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Holewa P, Vajner DA, Zięba-Ostój E, Wasiluk M, Gaál B, Sakanas A, Burakowski M, Mrowiński P, Krajnik B, Xiong M, Yvind K, Gregersen N, Musiał A, Huck A, Heindel T, Syperek M, Semenova E. High-throughput quantum photonic devices emitting indistinguishable photons in the telecom C-band. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3358. [PMID: 38637520 PMCID: PMC11026509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Single indistinguishable photons at telecom C-band wavelengths are essential for quantum networks and the future quantum internet. However, high-throughput technology for single-photon generation at 1550 nm remained a missing building block to overcome present limitations in quantum communication and information technologies. Here, we demonstrate the high-throughput fabrication of quantum-photonic integrated devices operating at C-band wavelengths based on epitaxial semiconductor quantum dots. Our technique enables the deterministic integration of single pre-selected quantum emitters into microcavities based on circular Bragg gratings. Respective devices feature the triggered generation of single photons with ultra-high purity and record-high photon indistinguishability. Further improvements in yield and coherence properties will pave the way for implementing single-photon non-linear devices and advanced quantum networks at telecom wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Holewa
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Daniel A Vajner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emilia Zięba-Ostój
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Wasiluk
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Benedek Gaál
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aurimas Sakanas
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marek Burakowski
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Mrowiński
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Meng Xiong
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kresten Yvind
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Gregersen
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Musiał
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alexander Huck
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias Heindel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcin Syperek
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Elizaveta Semenova
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Weber MU, Petkowski JJ, Weber RE, Krajnik B, Stemplewski S, Panek M, Dziubak T, Mrozinska P, Piela A, Paluch E. Chip for dielectrophoretic microbial capture, separation and detection II: experimental study. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:175502. [PMID: 36640445 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In our previous paper we have modelled a dielectrophoretic force (DEP) and cell particle behavior in a microfluidic channel (Weber MUet al2023 Chip for dielectrophoretic microbial capture, separation and detection I: theoretical basis of electrode designNanotechnologythis issue). Here we test and confirm the results of our modeling work by experimentally validating the theoretical design constraints of the ring electrode architecture. We have compared and tested the geometry and particle capture and separation performance of the two separate electrode designs (the ring and dot electrode structures) by investigating bacterial motion in response to the applied electric field. We have quantitatively evaluated the electroosmosis (EO) to positive DEP (PDEP) transition in both electrode designs and explained the differences in capture efficiency of the ring and dot electrode systems. The ring structure shows 99% efficiency of bacterial capture both for PDEP and for EO. Moreover, the ring structure shows an over 200 faster bacterial response to the electric field. We have also established that the ring electrode architecture, with appropriate structure periodicity and spacing, results in efficient capture and separation of microbial cells. We have identified several critical design constraints that are required to achieve high efficiency bacterial capture. We have established that the spacing between consecutive DEP traps smaller than the length of the depletion zone will ensure that the DEP force dominates bacterial motion over motility and Brownian motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika U Weber
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, Yale University, 15 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Robert E Weber
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Stemplewski
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
- Institute of Computer Science, Opole University, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Marta Panek
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dziubak
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Mrozinska
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Piela
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Emil Paluch
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Tytusa Chałubińskiego 4, 50-376 Wrocław, Poland
