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Gabaldón T, Ginger ML, Michels PAM. Peroxisomes in parasitic protists. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 209:35-45. [PMID: 26896770 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Representatives of all major lineages of eukaryotes contain peroxisomes with similar morphology and mode of biogenesis, indicating a monophyletic origin of the organelles within the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. Peroxisomes originated from the endoplasmic reticulum, but despite a common origin and shared morphological features, peroxisomes from different organisms show a remarkable diversity of enzyme content and the metabolic processes present can vary dependent on nutritional or developmental conditions. A common characteristic and probable evolutionary driver for the origin of the organelle is an involvement in lipid metabolism, notably H2O2-dependent fatty-acid oxidation. Subsequent evolution of the organelle in different lineages involved multiple acquisitions of metabolic processes-often involving retargeting enzymes from other cell compartments-and losses. Information about peroxisomes in protists is still scarce, but available evidence, including new bioinformatics data reported here, indicate striking diversity amongst free-living and parasitic protists from different phylogenetic supergroups. Peroxisomes in only some protists show major involvement in H2O2-dependent metabolism, as in peroxisomes of mammalian, plant and fungal cells. Compartmentalization of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes inside peroxisomes is characteristic of kinetoplastids and diplonemids, where the organelles are hence called glycosomes, whereas several other excavate parasites (Giardia, Trichomonas) have lost peroxisomes. Amongst alveolates and amoebozoans patterns of peroxisome loss are more complicated. Often, a link is apparent between the niches occupied by the parasitic protists, nutrient availability, and the absence of the organelles or their presence with a specific enzymatic content. In trypanosomatids, essentiality of peroxisomes may be considered for use in anti-parasite drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michael L Ginger
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Paul A M Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK; Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
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Miller TE. Metabolic event involved in the bactericidal activity of normal mouse macrophages. Infect Immun 2010; 3:390-7. [PMID: 16557985 PMCID: PMC416163 DOI: 10.1128/iai.3.3.390-397.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular bactericidal activity of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages requires a viable, actively metabolizing cell. The killing mechanism is apparently dependent upon an intact respiratory electron chain since inhibition of activity is achieved by anaerobiosis, cyanide, antimycin A, or amytal. By way of contrast, inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, the Krebs citric acid cycle, and the phosphogluconate oxidative pathway are without influence on this antibacterial activity. Various dyes and electron acceptors with selected reduction-oxidation values also inhibit killing. Although the bactericidal substance was not identified, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary agent is hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Miller
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983
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PECK ROBERTK, HAUSMANN KLAUS. Primary Lysosomes of the CiliatePseudomicrothorax dubius: Cytochemical Identification and Role in Phagocytosis*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1980.tb05384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McMahon D, Miller M, Long S. The involvement of the plasma membrane in the development of Dictyostelium discoideum. I. Purification of the plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 465:224-41. [PMID: 16250337 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A method for the isolation and purification of plasma membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum by equilibrium centrifugation on sucrose followed by Renografin continuous density gradients has been developed and monitored both with electron microscopy and a number of enzyme assays. On electron microscopy, the final plasma membrane fractions are judged to be freethe basis of of nuclei, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and peroxisomes. Some profiles of the mitochondrial inner membranes are found within the plasma membrane fractions, but this contamination has been estimated to be only 5%. On the basis on enzyme assays, the plasma membrane fractions contain all the 5'-nucleotidase activity in the final gradients and are free of catalase, acid phosphatase and malate dehydrogenase activity (markers for peroxisomes, lysosomes, soluble enzymes and the matrix of mitochondria). Their content of glucose-6-phosphatase is reduced by more than 70%. The large majority of RNA and DNA have been removed from the preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McMahon
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif 91125, USA
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Gould SJ, Collins CS. Opinion: peroxisomal-protein import: is it really that complex? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3:382-9. [PMID: 11988772 DOI: 10.1038/nrm807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomal enzymes are synthesized in the cytoplasm and imported post-translationally across the peroxisome membrane. Unlike other organelles with a sealed membrane, peroxisomes can import folded enzymes, and they seem to lack intraperoxisomal chaperones. Here, we propose a mechanistic model for the early steps in peroxisomal-matrix-enzyme import, which might help to explain the unusual features of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Rachubinski RA, Fujiki Y, Lazarow PB. Isolation of cDNA clones coding for peroxisomal proteins of Candida tropicalis: identification and sequence of a clone for catalase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 909:35-43. [PMID: 3580373 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(87)90044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library, complementary to mRNAs of alkane-grown Candida tropicalis, was screened by differential DNA dot-blot hybridization with [32P]cDNA reverse-transcribed from mRNA of alkane-grown cells or from cells in which peroxisome formation was repressed by growth on glucose. 