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Abosharaf HA, Farag AM, Abdel Allem AAH, El-Sayed IET, Akela MA, Tousson E, Kandil EH. Chamomile Extract Reduces Cardiac Toxicity in Female Mice with Ehrlich Solid Carcinoma. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01476-6. [PMID: 39154129 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is the most serious disorder that may affect a person and is also the leading cause of mortality. Worldwide, breast cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. The popularity of treating diseases using alternative and complementary medicines has increased in recent decades; many of these are derived from plants. Chamomile has a beneficial effect in treating many diseases, there for the purpose of this work is to study how chamomile protect against cardiac damage and toxicity brought on by Ehrlich solid tumor (EST) in adult female mice. 40 female mice were distributed in 4 groups (control, chamomile, EST, EST+chamomile). The research results indicated that EST caused significant alterations in cardiac function and structure. EST induced a significant elevation in serum creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and myoglobin (MB), potassium, chloride ions, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cardiac tissue damage, apoptotic P53 and Caspase 3 expressions while levels of sodium ions and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were significantly decreased. Treatments of EST with chamomile improved the biochemical, histopathological, and Immunohistochemical alterations. This suggests that chamomile may be useful as an adjuvant for the treatment and prevention of cardiac toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed A Abosharaf
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Amira M Farag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin EI-Kom, 32551, Egypt
| | | | - Ibrahim E T El-Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin EI-Kom, 32551, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Akela
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Tousson
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Eman H Kandil
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32551, Egypt
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Ghambashidze K, Chikhladze R, Saladze T, Hoopes PJ, Shubitidze F. E. coli Phagelysate: A Primer to Enhance Nanoparticles and Drug Deliveries in Tumor. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082315. [PMID: 37190243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), where cancer cells reside, plays a crucial role in cancer progression and metastasis. It maintains an immunosuppressive state in many tumors and regulates the differentiation of precursor monocytes into M1 (anti-tumor)- and M2 (pro-tumor)-polarized macrophages, and greatly reduces anticancer drug and nanoparticle delivery. As a result, the effectiveness of recently developed chemo- and/or nanotechnology-mediated immune and magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (mNPH) therapies is inhibited significantly. One of the ways to overcome this limitation is to use E. coli phagelysate as a primer to modify the tumor microenvironment by switching tumor-associated M2 macrophages to anti-tumor M1 macrophages, and initiate the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Recently, bacteriophages and phage-induced lysed bacteria (bacterial phagelysates-BPLs) have been shown to be capable of modifying the tumor-associated environment. Phage/BPL-coated proteins tend to elicit strong anti-tumor responses from the innate immune system, prompting phagocytosis and cytokine release. It has also been reported that the microenvironments of bacteriophage- and BPL-treated tumors facilitate the conversion of M2-polarized TAMS to a more M1-polarized (tumoricidal) environment post-phage treatment. This paper demonstrates the feasibility and enhanced efficacy of combining E. coli phagelysate (EcPHL) and mNPH, a promising technology for treating cancers, in a rodent model. Specifically, we illustrate the EcPHL vaccination effect on the TME and mNP distribution in Ehrlich adenocarcinoma tumors by providing the tumor growth dynamics and histology (H&E and Prussian blue) distribution of mNP in tumor and normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketevan Ghambashidze
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi 0177, Georgia
| | - Ramaz Chikhladze
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi 0177, Georgia
| | - Tamar Saladze
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi 0177, Georgia
| | - P Jack Hoopes
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Fridon Shubitidze
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Kabil MF, Mahmoud MY, Bakr AF, Zaafar D, El-Sherbiny IM. Switching indication of PEGylated lipid nanocapsules-loaded with rolapitant and deferasirox against breast cancer: Enhanced in-vitro and in-vivo cytotoxicity. Life Sci 2022; 305:120731. [PMID: 35753435 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is considered the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among adult women worldwide, and it is associated with many genetic or hormonal factors. Despite the advanced therapeutic and theranostic strategies for BC treatment, cancer metastasis and relapse are often observed among patients which lead to therapeutic failure. Accordingly, among the repositioned medication against BC proliferation is neurokinin receptor antagonists and iron chelating agents especially rolapitant HCl (RP) and deferasirox (DFO). However, RP and DFO are classified as class II with low aqueous solubility. Both drugs were nanoformulated into PEGylated lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) for enhancing their aqueous solubility and augmenting their efficacy. RP-LNCs, DFO-LNCs and their combinations were evaluated according to particle size (PS), zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI) and surface morphology. Importantly, the antitumor effect of these novel molecules and their nanoforms was evaluated against the suppression of Ehrlich Ascites tumor model using female mice. Results revealed that RP-LNCs, DFO-LNCs and RP/DFO-LNCs exerted PS from 45.23 ± 3.54 to 60.1 ± 3.32 nm with PDI around 0.20 which indicates homogenous particles distribution. Also, RP-LNCs, DFO-LNCs and RP/DFO-LNCs displayed surface charges of +16.6 ± 6.9, -13.3 ± 5.82 and - 20.2 ± 5.40 mV, respectively. The obtained LNCs conferred a high potent cytotoxic effect against MCF7 cancer cells as compared to parent drugs, with IC50 of 10.86 ± 0.89, 3.34 ± 0.99 and 2.24 ± 0.97 μg/mL for RP-LNCs, DFO-LNCs and RP/DFO-LNCs, respectively. The in-vivo pharmacodynamics effect of the developed nano-formulations showed superior antitumor effect for the individual drugs rather than their combinations as compared to the control group. The current study confirmed the potential of RP and DFO nanoforms as promising therapeutic agents for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fawzi Kabil
- Nanomedicine Lab, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaa F Bakr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia Zaafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Lab, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt.