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Weber MU, Petkowski JJ, Weber RE, Krajnik B, Stemplewski S, Panek M, Dziubak T, Mrozinska P, Piela A, Lo SL, Montanaro Ochoa HF, Yerino CD. Chip for dielectrophoretic microbial capture, separation and detection I: theoretical basis of electrode design. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:135502. [PMID: 36571849 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acae5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We model the dielectrophoretic response ofE. colibacterial cells and red blood cells, upon exposure to an electric field. We model the separation, capture, and release mechanisms under flow conditions in a microfluidic channel and show under which conditions efficient separation of different cell types occurs. The modelling work is aimed to guide the separation electrode architecture and design for experimental validation of the model. The dielectrophoretic force is affected both by the geometry of the electrodes (the gradient of the electric field), the Re{CM(ω)} factor, and the permittivity of the medium ϵm. Our modelling makes testable predictions and shows that designing the electrode structure to ensure structure periodicity with spacing between consecutive traps smaller than the length of the depletion zone ensures efficient capture and separation. Such electrode system has higher capture and separation efficiency than systems with the established circular electrode architecture. The simulated, modelled microfluidic design allows for the separated bacteria, concentrated by dedicated dielectrophoretic regions, to be subsequently detected using label-free functionalized nanowire sensors. The experimental validation of the modelling work presented here and the validation of the theoretical design constraints of the chip electrode architecture is presented in the companion paper in the same issue (Weber MUet al2022 Chip for dielectrophoretic Microbial Capture, Separation and Detection II: Experimental Study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika U Weber
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, Yale University, 15 Prospect St., 06520 New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Robert E Weber
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Stemplewski
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
- Institute of Computer Science, Opole University, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Marta Panek
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dziubak
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Mrozinska
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Piela
- Hener, Wrocław Technology Park, BETA Building, Room 104, Klecińska 125, 54-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Siu Lung Lo
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, Yale University, 15 Prospect St., 06520 New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Hazael F Montanaro Ochoa
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, Yale University, 15 Prospect St., 06520 New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Laboratory for Acoustics and Noise control, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christopher D Yerino
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, Yale University, 15 Prospect St., 06520 New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Krajnik B, Golacki LW, Fiedorczyk E, Bański M, Noculak A, Hołodnik KM, Podhorodecki A. Quantitative comparison of luminescence probes for biomedical applications. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2021; 9. [PMID: 34198274 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac10ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging holds great promise for the early-stage detection of diseases. It plays an important role in the process of protecting the patient's health. Most of the organic dyes suffer due to photobleaching, light scattering, short light penetration depth, and autofluorescence of specimen, thus, need to be replaced with alternative nanoprobes emitting light in the optical biological window (700-1350 nm). The group of candidates which can challenged described problems are colloidal quantum dots (e.g. CdSe and PbS) and upconverting nanocrystals (e.g. NaGdF4:Er, Yb). This paper presents comprehensive and systematic studies of the aforementioned probes, using specially designed tissue phantom, and custom-built wide-field fluorescence microscope. We investigated how the absorption and scattering of light at the water, hemoglobin, and intralipid may affect the intensity of luminescence probes and the quality of optical images. We propose a protocol, that could be easily implemented for investigating other nanoprobes that allow for comparison of their optical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Krajnik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - L W Golacki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - E Fiedorczyk
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Bański
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Noculak
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K M Hołodnik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Podhorodecki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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5
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Balog M, Blažetić S, Ivić V, Labak I, Krajnik B, Marin R, Canerina-Amaro A, de Pablo DP, Bardak A, Gaspar R, Szűcs KF, Vari SG, Heffer M. Disarranged neuroplastin environment upon aging and chronic stress recovery in female Sprague Dawley rats. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2474-2490. [PMID: 33909305 PMCID: PMC9290558 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress produces long-term metabolic changes throughout the superfamily of nuclear receptors, potentially causing various pathologies. Sex hormones modulate the stress response and generate a sex-specific age-dependent metabolic imprint, especially distinct in the reproductive senescence of females. We monitored chronic stress recovery in two age groups of female Sprague Dawley rats to determine whether stress and/or aging structurally changed the glycolipid microenvironment, a milieu playing an important role in cognitive functions. Old females experienced memory impairment even at basal conditions, which was additionally amplified by stress. On the other hand, the memory of young females was not disrupted. Stress recovery was followed by a microglial decrease and an increase in astrocyte count in the hippocampal immune system. Since dysfunction of the brain immune system could contribute to