the Metropolitan Region were studied. The design was a quasi-experiment with an intervention (IP, 1,435 children) and reference population (RP, 1,246 children). Tobacco (T-C) and alcohol (OH-C) consumption were the indicators. A baseline survey was done in 1993 and repeated in 1996 in both groups. The criterion of Net Change was applied to assess effectiveness. For cost evaluation, an institutional perspective was considered. Direct municipal administration and "Mirame!" program costs were analyzed and incremental costs were calculated, using reference municipalities as controls. A univariate sensitivity analysis was done based on the beneficial discount rate and cost discount rate. Cost effectiveness coefficient was calculated. RESULTS The incremental cost per each boy and girl prevented from OH-C was 112 US dollars (103.6-114.3) and 132 US dollars (129.9-133.3) respectively. The figures for each boy and girl prevented from T-C was 154 US dollars (142.7-157.4) and 130 US dollars (122.5-135.2) respectively. The program caused an additional cost per child, for the city hall of 11.7 US dollars in two years. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to apply health promotion interventions in schools with a good cost effectiveness in the short run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Berríos
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
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Berríos X, Morales A, Guzmán B, Rodríguez C, Quesney F. [Sydenham's chorea in the Southeastern Metropolitan Service: epidemiological report]. Rev Med Chil 1987; 115:470-6. [PMID: 3329380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Berríos X, Lagomarsino E, Morales A, Guzmán B, Rodríguez C, Riedel I, Quesney F. [Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: epidemiological report]. Rev Chil Pediatr 1984; 55:421-9. [PMID: 6536994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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