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Holewa P, Vajner DA, Zięba-Ostój E, Wasiluk M, Gaál B, Sakanas A, Burakowski M, Mrowiński P, Krajnik B, Xiong M, Yvind K, Gregersen N, Musiał A, Huck A, Heindel T, Syperek M, Semenova E. High-throughput quantum photonic devices emitting indistinguishable photons in the telecom C-band. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3358. [PMID: 38637520 PMCID: PMC11026509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Single indistinguishable photons at telecom C-band wavelengths are essential for quantum networks and the future quantum internet. However, high-throughput technology for single-photon generation at 1550 nm remained a missing building block to overcome present limitations in quantum communication and information technologies. Here, we demonstrate the high-throughput fabrication of quantum-photonic integrated devices operating at C-band wavelengths based on epitaxial semiconductor quantum dots. Our technique enables the deterministic integration of single pre-selected quantum emitters into microcavities based on circular Bragg gratings. Respective devices feature the triggered generation of single photons with ultra-high purity and record-high photon indistinguishability. Further improvements in yield and coherence properties will pave the way for implementing single-photon non-linear devices and advanced quantum networks at telecom wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Holewa
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Daniel A Vajner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emilia Zięba-Ostój
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Wasiluk
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Benedek Gaál
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aurimas Sakanas
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marek Burakowski
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Mrowiński
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Krajnik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Meng Xiong
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kresten Yvind
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Gregersen
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Musiał
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alexander Huck
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias Heindel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcin Syperek
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Elizaveta Semenova
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Vajner D, Holewa P, Zięba-Ostój E, Wasiluk M, von Helversen M, Sakanas A, Huck A, Yvind K, Gregersen N, Musiał A, Syperek M, Semenova E, Heindel T. On-Demand Generation of Indistinguishable Photons in the Telecom C-Band Using Quantum Dot Devices. ACS Photonics 2024; 11:339-347. [PMID: 38405394 PMCID: PMC10885198 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) enable the generation of single and entangled photons, which are useful for various applications in photonic quantum technologies. Specifically for quantum communication via fiber-optical networks, operation in the telecom C-band centered around 1550 nm is ideal. The direct generation of QD-photons in this spectral range with high quantum-optical quality, however, remained challenging. Here, we demonstrate the coherent on-demand generation of indistinguishable photons in the telecom C-band from single QD devices consisting of InAs/InP QD-mesa structures heterogeneously integrated with a metallic reflector on a silicon wafer. Using pulsed two-photon resonant excitation of the biexciton-exciton radiative cascade, we observe Rabi rotations up to pulse areas of 4π and a high single-photon purity in terms of g(2)(0) = 0.005(1) and 0.015(1) for exciton and biexciton photons, respectively. Applying two independent experimental methods, based on fitting Rabi rotations in the emission intensity and performing photon cross-correlation measurements, we consistently obtain preparation fidelities at the π-pulse exceeding 80%. Finally, performing Hong-Ou-Mandel-type two-photon interference experiments, we obtain a photon-indistinguishability of the full photon wave packet of up to 35(3)%, representing a significant advancement in the photon-indistinguishability of single photons emitted directly in the telecom C-band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
A. Vajner
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technical University
of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paweł Holewa
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- DTU
Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- NanoPhoton
− Center for Nanophotonics, Technical
University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emilia Zięba-Ostój
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Wasiluk
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martin von Helversen
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technical University
of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurimas Sakanas
- DTU
Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Alexander Huck
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kresten Yvind
- DTU
Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- NanoPhoton
− Center for Nanophotonics, Technical
University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Gregersen
- DTU
Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Anna Musiał
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Syperek
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elizaveta Semenova
- DTU
Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- NanoPhoton
− Center for Nanophotonics, Technical
University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias Heindel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technical University
of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Smołka T, Posmyk K, Wasiluk M, Wyborski P, Gawełczyk M, Mrowiński P, Mikulicz M, Zielińska A, Reithmaier JP, Musiał A, Benyoucef M. Optical Quality of InAs/InP Quantum Dots on Distributed Bragg Reflector Emitting at 3rd Telecom Window Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6270. [PMID: 34771794 PMCID: PMC8585182 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present an experimental study on the optical quality of InAs/InP quantum dots (QDs). Investigated structures have application relevance due to emission in the 3rd telecommunication window. The nanostructures are grown by ripening-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. This leads to their unique properties, i.e., low spatial density and in-plane shape symmetry. These are advantageous for non-classical light generation for quantum technologies applications. As a measure of the internal quantum efficiency, the discrepancy between calculated and experimentally determined photon extraction efficiency is used. The investigated nanostructures exhibit close to ideal emission efficiency proving their high structural quality. The thermal stability of emission is investigated by means of microphotoluminescence. This allows to determine the maximal operation temperature of the device and reveal the main emission quenching channels. Emission quenching is predominantly caused by the transition of holes and electrons to higher QD's levels. Additionally, these carriers could further leave the confinement potential via the dense ladder of QD states. Single QD emission is observed up to temperatures of about 100 K, comparable to the best results obtained for epitaxial QDs in this spectral range. The fundamental limit for the emission rate is the excitation radiative lifetime, which spreads from below 0.5 to almost 1.9 ns (GHz operation) without any clear spectral dispersion. Furthermore, carrier dynamics is also determined using time-correlated single-photon counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Smołka
- Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (T.S.); (K.P.); (M.W.); (P.W.); (P.M.); (M.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Katarzyna Posmyk
- Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (T.S.); (K.P.); (M.W.); (P.W.); (P.M.); (M.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Maja Wasiluk
- Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (T.S.); (K.P.); (M.W.); (P.W.); (P.M.); (M.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Paweł Wyborski
- Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (T.S.); (K.P.); (M.W.); (P.W.); (P.M.); (M.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Michał Gawełczyk
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Mrowiński
- Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (T.S.); (K.P.); (M.W.); (P.W.); (P.M.); (M.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Monika Mikulicz
- Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (T.S.); (K.P.); (M.W.); (P.W.); (P.M.); (M.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Agata Zielińska
- Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (T.S.); (K.P.); (M.W.); (P.W.); (P.M.); (M.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Johann Peter Reithmaier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics (INA), University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany;
| | - Anna Musiał
- Laboratory for Optical Spectroscopy of Nanostructures, Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (T.S.); (K.P.); (M.W.); (P.W.); (P.M.); (M.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Mohamed Benyoucef
- Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics (INA), University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany;
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