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Davis RW, Brannen AD, Hossain MJ, Monsma S, Bock PE, Nahrendorf M, Mead D, Lodes M, Liles MR, Panizzi P. Complete genome of Staphylococcus aureus Tager 104 provides evidence of its relation to modern systemic hospital-acquired strains. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:179. [PMID: 26940863 PMCID: PMC4778325 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections range in severity due to expression of certain virulence factors encoded on mobile genetic elements (MGE). As such, characterization of these MGE, as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms, is of high clinical and microbiological importance. To understand the evolution of these dangerous pathogens, it is paramount to define reference strains that may predate MGE acquisition. One such candidate is S. aureus Tager 104, a previously uncharacterized strain isolated from a patient with impetigo in 1947. RESULTS We show here that S. aureus Tager 104 can survive in the bloodstream and infect naïve organs. We also demonstrate a procedure to construct and validate the assembly of S. aureus genomes, using Tager 104 as a proof-of-concept. In so doing, we bridged confounding gap regions that limited our initial attempts to close this 2.82 Mb genome, through integration of data from Illumina Nextera paired-end, PacBio RS, and Lucigen NxSeq mate-pair libraries. Furthermore, we provide independent confirmation of our segmental arrangement of the Tager 104 genome by the sole use of Lucigen NxSeq libraries filled by paired-end MiSeq reads and alignment with SPAdes software. Genomic analysis of Tager 104 revealed limited MGE, and a νSaβ island configuration that is reminiscent of other hospital acquired S. aureus genomes. CONCLUSIONS Tager 104 represents an early-branching ancestor of certain hospital-acquired strains. Combined with its earlier isolation date and limited content of MGE, Tager 104 can serve as a viable reference for future comparative genome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Davis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Andrew D Brannen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Mohammad J Hossain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Scott Monsma
- Lucigen Corporation, 2905 Parmenter St, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA.
| | - Paul E Bock
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - David Mead
- Lucigen Corporation, 2905 Parmenter St, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA.
| | - Michael Lodes
- Lucigen Corporation, 2905 Parmenter St, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA.
| | - Mark R Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcal Bioaerosols in and around Residential Houses in an Urban Area in Central India. J Pathog 2016; 2016:7163615. [PMID: 26925268 PMCID: PMC4746351 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7163615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS) commonly found in clinical samples or associated environment pose a major health challenge globally. The carriage rate of MRS in human population is high, especially in India but research on airborne distribution of MRS is scanty. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MRS in indoor and outdoor environment of residential houses. Air samples were collected using impactor air sampler. The total counts of viable bacteria, staphylococci, and MRS along with the particles of various sizes were determined from indoor and outdoor environment of 14 residential houses. MRS bacteria were identified as methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) employing biochemical and PCR assays. The average concentration of MRS inside and outside of the houses was 5.9% and 4.6% of the total bacteria, respectively. The maximum correlation of total indoor and outdoor bacteria with particulate matter was 10 μm (r = 0.74) and 5 μm (r = 0.84), respectively. Statistically, significant positive correlation of staphylococci and MRS was found with particles of 10–25 μm inside the houses. Molecular surveillance, antibiotic stewardship programme, and infection control policies can help to manage increasing MRS burden in developing countries.
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DeDent A, Kim HK, Missiakas D, Schneewind O. Exploring Staphylococcus aureus pathways to disease for vaccine development. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:317-33. [PMID: 22130613 PMCID: PMC3539746 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal of the human skin or nares and a pathogen that frequently causes skin and soft tissue infections as well as bacteremia and sepsis. Recent efforts in understanding the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis revealed key virulence strategies of S. aureus in host tissues: bacterial scavenging of iron, induction of coagulation pathways to promote staphylococcal agglutination in the vasculature, and suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses. Advances in all three areas have been explored for opportunities in vaccine design in an effort to identify the critical protective antigens of S. aureus. Human clinical trials with specific subunit vaccines have failed, yet provide important insights for the design of future trials that must address the current epidemic of S. aureus infections with drug-resistant isolates (MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea DeDent
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Contribution of coagulases towards Staphylococcus aureus disease and protective immunity. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001036. [PMID: 20700445 PMCID: PMC2916881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus seeds abscesses in host tissues to replicate at the center of these lesions, protected from host immune cells via a pseudocapsule. Using histochemical staining, we identified prothrombin and fibrin within abscesses and pseudocapsules. S. aureus secretes two clotting factors, coagulase (Coa) and von Willebrand factor binding protein (vWbp). We report here that Coa and vWbp together are required for the formation of abscesses. Coa and vWbp promote the non-proteolytic activation of prothrombin and cleavage of fibrinogen, reactions that are inhibited with specific antibody against each of these molecules. Coa and vWbp specific antibodies confer protection against abscess formation and S. aureus lethal bacteremia, suggesting that coagulases function as protective antigens for a staphylococcal vaccine.
