1
|
Ding D, McFadden SL, Woo JM, Salvi RJ. Ethacrynic acid rapidly and selectively abolishes blood flow in vessels supplying the lateral wall of the cochlea. Hear Res 2002; 173:1-9. [PMID: 12372630 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(02)00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the ototoxicity of ethacrynic acid (EA) are not fully understood. Previous studies have focused on morphologic and enzymatic changes in the stria vascularis. The current experiment shows that one of the earliest effects of EA is ischemia, resulting from impaired blood flow in vessels supplying the lateral wall of the cochlea. Inner ear microcirculation, endocochlear potentials, compound action potentials (CAP), cochlear microphonics (CM) and summating potentials (SP) were monitored over time in chinchillas following a single injection of EA (40 mg/kg i.v.). At all times after EA injection, blood vessels supplying the spiral lamina, modiolus, and vestibular end organs appeared normal. In contrast, lateral wall (spiral ligament and stria vascularis) vessels were poorly stained with eosin 2 min after EA injection, and devoid of red blood cells at 30 min post EA. Decline, but not recovery, of CAP, CM and SP followed the microcirculation changes in the lateral wall. Reperfusion was delayed in stria vascularis arterioles relative to other lateral wall vessels. The ischemia-reperfusion caused by EA would be expected to generate large quantities of free radicals, which may trigger or contribute to the cellular, enzymatic, and functional pathologies that have been described in detail previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalian Ding
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, 215 Parker Hall, University at Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hropot M, Fowler N, Karlmark B, Giebisch G. Tubular action of diuretics: distal effects on electrolyte transport and acidification. Kidney Int 1985; 28:477-89. [PMID: 4068482 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1985.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We used clearance and free-flow micropuncture techniques to evaluate the influence of several diuretic agents, given both individually and in various combinations, on transport of sodium, potassium, and fluid, and on acidification and ammonium transport, within the distal tubule of the rat kidney. The loop diuretics, furosemide and piretanide, sharply increased fractional delivery of fluid, sodium, and potassium into the distal tubule, and, as a result, sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion were enhanced in this nephron segment. These two drugs also stimulated urinary acidification and increased urinary phosphate, titratable acid, and ammonium excretion. These effects took place both within the loop of Henle and along the distal tubule. Amiloride and triamterene alone inhibited distal tubular sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, and, when given with one of the loop diuretics, suppressed both the kaliuresis and the increased acid and ammonium excretion induced by the latter agents. Hydrochlorothiazide and tizolemide inhibited sodium reabsorption within the distal tubule, and were associated with a stimulation of potassium secretion within this segment. Addition of one of these two latter distally acting agents to either of the loop diuretics led to a further augmentation of sodium excretion, but to a reduction of potassium excretion, compared to the responses seen after the loop diuretics alone.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Urinary Na+ and K+ excretion, plasma aldosterone levels (PAL) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured in three groups of four 3-day-old calves infused with aldosterone, ethacrynic acid and hydrochlorothiazide or with vehicle. Aldosterone infusion (16.7 micrograms/kg body wt. given by rapid injection, followed by the infusion of 33.3 micrograms/kg body wt. during 6 h) decreased urinary Na+ concentration and excretion during the 6 h period of infusion. This effect disappeared during the following 18 h. Ethacrynic acid (2 mg/kg body wt. by rapid injection, followed by the infusion of 1.5 mg/kg body wt..h during 6 h) and hydrochlorothiazide (8 mg/kg body wt. by rapid injection, followed by the infusion of 6 mg/kg body wt..h during 6 h) increased urinary volume and urinary excretion of Na+, but decreased urinary K+ concentration without affecting urinary K+ excretion during the 6 h period of infusion. During the same time, the plasma Na+ concentration decreased, PRA increased rapidly and was followed by a significant rise in PAL. These results demonstrate that in very young healthy calves, the renal tubules are able to respond to aldosterone. The renin-aldosterone system is also operative in these animals since it responds to Na+ depletion induced by the combination of diuretics and inhibitors of tubular Na+ reabsorption.