1
|
Janecka JE, Nielsen SSE, Andersen SD, Hoffmann FG, Weber RE, Anderson T, Storz JF, Fago A. Genetically based low oxygen affinities of felid hemoglobins: lack of biochemical adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in the snow leopard. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:2402-9. [PMID: 26246610 PMCID: PMC4528707 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.125369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetically based modifications of hemoglobin (Hb) function that increase blood-O2 affinity are hallmarks of hypoxia adaptation in vertebrates. Among mammals, felid Hbs are unusual in that they have low intrinsic O2 affinities and reduced sensitivities to the allosteric cofactor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). This combination of features compromises the acclimatization capacity of blood-O2 affinity and has led to the hypothesis that felids have a restricted physiological niche breadth relative to other mammals. In seeming defiance of this conjecture, the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) has an extraordinarily broad elevational distribution and occurs at elevations above 6000 m in the Himalayas. Here, we characterized structural and functional variation of big cat Hbs and investigated molecular mechanisms of Hb adaptation and allosteric regulation that may contribute to the extreme hypoxia tolerance of the snow leopard. Experiments revealed that purified Hbs from snow leopard and African lion exhibited equally low O2 affinities and DPG sensitivities. Both properties are primarily attributable to a single amino acid substitution, β2His→Phe, which occurred in the common ancestor of Felidae. Given the low O2 affinity and reduced regulatory capacity of feline Hbs, the extreme hypoxia tolerance of snow leopards must be attributable to compensatory modifications of other steps in the O2-transport pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Janecka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Simone S E Nielsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 3, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Sidsel D Andersen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 3, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Federico G Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Roy E Weber
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 3, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Trevor Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Angela Fago
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 3, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Recent advances in phosphate biosensors. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1335-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
3
|
Bunn HF. Practicing Biochemistry without a License. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5062-71. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.x113.451591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
4
|
Crait JR, Prange HD, Marshall NA, Harlow HJ, Cotton CJ, Ben-David M. High-altitude diving in river otters: coping with combined hypoxic stresses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:256-63. [PMID: 22189769 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.059774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
River otters (Lontra canadensis) are highly active, semi-aquatic mammals indigenous to a range of elevations and represent an appropriate model for assessing the physiological responses to diving at altitude. In this study, we performed blood gas analyses and compared blood chemistry of river otters from a high-elevation (2357 m) population at Yellowstone Lake with a sea-level population along the Pacific coast. Comparisons of oxygen dissociation curves (ODC) revealed no significant difference in hemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O(2)) binding affinity between the two populations - potentially because of demands for tissue oxygenation. Instead, high-elevation otters had greater Hb concentrations (18.7 g dl(-1)) than sea-level otters (15.6 g dl(-1)). Yellowstone otters displayed higher levels of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO), and half the concentration of the serum protein albumin, possibly to compensate for increased blood viscosity. Despite compensation in several hematological and serological parameters, theoretical aerobic dive limits (ADL) were similar between high-elevation and sea-level otters because of the lower availability of O(2) at altitude. Our results suggest that recent disruptions to the Yellowstone Lake food web could be detrimental to otters because at this high elevation, constraints on diving may limit their ability to switch to prey in a deep-water environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Crait
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Storz JF, Weber RE, Fago A. Oxygenation properties and oxidation rates of mouse hemoglobins that differ in reactive cysteine content. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 161:265-70. [PMID: 22119205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
House mice (genus Mus) harbor extensive allelic variation at two tandemly duplicated genes that encode the β-chain subunits of adult hemoglobin (Hb). Alternative haplotypes differ in the level of sequence divergence between the two β-globin gene duplicates: the Hbb(d) and Hbb(p) haplotypes harbor two structurally distinct β-globin genes, whereas the Hbb(s) haplotype harbors two β-globin duplicates that are identical in sequence. One especially salient difference between the s-type Hbs relative to the d- and p-type Hbs relates to the number of reactive β-chain cysteine residues. In addition to the highly conserved cysteine residue at β93, the d- and p-type Hbs contain an additional reactive cysteine residue at β13. To assess the functional consequences of allelic variation in β-globin cysteine content, we measured O(2)-binding properties and H(2)O(2)-induced oxidation rates of mono- and dicysteinyl β-Hbs from 4 different inbred strains of mice: C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, MSM/Ms, and CAROLI/EiJ. The experiments revealed that purified Hbs from the various mouse strains did not exhibit substantial variation in O(2)-binding properties, but s-type Hb (which contains a single reactive β-chain cysteine residue) was far more readily oxidized to Fe(3+) metHb by H(2)O(2) than other mouse Hbs that contain two reactive β-chain cysteine residues. These results suggest that the possession of an additional reactive cysteine residue may protect against metHb formation under oxidizing conditions. The allelic differences in β-globin cysteine content could affect aspects of redox signaling and oxidative/nitrosative stress responses that are mediated by Hb-S-nitrosylation and Hb-S-glutathionylation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Storz JF, Runck AM, Moriyama H, Weber RE, Fago A. Genetic differences in hemoglobin function between highland