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Malykhina AI, Efimova SS, Andriianov VS, Ostroumova OS. The interaction of plant flavones with amphotericin B: Consequences for its pore-forming ability. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116723. [PMID: 38723514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth of antibiotic resistance to antifungal drugs contributes to the search for new ways to enhance their effectiveness and reduce toxicity. The undeniable advantage of polyene macrolide antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) which ensures low pathogen resistance is its mechanism of action related to the formation of transmembrane pores in target lipid membranes. Here, we investigated the effects of plant flavones, chrysin, wogonin, baicalein, apigenin, scutellarein, luteolin, morin and fisetin on the pore-forming activity of AmB in the sterol-enriched membranes by electrophysiological assays. Сhrysin, wogonin, baicalein, apigenin, scutellarein, and luteolin were shown to decrease the AmB pore-forming activity in the bilayers composed of palmitoyloleylphosphocholine independently of their sterol composition. Morin and fisetin led to the increase and decrease in the AmB pore-forming activity in the ergosterol- and cholesterol-containing bilayers respectively. Differential scanning microcalorimetry of the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition of membrane forming lipids, molecular dynamics simulations, and absorbance spectroscopy revealed the possibility of direct interactions between AmB and some flavones in the water and/or in the lipid bilayer. The influence of these interactions on the antibiotic partitioning between aqueous solution and membrane and/or its transition between different states in the bilayer was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Malykhina
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana S Efimova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir S Andriianov
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Olga S Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation.
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Efimova SS, Ostroumova OS. Antibiotic Loaded Phytosomes as a Way to Develop Innovative Lipid Formulations of Polyene Macrolides. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:665. [PMID: 38794328 PMCID: PMC11124810 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The threat of antibiotic resistance of fungal pathogens and the high toxicity of the most effective drugs, polyene macrolides, force us to look for new ways to develop innovative antifungal formulations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine how the sterol, phospholipid, and flavonoid composition of liposomal forms of polyene antibiotics, and in particular, amphotericin B (AmB), affects their ability to increase the permeability of lipid bilayers that mimic the membranes of mammalian and fungal cells. METHODS To monitor the membrane permeability induced by various polyene-based lipid formulations, a calcein leakage assay and the electrophysiological technique based on planar lipid bilayers were used. KEY RESULTS The replacement of cholesterol with its biosynthetic precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, led to a decrease in the ability of AmB-loaded liposomes to permeabilize lipid bilayers mimicking mammalian cell membranes. The inclusion of plant flavonoid phloretin in AmB-loaded liposomes increased the ability of the formulation to disengage a fluorescent marker from lipid vesicles mimicking the membranes of target fungi. I-V characteristics of the fungal-like lipid bilayers treated with the AmB phytosomes were symmetric, demonstrating the functioning of double-length AmB pores and assuming a decrease in the antibiotic threshold concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES The therapeutic window of polyene lipid formulations might be expanded by varying their sterol composition. Polyene-loaded phytosomes might be considered as the prototypes for innovative lipid antibiotic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S. Efimova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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Ostroumova OS, Efimova SS. Lipid-Centric Approaches in Combating Infectious Diseases: Antibacterials, Antifungals and Antivirals with Lipid-Associated Mechanisms of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1716. [PMID: 38136750 PMCID: PMC10741038 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the global challenges of the 21st century is the increase in mortality from infectious diseases against the backdrop of the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. In this regard, it is worth targeting antibacterials towards the membranes of pathogens that are quite conservative and not amenable to elimination. This review is an attempt to critically analyze the possibilities of targeting antimicrobial agents towards enzymes involved in pathogen lipid biosynthesis or towards bacterial, fungal, and viral lipid membranes, to increase the permeability via pore formation and to modulate the membranes' properties in a manner that makes them incompatible with the pathogen's life cycle. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the search for highly effective but nontoxic antimicrobial agents. Examples of compounds with a proven molecular mechanism of action are presented, and the types of the most promising pharmacophores for further research and the improvement of the characteristics of antibiotics are discussed. The strategies that pathogens use for survival in terms of modulating the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane, achieving a balance between resistance to antibiotics and the ability to facilitate all necessary transport and signaling processes, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
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Efimova SS, Malykhina AI, Ostroumova OS. Triggering the Amphotericin B Pore-Forming Activity by Phytochemicals. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:670. [PMID: 37505036 PMCID: PMC10384262 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The macrolide polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB), remains a valuable drug to treat systemic mycoses due to its wide antifungal activity and low probability of developing resistance. The high toxicity of AmB, expressed in nephropathy and hemolysis, could be partially resolved by lowering therapeutic AmB concentration while maintaining efficacy. This work discusses the possibility of using plant polyphenols and alkaloids to enhance the pore-forming and consequently antifungal activity of AmB. We demonstrated that phloretin, phlorizin, naringenin, taxifolin, quercetin, biochanin A, genistein, resveratrol, and quinine led to an increase in the integral AmB-induced transmembrane current in the bilayers composed of palmitoyloleoylphosphocholine and ergosterol, while catechin, colchicine, and dihydrocapsaicin did not practically change the AmB activity. Cardamonin, 4'-hydroxychalcone, licochalcone A, butein, curcumin, and piperine inhibited AmB-induced transmembrane current. Absorbance spectroscopy revealed no changes in AmB membrane concentration with phloretin addition. A possible explanation of the potentiation is related to the phytochemical-produced changes in the elastic membrane properties and the decrease in the energy of formation of the lipid mouth of AmB pores, which is partially confirmed by differential scanning microcalorimetry. The possibility of AmB interaction with cholesterol in the mammalian cell membranes instead of ergosterol in fungal membranes, determines its high toxicity. The replacement of ergosterol with cholesterol in the membrane lipid composition led to a complete loss or a significant decrease in the potentiating effects of tested phytochemicals, indicating low potential toxicity of these compounds and high therapeutic potential of their combinations with the antibiotic. The discovered combinations of AmB with plant molecules that enhance its pore-forming ability in ergosterol-enriched membranes, seem to be promising for further drug development in terms of the toxicity decrease and efficacy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Efimova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I Malykhina
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga S Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Efimova SS, Ostroumova OS. Modulation of the Dipole Potential of Model Lipid Membranes with Phytochemicals: Molecular Mechanisms, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Implications in Reconstituted Ion Channels. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:453. [PMID: 37103880 PMCID: PMC10141572 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, stilbenoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and related compounds, have a wide range of useful pharmacological properties which cannot be ascribed to binding to a single peptide or protein target alone. Due to the relatively high lipophilicity of phytochemicals, the lipid membrane is thought to mediate their effects via changes in the properties of the lipid matrix, in particular, by modulating the transmembrane distribution of the electrical potential and, consequently, the formation and functioning of the ion channels reconstituted in the lipid bilayers. Therefore, biophysical studies on the interactions between plant metabolites and model lipid membranes are still of interest. This review represents an attempt to provide a critical analysis of a variety of studies on altering membranes and ion channels with phytochemicals via disturbing the potential drop at the membrane-aqueous solution interface. Critical structural motifs and functioning groups in the molecules of plant polyphenols (alkaloids and saponins are identified) and the possible mechanisms of dipole potential modulation with phytochemicals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga S. Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Science, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Semisynthetic Amides of Amphotericin B and Nystatin A 1: A Comparative Study of In Vitro Activity/Toxicity Ratio in Relation to Selectivity to Ergosterol Membranes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010151. [PMID: 36671352 PMCID: PMC9854944 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyene antifungal amphotericin B (AmB) has been used for over 60 years, and remains a valuable clinical treatment for systemic mycoses, due to its broad antifungal activity and low rate of emerging resistance. There is no consensus on how exactly it kills fungal cells but it is certain that AmB and the closely-related nystatin (Nys) can form pores in membranes and have a higher affinity towards ergosterol than cholesterol. Notably, the high nephro- and hemolytic toxicity of polyenes and their low solubility in water have led to efforts to improve their properties. We present the synthesis of new amphotericin and nystatin amides and a comparative study of the effects of identical modifications of AmB and Nys on the relationship between their structure and properties. Generally, increases in the activity/toxicity ratio were in good agreement with increasing ratios of selective permeabilization of ergosterol- vs. cholesterol-containing membranes. We also show that the introduced modifications had an effect on the sensitivity of mutant yeast strains with alterations in ergosterol biosynthesis to the studied polyenes, suggesting a varying affinity towards intermediate ergosterol precursors. Three new water-soluble nystatin derivatives showed a prominent improvement in safety and were selected as promising candidates for drug development.
