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Abstract
The identification of a number of families of lipid signal molecules since the 1990s created new therapeutic possibilities for a great number of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation and pain. These lipid autacoids have been explored in a great variety of animal models related to inflammation, pain, (neuro-)protection, and repair. Based on the data from these models, as well as on a number of proof of principle studies in the clinic in indications such as neuropathic pain, a new chapter in medicine is about to begin. We would like to introduce the term “Autacoid Pain Medicine” for this chapter. There are, however, a number of methodological and strategic issues to overcome in this field. One of the roadblocks is related to patent strategies around families of these molecules. As this is not always recognized we will present a number of examples.
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Hecquet C, Becker RP, Tan F, Erdös EG. Kallikreins when activating bradykinin B2 receptor induce its redistribution on plasma membrane. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1795-806. [PMID: 12489794 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor (R) is directly activated by kallikreins and other serine proteases independent of BK release. Both the Galpha(i) and Galpha(q) proteins are involved, shown by the release of arachidonic acid and [Ca2+]i elevation. Site-directed mutagenesis of the receptor and the lack of heterogeneous desensitization of the human B2R by the BK and kallikrein emphasize among others the differences between activation by the proteases and the peptide. To characterize further the mechanism thereby kallikreins activate and desensitize the B2R we investigated the distribution of the human B2R tagged with the green fluorescent protein (B2-GFP(Ct)) on the plasma membrane of stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We visualized the movement of B2-GFP(Ct) R with confocal fluorescence microscopy after activation by BK or a by serine protease. Continued exposure of the cells to BK led to B2R internalization within 15-20 min. Porcine pancreatic and human recombinant tissue kallikreins induced a rapid definite redistribution of receptors on the plasma membrane within 5 min, prior to internalization. These effects of kallikrein were blocked by the B2R antagonist HOE 140 and by the kallikrein inhibitor, aprotinin. The B2R was also activated by endoproteinases LysC and ArgC and trypsin, but these enzymes did not induce redistribution, only internalization. In control experiments, kallikrein had no effect on cells transfected to stably express the angiotensin-converting enzyme-green fluorescent protein (GFP). Thus, kallikreins when activating the BK B2R also trigger its redistribution on plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Hecquet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Hecquet C, Tan F, Marcic BM, Erdös EG. Human bradykinin B(2) receptor is activated by kallikrein and other serine proteases. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:828-36. [PMID: 10999954 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.4.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) and kallidin (Lys-BK), liberated from kininogens by kallikreins, are ligands of the BK B(2) receptor. We investigated whether kallikreins, besides releasing peptide agonist, could also activate the receptor directly. We studied the effect of porcine and human recombinant tissue kallikrein and plasma kallikrein on [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization and [(3)H]arachidonic acid release from cultured cells stably transfected to express human BK B(2) receptor (CHO/B(2), MDCK/B(2), HEK/B(2)), and endothelial cells were used as control cells. As with BK, the actions of kallikrein were blocked by the B(2) antagonist, HOE 140. Kallikrein was inactive on cells lacking B(2) receptor. Kallikrein and BK desensitized the receptor homologously but there was no cross-desensitization. Furthermore, 50 nM human cathepsin G and 50 nM trypsin also activated the receptor; this also was blocked by HOE 140. Experiments excluded a putative kinin release by proteases. [(3)H]AA release by BK was reduced by 40% by added kininase I (carboxypeptidase M); however, receptor activation by tissue kallikrein, trypsin, or cathepsin G was not affected. Prokallikrein and inhibited kallikrein were inactive, suggesting cleavage of a peptide bond in the receptor. Kallikreins were active on mutated B(2) receptor missing the 19 N-terminal amino acids, suggesting a type of activation different from that of thrombin receptor. Paradoxically, tissue kallikreins decreased the [(3)H]BK binding to the receptor with a low K(D) (3 