and lowland deer mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:2565-74. [PMID: 20639417 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.042598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In high-altitude vertebrates, adaptive changes in blood-O(2) affinity may be mediated by modifications of hemoglobin (Hb) structure that affect intrinsic O(2) affinity and/or responsiveness to allosteric effectors that modulate Hb-O(2) affinity. This mode of genotypic specialization is considered typical of mammalian species that are high-altitude natives. Here we investigated genetically based differences in Hb-O(2) affinity between highland and lowland populations of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), a generalist species that has the broadest altitudinal distribution of any North American mammal. The results of a combined genetic and proteomic analysis revealed that deer mice harbor a high level of Hb isoform diversity that is attributable to allelic polymorphism at two tandemly duplicated alpha-globin genes and two tandemly duplicated beta-globin genes. This high level of isoHb diversity translates into a correspondingly high level of interindividual variation in Hb functional properties. O(2) equilibrium experiments revealed that the Hbs of highland mice exhibit slightly higher intrinsic O(2) affinities and significantly lower Cl(-) sensitivities relative to the Hbs of lowland mice. The experiments also revealed distinct biochemical properties of deer mouse Hb related to the anion-dependent allosteric regulation of O(2) affinity. In conjunction with previous findings, our results demonstrate that modifications of Hb structure that alter allosteric anion sensitivity play an important role in the adaptive fine-tuning of blood-O(2) affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fothergill-Gilmore LA, Watson HC. The phosphoglycerate mutases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 62:227-313. [PMID: 2543188 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123089.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoglycerate mutase family is generally very well documented with respect to structure, evolution, and mode of action. However, a few individuals in the family remain relatively poorly characterized and will clearly require more detailed study. Furthermore, certain aspects of the detailed behavior of these enzymes are, as yet, incompletely understood and require further investigation. Cofactor-dependent monophosphoglycerate mutase and bisphosphoglycerate mutase are undoubtedly very closely related. Their amino acid sequences are strongly similar, they can form active heterodimers, and they catalyze the same three reactions, albeit at substantially different relative rates. Both enzymes catalyze a ping-pong type of reaction with a phosphohistidine intermediate. The presence of an additional phospho ligand at the active site of monophosphoglycerate mutase helps to explain why this enzyme is better at retaining the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate intermediate and why it is thus more efficient (by a factor of about 10(3)) at catalyzing the interconversion of 3- and 2-phosphoglycerates. The reason why 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is a better substrate for bisphosphoglycerate mutase than for monophosphoglycerate mutase (by a factor of about 30) is not yet apparent but presumably relates to the relative positioning of the two phospho-binding sites. Both enzymes are equally good as phosphatases when the reaction is activated by 2-phosphoglycollate. Available evidence indicates that these mutases are similar in many respects to the much smaller, cofactor-dependent monophosphoglycerate mutase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, but further information is required to define the relationship more precisely. Cofactor-independent monophosphoglycerate mutase belongs to a quite distinct branch of the phosphoglycerate mutase family. It is not known at present whether this branch is related divergently or convergently to the cofactor-dependent monophosphoglycerate mutase/bisphosphoglycerate mutase branch. Existing evidence can be argued both ways. For example, the kinetic evidence shows a ping-pong type of reaction and would be consistent with a phosphohistidine intermediate as encountered in the other mutases. Thus the cofactor-independent enzyme may also have arisen by gene duplication--but, in this case, yielding an enzyme of about twice the size, with slightly different residues at the active site and C-terminal tail. An alternative possibility, of course, is that the two branches of the phosphoglycerate mutase family are quite unrelated in a divergent sense and are little more similar structurally than is, for example, the catalytically similar enzyme phosphoglucomutase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
|
8
|
Haskins SC, Rezende ML. The caprine oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80:103-8. [PMID: 15946714 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The caprine oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve has not been previously defined. Blood from 10 healthy goats was equilibrated in a tonometer with calibrated gas mixtures of oxygen at concentrations of 95%, 21%, 13%, 12%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 5%, 4%, and 2.5% , 5% carbon dioxide, balance nitrogen. The pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), total hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin saturation, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and oxygen content were measured. The PO2/oxyhemoglobin and the PO2/oxygen content relationships were graphed with curve-fitting software and a formula for calculating oxyhemoglobin from PO2 was generated. The maximum oxygen content per gram of hemoglobin was 1.29 ml of oxygen per gram of hemoglobin. The PO2 at which hemoglobin was 50% saturated (P50) from the PO2/oxyhemoglobin relationship was 28.6+/-1.5 mmHg and that from the PO2/oxygen content relationships was 29.1+/-1.6 mmHg. The Hill coefficient for the PO2/oxyhemoglobin data was 3.0+/-0.4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve C Haskins