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de Carvalho Patricio BF, da Silva Lopes Pereira JO, Sarcinelli MA, de Moraes BPT, Rocha HVA, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF. Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi? Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2707. [PMID: 36559201 PMCID: PMC9784761 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and Cryptococcus are opportunistic fungi and may cause severe lung disease. They can develop mechanisms to evade the host immune system and colonize or cause lung disease. Current fungal infection treatments constitute a few classes of antifungal drugs with significant fungi resistance development. Amphotericin B (AmB) has a broad-spectrum antifungal effect with a low incidence of resistance. However, AmB is a highly lipophilic antifungal with low solubility and permeability and is unstable in light, heat, and oxygen. Due to the difficulty of achieving adequate concentrations of AmB in the lung by intravenous administration and seeking to minimize adverse effects, nebulized AmB has been used. The pulmonary pathway has advantages such as its rapid onset of action, low metabolic activity at the site of action, ability to avoid first-pass hepatic metabolism, lower risk of adverse effects, and thin thickness of the alveolar epithelium. This paper presented different strategies for pulmonary AmB delivery, detailing the potential of nanoformulation and hoping to foster research in the field. Our finds indicate that despite an optimistic scenario for the pulmonary formulation of AmB based on the encouraging results discussed here, there is still no product registration on the FDA nor any clinical trial undergoing ClinicalTrial.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ferreira de Carvalho Patricio
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
| | | | - Michelle Alvares Sarcinelli
- Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technology of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Av., 4036, Rio de Janeiro 213040-361, Brazil
| | - Bianca Portugal Tavares de Moraes
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Prof. Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Vinicius Antunes Rocha
- Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technology of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Av., 4036, Rio de Janeiro 213040-361, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Postgraduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Prof. Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, 94 Frei Caneca Street, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil
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Haro-Reyes T, Díaz-Peralta L, Galván-Hernández A, Rodríguez-López A, Rodríguez-Fragoso L, Ortega-Blake I. Polyene Antibiotics Physical Chemistry and Their Effect on Lipid Membranes; Impacting Biological Processes and Medical Applications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:681. [PMID: 35877884 PMCID: PMC9316096 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review examined a collection of studies regarding the molecular properties of some polyene antibiotic molecules as well as their properties in solution and in particular environmental conditions. We also looked into the proposed mechanism of action of polyenes, where membrane properties play a crucial role. Given the interest in polyene antibiotics as therapeutic agents, we looked into alternative ways of reducing their collateral toxicity, including semi-synthesis of derivatives and new formulations. We follow with studies on the role of membrane structure and, finally, recent developments regarding the most important clinical applications of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Haro-Reyes
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (T.H.-R.); (L.D.-P.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - Lucero Díaz-Peralta
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (T.H.-R.); (L.D.-P.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - Arturo Galván-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (T.H.-R.); (L.D.-P.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - Anahi Rodríguez-López
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (A.R.-L.); (L.R.-F.)
| | - Lourdes Rodríguez-Fragoso
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (A.R.-L.); (L.R.-F.)
| | - Iván Ortega-Blake
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (T.H.-R.); (L.D.-P.); (A.G.-H.)
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Harada K, Fukuoka H, Ban Y, Aziza Y, Horiguchi G, Tanioka H, Kinoshita S, Uematsu M, Kitaoka T, Sotozono C. Toxicity of Amphotericin B in Rabbit Corneal Epithelial Cells Stored in Optisol™-GS: Corneal Epithelial Cell Morphology and Migration. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1259-1265. [PMID: 35708189 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2091147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the toxicity of Amphotericin B (AmB) in Optisol™-GS Corneal Storage Media (Bausch & Lomb) on corneal epithelial cell (CEC) morphology and migration ability. METHODS Sclerocorneal strips were removed from male Japanese white rabbits, and then stored at 4 °C in Optisol™-GS containing 0 µg/ml of AmB (control group) and 2.5, 5, 25, and 50 µg/ml of AmB (AmB groups; four eyes per group). After 7 days of storage, CEC morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining (ZO-1), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Moreover, to evaluate CEC migration ability, three corneal blocks (6-8 × 3 mm each) from one preserved cornea were cultured for 24 h, and the area of CEC migration (2 mm at the central region) onto the stromal surface was then measured. RESULTS At 5, 25, and 50 µg/ml of AmB, deformation and vacuolation of CECs were observed in all preserved corneas. ZO-1 expression was significantly reduced in corneas preserved at AmB concentrations of 25 and 50 µg/ml. TUNEL Labeling Index was significantly increased at AmB concentrations of ≥5 µg/ml. CEC migration was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner at AmB concentrations of 25 and 50 µg/ml compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The addition of AmB to Optisol™-GS can be toxic to CECs and inhibit their migration at a concentration of ≥5 µg/ml. AmB at a concentration of 2.5 µg/ml can be considered safe for the preservation of donor corneal tissue used in corneal epithelial transplantation surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Harada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukuoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yulia Aziza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Go Horiguchi
- Division of Data Science, The Clinical and Translational Research Center, University Hospital, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tanioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Uematsu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Baghirova AA, Kasumov KM. Antifungal Macrocycle Antibiotic Amphotericin B-Its Present and Future. Multidisciplinary Perspective for the Use in the Medical Practice. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES B, BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 16:1-12. [PMID: 35194486 PMCID: PMC8853366 DOI: 10.1134/s1990750822010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review is devoted to a broad analysis of the results of studies of the effect of macrocyclic antifungal polyene antibiotic amphotericin B on cell membranes. A detailed study of polyenes has shown that some of them can have not only antifungal, but also antiviral and antitumor effects. Under conditions of global pandemic fungal pathology develops especially quickly and in this case leads to invasive aspergillosis, which contributes to the complication of coronavirus infection in the lungs and even secondary infection with invasive aspergillosis. The treatment of an invasive form of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is directly related to the immunomodulatory and immunostimulating properties of the macrocyclic polyene drug amphotericin B. The article presents experimental data on the study of the biological activity and membrane properties of amphotericin B and the effect of its chemically modified derivatives, as well as liposomal forms of amphotericin B on viral, bacterial and fungal infections. The mechanism of action of amphotericin B and its analogues is based on their interaction with cellular and lipid membranes, followed by formation of ion channels of molecular size in the membranes. The importance of these studies is that polyenes are sensitive to membranes that contain sterols of a certain structure. The analysis showed that pathogenic fungal cells containing ergosterol were 10-100 times more sensitive to polyene antibiotics than host cell membranes containing cholesterol. The high sterol selectivity of the action of polyenes opens broad prospects for the use of polyene antifungal drugs in practical medicine and pharmacology in the treatment of invasive mycoses and the prevention of atherosclerosis. In this context, it should be noted that polyene antibiotics are the main tool in the study of the biochemical mechanism of changes in the permeability of cell membranes for energy-dependent substrates. Chemical and genetic engineering transformation of the structure of polyene antibiotic molecules opens prospects for the identification and creation of new biologically active forms of the antibiotic that have a high selectivity of action in the treatment of pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Baghirova
- Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Patamdartskoe shosse 40, AZ1004 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Kh. M. Kasumov
- Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Patamdartskoe shosse 40, AZ1004 Baku, Azerbaijan