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Although the hemodynamic effects of diuretics have been studied extensively, their effects on inner medullary blood flow remain unknown. In the present study, renal hemodynamics, including papillary plasma flow measured by the albumin accumulation technique, and associated alterations in papillary tissue solute content were determined in anesthetized, hydropenic dogs and during euvolemic diuresis induced by furosemide (3 mg/kg plus 2 mg/kg per hr, iv), ethacrynic acid (3 mg/kg plus 2 mg/kg per hr, iv) or chlorothiazide (10 mg/kg plus 10 mg/kg per hr, iv). Renal blood flow increased significantly after furosemide and ethacrynic acid and decreased significantly after chlorothiazide. Sixty minutes after diuretic administration, papillary plasma flow was 10.8 +/- 1.0 (mean +/- SE) in six furosemide- and 11.3 +/- 2.6 ml/min per 100 g in six ethacrynic acid-treated dogs, both significantly lower than in eight normal or eight chlorothiazide-treated dogs [26.4 +/- 2.6 and 26.7 +/- 2.7 ml/min per 100 g, respectively (P less than 0.01)]. A similarly low papillary plasma flow was also noted 10 minutes after diuretic administration in five furosemide and four ethacrynic acid dogs (13.6 +/- 2.3 and 13.4 +/- 1.8 ml/min per 100 g, respectively). In furosemide and ethacrynic acid dogs, papillary osmolality and sodium content were significantly lower than those in normal or chlorothiazide dogs. In normal and chlorothiazide dogs, papillary sodium content was similar, with a significantly reduced papillary osmolality in the latter. At the time papillary plasma flow was measured, extracellular fluid volume was similar among the four groups of dogs; however, plasma renin activity increased significantly in furosemide and ethacrynic acid dogs (P less than 0.01) and remained unchanged in normal and chlorothiazide dogs. Furthermore, papillary plasma flow was restored to normal (25.3 +/- 3.9 ml/min per 100 g) in five dogs in which furosemide was infused during angiotensin II blockage with saralasin, despite a similar diuresis and natriuresis as the other furosemide group. These data demonstrate that after administration of furosemide, ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide, regulation of papillary plasma flow is independent of renal blood flow, and suggest that angiotensin II may play a role in the reduced papillary plasma flow in furosemide and ethacrynic acid dogs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The maintenance of osmolar constancy of the body fluids is dependent upon the recognition of osmolar disequilibrium and its correction by modifying the ingestion and excretion of fluid and solute. Osmolar changes are sensed by the hypothalamus which regulates the secretion of antidiuretic hormone to modify the renal excretion of water. The integrity of the system depends upon the renal ability to vary the solute concentration of urine.
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Law RO. The effects of ouabain and ethacrynic acid on the intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations in renal medullary slices incubated in cold potassium-free ringer solution and re-incubated at 37 degrees C in the presence of external potassium. J Physiol 1976; 254:743-58. [PMID: 1255504 PMCID: PMC1309221 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The cells in slices cut from the renal outer medulla of normally hydrated adult rats were loaded with Na and depleted of K by incubation for up to 100 min in cold iso-osmolal K-free Ringer containing 180 mM-Na. There was a continuous net cellular water loss during this time; an inverse linear relationship existed between water content and intracellular Na concentration. 2. The original intracellular Na and K concentration were restored following 60 min re-incubation in warm Ringer (37 degrees C) containing 5-9 mM-K. Restoration of cellular water content was incomplete after re-incubation for up to 120 min. 3. During incubation in cold K-free Ringer the presence of 1 mM ouabain did not affect cellular Na uptake or K and water loss. Ethacrynic acid, 1 mM, completely blocked cellular Na uptake and water loss, without affecting the intracellular K concentration at 100 min. When ouabain and ethacrynic acid were present together water loss was also prevented but intracellular Na concentration rose slightly by 100 min. 4. During re-incubation in warm K-containing Ringer 1 mM ouabain inhibited Na extrusion completely for up to 60 min while only partially preventing K uptake and further depressing the level of cellular hydration. Ouabain in the presence of 1 mM ethacrynic acid had similar effects on intracellular Na and K concentrations, but raised the level of intracellular water above that of cells in control slices. 