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8745, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cambier C, Wierinckx M, Clerbaux T, Detry B, Liardet MP, Marville V, Frans A, Gustin P. Haemoglobin oxygen affinity and regulating factors of the blood oxygen transport in canine and feline blood. Res Vet Sci 2004; 77:83-8. [PMID: 15120957 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Complete dynamic oxygen equilibrium curves (OEC) on dogs and cats whole blood were measured at 33, 37 and 41 degrees C. OEC were also run at three partial carbon dioxide pressures (20, 40 and 80 mmHg) as well as at five pH levels (7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5 and 7.6). 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentrations were determined. Results were compared to those previously published in humans, using the same experimental method [Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106 (1993) 687]. In standard conditions (pH 7.4, pCO2 40 mmHg and temperature 37 degrees C), the partial oxygen pressure at half-saturation of haemoglobin (p50) was 30.0+/-1.3 mmHg for dogs and 34.1+/-1.8 mmHg for cats. Cat's OEC was thus rightshifted compared to dog's OEC, itself rightshifted compared to human OEC. 2,3-DPG concentrations were higher in dogs than in men until they were very low in cats. Contrary to that observed in human medicine, no significant correlation was identified between standard p50 and canine 2,3-DPG values. Influence of pH, pCO2 and temperature on the OEC was saturation dependent. In dogs, Delta log p50/Delta pH was equal to -0.370, Delta log p50/Delta log pCO2 was 0.093 and Delta log p50/Delta T was 0.020. In cats, Delta log p50/Delta pH was equal to -0.405, Delta log p50/Delta log pCO2 was 0.080 and Delta log p50/Delta T was 0.016. Practically, temperature and pH variations exert a lesser influence in domestic carnivores than in humans, effect of pCO2 being similar in both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cambier
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
It is sometimes necessary for the practitioner to transfuse the ruminant with whole blood or plasma. These techniques are often difficult to perform in practice, are time-consuming, expensive, and stressful to the animal. Acute loss of 20% to 25% of the blood volume will result in marked clinical signs of anemia, including tachycardia and maniacal behavior. The PCV is only a useful tool with which to monitor acute blood loss after intravascular equilibration with other fluid compartments has occurred. An acutely developing PCV of 15% or less may require transfusion. Chronic anemia with PCV of 7% to 12% can be tolerated without transfusion if the animal is not stressed and no further decline in erythrocyte mass occurs. Seventy-five percent of transfused bovine erythrocytes are destroyed within 48 hours of transfusion. A transfusion rate of 10 to 20 mL/kg recipient weight is necessary to result in any appreciable increase in PCV. A nonpregnant donor can contribute 10 to 15 mL of blood/kg body weight at 2- to 4-week intervals. Sodium citrate is an effective anticoagulant, but acid citrate dextrose should be used if blood is to be stored for more than a few hours. Blood should not be stored more than 2 weeks prior to administration. Heparin is an unsuitable anticoagulant because the quantity of heparin required for clot-free blood collection will lead to coagulation defects in the recipient. Blood cross-matching is only rarely performed in the ruminant. In field situations, it is advisable to inject 200 mL of donor blood into the adult recipient and wait 10 minutes. If no reaction occurs, the rest of the blood can probably be safely administered as long as volume overload problems do not develop. Adverse reactions are most commonly seen in very young animals or pregnant cattle. Signs of blood or plasma transfusion reaction include hiccoughing, tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, muscle tremors, pruritus, salivation, cough, dyspnea, fever, lacrimation, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, collapse, apnea, and opisthotonos. Intravenous epinephrine HCl 1:1000 can be administered (0.2 to 0.5 mL) intravenously or (4 to 5 mL) intramuscularly (preferable) if clinical signs are severe. Pretreatment with antipyretics and slowing the administration rate may decrease the febrile response. Blood or plasma administered too rapidly will also result in signs of cardiovascular overload, acute heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension and edema. Furosemide and slower administration of blood or plasma should alleviate this problem. Administration rates have been suggested starting from 10 mL/kg/hr; faster rates may be necessary in peracute hemorrhage. Plasma should be administered when failure of absorption of passive maternal antibody has occurred or when protein-loosing enteropathy or nephropathy results in a total protein of less than 3 g/dL or less than 1.5 g albumin/dL. Plasma can be stored at household freezer temperatures (-15 to -20 degrees C) for a year; coagulation factors will be destroyed after 2 to 4 months when stored in this manner. To maintain viability of coagulation factors, plasma must be stored at -80 degrees C for less than 12 months. When administering plasma, a blood donor set with a built-in filter should always be used. When bovine plasma is thawed, precipitants form in the plasma and infusion of these microaggregates may result in fatal reactions in the recipient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hunt
- Department of Farm Animal Health and Resource Management, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hallam JF, Holland RAB, Dawson TJ. The Blood of Carnivorous Marsupials: Low Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.68.2.30166507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
12
|
Fothergill-Gilmore LA, Michels PA. Evolution of glycolysis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 59:105-235. [PMID: 8426905 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(93)90001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
13
|
Rae C, Sweeney KJE, Krockenberger AK, Agar NS, Gallagher CH, Kuchel PW. Comparison of the 1H and 31P NMR Spectra of Erythrocytes and Plasma from some Australian Native Animals: Bandicoot, Echidna, Koala, Little Penguin, Tammar Wallaby, Tasmanian Devil, Tree Kangaroo and Wombat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00368109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
14
|
Agar NS, Godwin IR. Studies on the blood of fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus): haematology, red cell enzymes, metabolic intermediates and glycolytic rates. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 103:909-11. [PMID: 1478069 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90213-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Blood samples were obtained from fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Basic haematology, red cell enzymes, and metabolic intermediates and the glycolytic rate of the red cells incubated with different substrates were measured. 2. The major findings were (i) the activity of glucose phosphate isomerase was notably high in the red blood cells of the red deer; (ii) red deer cells also utilized adenosine more efficiently than those of fallow deer and (iii) red cells of both species utilized galactose more efficiently than other species of ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Agar