nM) and inhibited it 78%. Thus, kallikreins and some other proteases activate human BK B(2) receptor directly, independent of BK release. The BK B(2) receptor may belong to a new group of serine protease-activated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hecquet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Minshall RD, Nedumgottil SJ, Igić R, Erdös EG, Rabito SF. Potentiation of the effects of bradykinin on its receptor in the isolated guinea pig ileum. Peptides 2000; 21:1257-64. [PMID: 11035213 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE/kininase II) inhibitors potentiated guinea pig ileum's isotonic contractions to bradykinin (BK) and its analogues, shifting the BK dose-response curve to the left. ACE inhibitors added at the peak of the contraction immediately enhanced it further (343 +/- 40%), although the ileum inactivated BK slowly (t(1/2) = 12-16 min). Chymotrypsin and cathepsin G also augmented the activity of BK up to three- or four-fold, but in a manner slower than that of ACE inhibitors. The BK B(2) receptor blocker HOE 140 inhibited all effects. Histamine and angiotensin II were not potentiated. ACE inhibitors potentiate BK independent of blocking its inactivation by inducing crosstalk between ACE and the BK B(2) receptor; proteases activate the receptor by different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (kininase II; ACE) inhibitors, antibodies to ACE and slowly cleaved substrates of ACE potentiate the effect of bradykinin and its analogs on their B2 receptors independently of blocking peptide metabolism. ACE inhibitors also resensitized the receptors desensitized by the ligand (tachyphylaxis). The studies were performed on isolated organs and cells co-transfected with the receptor and the enzyme or constitutively expressing them. This enhancement of the effect of B2 ligands is attributed to a crosstalk between the enzyme and the receptor, and not to a direct action on the receptors. It might reflect some of the local activities of ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- EG Erdös
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Metabolism of Bradykinin by Peptidases in Health and Disease. THE KININ SYSTEM 1997. [PMCID: PMC7155640 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012249340-9/50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the metabolism of bradykinin (BK) by peptidases in health and disease. The enzymatic breakdown of kinins affects the duration of their biological actions as the plasma half-life of intravenously injected BK is in the range of seconds. Kinins are cleaved in vitro and in vivo by enzymes that belong to families, such as zinc-metallopeptidases, astacin-like metallopeptidases, and catheptic enzymes. Vane noted the importance of the pulmonary circulation in the metabolism of vasoactive substances, such as BK as well as angiotensin 1 and 5- hydroxytryptamine. It is clear after decades of research that angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) on the vascular endothelial cell surface is the most important inactivator of blood-borne BK. BK may act primarily in an autocrine and paracrine fashion, establishing the importance of local regulation of its activity by enzymes on cell surfaces. Thus, the assortment of other enzymes that can inactivate BK is important in a variety of physiological and pathological situations. Most physiological systems have redundant pathways of metabolism so that the abolishment of one pathway is compensated for by the presence of others. This is demonstrated by the pharmacological inhibition of ACE in hypertension.
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FERREIRA SH. A BRADYKININ-POTENTIATING FACTOR (BPF) PRESENT IN THE VENOM OF BOTHROPS JARARCA. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1996; 24:163-9. [PMID: 14302350 PMCID: PMC1704050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1965.tb02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nassar AY, Abu-Sinna G, Rahim SA. Effect of a bradykinin potentiating fraction, from venom of the Egyptian scorpion, Buthus occitanus, on the ovaries and endometrium of mice. Toxicon 1990; 28:525-34. [PMID: 2389253 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(90)90296-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An isolated fraction with bradykinin potentiating activity, from the venom of the Egyptian scorpion Buthus occitanus, was injected i.p. in female mice (35 days old). Five days after the injection of a single sublethal dose (1 micrograms/g), the number of primary multilaminar and secondary follicles of the ovaries was increased. Graafian follicles were observed in 50% of the treated mice but in none of the control mice. The number and size of the uterine glands and endometrium were increased in treated mice. Concomitantly, estradiol was increased in the circulating blood, while progesterone was within the normal limits. The enhancement of cellular growth by the isolated venom fraction with bradykinin potentiating activity, could be attributed to an enhancement of some growth factor(s) responsible for stimulating the ovarian follicles and uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Nassar