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Rajarajan D, Natesh J, Penta D, Meeran SM. Dietary Piperine Suppresses Obesity-Associated Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis by Regulating the miR-181c-3p/ PPARα Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15562-15574. [PMID: 34905918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte-derived leptin activates multiple oncogenic signaling, leading to breast cancer cell progression and metastasis. Hence, finding effective strategies to inhibit the oncogenic effects of leptin would provide a novel approach for disrupting obesity-associated breast cancer. In the current study, we explored the role of piperine, a major plant alkaloid from Piper nigrum (black pepper), against leptin-induced breast cancer. Piperine treatment significantly inhibited leptin-induced breast cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. We found that piperine downregulated the expression of PPARα, a predicted target of miR-181c-3p. Mechanistically, piperine potentiates miR-181c-3p-mediated anticancer potential in leptin-induced breast cancer cells. Interestingly, the knockdown of PPARα reduced the proliferative potential of leptin-induced breast cancer cells. Further, oral administration of piperine inhibited breast tumor growth in diet-induced obese mice, accompanied by the upregulation of miR-181c-3p and downregulation of PPARα expression. Together, piperine represents a potential candidate for further development as an anticancer agent for treating obesity-associated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeran Rajarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jagadish Natesh
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dhanamjai Penta
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Karan S, Debnath S, Kuotsu K, Chatterjee TK. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of polymeric microsphere formulation for colon targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil using biocompatible natural gum katira. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:922-936. [PMID: 32335117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to develop oral site-specific rate-controlled anticancer drug delivery to pacify systemic side-effects and offer effective and safe therapy for colon cancer with compressed dose and duration of treatment. The double emulsion solvent evaporation method was employed. To check functionality, DAPI-staining and in-vivo anticancer study of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma bearing mice was tested. Histopathology of liver and kidney and Cell morphology of EAC cell was also performed. Formulated and optimized polymeric microsphere of 5-FU showed excellent physicochemical features. In-vitro, DAPI results pointed drug-treated groups displayed the prominent feature of apoptosis. The percentage of apoptotic of entrapped drug played in a dose-dependent manner. Significant decreases in EAC liquid tumors and increased life span of treated mice were observed. Rate of variation of cell morphology was more in 5-FU loaded microsphere than 5-FU injection. Hematological and biochemical parameter's and Histopathology of liver and kidney resulted that due to control released formulation have slow release rate, that gives less trace on liver and kidney function. Finally, we foresee that polymeric microsphere of 5-FU applying natural gum katira could be an assuring micro-carrier for active colon targeting delivery tool with augmented chemotherapeutic efficacy and lowering side effect against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Karan
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Souvik Debnath
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA
| | - Ketousetuo Kuotsu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Chatterjee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, India.
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Abdel-Aziz AK, Saadeldin MK, D'Amico P, Orecchioni S, Bertolini F, Curigliano G, Minucci S. Preclinical models of breast cancer: Two-way shuttles for immune checkpoint inhibitors from and to patient bedside. Eur J Cancer 2019; 122:22-41. [PMID: 31606656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration has lately approved atezolizumab, anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), to be used together with nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) paclitaxel in treating patients with triple negative breast cancer (BC) expressing PD-L1. Nonetheless, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are still challenged by the resistance and immune-related adverse effects evident in a considerable subset of treated patients without conclusive comprehension of the underlying molecular basis, biomarkers and tolerable therapeutic regimens capable of unleashing the anti-tumour immune responses. Stepping back to preclinical models is thus inevitable to address these inquiries. Herein, we comprehensively review diverse preclinical models of BC exploited in investigating ICIs underscoring their pros and cons as well as the learnt and awaited lessons to allow full exploitation of ICIs in BC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona Kamal Saadeldin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 6th October City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Paolo D'Amico
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Orecchioni
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertolini
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
The distribution of metastases in 783 post-mortem examinations for malignant primary tumors has been studied. Mechanical circulatory factors are not very important in determining the sites and extent of metastatic spread. The lungs and liver are the most common sites of blood borne metastates: but when organ weight are taken into account, they fall to the sixth and ninth places respectively. Different tumors, even when their position in the blood stream is the same, have very different metastatic patterns: blood borne metastases through the general arterial circulation of cancers of the lungs and cancers of other organs whose blood is drained by the caval or portal systems, but with metastases to the lungs, are in the ratios of 3:1.5:1 respectively.