- Department of Physiology, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W., Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Agar NS, Godwin IR. Erythrocyte metabolism in two species of bats: common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) and red fruit bat (Pteropus scapulatus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 101:9-12. [PMID: 1499281 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90150-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Metabolic intermediates, substrate utilization and enzyme activities were determined in the red blood cells of the common bent-wing bat and the red fruit bat. Standard haematological parameters and oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curves were also determined in both species. 2. The glycolytic rate as measured by lactate production was much higher for all substrates in the bent-wing bats. The activities of the glycolytic enzymes were also much higher in this species. 3. The standard haematological parameters were similar for the two species. The levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) in the red cells of the fruit bat were nearly twice as high as those in the bent-wing bats. 4. The oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve for the red fruit bat was located to the right of that for the bent-wing bat and both these curves were located to the right of that normally seen for human blood. 5. Both species of bat show blood characteristics well adapted to carrying the increased oxygen demands of flight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Agar
- Department of Physiology, University of New England, Armidale N.S.W., Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gallego C, Graña X, Carreras J. Increase of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase/phosphatase during maturation of reticulocytes with high 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate content. Mol Cell Biochem 1991; 102:183-8. [PMID: 1652683 DOI: 10.1007/bf00234576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the rabbit and in the rat, which possess erythrocytes with high concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase activity increases more than two fold during reticulocyte maturation. Isolation of the enzymes with 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase activity present in extracts of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes by ion exchange fast liquid chromatography shows that the increase in the synthase activity is due to the accumulation of the bifunctional enzyme 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase/phosphatase (EC2.7.5.4/EC3.1.3.13) which represents more than 80% of the synthase activity of the cell extracts. During reticulocyte maturation phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1), which makes a small contribution to the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase activity in the erythroid cells, decreases in the rabbit and remains constant in the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gallego
- Departament de Ciéncies Fisiológiques Humanes, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- J E Smith
- Department of Pathology, Kansas Veterinary Medical Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gallego C, Carreras J. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, fructose, 2,6-bisphosphate and glucose 1,6-bisphosphate during maturation of reticulocytes with low 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate content. Mol Cell Biochem 1990; 99:21-4. [PMID: 2177836 DOI: 10.1007/bf01261389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the species with erythrocytes of high 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate content, in the sheep the concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate decreases during maturation of reticulocytes. The decrease can be explained by the drop of the phosphofructokinase/pyruvate kinase and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase/2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase activity ratios that result from the decline of phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase and the bifunctional enzyme 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase/phosphatase. The concentrations of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and aldohexose 1,6-bisphosphates also decrease during sheep reticulocyte maturation in parallel to the 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase and the glucose 1,6-bisphosphate synthase activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gallego
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques Humanes i de la Nutrició, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pinilla M, Jimeno P, Moreno M, Luque J. Fractionation in two-phase systems of red cells during rat development: changes in pyruvate kinase and bisphosphoglycerate mutase activities in relation to red cell switching. Mol Cell Biochem 1990; 94:37-44. [PMID: 2166231 DOI: 10.1007/bf00223560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An inverse relationship between 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate levels and the ratio calculated from pyruvate kinase and bisphosphoglycerate mutase activities has been observed in red populations of rats during animal development. Counter-current distribution in aqueous two-phase systems of these cells populations shows a displacement of distribution profiles towards the high-numbered cavities of the rotor as animal ages. Heterogeneity of cells after distribution is only observed during the switching process from fetal to adult red cells taking place along the postnatal stage of development. Values for the pyruvate kinase/bisphosphoglycerate mutase ratio in these fractions suggest the separation of fetal (liver) from adult (bone marrow) red cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pinilla
- Departamento de Bioquìmica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad de Alcalà de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carrasco D, Allende CC, Allende JE. Factors that regulate the activity of the phosphatidylinositol kinase present in oocyte membranes of Xenopus laevis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 92:487-91. [PMID: 2539941 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Phosphatidylinositol kinase present in the membranes of Xenopus laevis oocytes was characterized. 2. The enzyme requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ at 10 mM and exogenous phosphatidylinositol (50 microM) increases the formation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate. 3. The oocyte phosphatidylinositol kinase cannot use GTP as a phosphate donor but this compound inhibits competitively the utilization of ATP. 4. Addition of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate stimulates the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol but 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate at 5 mM concentration is a strong inhibitor of the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Carrasco