- Department of Biochemistry, Assiut University, Egypt
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Calixto JB, Nicolau M, Pizzolatti MG, Yunes RA. Kinin antagonist activity of compounds from Mandevilla velutina in the rat isolated uterus. Br J Pharmacol 1987; 91:199-204. [PMID: 3594076 PMCID: PMC1853505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb08999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of four semi-purified compounds obtained from Mandevilla velutina crude extract by silica gel chromatography fractionization were analysed for their inhibitory effects on uterine contractions induced by bradykinin (BK), lysylbradykinin (L-BK), acetylcholine (ACh) and oxytocin, in vitro. None of the compounds tested affected uterine tone. Pre-incubation for 20 min with fraction 12 (20 to 80 micrograms ml-1), isolated from M. velutina produced a parallel and concentration-dependent displacement to the right of the concentration-response curves for BK and L-BK (1 to 1000 nM). Schild plots of these data were linear (correlation close to unity) and yielded a nominal pA2 value (as g ml-1) of 5.1 and 4.9, respectively, and the values of the slopes were not significantly different from unity. Fraction 11 (10 to 40 micrograms ml-1) also produced a parallel and concentration-dependent displacement to the right of the BK concentration-response curve. The Schild plot gave a mean pA2 value (g ml-1) of 5.4 and a slope not significantly different from unity. Fraction 12 did not influence the uterine contractile responses induced by ACh (0.1 to 100 microM) and oxytocin (0.01 to 30 miu ml-1) at concentrations less than 80 micrograms ml-1. Fraction 16 (20 to 80 micrograms ml-1) antagonized the action of BK only at concentrations greater than 40 micrograms ml-1, whereas fraction 5 (20 to 80 micrograms ml-1) was completely inactive against BK-induced responses. 5 As observed previously with the crude extract, the onset of the BK antagonistic action of these compounds was rapid and completely reversible following intermittent washing of the preparation for 30-60 min. 6 These results indicate the existence of at least two compounds in the crude extract of Mandevilla velutina that act as competitive and selective kinin antagonists on the isolated uterus of the rat.
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Shvarts GY. Pharmacological regulation of the activity of the kinin system of the organism (survey). Pharm Chem J 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00780521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Szurska G, Kleinrok Z. The influence of beta-blocking agents on the kinin system in rat plasma. J Pharm Pharmacol 1978; 30:323-4. [PMID: 26753 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hamberg U. Current and past nomenclature of the kininogen-kinin system [proceedings]. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1978; 8:165-6. [PMID: 636952 DOI: 10.1007/bf01972437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Movat HZ. The kinin system: its relation to blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and the formed elements of the blood. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 84:143-202. [PMID: 152965 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Randić M, Yu HH. Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin in cat dorsal horn neurones activated by noxious stimuli. Brain Res 1976; 111:197-203. [PMID: 953700 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(76)91063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Damas J. [Stimulation of the paravascular carotid receptors by bradykinin]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1975; 83:111-21. [PMID: 50769 DOI: 10.3109/13813457509069844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the rat, intra-arterial injection of bradykinin produces either hypotension associated with polypnea or excitation with polypnea and a biphasic cardiovascular response. Intra-arterial injection of PGE, produces similar effects. Bradykinin and PGE sensitize each other. Indomethacine abolishes all vascular responses induced by bradykinin, but fails to reduce them when bradykinin is injected simultaneously with low doses of PGE. It is concluded that stimulation of paravascular nociceptive receptors is wholly responsible for the reactions by intracarotid injection of bradykinin.