disturbed synaptogenesis, we analyzed neuroplastin expression and the lipid environment. Neuroplastin microenvironments were explored by analyzing immunofluorescent stainings using a newly developed Python script method. Stress reorganized glycolipid microenvironment in the Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) and dentate gyrus (DG) hippocampal regions of old females but in a very different fashion, thus affecting neuroplasticity. The postulation of four possible neuroplastin environments pointed to the GD1a ganglioside enrichment during reproductive senescence of stressed females, as well as its high dispersion in both regions and to GD1a and GM1 loss in the CA1 region. A specific lipid environment might influence neuroplastin functionality and underlie synaptic dysfunction triggered by a combination of aging and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Balog
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Senka Blažetić
- Department of Biology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Ivić
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Irena Labak
- Department of Biology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Raquel Marin
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana Canerina-Amaro
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Daniel Pereda de Pablo
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana Bardak
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Robert Gaspar
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Ferenc Szűcs
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sandor G Vari
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, International Research and Innovation in Medicine Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marija Heffer
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Kostiv U, Kučka J, Lobaz V, Kotov N, Janoušková O, Šlouf M, Krajnik B, Podhorodecki A, Francová P, Šefc L, Jirák D, Horák D. Highly colloidally stable trimodal 125I-radiolabeled PEG-neridronate-coated upconversion/magnetic bioimaging nanoprobes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20016. [PMID: 33208804 PMCID: PMC7675969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
"All-in-one" multifunctional nanomaterials, which can be visualized simultaneously by several imaging techniques, are required for the efficient diagnosis and treatment of many serious diseases. This report addresses the design and synthesis of upconversion magnetic NaGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+) nanoparticles by an oleic acid-stabilized high-temperature coprecipitation of lanthanide precursors in octadec-1-ene. The nanoparticles, which emit visible or UV light under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, were modified by in-house synthesized PEG-neridronate to facilitate their dispersibility and colloidal stability in water and bioanalytically relevant phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was determined using HeLa cells and human fibroblasts (HF). Subsequently, the particles were modified by Bolton-Hunter-neridronate and radiolabeled by 125I to monitor their biodistribution in mice using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The upconversion and the paramagnetic properties of the NaGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+)@PEG nanoparticles were evaluated by photoluminescence, magnetic resonance (MR) relaxometry, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with 1 T and 4.7 T preclinical scanners. MRI data were obtained on phantoms with different particle concentrations and during pilot long-time in vivo observations of a mouse model. The biological and physicochemical properties of the NaGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+)@PEG nanoparticles make them promising as a trimodal optical/MRI/SPECT bioimaging and theranostic nanoprobe for experimental medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uliana Kostiv
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Volodymyr Lobaz
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolay Kotov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Janoušková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Podhorodecki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pavla Francová
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 3, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Šefc
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 3, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jirák
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Krajnik B, Golacki LW, Kostiv U, Horák D, Podhorodecki A. Single-Nanocrystal Studies on the Homogeneity of the Optical Properties of NaYF 4:Yb 3+,Er 3. ACS Omega 2020; 5:26537-26544. [PMID: 33110981 PMCID: PMC7581227 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Development of upconverting nanomaterials which are able to emit visible light upon near-infrared excitation opens a wide range of potential applications. Because of their remarkable photostability, they are widely used in bioimaging, optogenetics, and optoelectronics. In this work, we demonstrate the influence of several experimental conditions as well as a dopant concentration on the luminescence properties of upconverting nanocrystals (UPNCs) that need to be taken into account for their efficient use in the practical applications. We found that not only nanoparticle architecture affects the optical properties of UPNCs, but also factors such as sample concentration, excitation light power density, and temperature may influence the green-to-red emission ratio. We performed studies on both the single-nanoparticle and ensemble levels over a broad concentration range and found the heterogeneity in the optical properties of UPNCs with low dopant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Krajnik
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University