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gonzatti MI, Traugh JA. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate inhibits hemoglobin synthesis and phosphorylation of initiation factor 2 by casein kinase II in reticulocyte lysates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 157:134-9. [PMID: 3196327 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates with 50% inhibition at 2 mM. Glycerate 2,3-P2 increased the Mg2+ optimum for protein synthesis by chelation of Mg2+, but Mg2+ addition did not completely reverse the inhibition, suggesting an additional site of action. eIF-2 has been used to examine the activity of casein kinase II in reticulocyte lysates in response to glycerate 2,3-P2. When glycerate 2,3-P2 was increased to 4mM, phosphorylation of eIF-2 beta was increasingly inhibited. Thus inhibition of phosphorylation of translational components by casein kinase II can be correlated with inhibition of globin synthesis at physiological concentrations of glycerate 2,3-P2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Gonzatti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Isaacks RE, Lai LL, Goldman PH, Kim CY. Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism. XVI. Accumulation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate with shifts in oxygen affinity of chicken erythrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 257:177-85. [PMID: 3115178 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(87)90556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the chicken erythrocyte to accumulate 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-P2-glycerate) and its effect upon the oxygen affinity (P50) of the cell suspensions have been determined. Erythrocytes from chick embryos, which contain 4-6 mM 2,3-P2-glycerate, and from chickens at various ages, which contain 3-4 mM inositol pentakisphosphate but no 2,3-P2-glycerate, were incubated with inosine, pyruvate, and inorganic phosphate. Red blood cells from 20-day chick embryos incubated in Krebs-Ringer, pH 7.45, containing 20 mM inosine and 20 mM pyruvate had an increase in 2,3-P2-glycerate from 4.3 to 11.9 mM after 4 h. Importantly, as 2,3-P2-glycerate concentration increased there was a corresponding increase in P50 of the cell suspension. Further, erythrocytes from 9- and 11-week, and 7-, 14-, 24-, and 28-month-old chickens when incubated similarly with inosine and pyruvate accumulated 2,3-P2-glycerate with corresponding increases in P50 of the cell suspensions. The ability of the red cell to accumulate this compound under the incubation conditions used apparently decreases with age of the bird (e.g., 11.9 mM in the 20-day embryo to 1.1 mM in the 28-month-old chicken after 4 h incubation). Despite the presence of significant amounts of inositol-P5, the accumulation of 2,3-P2-glycerate markedly decreases oxygen affinity of the cell suspensions. The delta P50/mumol increase in 2,3-P2-glycerate in the red cells of the 20-day chick embryo after 4 h incubation is 1.5 Torr; conversely, the delta P50/mumol decrease in 2,3-P2-glycerate in the red cells of the 17-day embryo after 6 h incubation in the presence of sodium bisulfite is 2.8 Torr. The demonstrated ability of the chicken erythrocyte to accumulate 2,3-P2-glycerate in response to certain substrates suggests that regulation of concentration of this compound could contribute significantly to regulation of blood oxygen affinity in birds.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kiwull-Schöne H, Gärtner B, Kiwull P. The effects of CO2 and fixed acid on the O2-Hb affinity of rabbit and cat blood. Pflugers Arch 1987; 408:451-7. [PMID: 3110734 DOI: 10.1007/bf00585068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The action of respiratory and metabolic acid-base disturbances on the O2-Hb affinity was studied in rabbits and cats. Blood samples of both species were exposed to in vitro pH-changes, which were either achieved by variation of PCO2 (2.8-8.3 kPa) at constant lactic acid concentration, or by addition of lactic acid (5-14 mmol X 1(-1) at constant PCO2. The PO2 at halfsaturation (P50) and the Hill's n were determined from O2-Hb dissociation curves (ODC) in a range between 20 and 80% SO2. Under standard conditions (T = 311 K, PCO2 = 5.33 kPa, pH = 7.4), the average P50 value was 4.66 +/- 0.05 kPa in rabbits, that is slightly higher than reported by others, and 5.17 +/- 0.03 kPa in cats. The average values of Hill's n were 2.91 +/- 0.02 and 2.95 +/- 0.03 for rabbits and cats, respectively. When plasma pH was varied by CO2, the resulting classical CO2 Bohr factor phi CO2 = delta lgP50/delta pH50 was distinctly higher in cats (-0.560 +/- 0.006, n = 25) than in rabbits (-0.504 +/- 0.014, n = 22), although in the latter species being even higher than reported elsewhere. Concomitant metabolic acidosis did not significantly affect phi CO2, but shifted the P50 at a given plasma pH to lower values. Substitution of lactic acid with equimolar amounts of sodium lactate left both phi CO2 and P50 unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
24
|
Tauler A, Gil J, Bartrons R, Carreras J. Levels of glycerate 2,3-P2, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase activities in rat tissues. A method to quantify blood contamination of tissue extracts. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 86:11-3. [PMID: 3030626 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The levels of glycerate 2,3-P2 and of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase activities have been determined in isolated rat hepatocytes and adipocytes and in perfused rat tissues to discard blood contamination. The values obtained are much lower than those previously reported, ranging 0.50-40 nmol/g tissue. No relationship appears to exist between glycerate 2,3-P2 concentration and the levels of the enzymatic activities involved in glycerate 2,3-P2 metabolism. Assay of glycerate 2,3-P2 in tissue extracts constitute a very useful way to quantify blood contamination.
Collapse
|
25
|
Carreras J, Bartrons R, Climent F, Cusso R. Bisphosphorylated metabolites of glycerate, glucose, and fructose: functions, metabolism and molecular pathology. Clin Biochem 1986; 19:348-58. [PMID: 3555887 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(86)80008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, glucose 1,6-P2 and fructose 2,6-P2 have been recognized as regulatory signals implicated in the control of metabolism, oxygen affinity of red cells and other cellular functions. The alterations of their metabolism constitute a novel area in molecular pathology. The concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes changes in a number of pathological conditions. An inherited deficiency of the multifunctional enzyme involved in the synthesis and breakdown of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes has been reported. The levels of glucose 1,6-P2 are reduced in the liver and in the muscle of rats with experimentally induced diabetes. In muscle of genetically dystrophic mice a decrease in the levels of glucose 1,6-P2 has been found, probably resulting from enhancement of glucose 1,6-P2 phosphatase activity. Fructose 2,6-P2 levels are decreased in the liver of experimental diabetic mice and rats, and elevated in the liver of genetically obese animals.