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Van de Vyver T, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Modulating intracellular pathways to improve non-viral delivery of RNA therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114041. [PMID: 34763002 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics (e.g. siRNA, oligonucleotides, mRNA, etc.) show great potential for the treatment of a myriad of diseases. However, to reach their site of action in the cytosol or nucleus of target cells, multiple intra- and extracellular barriers have to be surmounted. Several non-viral delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and conjugates, have been successfully developed to meet this requirement. Unfortunately, despite these clear advances, state-of-the-art delivery agents still suffer from relatively low intracellular delivery efficiencies. Notably, our current understanding of the intracellular delivery process is largely oversimplified. Gaining mechanistic insight into how RNA formulations are processed by cells will fuel rational design of the next generation of delivery carriers. In addition, identifying which intracellular pathways contribute to productive RNA delivery could provide opportunities to boost the delivery performance of existing nanoformulations. In this review, we discuss both established as well as emerging techniques that can be used to assess the impact of different intracellular barriers on RNA transfection performance. Next, we highlight how several modulators, including small molecules but also genetic perturbation technologies, can boost RNA delivery by intervening at differing stages of the intracellular delivery process, such as cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, endosomal escape, autophagy and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Van de Vyver
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Wang J, Feng S, Zhu H. Influence of amphotericin B on the DPPC/DOPC/sterols mixed monolayer in the presence of calcium ions. Biophys Chem 2021; 279:106695. [PMID: 34649214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B, an acquainted antifungal drug, has reattracted the attention of most scholars due to its one important advantage of making the fungus less resistant. Amphotericin B's antifungal properties are derived from its ability to interact with ergosterols on the fungal cells' membrane to form pores. However, the cholesterol in the human cell membranes is similar in structure to ergosterol, which cause the drug to produce certain toxicity and make the clinical use of amphotericin B limited. The study of the interaction between amphotericin B and lipid monolayer in the presence of cholesterol or ergosterol is crucial to understanding the mechanism of effect of the drug on cell membranes. Langmuir monolayer as a model for half of cell membranes can precisely control the proportion of components and the solution environment, which has been used to do a lot of research about the interaction of amphotericin B with lipids. It is noteworthy that some ions associated with life activities play an important role in it, such as calcium ions. In this work, the surface pressure-mean molecular area isotherms, elastic modulus and the surface pressure-time curves of DPPC/DOPC/sterol mixed monolayer with or without amphotericin B were studied in the different concentration of calcium ions. The morphology of the Langmuir-Blodgett films transferred on the mica were observed by atomic force microscopy. The results shown that AmB changed the elastic modulus and surface morphology of DPPC/DOPC/sterol mxied monolayer, which was significantly different with different types of sterols. Calcium ions can regulate the effect of this drug, which was clearly different due to different types of sterols. This work provides useful information to further understand the influence mechanism of calcium ions on the interaction between AmB and phospholipid/sterol monolayer, which is helpful to find out the effect mechanism of calcium ion on the interaction between AmB and phospholipid monolayer containing ergosterol or cholesterol and to understand the mechanism of AmB influencing on the membrane of fungal or human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China.
| | - Shun Feng
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
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13
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Baghirova AA, Kasumov KM. [Antifungal macrocycle antibiotic amphotericin B - its present and future. Multidisciplinary perspective for the use in the medical practice]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:311-322. [PMID: 34414889 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216704311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review is devoted to a broad analysis of the results of studies of the effect of macrocyclic antifungal polyene antibiotic amphotericin B on cell membranes. A multi-prolonged study of polyenes showed that some of them can have not only antifungal, but also antiviral and antitumor action. Fungal pathology develops especially quickly and in this case leads to invasive aspergillosis, which contributes to the complication of coronavirus infection in the lungs and even secondary infection with invasive aspergillosis in the context of a global pandemic. The treatment of an invasive form of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is directly related to the immunomodulatory and immunostimulating properties of the macrocyclic polyene drug amphotericin B. The article presents experimental data on the study of the biological activity and membrane properties of amphotericin B and the effect of its chemically modified derivatives, as well as liposomal forms of amphotericin B on viral, bacterial and fungal infections. The mechanism of action of amphotericin B and its analogues is based on their interaction with cellular and lipid membranes, by forming ion channels of molecular size in them. The importance of these studies is that polyenes are sensitive to membranes that contain sterols of a certain structure. The analysis showed that pathogenic fungal cells containing ergosterol were 10-100 times more sensitive to polyene antibiotics than host cell membranes containing cholesterol. The high sterol selectivity of the action of polyenes opens up broad prospects for the use of polyene antifungal drugs in practical medicine and pharmacology in the treatment of invasive mycoses and the prevention of atherosclerosis. In this connection, it should be noted that polyene antibiotics are the main tool in the study of the biochemical mechanism of changes in the permeability of cell membranes for energy-dependent substrates. Chemical and genetic engineering transformation of the structure of polyene antibiotic molecules opens up prospects for the identification and creation of new biologically active forms of the antibiotic that have a high selectivity of action in the treatment of pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Baghirova
- Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Kh M Kasumov
- Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
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14
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Dong PT, Zong C, Dagher Z, Hui J, Li J, Zhan Y, Zhang M, Mansour MK, Cheng JX. Polarization-sensitive stimulated Raman scattering imaging resolves amphotericin B orientation in Candida membrane. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd5230. [PMID: 33523971 PMCID: PMC7787481 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol-targeting amphotericin B (AmB) is the first line of defense for life-threatening fungal infections. Two models have been proposed to illustrate AmB assembly in the cell membrane; one is the classical ion channel model in which AmB vertically forms transmembrane tunnel and the other is a recently proposed sterol sponge model where AmB is laterally adsorbed onto the membrane surface. To address this controversy, we use polarization-sensitive stimulated Raman scattering from fingerprint C═C stretching vibration to visualize AmB, ergosterol, and lipid in single fungal cells. Intracellular lipid droplet accumulation in response to AmB treatment is found. AmB is located in membrane and intracellular droplets. In the 16 strains studied, AmB residing inside cell membrane was highly ordered, and its orientation is primarily parallel to phospholipid acyl chains, supporting the ion channel model. Label-free imaging of AmB and chemical contents offers an analytical platform for developing low-toxicity, resistance-refractory antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Ting Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cheng Zong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zeina Dagher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Hui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yuewei Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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15
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Tevyashova AN, Bychkova EN, Solovieva SE, Zatonsky GV, Grammatikova NE, Isakova EB, Mirchink EP, Treshchalin ID, Pereverzeva ER, Bykov EE, Efimova SS, Ostroumova OS, Shchekotikhin AE. Discovery of Amphamide, a Drug Candidate for the Second Generation of Polyene Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2029-2044. [PMID: 32598131 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB, 1) is the drug of choice for treating the most serious systemic fungal or protozoan infections. Nevertheless, its application is limited by low solubility in aqueous media and serious side effects such as infusion-related reactions, hemolytic toxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Owing to these limitations, it is essential to search for the polyene derivatives with better chemotherapeutic properties. With the objective of obtaining AmB derivatives with lower self-aggregation and improved solubility, we synthesized a series of amides of AmB bearing an additional basic group in the introduced residue. The screening of antifungal activity in vitro revealed that N-(2-aminoethyl)amide of AmB (amphamide, 6) had superior antifungal activity compared to that of the paternal AmB. Preclinical studies in mice confirmed that compound 6 had a much lower acute toxicity and higher antifungal efficacy in the model of mice candidosis sepsis compared with that of AmB (1). Thus, the discovered amphamide is a promising drug candidate for the second generation of polyene antibiotics and is also prospective for in-depth preclinical and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Tevyashova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 199021, Russia