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Tirunarayanan MO, Lundbeck H. Investigations on the enzymes and toxins of staphylococci. Relations of pH to growth and production of enzymes. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 74:274-86. [PMID: 4302584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1968.tb03479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Panizzi P, Friedrich R, Fuentes-Prior P, Kroh HK, Briggs J, Tans G, Bode W, Bock PE. Novel fluorescent prothrombin analogs as probes of staphylocoagulase-prothrombin interactions. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:1169-78. [PMID: 16230340 PMCID: PMC2292460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507955200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylocoagulase (SC) is a potent nonproteolytic prothrombin (ProT) activator and the prototype of a newly established zymogen activator and adhesion protein family. The staphylocoagulase fragment containing residues 1-325 (SC-(1-325)) represents a new type of nonproteolytic activator with a unique fold consisting of two three-helix bundle domains. The N-terminal, domain 1 of SC (D1, residues 1-146) interacts with the 148 loop of thrombin and prethrombin 2 and the south rim of the catalytic site, whereas domain 2 of SC (D2, residues 147-325) occupies (pro)exosite I, the fibrinogen (Fbg) recognition exosite. Reversible conformational activation of ProT by SC-(1-325) was used to create novel analogs of ProT covalently labeled at the catalytic site with fluorescence probes. Analogs selected from screening 10 such derivatives were used to characterize quantitatively equilibrium binding of SC-(1-325) to ProT, competitive binding with native ProT, and SC domain interactions. The results support the conclusion that SC-(1-325) binds to a single site on fluorescein-labeled and native ProT with indistinguishable dissociation constants of 17-72 pM. The results obtained for isolated SC domains indicate that D2 binds ProT with approximately 130-fold greater affinity than D1, yet D1 binding accounts for the majority of the fluorescence enhancement that accompanies SC-(1-325) binding. The SC-(1-325).(pro)thrombin complexes and free thrombin showed little difference in substrate specificity for tripeptide substrates or with their natural substrate, Fbg. Lack of a significant effect of blockage of (pro)exosite I of (pro)thrombin by SC-(1-325) on Fbg cleavage indicates that a new Fbg substrate recognition exosite is expressed on the SC-(1-325).(pro)thrombin complexes. Our results provide new insight into the mechanism that mediates zymogen activation by this prototypical bacterial activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Panizzi
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Rainer Friedrich
- Proteinase Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heather K. Kroh
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Judy Briggs
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Guido Tans
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University Maastricht, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfram Bode
- Proteinase Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul E. Bock
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, C3321A Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2561. Tel.: 615-343-9863; Fax: 615-322-1855; E-mail:
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Friedrich R, Panizzi P, Fuentes-Prior P, Richter K, Verhamme I, Anderson PJ, Kawabata SI, Huber R, Bode W, Bock PE. Staphylocoagulase is a prototype for the mechanism of cofactor-induced zymogen activation. Nature 2003; 425:535-9. [PMID: 14523451 DOI: 10.1038/nature01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Accepted: 07/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens secrete proteins that activate host trypsinogen-like enzyme precursors, most notably the proenzymes of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems. Staphylococcus aureus, an important human pathogen implicated in sepsis and endocarditis, secretes the cofactor staphylocoagulase, which activates prothrombin, without the usual proteolytic cleavages, to directly initiate blood clotting. Here we present the 2.2 A crystal structures of human alpha-thrombin and prethrombin-2 bound to a fully active staphylocoagulase variant. The cofactor consists of two domains, each with three-helix bundles; this is a novel fold that is distinct from known serine proteinase activators, particularly the streptococcal plasminogen activator streptokinase. The staphylocoagulase fold is conserved in other bacterial plasma-protein-binding factors and extracellular-matrix-binding factors. Kinetic studies confirm the importance of isoleucine 1 and valine 2 at the amino terminus of staphylocoagulase for zymogen activation. In addition to making contacts with the 148 loop and (pro)exosite I of prethrombin-2, staphylocoagulase inserts its N-terminal peptide into the activation pocket of bound prethrombin-2, allosterically inducing functional catalytic machinery. These investigations demonstrate unambiguously the validity of the zymogen-activation mechanism known as 'molecular sexuality'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Friedrich