Collapse
|
26
|
Agar NS, Godwin IR, Suzuki M, Hablethwaite J, Roberts J, Hume ID. Comparative red blood cell metabolism in three wallaby species, Macropus eugenii, Macropus parma and Thylogale thetis (Macropodidae: Marsupialia). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 85:297-9. [PMID: 2876838 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of red blood cell metabolism were compared among three species of small macropodid marsupials from different habitats. Packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and GSH regeneration rates were similar in all three species. The Parma wallaby had very low red cell potassium levels compared to the other species studied. The Tammar wallaby had higher rates of glucose consumption and lactate production in vitro at both pH 7.4 and 8.2 than did the Parma and significantly lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels than the other species. These findings are consistent with preliminary reports published previously. The differences noted cannot be directly related to differences in the habitats of the species.
Collapse
|
27
|
Pons G, Berrocal F, Tauler A, Carreras J. Metabolism of glycerate-2,3-P2--VII. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycerate-2,3-P2 in cat tissues. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 80:551-6. [PMID: 2988855 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(85)90289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The levels of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycerate-2,3-P2 (phosphoglycerate mutase, bisphosphoglycerate synthase-phosphatase and bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase) in cat and in pig tissues are different. The main difference is the low level of bisphosphoglycerate synthase-phosphatase in cat tissues. As a consequence, in contrast with pig erythrocytes, in cat erythrocytes, both the synthesis and the breakdown of glycerate-2,3-P2 are mainly controlled by phosphoglycerate mutase.
Collapse
|
28
|
Nakashima M, Noda H, Hasegaea M, Ikai A. The oxygen affinity of mammalian hemoglobins in the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in relation to body weight. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 82:583-9. [PMID: 2866879 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied the oxygenation of mammalian hemoglobins: mouse (Mus musculus molossinus), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata), man (Homo sapiens), sheep (Ovis aries), llama (Lama glama), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), cow (Bos taurus domesticus) and horse (Equus caballus), in the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and compared their oxygen affinity in relation to the body weight. The negative correlation between body weight and the oxygen affinity of the whole blood, observed by Schmidt-Nielsen and Larimer (1958), was not observed in the absence of DPG. Our results indicated that an adaptive evolution proposed for hemoglobin in terms of its oxygen affinity vs body weight of the animal can only be appreciated with DPG.
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Davis TA, Asher WJ, Wallace HW. Artificial red cells with crosslinked hemoglobin membranes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1984; 10:123-32. [PMID: 6441519 DOI: 10.1007/bf02783743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cells containing concentrated hemoglobin (Hb) solution were prepared by interfacial polymerization of Hb with glutaraldehyde (GA) in liquid membrane capsules (LMC). A solution containing 30% of Hb was emulsified in mineral oil as red cell-size microdroplets, and this emulsion was dispersed in an aqueous phase containing glutaraldehyde to form LMC. The LMC were semipermeable templates that held the microdroplets of Hb in suspension while GA diffused through the oil to the microdroplet surfaces. The GA crosslinked Hb at the surface of each microdroplet to form an artificial red-cell membrane encapsulating Hb solution. A water-soluble surfactant was used to eject the cells from the LMC and suspend them in saline. Several surfactants were evaluated. Cell size was controlled by agitation speed during preparation of the original emulsion. Cells of 2.52 = +/- 1.69 micron were prepared. The encapsulated Hb retained capacity to bind and release O2. The cells had a P50 of 8.9 torr (1200 Pa) and a capacity of 0.55 cc O2/g of total Hb, indicating that the crosslinked portion of the Hb did not contribute to O2 transport.