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya sq., Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - Elena N. Bychkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 199021, Russia
| | | | - George V. Zatonsky
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 199021, Russia
| | | | - Elena B. Isakova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 199021, Russia
| | - Elena P. Mirchink
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 199021, Russia
| | - Ivan D. Treshchalin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 199021, Russia
| | | | - Evgeny E. Bykov
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 199021, Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Efimova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Olga S. Ostroumova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Andrey E. Shchekotikhin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 199021, Russia
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya sq., Moscow, 125047, Russia
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16
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Wang J, Ma Y, Hou S. Effect of potassium ions at the different concentration on the interaction between AmB and the lipid monolayer containing cholesterol or ergosterol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Wang J, Ma Y, Hou S, Miao Z, Ma Q. Interaction of amphotericin B and saturated or unsaturated phospholipid monolayers containing cholesterol or ergosterol at the air-water interface. Biophys Chem 2019; 258:106317. [PMID: 31918025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of amphotericin B (AmB) depends on its interaction with ergosterol-containing cell membranes of fungus. Cholesterol is a sterol in mammalian cell membrane, and its structure is very similar to ergosterol, which caused to the toxic of amphotericin B to mammalian or human cell membranes. Even so, it is still the gold standard for the treatment of fungal infections. The mechanism of its toxicity to mammalian cell membrane has become a hot topic. The toxicity mechanism of amphotericin B on the cell membrane is also related to the phospholipids on the membrane. The effects of saturated and unsaturated fat chains on the interaction of amphotericin B with phospholipid monolayers containing cholesterol or ergosterol were studied at the molecular level using an air-water interface monolayer model. Both atomic force microscope and Brewster angle microscope were used to observe the surface morphology of the monolayer. The analysis of limiting molecular area suggested that the interaction between AmB and the two kinds of sterol is significantly different on the unsaturated lipid monolayer. According to the elastic modulus, the AmB molecules can increase the compressibility or viscoelasticity of the phospholipid/sterol monolayer. However, this impact of AmB on the DOPC/sterol monolayer containing ergosterol was stronger than that containing cholesterol at 25 ~ 50 mN/m. While this impact of AmB on the DPPC/sterol monolayer containing cholesterol was stronger than that containing ergosterol at 32 ~ 56 mN/m. The excess Gibbs free energy of the monolayer showed that, in the presence of saturated fat chain, amphotericin B could make the molecules of the DPPC/cholesterol monolayer and the DPPC/ergosterol monolayer arrange more closely and make intermolecular interaction stronger. There was no significant difference between DPPC/cholesterol monolayer and DPPC/ergosterol monolayer. However, in the presence of unsaturated chain, the effects of amphotericin B on the DOPC/cholesterol monolayer and the DOPC/ergosterol monolayer were significantly different. Amphotericin B made the molecular arrangement of DOPC/ergosterol monolayer more loosed, and the intermolecular force weakened at 5-35 mN/m. AFM images reflect that AmB can perforate the phospholipid-ergosterol monolayer, which was no significant correlation with saturation of the lipid monolayer. But the areas of dark areas shaped holes on the DPPC/ergosterol monolayer were larger than that on the DOPC/ergosterol monolayer. The adsorption of amphotericin B on lipid/sterol monolayer suggests that the orientation of amphotericin B may be different when it is inserted into the monolayer of phospholipid-sterol in the presence of saturated or unsaturated chains. The results are helpful to understand the complex mechanism of toxicity of amphotericin B to cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China.
| | - Yahong Ma
- School of Electronic Information Engineering Internet of Things and Big Data Research center, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Suxia Hou
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Zongcheng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
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18
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Heath N, Osteikoetxea X, de Oliveria TM, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Shatnyeva O, Schindler C, Tigue N, Mayr LM, Dekker N, Overman R, Davies R. Endosomal escape enhancing compounds facilitate functional delivery of extracellular vesicle cargo. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2799-2814. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are desirable delivery vehicles for therapeutic cargoes. We aimed to load EVs with Cre recombinase protein and determine whether functional delivery to cells could be improved by using endosomal escape enhancing compounds. Materials & methods: Overexpressed CreFRB protein was actively loaded into EVs by rapalog-induced dimerization to CD81FKBP, or passively loaded by overexpression in the absence of rapalog. Functional delivery of CreFRB was analysed using a HEK293 Cre reporter cell line in the absence and presence of endosomal escape enhancing compounds. Results: The EVs loaded with CreFRB by both active and passive mechanisms were able to deliver functional CreFRB to recipient cells only in the presence of endosomal escape enhancing compounds chloroquine and UNC10217938A. Conclusion: The use of endosomal escape enhancing compounds in conjunction with EVs loaded with therapeutic cargoes may improve efficacy of future EV based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Heath
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | | | - Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olga Shatnyeva
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Schindler
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalie Tigue
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorenz M Mayr
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Road, Amersham, UK
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ross Overman
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Rick Davies
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals, R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
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19
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Braga SS. Multi-target drugs active against leishmaniasis: A paradigm of drug repurposing. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111660. [PMID: 31514064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review focuses on leishmanicidal drugs that were sourced from small molecules previously approved for other diseases. The mechanisms of action of these molecules are herein explored, to probe the origins of their inter-species growth inhibitory activities. It is shown how the transversal action of the azoles - fluconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole - in both fungi and Leishmania is due to the occurrence of the same target, lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, in these two groups of species. In turn, the drugs miltefosine and amphotericin B are presented as truly multi-target agents, acting on small molecules, proteins, genes and even organelles. Steps towards future leishmanicidal drug candidates based on the multi-target strategy and on drug repurposing are also briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Santos Braga
- QOPNA & LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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20
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Candida albicans gains azole resistance by altering sphingolipid composition. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4495. [PMID: 30374049 PMCID: PMC6206040 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections by drug-resistant Candida albicans pose a global public health threat. However, the pathogen’s diploid genome greatly hinders genome-wide investigations of resistance mechanisms. Here, we develop an efficient piggyBac transposon-mediated mutagenesis system using stable haploid C. albicans to conduct genome-wide genetic screens. We find that null mutants in either gene FEN1 or FEN12 (encoding enzymes for the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids as precursors of sphingolipids) exhibit resistance to fluconazole, a first-line antifungal drug. Mass-spectrometry analyses demonstrate changes in cellular sphingolipid composition in both mutants, including substantially increased levels of several mannosylinositolphosphoceramides with shorter fatty-acid chains. Treatment with fluconazole induces similar changes in wild-type cells, suggesting a natural response mechanism. Furthermore, the resistance relies on a robust upregulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis genes. Our results shed light into the mechanisms underlying azole resistance, and the new transposon-mediated mutagenesis system should facilitate future genome-wide studies of C. albicans. The fungal pathogen Candida albicans is diploid, which hinders genome-wide studies. Here, Gao et al. present a piggyBac transposon-mediated mutagenesis system using stable haploid C. albicans strains, and use it to identify genes and mechanisms underlying azole resistance.