9% of the library encodes alkane-induced sequences. The cell-free translation products of eight hybrid-selected mRNAs were characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography: most of them are probably peroxisomal proteins. Among these, a catalase clone was identified by immunoprecipitation of the translation product with anti-catalase. The clone was sequenced: the inferred amino acid sequence is homologous to the carboxytermini of mammalian and Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalases. C. tropicalis catalase mRNA is 1.7-1.8 kb long by Northern analysis, of which 1.5-1.6 kb is required to code for the 57 kDa polypeptide. Catalase mRNA (assayed by dot-blot hybridization) is strikingly induced in C. tropicalis by growth on alkanes, suggesting that peroxisome induction is transcriptionally regulated. This sublibrary of alkane-induced, mostly peroxisomal clones, together with a recently developed cell-free peroxisome protein import assay, will permit investigation of the targeting of proteins to peroxisomes.
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Murray WW, Rachubinski RA. The nucleotide sequence of complementary DNA and the deduced amino acid sequence of peroxisomal catalase of the yeast Candida tropicalis pK233. Gene 1987; 61:401-13. [PMID: 3446581 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation and nucleotide (nt) sequence determination of cDNA encoding peroxisomal catalase (Cat) from the yeast Candida tropicalis pK233. The catalase cDNA (Cat) has a single open reading frame (ORF) of 1455 nt, encoding a protein of 484 amino acids (aa), not including the initiator methionine. The Mr of the protein is 54767. Codon use in the gene is not random, with 90.9% of the aa specified by 25 principal codons. The principal codons used in the expression of Cat in C. tropicalis are similar to those used in the expression of the fatty acyl-CoA oxidase gene of C. tropicalis and of highly expressed genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cat shows 48.0%, 49.7%, and 48.3% aa identity with human, bovine, and rat catalases, respectively, and 44.3% aa identity with catalase T of S. cerevisiae. The 3 aa of bovine liver catalase previously postulated to participate in catalysis and 79.5% of those aa in the immediate environment of hemin, the prosthetic group of catalase, are conserved in Cat of C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Murray
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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Yarlett N, Lloyd D, Williams AG. Butyrate formation from glucose by the rumen protozoon Dasytricha ruminantium. Biochem J 1985; 228:187-92. [PMID: 3924032 PMCID: PMC1144968 DOI: 10.1042/bj2280187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Production of butyrate by the holotrich protozoon Dasytricha ruminantium involves the enzymes of glycolysis, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA hydro-lyase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA reductase, phosphate butyryltransferase and butyrate kinase. Subcellular fractionation by differential and density-gradient centrifugation on sucrose gradients indicated that all those enzymes except pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase were non-sedimentable at 6 X 10(6) g-min. Butyrate kinase and phosphate butyryltransferase were associated with the large- and small-granule fractions. Thus, although metabolic reactions necessary for butyrate production proceed predominantly in the cytosol, hydrogenosomes play a key role in the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
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May LT, Anderson OR, Hogg JF. Changes of cellular structure and subcellular enzymatic patterns during the activation of glyconeogenesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1982; 81:271-89. [PMID: 6294318 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(82)90057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Nilsson JR. On cell organelles in Tetrahymena. With special reference to mitochondria and peroxisomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02906518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The possibility that the glycosomes present in the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei [Opperdoes, F. R. and Borst, P. (1977) FEBS Lett. 80, 360--364] constitute a separate pool of glycolytic intermediates within the cell was investigated. In titrations of intact cells with digitonin, a differential activation of glycolytic enzymes was observed. Enolase, pyruvate kinase and the cell-sap marker alanine aminotransferase were activated at 0.05 mg digitonin per mg protein. The nine glycosomal enzymes involved in the conversion of glucose and glycerol into 3-phosphoglycerate were activated only at digitonin concentrations between 0.7 and 9.8 mg/mg protein. In subcellular fractions the activities of the latter enzymes were all latent between 70 and 92%. Latency was abolished by addition of 0.1% Triton X-100 or partly by five cycles of freezing and thawing. We conclude that the glycosomal enzymes are surrounded by a membrane, which forms a permeability barrier to intermediates and co-factors of glycolysis. The concentrations of glycolytic intermediates and of adenine nucleotides were measured under aerobic conditions as well as in the presence of 1 mM salicylhydroxamic acid, a respiratory inhibitor. Addition of salicylhydroxamic acid caused the following changes: (a) The levels of almost all glycolytic intermediates measured decreased. Glycerol-3-phosphate, however, increased fourfold. (b) The phosphate potential was drastically lowered from 2900 to 450 M-1. (c) The trypanosomes became more reduced, as monitored by a change in the apparent redox state of the NADH/NAD+ courple from E'h = -189 to E'h = -219 mV. From the high levels of metabolite concentrations found and from comparison of the apparent mass-action ratios calculated for the separate glycolytic reactions with those for other organisms, we conclude that in bloodstream form T. brucei the glycolytic intermediates are present in the glycosomes as well as in the cytosol and that the two pools of intermediates equilibrate with each other, despite the presence of the glycosomal membrane.