of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz W. Golacki
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University
of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Uliana Kostiv
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, Heyrovského
nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy
of Sciences, Heyrovského
nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Artur Podhorodecki
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University
of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Kostiv U, Engstová H, Krajnik B, Šlouf M, Proks V, Podhorodecki A, Ježek P, Horák D. Monodisperse Core-Shell NaYF 4:Yb 3+/Er 3+@NaYF 4:Nd 3+-PEG-GGGRGDSGGGY-NH 2 Nanoparticles Excitable at 808 and 980 nm: Design, Surface Engineering, and Application in Life Sciences. Front Chem 2020; 8:497. [PMID: 32596210 PMCID: PMC7303004 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have a unique capability of upconverting near-infrared (NIR) excitation into ultraviolet, visible, and NIR emission. Conventional UCNPs composed of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+(Tm3+) are excited by NIR light at 980 nm, where undesirable absorption by water can cause overheating or damage of living tissues and reduce nanoparticle luminescence. Incorporation of Nd3+ ions into the UCNP lattice shifts the excitation wavelength to 808 nm, where absorption of water is minimal. Herein, core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+ nanoparticles, which are doubly doped by sensitizers (Yb3+ and Nd3+) and an activator (Er3+) in the host NaYF4 matrix, were synthesized by high-temperature coprecipitation of lanthanide chlorides in the presence of oleic acid as a stabilizer. Uniform core (24 nm) and core-shell particles with tunable shell thickness (~0.5–4 nm) were thoroughly characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive analysis, selected area electron diffraction, and photoluminescence emission spectra at 808 and 980 nm excitation. To ensure dispersibility of the particles in biologically relevant media, they were coated by in-house synthesized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-neridronate terminated with an alkyne (Alk). The stability of the NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+-PEG-Alk nanoparticles in water or 0.01 M PBS and the presence of PEG on the surface were determined by dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy. Finally, the adhesive azidopentanoyl-modified GGGRGDSGGGY-NH2 (RGDS) peptide was immobilized on the NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+-PEG-Alk particles via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The toxicity of the unmodified core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+, NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+-PEG-Alk, and NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+-PEG-RGDS nanoparticles on both Hep-G2 and HeLa cells was determined, confirming no adverse effect on their survival and proliferation. The interaction of the nanoparticles with Hep-G2 cells was monitored by confocal microscopy at both 808 and 980 nm excitation. The NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+-PEG-RGDS nanoparticles were localized on the cell membranes due to specific binding of the RGDS peptide to integrins, in contrast to the NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+-PEG-Alk particles, which were not engulfed by the cells. The NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+-PEG-RGDS nanoparticles thus appear to be promising as a new non-invasive probe for specific bioimaging of cells and tissues. This development makes the nanoparticles useful for diagnostic and/or, after immobilization of a bioactive compound, even theranostic applications in the treatment of various fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uliana Kostiv
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Engstová
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Proks
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Artur Podhorodecki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Petr Ježek
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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9
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Bila G, Schneider M, Peshkova S, Krajnik B, Besh L, Lutsyk A, Matsyura O, Bilyy R. Novel approach for discrimination of eosinophilic granulocytes and evaluation of their surface receptors in a multicolor fluorescent histological assessment. Ukr Biochem J 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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10
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Podhorodecki A, Krajnik B, Golacki LW, Kostiv U, Pawlik G, Kaczmarek M, Horák D. Percolation limited emission intensity from upconverting NaYF 4:Yb 3+,Er 3+ nanocrystals - a single nanocrystal optical study. Nanoscale 2018; 10:21186-21196. [PMID: 30417193 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05961f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Upconverting nanocrystals (UCNC) have recently been subjected to intensive investigation due to their interesting optical properties and high potential for practical applications. Despite the level of attention paid to these materials, very low quantum yield is still an important issue. In order to break through this limitation, understanding of the emission intensity limitation is crucial. In this paper, we investigate the influence of percolation phenomena on the limitation of the emission intensity from NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals. We propose a numerical model and support this experimentally at the single nanocrystal level, explaining the influence of Yb3+ concentration on the optical properties of UCNC. Moreover, based on the experimental and numerical results, we explain the existence of the optimal Yb3+ concentration in the core architecture often reported in the literature. All the measurements have been performed using a custom-built wide-field fluorescence microscope to analyze the emission from hundreds of single nanocrystals and thus make analysis independent of UCNC concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Podhorodecki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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11