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21
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Wu HC, Yoshioka T, Nakagawa K, Shintani T, Tsuru T, Saeki D, Shaikh AR, Matsuyama H. Preparation of Amphotericin B-Ergosterol structures and molecular simulation of water adsorption and diffusion. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Efimova SS, Tevyashova AN, Olsufyeva EN, Bykov EE, Ostroumova OS. Pore-forming activity of new conjugate antibiotics based on amphotericin B. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188573. [PMID: 29186162 PMCID: PMC5706719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of amides of the antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) and its conjugates with benzoxaboroles was tested to determine whether they form pores in lipid bilayers and to compare their channel characteristics. The tested derivatives produced pores of larger amplitude and shorter lifetime than those of the parent antibiotic. The pore conductance was related to changes in the partial charge of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups in the lactone ring that determined the anion coordination in the channel. Neutralization of one of the polar group charges in the AmB head during chemical modification produced a pronounced effect by diminishing the dwell time of the polyene channel compared to modification of both groups. In this study, compounds that had a modification of one carboxyl or amino group were less effective in initializing phase separation in POPC-membranes compared to derivatives that had modifications of both polar groups as well as the parent antibiotic. The effects were attributed to the restriction of the aggregation process by electrical repulsion between charged derivatives in contrast to neutral compounds. The significant correlation between the ability of derivatives to increase the permeability of model membranes—causing the appearance of single channels in lipid bilayers or inducing calcein leakage from unilamellar vesicles—and the minimal inhibitory concentration indicated that the antifungal effect of the conjugates was due to pore formation in the membranes of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S. Efimova
- Group of Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna N. Tevyashova
- Laboratory of Chemical Transformation of Antibiotics, Gause Institute of New Antibiotics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia N. Olsufyeva
- Laboratory of Chemical Transformation of Antibiotics, Gause Institute of New Antibiotics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny E. Bykov
- Laboratory of Chemical Transformation of Antibiotics, Gause Institute of New Antibiotics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S. Ostroumova
- Group of Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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23
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Debouzy J, Mehenni L, Crouzier D, Lahiani-Skiba M, Nugue G, Skiba M. NMR and ESR study of amphotericin B interactions with various binary phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol membranes. Int J Pharm 2017; 521:384-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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dos Santos AG, Marquês JT, Carreira AC, Castro IR, Viana AS, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, de Almeida RFM, Silva LC. The molecular mechanism of Nystatin action is dependent on the membrane biophysical properties and lipid composition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30078-30088. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nystatin-induced membrane permeabilization is related to its effects on membrane properties and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. dos Santos
- iMed.ULisboa – Research Institute for Medicines
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - J. T. Marquês
- CQB – Centre for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - A. C. Carreira
- iMed.ULisboa – Research Institute for Medicines
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - I. R. Castro
- iMed.ULisboa – Research Institute for Medicines
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - A. S. Viana
- CQB – Centre for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - M.-P. Mingeot-Leclercq
- FACM/LDRI-UCL – Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology unit of the Louvain Drug Research Institute
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- B-1200 Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - R. F. M. de Almeida
- CQB – Centre for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1749-016 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - L. C. Silva
- iMed.ULisboa – Research Institute for Medicines
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
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25
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Influence of K+, Na+ or Ca2+ ions on the interaction between AmB and saturated phospholipids by Langmuir technique. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-5410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Boukari K, Balme S, Janot JM, Picaud F. Towards New Insights in the Sterol/Amphotericin Nanochannels Formation: A Molecular Dynamic Simulation Study. J Membr Biol 2015; 249:261-70. [PMID: 26700625 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-015-9865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well-known polyene which self-organizes into membrane cell in order to cause the cell death. Its specific action towards fungal cell is not fully understood but was proved to become from sterol composition. The mechanism was shown experimentally to require the formation of stable sterol/polyene couples which could then organize in a nanochannel. This would allow the leakage of ions responsible for the death of fungal cells, only. In this present study, we investigate the arrangement of AmB/sterols in biological membrane using molecular dynamic simulations in order to understand the role of the sterol structure on the antifungal action of the polyene. We show in particular that the nanochannels tend to close up when cell was composed with cholesterol (animal cell) due to strong interaction between amphotericin and sterol. On the other side, with ergosterol (fungal cell) the largest interactions between amphotericin and lipid membrane lead to the appearance of large hole that could favor the important leakage of ions and thus, the fungal cell death. This work appears as a good complement in the extensive studies linked to the understanding of the antifungal molecules in membrane cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Boukari
- Laboratoire de Nanomédecine, Imagerie et Thérapeutique, EA 4662, Université Franche-Comté, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, UFR ST, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Balme
- Institut Européen des Membranes, UMR5635 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Marc Janot
- Institut Européen des Membranes, UMR5635 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Fabien Picaud
- Laboratoire de Nanomédecine, Imagerie et Thérapeutique, EA 4662, Université Franche-Comté, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, UFR ST, 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
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27
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Davis SA, Della Ripa LA, Hu L, Cioffi AG, Pogorelov TV, Rienstra CM, Burke MD. C3-OH of Amphotericin B Plays an Important Role in Ion Conductance. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15102-4. [PMID: 26580003 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is the archetype for small molecules that form ion channels in living systems and has recently been shown to replace a missing protein ion transporter and thereby restore physiology in yeast. Molecular modeling studies predict that AmB self-assembles in lipid membranes with the polyol region lining a channel interior that funnels to its narrowest region at the C3-hydroxyl group. This model predicts that modification of this functional group would alter conductance of the AmB ion channel. To test this hypothesis, the C3-hydroxyl group was synthetically deleted, and the resulting derivative, C3deoxyAmB (C3deOAmB), was characterized using multidimensional NMR experiments and single ion channel electrophysiology recordings. C3deOAmB possesses the same macrocycle conformation as AmB and retains the capacity to form transmembrane ion channels, yet the conductance of the C3deOAmB channels is 3-fold lower than that of AmB channels. Thus, the C3-hydroxyl group plays an important role in AmB ion channel conductance, and synthetic modifications at this position may provide an opportunity for further tuning of channel functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥School of Chemical Sciences, ⊥National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lisa A Della Ripa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥School of Chemical Sciences, ⊥National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lingbowei Hu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥School of Chemical Sciences, ⊥National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander G Cioffi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥School of Chemical Sciences, ⊥National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Taras V Pogorelov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥School of Chemical Sciences, ⊥National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chad M Rienstra