Collapse
|
31
|
Isaacks R, Kim C, Liu HL, Goldman P, Johnson A, Harkness D. Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism. XIII. Changing organic phosphate composition in age-dependent density populations of chicken erythrocytes. Poult Sci 1983; 62:1639-46. [PMID: 6634598 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0621639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
These studies were performed to determine whether the erythrocytes (RBC's) of chickens are able to alter the concentrations of organic phosphates, particularly inositol pentakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (inositol-P5), in response to anemia. Acute anemia with 33.5% reticulocytes (retics) in the peripheral blood of 4-month-old White Leghorn cockerels was produced after two successive days of controlled bleeding. Five populations of RBC's were prepared from blood of these anemic birds based upon age-dependent density by angle rotor centrifugation. The relative increase in age of Fraction 1 (younger cells) through Fraction 5 (oldest cells) was verified by increased hemoglobin concentration and decreased retic count and cell volume. The acid aqueous-soluble phosphates from each RBC fraction were extracted, fractionated by ion exchange column chromatography, and the concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inositol-P5 quantitated by wet-ash phosphate analysis. Determination of Pi, ATP, and inositol-P5 in Fraction 1 (younger cells, 7.4% retics) from the initial (Day 1) blood withdrawn gave 4.3, 5.7, and 18.6 mumoles Pi/ml RBC, respectively. On Day 4 of controlled-bleeding, Pi, ATP, and inositol-P5 concentrations in Fraction 1 (95.1% retics) were 12.7, 10.6, and 12.3 mumoles Pi/ml RBC, respectively. On Day 11, after 1 week recovery from controlled-bleeding, the values for Pi, ATP, and inositol-P5 in Fraction 1 (37.7% retics) were 5.0, 5.4, and 19.0 mumoles Pi/ml RBC, respectively, which were similar to the values before bleeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
32
|
Soliman MH, Agar NS, Malik RC. Effects of genotype and maternal alcohol consumption on some biochemical parameters of red blood cells in the progeny of mice. Biochem Genet 1983; 21:627-37. [PMID: 6870782 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Effects of genotype and ethanol consumption by pregnant mothers on hemoglobin (Hb) and red-cell levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), and glutathione (GSH) of their progeny were studied in mice. Three lines of mice were used, one selected for high body weight, another selected for low body weight, and an unselected control. An ethanol solution [10% (v/v)] was given ad lib to the females at the time of joining them with males and continued through the pregnancy. Another group received distilled water for drinking throughout. Blood samples from the progeny of both these groups were taken at 10 weeks of age and analyzed for Hb, ATP, DPG, and GSH levels. Alcohol drinking during pregnancy resulted in lower levels of DPG in the red blood cells of progeny of the lines selected for high and low body weight and the reverse in the unselected line. Maternal alcohol consumption had no effect on Hb, APT, and GSH levels in the red blood cells of the progeny of any of the three lines. Females of both selected lines had higher levels of DPG than males. Artificial selection for body weight resulted in a positively correlated response in the level of red-cell DPG and GSH in the progeny.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate accumulates in mammalian erythrocytes, where it facilitates the supply of oxygen to the tissues by binding to hemoglobin. Regulatory properties of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase and phosphatase are discussed. The 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentration was shown to rise linearly along with the hemoglobin level during erythroid differentiation. The accumulation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate was primarily attributable to an increase in 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase. Antibody-binding studies showed that the increased activity is achieved solely through an increase in the amount of enzyme. It was shown that 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase was synthesized in nucleated erythroid precursor cells and also in anucleated reticulocytes. The mRNA of this protein appears to be fairly stable in reticulocytes. Coordinate expression of hemoglobin and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthase was found during dimethylsulfoxide-induced differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate rose concomitantly.
Collapse
|
34
|
Scott RL, Sohmer PR. Comparative effects of phosphoenolpyruvate on selected mammalian erythrocytes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 72:737-40. [PMID: 6126310 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Incubation of human, rat, cow, sheep, dog, rabbit and monkey erythrocytes with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) resulted in increased intracellular 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). 2. Physiologic temperature (37 degrees C) and a pH less than 6.5 were required for transport and metabolism of PEP in rat and monkey erythrocytes. 3. Although erythrocytes from all species (except pig) exhibited PEP transport and metabolism, hemoglobin oxygen affinity (HOA) was affected only in species whose hemoglobins are sensitive to 2,3-DPG. 4. These results suggest that the effect of PEP incubation on HOA is mediated through 2,3-DPG.
Collapse
|
35
|
Distribution of acid-soluble phosphates in the erythrocytes of selected species of amphibians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
36
|
Schon EA, Cleary ML, Haynes JR, Lingrel JB. Structure and evolution of goat gamma-, beta C- and beta A-globin genes: three developmentally regulated genes contain inserted elements. Cell 1981; 27:359-69. [PMID: 6277503 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the goat fetal (gamma), preadult (beta C) and adult (beta A) globin genes. In contrast to other globin genes expressed in different stages of development, these three genes are highly homologous (approximately 90%) in both their coding and noncoding regions. The only major difference between them results from elements inserted into their large introns: gamma contains a 247 bp insertion, beta A contains a 318 bp insertion, and beta C contains both a 252 bp insertion and a 60 bp deletion. Based on comparisons of these three genes to each other and to two goat globin pseudogenes, psi beta X and psi beta Z, we conclude that gamma, beta A and beta C have diverged relatively recently, and that the two gene pairs psi beta X - beta C and psi beta Z-beta A arose via a block duplication of an ancestral pseudogene-functional gene pair. Moreover, as opposed to the human fetal genes (G gamma and A gamma), the goat gamma gene appears to be a true beta-like gene that has fetal-specific function. The insertions in gamma, beta A and beta C contain sequence features characteristic of transposon-like elements, and appear to be represented in multiple copies throughout the genome.
Collapse
|
37
|
Jürgens KD, Bartels H, Bartels R. Blood oxygen transport and organ weights of small bats and small non-flying mammals. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 1981; 45:243-60. [PMID: 7330485 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(81)90009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Blood oxygen transport properties and organ weights of five bat species in the weight range between 4.8 and 150 g have been investigated and compared to four similar-size non-flying mammals. In addition allometric organ weight-body weight relations have been compiled for both groups. All bats had higher relative heart weights than the terrestrial mammals. In both groups the relative heart weight increased with decreasing body weight. In bats hemoglobin concentrations (18.2--24.4 g Hb/dl), hematocrits (51--63%), and red blood cell counts (11.0 x 10(6)--26.2 x 10(6) RBC/microliter) were remarkably increased compared to non-flying mammals (15.3--17.4 g Hb/dl, 44--50% Hct, 8.8 x 10(6)--18.3 x 10(6) RBC/microliters). The highest values have been found in the smallest european bat Pipistrellus pipistrellus (4.8 g), they exceeded by far the results of the smallest terrestrial mammal, the shrew Suncus etruscus (2.5 g). Oxygen half saturation pressures and Bohr factors did not show considerable differences between similar-size flying and non-flying mammals. Our results indicate that the higher specific oxygen uptake of flying bats compared to exercising non-flying mammals is mainly enabled by larger hearts and larger blood oxygen capacities.