5. Ethacrynic acid alone, 1 mM, did not interfere with Na extrusion or K uptake, but also raised intracellular water above control values. 6. The results obtained are discussed in relation to (a) the nature of the preparation used, (b) the possible membrane transport processes occurring and their known or suggested sensitivity to ouabain and ethacrynic acid, (c) the mechanisms which may be responsible for cell volume maintenance in the medulla.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gutman Y, Wald H, Czazkes W. Differences in characteristics of ethacrynic acid accumulation in kidney cortex, medulla and papilla. Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 24:775-8. [PMID: 235933 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
FREEMAN RONALDH, DAVIS JAMESO, GOTSHALL ROBERTW, JOHNSON JALAN, SPIELMAN WILLIAMS. The Signal Perceived by the Macula Densa during Changes in Renin Release. Circ Res 1974. [DOI: 10.1161/01.res.35.2.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Renin secretion was studied in acute experiments in dogs during occlusion of the ureter alone (experiment 1), ureteral occlusion with a superimposed intrarenal infusion of papaverine (experiment 2), or ureteral occlusion with a superimposed intravenous ethacrynic acid injection (experiment 3) and following release of the ureteral occlusion (all three experiments). In all three experiments, ureteral occlusion increased renin secretion four- to fivefold. In experiment 2, papaverine, an inhibitor of smooth muscle contractility, was infused intrarenally during the last 20 minutes of ureteral occlusion, but renin secretion was unchanged by the infusion. Renin secretion decreased rapidly and was at the control level 5, 12½, and 27½ minutes after release of the occlusion, but urinary sodium concentration and excretion rate increased markedly during this period. In experiment 3, a superimposed injection of ethacrynic acid failed to alter renin secretion during ureteral occlusion. After release of the ureter, renin secretion remained unchanged for the first 5 minutes. Although renin secretion had decreased 12½ and 27½ minutes after release of the occlusion, it was still elevated twofold above the control level. Again, sodium excretion increased markedly and urinary sodium concentration was high after ureteral release. These findings support the hypothesis that the rate of renin release is inversely related to the rate of sodium transport by the macula densa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- RONALD H. FREEMAN
- Department of Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - JAMES O. DAVIS
- Department of Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - ROBERT W. GOTSHALL
- Department of Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - J. ALAN JOHNSON
- Department of Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - WILLIAM S. SPIELMAN
- Department of Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Effects of the diuretic ethacrynic acid on osmotic water permeability were investigated in the isolated perfused collecting tubule of the rabbit kidney. The base-line water permeability of the collecting tubule was not affected when the drug (10(-4)M) alone was added to the bathing medium. Vasopressin alone in the bathing medium (2, 5 muU/ml) elicited a significant increase in osmotic water absorption. With vasopressin kept in the bathing medium, the addition of 10(-5)M ethacrynic acid depressed the hydro-osmotic effect of vasopressin by 50%. This inhibitory effect of low concentrations of ethacrynic acid could be surmounted by high, supramaximal dosage levels of vasopressin. When 10(-4)M ethacrynic acid was added to the bathing medium before vasopressin, the hydro-osmotic effect of vasopressin and the diuretic in combination was insignificant.Dibutyryl adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (10(-4)-10(-2)M) alone in the bathing medium significantly increased baseline osmotic water flow, mimicing the effect of antidiuretic hormone. When ethacrynic acid was added together with the nucleotide, the permeability remained at the same high level. Theophylline, like the nucleotide and vasopressin, produced a significant hydro-osmotic effect. The magnitude of this response was not affected by further addition of ethacrynic acid (10(-4)M). It was concluded that ethacrynic acid is an antagonist of antidiuretic hormone. The antagonism probably occurs at the level of the receptor site of the hormone on the peritubular membrane. Antagonism to circulating antidiuretic hormone may therefore be one of the factors involved in the loss of renal concentrating ability brought about by ethacrynic acid diuresis.