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥School of Chemical Sciences, ⊥National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Martin D Burke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry, ∥School of Chemical Sciences, ⊥National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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28
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Grisin A, Evans PA. A highly convergent synthesis of the C1-C31 polyol domain of amphidinol 3 featuring a TST-RCM reaction: confirmation of the revised relative stereochemistry. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6407-6412. [PMID: 28757956 PMCID: PMC5507186 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00814j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The concise enantioselective synthesis of the revised C1-C31 fragment of the polyketide amphidinol 3 was accomplished in 16 steps and 12.8% overall yield. Salient features of the strategy include chemoselective Weinreb amide coupling and concomitant CBS reduction for the preparation of the C1-C15 tris-syn-1,5-diol motif and a temporary silicon-tethered ring-closing metathesis (TST-RCM) reaction in combination with a diastereoselective hydroboration for the construction of the C16-C31 polypropionate fragment. The union of the fragments was accomplished by a regioselective ring-opening of the terminal epoxide with a phenyl sulfone stabilized carbanion, which upon reduction and deprotection permits a comparison of the relative configuration with the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Grisin
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , ON K7L 3N6 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 613 533 6286
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , ON K7L 3N6 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 613 533 6286
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29
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Foglia F, Rogers SE, Webster JRP, Akeroyd FA, Gascoyne KF, Lawrence MJ, Barlow DJ. Neutron Scattering Studies of the Effects of Formulating Amphotericin B with Cholesteryl Sulfate on the Drug's Interactions with Phospholipid and Phospholipid-Sterol Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:8042-8051. [PMID: 26139630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Langmuir surface pressure, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and neutron reflectivity (NR) studies have been performed to determine how formulation of the antifungal drug amphotericin B (AmB), with sodium cholesteryl sulfate (SCS)-as in Amphotec-affects its interactions with ergosterol-containing (model fungal cell) and cholesterol-containing (model mammalian cell) membranes. The effects of mixing AmB in 1:1 molar ratio with cholesteryl sulfate (yielding AmB-SCS micelles) are compared against those of free AmB, using monolayers and bilayers formed from palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) in the absence and presence of 30 mol % ergosterol or cholesterol, in all cases employing a 1:0.05 molar ratio of lipid:AmB. Analyses of the (bilayer) SANS and (monolayer) NR data indicate that the equilibrium changes in membrane structure induced in sterol-free and sterol-containing membranes are the same for free AmB and AmB-SCS. Stopped-flow SANS experiments, however, reveal that the structural changes to vesicle membranes occur far more rapidly following exposure to AmB-SCS vs free drug, with the kinetics of these changes varying with membrane composition. With POPC vesicles, the structural changes induced by AmB-SCS become apparent only after several minutes, and equilibrium is reached after ∼30 min. The corresponding onset of changes in POPC-ergosterol and POPC-cholesterol vesicles, however, occurs within ∼5 s, with equilibrium reached after 10 and 120 s, respectively. The rate of insertion of AmB into POPC-sterol membranes is thus increased through formulation as AmB-SCS. Moreover, the differences in monolayer surface pressure and SANS structure-change equilibration times suggest significant rearrangement of AmB within these membranes following insertion. The reduced times to equilibrium for the POPC-ergosterol vs POPC-cholesterol systems are consistent with the known differences in affinity of AmB for these two sterols, and the reduced time to equilibrium for AmB-SCS interaction with POPC-ergosterol membranes vs that for free AmB is consistent with the reduced host toxicity of Amphotec.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Foglia
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - M J Lawrence
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - D J Barlow
- †Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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30
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Gerbron M, Geraudie P, Xuereb B, Marie S, Minier C. In vitro and in vivo studies of the endocrine disrupting potency of cadmium in roach (Rutilus rutilus) liver. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 95:582-589. [PMID: 26024563 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium has been reported to exert estrogenic, antiestrogenic or both effects in vertebrate species. To elucidate the endocrine disrupting action of CdCl2, ex vivo and in vivo experiments were performed in roach (Rutilus rutilus). Roach liver explants were exposed to a range of CdCl2 concentrations alone (0.1-50μM) or with an effective concentration (100nM) of 17β-estradiol (E2). In addition, juvenile roach were intraperitoneally injected with CdCl2 (0.1-2.5mg/kg) with or without 1mg E2/kg. Subsequent analysis evaluated the effect of CdCl2 on vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis both at the mRNA and protein level, on estrogen receptors (erα and erβ1) and on androgen receptor (ar) mRNA expression. Ex vivo and in vivo experiments indicated that CdCl2 is strongly anti-estrogenic as, when co-exposed to E2, CdCl2 significantly inhibited VTG production as well as vtg and erα mRNA expressions. Moreover, CdCl2 compromised the E2-mediated induction of the ar mRNA expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerbron
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, ULH Normandie Université, SFR SACLE 4116, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre, France.
| | - P Geraudie
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, ULH Normandie Université, SFR SACLE 4116, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre, France; Akvaplan Niva as, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - B Xuereb
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, ULH Normandie Université, SFR SACLE 4116, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre, France
| | - S Marie
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, ULH Normandie Université, SFR SACLE 4116, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre, France
| | - C Minier
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, ULH Normandie Université, SFR SACLE 4116, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre, France
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31
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Modifiers of membrane dipole potentials as tools for investigating ion channel formation and functioning. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 315:245-97. [PMID: 25708465 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic fields generated on and within biological membranes play a fundamental role in key processes in cell functions. The role of the membrane dipole potential is of particular interest because of its powerful impact on membrane permeability and lipid-protein interactions, including protein insertion, oligomerization, and function. The membrane dipole potential is defined by the orientation of electric dipoles of lipid headgroups, fatty acid carbonyl groups, and membrane-adsorbed water. As a result, the membrane interior is several hundred millivolts more positive than the external aqueous phase. This potential decrease depends on the lipid, and especially sterol, composition of the membrane. The adsorption of certain electroneutral molecules known as dipole modifiers may also lead to significant changes in the magnitude of the potential decrease. These agents are widely used to study the effects of the dipole potential on membrane transport. This review presents a critical analysis of a variety of data from studies dedicated to ion channel formation and functioning in membranes with different dipole potentials. The types of ion channels found in cellular membranes and pores formed by antimicrobial agents and toxins in artificial lipid membranes are summarized. The mechanisms underlying the influence of the membrane dipole potential on ion channel activity, including dipole-dipole and charge-dipole interactions in the pores and in membranes, are discussed. A hypothesis, in which lipid rafts in both model and cellular membranes also modulate ion channel activity by virtue of an increased or decreased dipole potential, is also considered.