- Abteilung Strukturforschung, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Gladysheva IP, Turner RB, Sazonova IY, Liu L, Reed GL. Coevolutionary patterns in plasminogen activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9168-72. [PMID: 12878727 PMCID: PMC170890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1631716100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of plasmin by plasminogen (Pg) activators (PAs) is a physiologic process in animals that dissolves blood clots and promotes wound healing, blood vessel growth, and the migration of normal and cancerous cells. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved PAs [e.g., streptokinase (SK) and staphylokinase] that exploit the Pg system to infect animals. Animal PAs have a conserved ability to cleave a wide spectrum of animal Pgs, but the ability of bacterial PAs to cleave different animal Pgs is surprisingly restricted. We show that the spectrum of activity of an archetypal bacterial PA (SK) with animal Pgs can be profoundly altered by mutations that affect intermolecular complementarity at sites that participate in complex formation or substrate binding. Comparative sequence analysis of animal plasmins vs. close structural homologues (trypsin and chymotrypsin) that are not molecular targets for invading bacteria indicates that the sites in plasmin that interact with SK are preferentially targeted for mutation. Conversely, intermolecular contact sites in SKs that activate human Pg are more highly conserved than other loci in the molecule or than the same sites in other SKs that activate non-human Pgs. We propose that active modulation of intermolecular complementarity at sites of contact between SK and Pg may represent a competitive evolutionary strategy in a survival battle, whereby animals seek to evade bacterial invasion, and bacteria endeavor to invade their animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna P Gladysheva
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rossney AS, English LF, Keane CT. Coagulase testing compared with commercial kits for routinely identifying Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Pathol 1990; 43:246-52. [PMID: 2185284 PMCID: PMC502340 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.43.3.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Five commercial Staphylococcus aureus identification kits--Staphaurex (Wellcome), Staphylase (Oxoid), Staphyslide (bioMèrieux), Biostaph (Medlabs) and Bacto Latex (Difco)--were evaluated for the routine identification of S aureus from primary plates in the routine microbiology laboratory. Comparison was made with two methods of tube coagulase testing and five slide methods for detecting clumping factor (slide coagulase testing). Performances were assessed for two groups of organisms, staphylococcal species alone and a combined staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal species group. The effects of growth on selective media and storage of isolates at room temperature and 4 degrees C were investigated. Selective media cannot be recommended, nor can storage of isolates before testing. Ranked according to efficiency value with the combined staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal species group, the kits and coagulase methods performed as follows (the figures in parentheses are the efficiency values for the staphylococcal group alone): tube coagulase reference method 100% (100%), tube coagulase SJH method 99% (99%), Staphaurex 94% (97%), Staphylase 93% (96%), slide coagulase method No 4 93% (94%), slide coagulase method No 5 93% (93%), Bacto Latex 92% (95%), Staphyslide 92% (95%), and Biostaph 87% (91%). It is concluded that a commercial S aureus identification kit should not replace tube coagulase testing for the routine identification of the organism from primary plates and that, even the kits with the best performances, have little advantage over a good slide coagulase test method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Rossney
- Microbiology Department, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Kawabata S, Morita T, Miyata T, Kaida S, Igarashi H, Iwanaga S. Difference in enzymatic properties between "staphylothrombin" and free alpha-thrombin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 485:27-40. [PMID: 3551730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb34565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial protein, staphylocoagulase, binds stoichiometrically to human prothrombin resulting in a coagulant complex, staphylothrombin. The enzymatic properties of staphylothrombin differ from those of alpha-thrombin in their substrate specificities toward natural and synthetic substrates, in addition to their interaction with protease inhibitors. In order to obtain information about the region of staphylocoagulase that interacts with human prothrombin, staphylocoagulase was cleaved by alpha-chymotrypsin. This limited alpha-chymotryptic cleavage of staphylocoagulase yielded three large fragments, fragments of 43, 30, and 20 kDa. The 43-kDa fragment exhibited a high affinity for human prothrombin (Kd = 1.7 nM), which is comparable to the affinity observed using intact staphylocoagulase (Kd = 0.46 nM). A complex of the 43-kDa fragment and prothrombin possessed both clotting and amidase activities essentially identical to those observed in a complex of intact staphylocoagulase and prothrombin. The 30-kDa fragment exhibited weaker affinity for prothrombin (Kd = 120 nM). While a complex of this fragment and prothrombin did not exhibit clotting activity, it nonetheless possessed a weak amidase activity. The 20-kDa fragment was found only to bind to prothrombin. The NH2-terminal sequence analyses of these fragments revealed that the 43-kDa fragment constitutes the NH2-terminal portion of staphylocoagulase, and contains the 30-kDa and 20-kDa fragments. It is therefore concluded that the functional region of staphylocoagulase for binding and activation of prothrombin is localized in the NH2-terminal region of the intact protein. The 43-kDa fragment contains 324 amino acids with a molecular weight of 38,098. The 43-kDa fragment has an unusual amino acid composition based on the sequence, in which the sum of Asp (28 residues), Asn (22), Glu (35), Gln (9), and Lys (52) residues accounts for more than 45% of the total residues. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the 43-kDa fragment with that of streptokinase did not reveal any obvious sequence homology. There was also no sequence homology with those of trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and elastase.