Collapse
|
38
|
Carreras J, Bartrons R, Bosch J, Pons G. Metabolism of glycerate-2,3-P2—I. Distribution of the enzymes involved in the glycerate-2,3-P2 metabolism in pig tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(81)90285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Hutchison VH, Hazard E. Diel variation of erythrocytic phosphates in Mus musculus acclimated to different photoperiod regimes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(81)90384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
40
|
O’Dea J, Agar N. Glutathione and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the blood of hypoxic ruminants. Res Vet Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
41
|
Walder JA, Walder RY, Arnone A. Development of antisickling compounds that chemically modify hemoglobin S specifically within the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate binding site. J Mol Biol 1980; 141:195-216. [PMID: 7441751 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
42
|
Vaccaro-Torracca AM, Vestri R, Salmaso S. Higher oxygen affinity of sheep Hb C compared to Hb A and Hb B. EXPERIENTIA 1980; 36:559-60. [PMID: 7379951 DOI: 10.1007/bf01965799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sheep which have Hb A, synthesize the perinatal Hb C in response to severe tissue hypoxia. It is known that Hb A displays a higher oxygen affinity than Hb B. The results of this study indicate that Hb C exhibits an oxygen affinity and a Bohr effect higher than those of Hb A and Hb B.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Grigg GC, Gruca M. Possible adaptive significance of low red cell organic phosphates in crocodiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
45
|
Respiratory properties and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration in blood of the adult opossum (Didelphis virginiana). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(79)90186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
46
|
Smith RC, Garbutt GJ, Isaacks RE, Harkness DR. Oxygen binding of fetal and adult bovine hemoglobin in the presence of organic phosphates and uric acid riboside. Hemoglobin 1979; 3:47-55. [PMID: 37193 DOI: 10.3109/03630267909069154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The P50 values of "stripped" fetal and adult bovine hemoglobin were 18.4 and 28.9 respectively. Neither the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve nor the Hill coefficient, n, of fetal or adult bovine hemoglobin was affected by uric acid riboside (UAR), 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), or inositol pentaphosphate (IPP). Combinations of UAR and ATP with adult bovine hemoglobin or 2,3-DPG and ATP with fetal hemoglobin also had no effect. It was concluded that neither adult nor fetal bovine red cells contained an identifiable compound which affects the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
Collapse
|
47
|
Juel R. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: its role in health and disease. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1979; 10:113-46. [PMID: 378537 DOI: 10.3109/10408367909147131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was first discovered and isolated in 1925. However, it was not until 1967 that the function of 2,3-DPG was explained. This resulted in multiple research projects devoted to elucidating the mechanism by which 2,3-DPG exerts it effect on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. In addition, a vast amount of research has been devoted to assessing the role of 2,3-DPG in oxygen transport in various physiological and pathophysiological states. In many instances, the results of this research have produced conflicting data which have dampened the initial enthusiasm which followed the discovery of the function of 2,3-DPG. However, much of this conflicting data can be explained by the fact that 2,3-DPG is only one of a number of factors influencing the transport of oxygen to the tissues. Several of these factors influence oxygen transport independently as well as by altering the synthesis of 2,3-DPG and modifying its effect on hemoglobin. In spite of the conflicting results, the overall data gathered thus far appears to be sound enough to warrant the extensive research now being done, particularly in the area of blood storage and transfusion therapy.
Collapse
|
48
|
Jones SR, Smith JE, Board PB. Changes in erythrocyte metabolism following acute blood loss in chickens. Poult Sci 1978; 57:1667-74. [PMID: 751042 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0571667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of acute blood loss on erythrocyte metabolism has been studied in a number of mammals. This study was designated to provide comparative data in chickens. Twenty to 30 ml of blood were removed from 7 chickens for 3 successive days. Packed red cell volumes were restored at the rate of 1.46% per day, and a maximum reticulocyte count (26.7%) occurred on the third day after the initial phlebotomy. Fourteen of the 16 erythrocyte enzymes measured became elevated significantly. Enzymatic activity was increased when the greatest numbers of young red cells were in the circulation and declined as the erythrocytes aged. Initial enzymatic activity was not related to the subsequent magnitude of increased activity. Inositol pentaphosphate, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and reduced glutathione, but not 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, increased significantly in the postphlebotomy period. The markedly rapid and significant rise of inositol pentaphosphate suggested that it was controlled. That could be the way hemoglobin function is controlled during changing physiologic requirements.
Collapse
|
49
|
Bartlett GR. Phosphate compounds in reptilian and avian red blood cells; developmental changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(78)90095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
50
|
Chiba H, Sasaki R. Functions, of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and its metabolism. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1978; 14:75-116. [PMID: 32014 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152814-0.50007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|