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32
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Kasana S, Din J, Maret W. Genetic causes and gene–nutrient interactions in mammalian zinc deficiencies: acrodermatitis enteropathica and transient neonatal zinc deficiency as examples. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:47-62. [PMID: 25468189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Discovering genetic causes of zinc deficiency has been a remarkable scientific journey. It started with the description of a rare skin disease, its treatment with various agents, the successful therapy with zinc, and the identification of mutations in a zinc transporter causing the disease. The journey continues with defining the molecular and cellular pathways that lead to the symptoms caused by zinc deficiency. Remarkably, at least two zinc transporters from separate protein families are now known to be involved in the genetics of zinc deficiency. One is ZIP4, which is involved in intestinal zinc uptake. Its mutations can cause acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) with autosomal recessive inheritance. The other one is ZnT2, the transporter responsible for supplying human milk with zinc. Mutations in this transporter cause transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD) with symptoms similar to AE but with autosomal dominant inheritance. The two diseases can be distinguished in affected infants. AE is fatal if zinc is not supplied to the infant after weaning, whereas TNZD is a genetic defect of the mother limiting the supply of zinc in the milk, and therefore the infant usually will obtain enough zinc once weaned. Although these diseases are relatively rare, the full functional consequences of the numerous mutations in ZIP4 and ZnT2 and their interactions with dietary zinc are not known. In particular, it remains unexplored whether some mutations cause milder disease phenotypes or increase the risk for other diseases if dietary zinc requirements are not met or exceeded. Thus, it is not known whether widespread zinc deficiency in human populations is based primarily on a nutritional deficiency or determined by genetic factors as well. This consideration becomes even more significant with regard to mutations in the other 22 human zinc transporters, where associations with a range of diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and mental illnesses have been observed. Therefore, clinical tests for genetic disorders of zinc metabolism need to be developed.
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33
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Anderson TM, Clay MC, Cioffi AG, Diaz KA, Hisao GS, Tuttle MD, Nieuwkoop AJ, Comellas G, Maryum N, Wang S, Uno BE, Wildeman EL, Gonen T, Rienstra CM, Burke MD. Amphotericin forms an extramembranous and fungicidal sterol sponge. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:400-6. [PMID: 24681535 PMCID: PMC3992202 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
For over 50 years, amphotericin has remained the powerful but highly toxic last line of defense in treating life-threatening fungal infections in humans with minimal development of microbial resistance. Understanding how this small molecule kills yeast is thus critical for guiding development of derivatives with an improved therapeutic index and other resistance-refractory antimicrobial agents. In the widely accepted ion channel model for its mechanism of cytocidal action, amphotericin forms aggregates inside lipid bilayers that permeabilize and kill cells. In contrast, we report that amphotericin exists primarily in the form of large, extramembranous aggregates that kill yeast by extracting ergosterol from lipid bilayers. These findings reveal that extraction of a polyfunctional lipid underlies the resistance-refractory antimicrobial action of amphotericin and suggests a roadmap for separating its cytocidal and membrane-permeabilizing activities. This new mechanistic understanding is also guiding development of what are to our knowledge the first derivatives of amphotericin that kill yeast but not human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mary C. Clay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Alexander G. Cioffi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Katrina A. Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Grant S. Hisao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marcus D. Tuttle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew J. Nieuwkoop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gemma Comellas
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nashrah Maryum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brice E. Uno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erin L. Wildeman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Kagohashi H, Shirai O, Kubota S, Kitazumi Y, Kano K. Facilitated Transport of Ions and Glucose by Amphotericin B Across Lipid Bilayers in the Presence or Absence of Cholesterol. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wilcock BC, Endo MM, Uno BE, Burke MD. C2'-OH of amphotericin B plays an important role in binding the primary sterol of human cells but not yeast cells. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8488-91. [PMID: 23718627 DOI: 10.1021/ja403255s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a clinically vital antimycotic but is limited by its severe toxicity. Binding ergosterol, independent of channel formation, is the primary mechanism by which AmB kills yeast, and binding cholesterol may primarily account for toxicity to human cells. The leading structural model predicts that the C2' hydroxyl group on the mycosamine appendage is critical for binding both sterols. To test this, the C2'-OH was synthetically deleted, and the sterol binding capacity of the resulting derivative, C2'deOAmB, was directly characterized via isothermal titration calorimetry. Surprisingly, C2'deOAmB binds ergosterol and, within the limits of detection of this experiment, does not bind cholesterol. Moreover, C2'deOAmB is nearly equipotent to AmB against yeast but, within the limits of detection of our assays, is nontoxic to human cells in vitro. Thus, the leading structural model for AmB/sterol binding interactions is incorrect, and C2'deOAmB is an exceptionally promising new antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Wilcock
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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36
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Gagoś M, Kamiński D, Arczewska M, Krajnik B, Maćkowski S. Spectroscopic Evidence for Self-Organization of N-Iodoacetylamphotericin B in Crystalline and Amorphous Phases. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12706-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307873m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Gagoś
- Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13,
20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department
of Cell Biology,
Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel Kamiński
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15,
20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Arczewska
- Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13,
20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Optics
of Hybrid Nanostructures
Group, Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Optics
of Hybrid Nanostructures
Group, Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Ostroumova OS, Efimova SS, Chulkov EG, Schagina LV. The interaction of dipole modifiers with polyene-sterol complexes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45135. [PMID: 23028805 PMCID: PMC3448605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed that the effect of dipole modifiers (flavonoids and styrylpyridinium dyes) on the conductance of single amphotericin B (AmB) channels in sterol-containing lipid bilayers primarily resulted from changes in the membrane dipole potential. The present study examines the effect of dipole modifiers on the AmB multi-channel activity. The addition of phloretin to cholesterol-containing membranes leads to a significant increase in the steady-state AmB-induced transmembrane current. Quercetin significantly decreases and RH 421 increases the current through ergosterol-containing bilayers. Other tested flavonoids and styrylpyridinium dyes do not affect the channel-forming activity of AmB independently on the sterol composition of the bilayers. The effects obtained in these trials may instead be attributed to the direct interaction of dipole modifiers with AmB/sterol complexes and not to the effect of dipole potential changes. The presence of double bonds in the Δ7 and Δ22 positions of sterol molecules, the number of conjugated double bonds and amino sugar residues in polyene molecules, and the conformation and adsorption plane of dipole modifiers are important factors impacting this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Ostroumova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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38
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Kristanc L, Svetina S, Gomišček G. Effects of the pore-forming agent nystatin on giant phospholipid vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:636-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ostroumova OS, Efimova SS, Schagina LV. Probing amphotericin B single channel activity by membrane dipole modifiers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30261. [PMID: 22276169 PMCID: PMC3261894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of dipole modifiers and their structural analogs on the single channel activity of amphotericin B in sterol-containing planar phosphocholine membranes are studied. It is shown that the addition of phloretin in solutions bathing membranes containing cholesterol or ergosterol decreases the conductance of single amphotericin B channels. Quercetin decreases the channel conductance in cholesterol-containing bilayers while it does not affect the channel conductance in ergosterol-containing membranes. It is demonstrated that the insertion of styryl dyes, such as RH 421, RH 237 or RH 160, in bilayers with either cholesterol or ergosterol leads to the increase of the current amplitude of amphotericin B pores. Introduction of 5α-androstan-3β-ol into a membrane-forming solution increases the amphotericin B channel conductance in a concentration-dependent manner. All the effects are likely to be attributed to the influence of the membrane dipole potential on the conductance of single amphotericin B channels. However, specific interactions of some dipole modifiers with polyene-sterol complexes might also contribute to the activity of single amphotericin B pores. It has been shown that the channel dwell time increases with increasing sterol concentration, and it is higher for cholesterol-containing membranes than for bilayers including ergosterol, 6-ketocholestanol, 7-ketocholestanol or 5α-androstan-3β-ol. These findings suggest that the processes of association/dissociation of channel forming molecules depend on the membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Ostroumova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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40
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Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a prototypical small molecule natural product that can form ion channels in living eukaryotic cells and has remained refractory to microbial resistance despite extensive clinical utilization in the treatment of life-threatening fungal infections for more than half a century. It is now widely accepted that AmB kills yeast primarily via channel-mediated membrane permeabilization. Enabled by the iterative cross-coupling-based synthesis of a functional group deficient derivative of this natural product, we have discovered that channel formation is not required for potent fungicidal activity. Alternatively, AmB primarily kills yeast by simply binding ergosterol, a lipid that is vital for many aspects of yeast cell physiology. Membrane permeabilization via channel formation represents a second complementary mechanism that further increases drug potency and the rate of yeast killing. Collectively, these findings (i) reveal that the binding of a physiologically important microbial lipid is a powerful and clinically validated antimicrobial strategy that may be inherently refractory to resistance, (ii) illuminate a more straightforward path to an improved therapeutic index for this clinically vital but also highly toxic antifungal agent, and (iii) suggest that the capacity for AmB to form protein-like ion channels might be separable from its cytocidal effects.