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Patel TR, McFadden BA. Particulate isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in Caenorhabditis elegans. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 183:24-30. [PMID: 907353 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Molyneux DH, Robertson E. Ultrastructure of the bloodstream forms of an avian trypanosome Trypanosoma bouffardi. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1974; 68:369-77. [PMID: 4374903 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1974.11686963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Aueron F, Rothstein M. Nematode biochemistry. XIII. Peroxisomes in the free-living nematode, Turbatrix aceti. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 49:261-71. [PMID: 4154049 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(74)90160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Lewis DH. Infection of tissue culture cells of low phagocytic ability by Leishmania mexicana mexicana. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1974; 68:327-36. [PMID: 4614724 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1974.11686955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Dutta GP. Recent advances in cytochemistry and ultrastructure of cytoplasmic inclusions in Ciliophora (Protozoa). INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1974; 39:285-343. [PMID: 4215773 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Connock MJ. Intestinal peroxisomes in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1973; 45:945-51. [PMID: 4146111 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(73)90331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Brody M, White JE. Environmental regulation of enzymes in the microbodies and mitochondria of dark-grown, greening, and light-grown Euglena graclis. Dev Biol 1973; 31:348-61. [PMID: 4207017 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Levy MR. Regulation of isocitrate metabolism in peroxisomes in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 152:463-71. [PMID: 4404561 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
1. Mitochondria of the obligately aerobic ciliate protozoon, Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST, are unusual in that they possess a cytochrome oxidase system that does not react with reduced mammalian cytochrome c; the presence of cytochromes a(603)+a(3) is masked in the alpha-band region of spectra by the broad absorption band of cytochrome a(620). 2. Other haemoproteins present include cytochromes b(560), b(556), c(553) and c(549). 3. The reaction of reduced cytochrome a(3) with CO is reversed by flash photolysis, and in the presence of O(2) the subsequent oxidation of this cytochrome is followed by that of cytochrome a(603). 4. Cytochromes a(620) and b(560) also react with CO and with KCN; the latter cytochrome corresponds with that designated cytochrome o by other workers. 5. The contribution of cytochrome a(603) to difference spectra is revealed by making use of the fact that it does not react with KCN. 6. Cytochrome a(620) is unstable, and its alpha-absorption band is lost from spectra of mitochondria which have been aged or treated with ultrasound, detergents or organic solvents. 7. Possible pathways of electron transport via the several different terminal oxidases in Tetrahymena mitochondria are proposed.
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Porter P, Blum JJ, Elrod H. Subcellular distribution of aspartate transaminase, alanine amino transferase, glutamate dehydrogenases, and lactate dehydrogenase in Tetrahymena. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1972; 19:375-8. [PMID: 4624305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Risse HJ, Blum JJ. Pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in Tetrahymena. Subcellular distribution and properties of hexokinase, aldolase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 149:329-35. [PMID: 4353580 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Owen G. Peroxisomes in the digestive diverticula of the bivalve mollusc Nucula sulcata. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 132:15-24. [PMID: 5070009 DOI: 10.1007/bf00310293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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