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Cloin BMC, De Zitter E, Salas D, Gielen V, Folkers GE, Mikhaylova M, Bergeler M, Krajnik B, Harvey J, Hoogenraad CC, Van Meervelt L, Dedecker P, Kapitein LC. Efficient switching of mCherry fluorescence using chemical caging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7013-7018. [PMID: 28630286 PMCID: PMC5502588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617280114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorophores with dynamic or controllable fluorescence emission have become essential tools for advanced imaging, such as superresolution imaging. These applications have driven the continuing development of photoactivatable or photoconvertible labels, including genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. These new probes work well but require the introduction of new labels that may interfere with the proper functioning of existing constructs and therefore require extensive functional characterization. In this work we show that the widely used red fluorescent protein mCherry can be brought to a purely chemically induced blue-fluorescent state by incubation with β-mercaptoethanol (βME). The molecules can be recovered to the red fluorescent state by washing out the βME or through irradiation with violet light, with up to 80% total recovery. We show that this can be used to perform single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) on cells expressing mCherry, which renders this approach applicable to a very wide range of existing constructs. We performed a detailed investigation of the mechanism underlying these dynamics, using X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations. We find that the βME-induced fluorescence quenching of mCherry occurs both via the direct addition of βME to the chromophore and through βME-mediated reduction of the chromophore. These results not only offer a strategy to expand SMLM imaging to a broad range of available biological models, but also present unique insights into the chemistry and functioning of a highly important class of fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas M C Cloin
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elke De Zitter
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Desiree Salas
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gielen
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gert E Folkers
- NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maike Bergeler
- Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Jeremy Harvey
- Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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12
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Krajnik B, Chen J, Watson MA, Cockroft SL, Feringa BL, Hofkens J. Defocused Imaging of UV-Driven Surface-Bound Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7156-7159. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Krajnik
- Molecular
Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew A. Watson
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Scott L. Cockroft
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular
Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Vandenberg W, Duwé S, Leutenegger M, Moeyaert B, Krajnik B, Lasser T, Dedecker P. Model-free uncertainty estimation in stochastical optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) leads to a doubled temporal resolution. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:467-80. [PMID: 26977356 PMCID: PMC4771465 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stochastic optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) is a super-resolution fluorescence imaging technique that makes use of stochastic fluctuations in the emission of the fluorophores. During a SOFI measurement multiple fluorescence images are acquired from the sample, followed by the calculation of the spatiotemporal cumulants of the intensities observed at each position. Compared to other techniques, SOFI works well under conditions of low signal-to-noise, high background, or high emitter densities. However, it can be difficult to unambiguously determine the reliability of images produced by any superresolution imaging technique. In this work we present a strategy that enables the estimation of the variance or uncertainty associated with each pixel in the SOFI image. In addition to estimating the image quality or reliability, we show that this can be used to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SOFI images by including multiple pixel combinations in the cumulant calculation. We present an algorithm to perform this optimization, which automatically takes all relevant instrumental, sample, and probe parameters into account. Depending on the optical magnification of the system, this strategy can be used to improve the SNR of a SOFI image by 40% to 90%. This gain in information is entirely free, in the sense that it does not require additional efforts or complications. Alternatively our approach can be applied to reduce the number of fluorescence images to meet a particular quality level by about 30% to 50%, strongly improving the temporal resolution of SOFI imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Vandenberg
- Department of Chemistry, KULeuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Heverlee,
Belgium
| | - Sam Duwé
- Department of Chemistry, KULeuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Heverlee,
Belgium
| | - Marcel Leutenegger