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Arczewska M, Gagoś M. Molecular organization of antibiotic amphotericin B in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine monolayers induced by K+ and Na+ ions: The Langmuir technique study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2706-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ma H, Krock B, Tillmann U, Bickmeyer U, Graeve M, Cembella A. Mode of action of membrane-disruptive lytic compounds from the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. Toxicon 2011; 58:247-58. [PMID: 21741395 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Certain allelochemicals of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense cause lysis of a broad spectrum of target protist cells but the lytic mechanism is poorly defined. We first hypothesized that membrane sterols serve as molecular targets of these lytic compounds, and that differences in sterol composition among donor and target cells may cause insensitivity of Alexandrium and sensitivity of targets to lytic compounds. We investigated Ca(2+) influx after application of lytic fractions to a model cell line PC12 derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla to establish how the lytic compounds affect ion flux associated with lysis of target membranes. The lytic compounds increased permeability of the cell membrane for Ca(2+) ions even during blockade of Ca(2+) channels with cadmium. Results of a liposome assay suggested that the lytic compounds did not lyse such target membranes non-specifically by means of detergent-like activity. Analysis of sterol composition of isolates of A. tamarense and of five target protistan species showed that both lytic and non-lytic A. tamarense strains contain cholesterol and dinosterol as major sterols, whereas none of the other tested species contain dinosterol. Adding sterols and phosphatidylcholine to a lysis bioassay with the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina for evaluation of competitive binding indicated that the lytic compounds possessed apparent high affinity for free sterols and phosphatidylcholine. Lysis of protistan target cells was dose-dependently reduced by adding various sterols or phosphatidylcholine. For three tested sterols, the lytic compounds showed highest affinity towards cholesterol followed by ergosterol and brassicasterol. Cholesterol comprised a higher percentage of total sterols in plasma membrane fractions of A. tamarense than in corresponding whole cell fractions. We conclude therefore that although the molecular targets of the lytic compounds are likely to involve sterol components of membranes, A. tamarense must have a complex self-protective mechanism that still needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ma
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Foglia F, Drake A, Terry A, Rogers S, Lawrence M, Barlow D. Small-angle neutron scattering studies of the effects of amphotericin B on phospholipid and phospholipid–sterol membrane structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1574-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hirano M, Takeuchi Y, Matsumori N, Murata M, Ide T. Channels Formed by Amphotericin B Covalent Dimers Exhibit Rectification. J Membr Biol 2011; 240:159-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-011-9354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Synthesis-enabled functional group deletions reveal key underpinnings of amphotericin B ion channel and antifungal activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6733-8. [PMID: 21368185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015023108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B is the archetype for small molecules that form transmembrane ion channels. However, despite extensive study for more than five decades, even the most basic features of this channel structure and its contributions to the antifungal activities of this natural product have remained unclear. We herein report that a powerful series of functional group-deficient probes have revealed many key underpinnings of the ion channel and antifungal activities of amphotericin B. Specifically, in stark contrast to two leading models, polar interactions between mycosamine and carboxylic acid appendages on neighboring amphotericin B molecules are not required for ion channel formation, nor are these functional groups required for binding to phospholipid bilayers. Alternatively, consistent with a previously unconfirmed third hypothesis, the mycosamine sugar is strictly required for promoting a direct binding interaction between amphotericin B and ergosterol. The same is true for cholesterol. Synthetically deleting this appendage also completely abolishes ion channel and antifungal activities. All of these results are consistent with the conclusion that a mycosamine-mediated direct binding interaction between amphotericin B and ergosterol is required for both forming ion channels and killing yeast cells. The enhanced understanding of amphotericin B function derived from these synthesis-enabled studies has helped set the stage for the more effective harnessing of the remarkable ion channel-forming capacity of this prototypical small molecule natural product.
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Volmer AA, Szpilman AM, Carreira EM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of amphotericin B derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1329-49. [DOI: 10.1039/b820743g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Matsumori N, Tahara K, Yamamoto H, Morooka A, Doi M, Oishi T, Murata M. Direct interaction between amphotericin B and ergosterol in lipid bilayers as revealed by 2H NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:11855-60. [PMID: 19645473 DOI: 10.1021/ja9033473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although amphotericin B (AmB) is thought to exert its antifungal activity by forming transmembrane ion-permeable self-assemblies together with ergosterol, no previous study has directly proven AmB-ergosterol interaction. To establish the interaction, we measured (2)H NMR using deuterium-labeled sterols and AmB. The (2)H NMR spectra of deuterated ergosterol in palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers showed that fast axial diffusion of erogosterol was almost completely inhibited by the coexistence of AmB. Conversely, cholesterol mobility in POPC membrane was essentially unchanged with or without AmB. These results unequivocally demonstrate that ergosterol has significant interaction with AmB in POPC bilayers. In addition, we examined the mobility of AmB using deuterium-labeled AmB, and found that, although AmB is almost immobilized in sterol-free and cholesterol-containing POPC membranes, a certain ratio of AmB molecules acquires mobility in the presence of ergosterol. The similar mobility of AmB and ergosterol in POPC bilayers confirmed the idea of the direct intermolecular interaction between ergosterol and AmB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Dalby SM. From nature to the laboratory and into the clinic. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2290-303. [PMID: 19028103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural products possess a broad diversity of structure and function, and they provide inspiration for chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this review article, we highlight and place in context our laboratory's total syntheses of, and related studies on, complex secondary metabolites that were clinically important drugs, or have since been developed into useful medicines, namely amphotericin B (1), calicheamicin gamma(1)(I) (2), rapamycin (3), Taxol (4), the epothilones [e.g., epothilones A (5) and B (6)], and vancomycin (7). We also briefly highlight our research with other selected inspirational natural products possessing interesting biological activities [i.e., dynemicin A (8), uncialamycin (9), eleutherobin (10), sarcodictyin A (11), azaspiracid-1 (12), thiostrepton (13), abyssomicin C (14), platensimycin (15), platencin (16), and palmerolide A (17)].
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC408, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Hartsel SC, Hatch C, Ayenew W. How does Amphotericin B Work?: Studies on Model Membrane Systems. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109309150727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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50
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Murata M, Matsumori N, Konoki K, Oishi T. Structural Features of Dinoflagellate Toxins Underlying Biological Activity as Viewed by NMR. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.81.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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