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Kawabata S, Morita T, Miyata T, Iwanaga S, Igarashi H. Isolation and characterization of staphylocoagulase chymotryptic fragment. Localization of the procoagulant- and prothrombin-binding domain of this protein. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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OCASIO WILFREDO, FUNG DANIELYC. SIGNIFICANCE OF STAPHYLOCOAGULASE IN FOOD MICROBIOLOGY: A REVIEW. J Food Saf 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1984.tb00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dekio S, Onimura K. Correlations between coagulase types and antibiograms of Staphylococcus aureus from bacterial skin infections. J Dermatol 1982; 9:413-9. [PMID: 6761384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1982.tb01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Reeves MW, Drummond MC, Tager M. Partial purification and characterization of the multiple molecular forms of staphylococcal clotting activity (coagulase). J Bacteriol 1981; 148:861-8. [PMID: 7309679 PMCID: PMC216285 DOI: 10.1128/jb.148.3.861-868.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The clotting activity of Staphylococcus aureus strain 104 was purified 46,000-fold, but absolute purity was not achieved. Carbohydrate content of the purified material was not more than 5%. Elution of clotting activity from denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels revealed the presence of four distinct molecular forms. Molecular weights of the forms were approximately 31,500, 34,800, 44,800, and 56,800 as determined by gel filtration in 8 M urea, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by calculation with determined values for the Stokes radius and sedimentation coefficient. Molecular weights determined on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea gels were found to decrease as the gel concentration increased, suggesting that the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate bound was less than normal. Estimated frictional ratios for the forms showed that they differ in shape from one another and that they are all highly asymmetrical. Each of the forms had an isoelectric point between pH 5.44 and 5.47 when focused in 6% polyacrylamide gels for 9 h; however, prolonged focusing altered the isoelectric point of the forms to within the range of pH 4.35 to 4.65. The multiple clotting forms were not artifacts of the purification procedure and did not appear to be products of the proteolytic degradation of a larger protein.
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Sperber WH. The identification of staphylococci in clinical and food microbiology laboratories. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1977; 7:121-84. [PMID: 797525 DOI: 10.3109/10408367709151577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the methods which have been utilized for the identification of staphylococci is presented. Biochemical characteristics which have assisted in the primary isolation of staphylococci, such as pigmentation, hemolytic activity, the egg yolk phenomenon, and deoxyribonuclease and coagulase production, are also analyzed. The potential applicability of advanced techniques to identify staphylococci, such as the detection of enterotoxin production, base ratio analysis, cell wall analysis, phage typing, and serology, is discussed. The following procedures are recommended for routine use: Idnetification of Staphylococcus sp. (clinical laboratories): microscopic observation, catalase activity, coagulase production, lysostaphin sensitivity, and (optional) facultative growth in thioglycolate medium. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus (food laboratories): microscopic observation, catalase activity, coagulase production, thermonuclease production, and (optional) lysostaphin sensitivity.
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Anderson JC. Mechanisms of staphylococcal virulence in relation to bovine mastitis. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1976; 132:229-45. [PMID: 782656 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)34682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Parisi JT, Baldwin JN, Sottile M. Pour-plate method for the detection of coagulase production by Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol 1973; 25:558-61. [PMID: 4572985 PMCID: PMC380861 DOI: 10.1128/am.25.4.558-561.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A pour-plate method is described for the detection of coagulase production by Staphylococcus aureus. Either Brain Heart Infusion agar or yeast extract-Trypticase soy agar containing swine plasma was the best medium for the detection of coagulase by this method. The advantages of this method and its potential utilization in the clinical laboratory, in food microbiology, and in specialized studies with S. aureus are discussed.
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Ratnoff OD. Some relationships among hemostasis, fibrinolytic phenomena, immunity, and the inflammatory response. Adv Immunol 1969; 10:145-227. [PMID: 4242699 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tirunarayanan MO. Investigations on the enzymes and toxins of staphylococci. Stimulation of coagulase biosynthesis by glucose and bicarbonate. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1966; 68:273-80. [PMID: 5958667 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1966.68.2.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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