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Subcutaneous Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma mice model for studying cancer-induced cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5599. [PMID: 29618792 PMCID: PMC5884778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is one of the characteristic features of cancer. In this study, we establish a suitable model to study breast cancer-induced cardiomyopathy in mice. We used Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells to induce subcutaneous tumor in 129/SvJ mice and studied its effect on heart function. In Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma bearing mice, we found significant reduction in left ventricle wall thickness, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening increase in left ventricle internal diameter. We found higher muscle atrophy, degeneration, fibrosis, expression of cell-adhesion molecules and cell death in tumor-bearing mice hearts. As observed in cancer patients, we found that mTOR, a key signalling molecule responsible for maintaining cell growth and autophagy was suppressed in this model. Tumor bearing mice hearts show increased expression and nuclear localization of TFEB and FoxO3a transcription factors, which are involved in the upregulation of muscle atrophy genes, lysosomal biogenesis genes and autophagy genes. We propose that Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma induced tumor can be used as a model to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of heart failure in patients suffering from cancer-induced cardiomyopathy. This model can also be used to test the adverse consequences of cancer chemotherapy in heart.
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BASERGA R, PUTONG PB, TYLER S, WARTMAN WB. The dose-response relationship between the number of embolic tumor cells and the incidence of blood-borne metastases. Br J Cancer 1998; 14:173-85. [PMID: 13687573 PMCID: PMC2074213 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1960.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gastpar H. New aspects of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: possible approaches to prevention and treatment. Curr Med Res Opin 1981; 7:142-55. [PMID: 7011687 DOI: 10.1185/03007998109114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
New techniques in cell biology and recent advances in rheology have opened up fresh perspectives in the understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. There is now an increasing amount of experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that arterial thrombi are the first stage in atherogenesis in the context of endothelial lesions and not merely secondary factors without any causal significance. Factors influencing platelet aggregation and adhesiveness are discussed, and the animal and clinical studies carried out with the platelet aggregation inhibitor pentoxifylline and its effects on the microcirculation are reviewed.
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Skolnik G, Alpsten M, Ivarsson L. The influence of trauma, Dextran 1000, and Dextran 40 on the lodgement of circulating tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1980; 97:241-8. [PMID: 6160158 DOI: 10.1007/bf00405775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that trauma and infusion of Dextran 1000 increased the formation of pulmonary metastases after i.v. tumor cell injection in rats. Infusion of Dextran 40 enhanced the pulmonary metastasis formation in traumatized but not in non-traumatized animals. In this study tumor cells labelled with a radioactive isotope were used to register the lodgement circulating tumor cells after trauma and infusion of Dextran 1000 and Dextran 40. It was found that the pulmonary lodgement of tumor cells was increased after trauma and infusion of Dextran 1000. Dextran 40 did not influence the lodgement in a significant way either in normal or in traumatized animals. Thus, the increased formation of metastases after trauma and infusion of Dextran 1000 seems to depend upon an increased tumor cell lodgement.
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Hagmar B, Norrby K. Evidence for effects of heparin on cell surfaces influencing experimental metastases. Int J Cancer 1970; 5:72-84. [PMID: 5414745 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910050110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Mellgren J, Bartholdsson E, Boeryd B, Norrby K. A spontaneously metastasizing 20-methylcholanthrene-induced rhabdomyosarcoma and its transformation to ascites form in the CBA mouse. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1966; 68:535-46. [PMID: 5958849 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1966.68.4.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Boeryd B. Effect of heparin and plasminogen inhibitor (EACA) on intravenously injected ascites tumour cells. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1966; 68:547-52. [PMID: 5958850 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1966.68.4.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Boeryd B. Effect of heparin and plasminogen inhibitor (EACA) in brief and prolonged treatment on intravenously injected tumour cells. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1966; 68:347-54. [PMID: 5959842 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1966.68.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Boeryd B. Action of heparin and plasminogen inhibitor (EACA) on metastatic tumour spread in an isologous system. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1965; 65:395-404. [PMID: 5884701 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1965.65.3.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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RAKER JW, SKINNER DB. A METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF PASSAGE OF TUMOR CELLS THROUGH THE ISOLATED PULMONARY CIRCULATION. Ann Surg 1963; 158:877-83. [PMID: 14074078 PMCID: PMC1408550 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-196311000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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