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
Imbs JL, Desaulles E, Velly J, Bloch R, Schwartz J. [Effect of clopamide and ethacrynic acid on renin secretion in the dog]. Pflugers Arch 1972; 331:294-306. [PMID: 5064563 DOI: 10.1007/bf00592690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
14
|
Danielson BG, Bittar EE, Chen SS, Tong EY. On the mode of action of ethacrynic acid, using the barnacle muscle fiber as a model. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 1: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1972; 11:13-21. [PMID: 4653188 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Poat PC, Poat JA, Munday KA. The site of action of the diuretic ethacrynic acid on rat kidney and liver tissue. COMPARATIVE AND GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1970; 1:400-8. [PMID: 5527575 DOI: 10.1016/0010-4035(70)90064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
17
|
Cooke CR, Brown TC, Zacherle BJ, Walker WG. The effect of altered sodium concentration in the distal nephron segments on renin release. J Clin Invest 1970; 49:1630-8. [PMID: 4317794 PMCID: PMC322646 DOI: 10.1172/jci106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethacrynic acid, a potent inhibitor of sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, produces a sharp rise in renal venous renin activity within 5 min after intravenous administration in anesthetized dogs. This response persists when volume depletion is prevented by returning urinary outflow to the femoral vein. Comparable studies with chlorothiazide, a diuretic with little or no effect on the medullary portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, failed to produce a significant increase in renal venous renin activity.When administered during ureteral occlusion, ethacrynic acid produced no change in renal venous renin activity until ureteral occlusion was released and flow restored. Following release of the ureters, a prompt rise in renal venous renin was again observed within 5 min of release. Control studies of ureteral occlusion yielded a fall in renal venous renin activity following release of the ureter without administration of ethacrynic acid. These studies identify a prompt stimulatory effect of ethacrynic acid on renin release that is unrelated to volume depletion but dependent upon the presence of tubular urine flow. Although further definition of the site and characteristics of the distal tubular mechanism for stimulation of renin release requires more direct study, the data presented here indicate that changes in sodium concentration in distal tubular fluid serve as a stimulus for renin release.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Quellhorst E, Scheler F. [The effectivness of ethacrynic acid, amiloride HCl and aldadiene K in kidney insufficiency]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1970; 48:471-80. [PMID: 5519400 DOI: 10.1007/bf01485097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
20
|
Use of ethacrynic acid for evaluation of persistent concentrating defect after relief of lower urinary tract obstruction. Int Urol Nephrol 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02081620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
21
|
Stowe NT, Hook JB. Role of hemodynamic changes in the effect of furosemide on the renal concentrating mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol 1970; 9:246-52. [PMID: 5437160 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(70)90307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
22
|
Wolf K, Bieg A, Fülgraff G. On the mode of action of diuretics. II. Effects of ethacrynic acid on renal oxygen consumption and tubular sodium reabsorption in dogs. Eur J Pharmacol 1969; 7:342-4. [PMID: 5351990 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(69)90103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
23
|
Meng K. [Micropuncture studies on the effect of diuretics on Henle's loop]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1969; 47:668-72. [PMID: 5382547 DOI: 10.1007/bf01884362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
24
|
Aukland K, Johannesen J, Kiil F. In vivo measurements of local metabolic rate in the dog kidney. Effect of mersalyl, chlorothiazide, ethacrynic acid and furosemide. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1969; 23:317-30. [PMID: 5383314 DOI: 10.3109/00365516909081697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
25
|
Pico I, Greenblatt RB. Endocrinopathies and infertility. IV. Diabetes insipidus and pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1969; 20:384-92. [PMID: 5769386 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)37023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
26
|
Siegel W, Gifford RW. Efficacy of ethacrynic acid in patients with refractory congestive heart failure resistant to meralluride. Am J Cardiol 1968; 22:260-5. [PMID: 5665857 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(68)90232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
27
|
Robinson JW, Förster H. Effect of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on the transport systems of the rat intestine. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1968; 55:232-3. [PMID: 5702833 DOI: 10.1007/bf00606224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
28
|
Birtch AG, Zakheim RM, Jones LG, Barger AC. Redistribution of renal blood flow produced by furosemide and ethacrynic acid. Circ Res 1967; 21:869-78. [PMID: 6078147 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.21.6.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Outer medullary blood flow (
85
Kr method) is markedly reduced by furose-mide and ethacrynic acid injected into the renal artery of unanesthetized dogs; juxtamedullary cortical flow is also decreased. Anatomic localization of the redistribution was verified by autoradiography and by silastic injection studies. The injected specimens demonstrated a relative increase in the resistance of the peritubular capillaries of the juxtamedullary cortex and outer medulla, the blood supply of the juxtamedullary tubules, Henle's loops and collecting ducts; the vasa recta were dilated. Total renal blood flow (Doppler Flowmeter) decreased 10% 1 min after injection, and then gradually began to increase at 2 to 3 min, reaching levels 25 to 30% above control as cortical blood flow increased. The vasodilatation in the cortex is probably localized in the pars radiata. The onset of the diuresis coincided with the decrease in renal blood flow, and persisted after total renal blood flow returned to control value. Thus, the time course of the dicresis correlated more closely with the sustained decrease in juxtameduiary and outer medullary blood flow.
Collapse
|
29
|
Meng K. Mikropunktionsuntersuchungen �ber die saluretische Wirkung von Hydrochlorothiazid, Acetazolamid und Furosemid. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00537125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|