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Damas J. [Cardiovascular reactions released by the introduction of bradykinin in the sub-arachnoid spaces in the anesthetized cat]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1974; 82:669-77. [PMID: 4141417 DOI: 10.3109/13813457409072320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bazin S, Pelletier M, Delaunay A. The influence of chemical mediators of acute inflammation on the cells of a subacute inflammation. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1973; 3:317-22. [PMID: 4274166 DOI: 10.1007/bf01986487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Damas J. [Pseudo-affective reaction and cardiovascular responses to the intracarotid injection of bradykinin]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1973; 81:317-30. [PMID: 4126209 DOI: 10.3109/13813457309074461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Iwata H, Shikimi T, Iida M, Miichi H. Pharmacological significances of peptidase and proteinase in the brain. 4. Effect of bradykinin on the central nervous system and role of the enzyme inactivating bradykinin in mouse brain. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1970; 20:80-6. [PMID: 4989134 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.20.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Graeff FG, Pelá IR, Roch e Silva M. Behavioural and somatic effects of bradykinin injected into the cerebral ventricles of unanaesthetized rabbits. Br J Pharmacol 1969; 37:723-32. [PMID: 5388583 PMCID: PMC1703715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb08511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effects of bradykinin (1-5 mug) injected into the cannulated lateral cerebral ventricles were studied in unanaesthetized rabbits before and after intravenous atropine, diphemanil and morphine.2. The intraventricular injections of bradykinin produced a short-lasting phase of behavioural excitation with vocalization followed by sedation. The behavioural excitation was associated with desynchronization in the electrocorticogram (e.co.g.), bradycardia and hypotension followed by tachycardia and hypertension. Tachypnoea was also observed. The subsequent phase of sedation was more prolonged and associated with synchronization of the e.co.g. and signs of catalepsy. Intense miosis was present during both phases.3. With repeated intraventricular injections of bradykinin, excitation, miosis, cardiovascular responses and tachypnoea diminished and eventually disappeared but the sedation did not exhibit tachyphylaxis.4. Atropine abolished the e.co.g. desynchronization, vocalization and bradycardia, reduced the duration of the excitatory and sedatory phase, diminished the tachycardia and hypotension, enhanced the hypertension, but did not affect the miosis and tachypnoea.5. Diphemanil affected only the cardiovascular effects produced by intraventricular bradykinin. They were affected in the same way as by atropine.6. Morphine did not affect the excitatory phase, but enhanced the cardiovascular effects produced by intraventricular bradykinin.7. The intraventricular injection of bradykinin (50 mug) caused a reduction in the amount of noradrenaline but not of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the brain stem; the amount of dopamine in the caudate nuclei was not affected.8. It is suggested that central cholinergic and adrenergic systems are activated by intraventricular bradykinin.
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Stahl PD, Waite LC, Heiskell CA, Kenny AD. Thyrocalcitonin preparations: characterization of the depressor contaminant. Eur J Pharmacol 1967; 1:247-53. [PMID: 6058909 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(67)90011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Singh I. Release of a bradykinin-like substance of nervous stimulation of a frog stomach muscle preparation. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1967; 75:211-7. [PMID: 4166443 DOI: 10.3109/13813456709089571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Carvalho IF, Diniz CR. Kinin-forming enzyme (kininogenin) in homogenates of rat kidney. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 128:136-48. [PMID: 5972354 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6593(66)90150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gutman AB. Uricosuric drugs, with special reference to probenecid and sulfinpyrazone. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 1966; 4:91-142. [PMID: 5333771 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Domenjoz R. Synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs: concepts of their mode of action. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 1966; 4:143-217. [PMID: 5333767 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pass F, Brophy D, Pearson ML, Lobitz WC. Human epidermal glycogen after inflammatory stimuli. J Invest Dermatol 1965; 45:391-5. [PMID: 5849880 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1965.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Melmon KL, Sjoerdsma A, Mason DT. Distinctive clinical and therapeutic aspects of the syndrome associated with bronchial carcinoid tumors. Am J Med 1965; 39:568-81. [PMID: 5831899 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(65)90080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Schröder E, Hempel R. Bradykinin, kallidin, and their synthetic analogues. EXPERIENTIA 1964; 20:529-44. [PMID: 5323644 DOI: 10.1007/bf02150278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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STEVENS DF, PINCUS G. The effect in vitro of estrone and bradykinin on a nuclear abnormality in a hamster ascites tumor. Biochem Pharmacol 1964; 13:743-50. [PMID: 14181277 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(64)90010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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ERDÖS EG, WOHLER JR. Inhibition in vivo of the enzymatic inactivation of bradykinin and kallidin. Biochem Pharmacol 1963; 12:1193-9. [PMID: 14074119 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(63)90094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Erdös EG, Richard Wohler J. Inhibitors of the in vivo enzymatic inactivation of bradykinin and kallidin. Life Sci 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(63)90009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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