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d’Optique Biomédicale, 1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Benjamien Moeyaert
- Department of Chemistry, KULeuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Heverlee,
Belgium
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Department of Chemistry, KULeuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Heverlee,
Belgium
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun,
Poland
| | - Theo Lasser
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d’Optique Biomédicale, 1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Department of Chemistry, KULeuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Heverlee,
Belgium
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14
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Olejnik M, Krajnik B, Kowalska D, Lin G, Mackowski S. Spectroscopic studies of plasmon coupling between photosynthetic complexes and metallic quantum dots. J Phys Condens Matter 2013; 25:194103. [PMID: 23611979 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/19/194103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metallic quantum dots, or nanoparticles, have found an increasing number of applications not only in nanotechnology and nanoscience, but also in neighboring disciplines, such as chemistry and biology. Among the variety of ways to exploit the unique properties of metallic nanostructures is the notion that plasmonic effects associated with the movement of free carriers in metallic nanoparticles may enhance photosynthetic function in naturally evolved organisms. We report on optical microscopy and spectroscopy studies of three hybrid nanostructures composed of spherical gold nanoparticles and peridinin-chlorophyll-protein (PCP), a light-harvesting complex from algae. In the case of a bioconjugated structure we find efficient, concentration dependent quenching due to non-radiative energy transfer. In contrast, for the PCP complexes deposited directly on Au nanoparticles, the emission is increased as a result of the strong increase of the fluorescence quantum yield. Finally, for a structure with controlled separation between metallic nanoparticles and the light-harvesting complexes the emission features non-monotonic behavior with maximum enhancement of about 6, which is due to a combination of fluorescence and absorption rate increases. In this way we demonstrate how the design of plasmonic hybrid nanostructures determines the optical response, which is important for engineering novel systems for photovoltaics and sensor applications, for instance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olejnik
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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15
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Krajnik B, Gajda-Rączka M, Piątkowski D, Nyga P, Jankiewicz B, Hofmann E, Mackowski S. Silica nanoparticles as a tool for fluorescence collection efficiency enhancement. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013; 8:146. [PMID: 23537310 PMCID: PMC3637061 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate enhancement of the fluorescence collection efficiency for chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic complexes deposited on SiO2 spherical nanoparticles. Microscopic images of fluorescence emission reveal ring-like emission patterns associated with chlorophyll-containing complexes coupled to electromagnetic modes within the silica nanoparticles. The interaction leaves no effect upon the emission spectra of the complexes, and the transient behavior of the fluorescence also remains unchanged, which indicates no influence of the silica nanoparticles on the radiative properties of the fluorophores. We interpret this enhancement as a result of efficient scattering of electromagnetic field by the dielectric nanoparticles that increases collection efficiency of fluorescence emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Krajnik
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, Torun 87-100, Poland
| | | | - Dawid Piątkowski
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, Torun 87-100, Poland
| | - Piotr Nyga
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw 00-908, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Jankiewicz
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw 00-908, Poland
| | - Eckhard Hofmann
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mackowski
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, Torun 87-100, Poland
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16
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Krajnik B, Czechowski N, Piatkowski D, Mackowski S, Hofmann E, Pichler S, Heiss W. Influence of Plasmon Excitations in Au Nanoparticles upon Fluorescence and Photostability of Photosynthetic Complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/opj.2013.31001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Gagoś M, Kamiński D, Arczewska M, Krajnik B, Maćkowski S. Spectroscopic Evidence for Self-Organization of N-Iodoacetylamphotericin B in Crystalline and Amorphous Phases. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12706-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307873m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Gagoś
- Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13,
20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Department
of Cell Biology,
Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel Kamiński
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15,
20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Arczewska
- Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13,
20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Optics
of Hybrid Nanostructures
Group, Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Optics
of Hybrid Nanostructures
Group, Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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