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Klimenko A, Huber R, Marcourt L, Tabakaev D, Koval A, Dautov SS, Dautova TN, Wolfender JL, Thew R, Khotimchenko Y, Queiroz EF, Katanaev VL. Shallow- and Deep-Water Ophiura Species Produce a Panel of Chlorin Compounds with Potent Photodynamic Anticancer Activities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020386. [PMID: 36829945 PMCID: PMC9952619 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A Pacific brittle star Ophiura sarsii has previously been shown to produce a chlorin (3S,4S)-14-Ethyl-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoic acid (ETPA) (1) with potent phototoxic activities, making it applicable to photodynamic therapy. Using extensive LC-MS metabolite profiling, molecular network analysis, and targeted isolation with de novo NMR structure elucidation, we herein identify five additional chlorin compounds from O. sarsii and its deep-sea relative O. ooplax: 10S-Hydroxypheophorbide a (2), Pheophorbide a (3), Pyropheophorbide a (4), (3S,4S,21R)-14-Ethyl-9-(hydroxymethyl)-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoic acid (5), and (3S,4S,21R)-14-Ethyl-21-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoic acid (6). Chlorins 5 and 6 have not been previously reported in natural sources. Interestingly, low amounts of chlorins 1-4 and 6 could also be identified in a distant species, the basket star Gorgonocephalus cf. eucnemis, demonstrating that chlorins are produced by a wide spectrum of marine invertebrates of the class Ophiuroidea. Following the purification of these major Ophiura chlorin metabolites, we discovered the significant singlet oxygen quantum yield upon their photoinduction and the resulting phototoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer BT-20 cells. These studies identify an arsenal of brittle star chlorins as natural photosensitizers with potential photodynamic therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Klimenko
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Robin Huber
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Tabakaev
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue de l’Ecole-De-Médecine 20, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Salim Sh. Dautov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky St. 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Tatyana N. Dautova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky St. 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (J.-L.W.); (E.F.Q.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Rob Thew
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue de l’Ecole-De-Médecine 20, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yuri Khotimchenko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky St. 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (J.-L.W.); (E.F.Q.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia
- Correspondence: (J.-L.W.); (E.F.Q.); (V.L.K.)
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Klimenko A, Rodina EE, Silachev D, Begun M, Babenko VA, Benditkis AS, Kozlov AS, Krasnovsky AA, Khotimchenko YS, Katanaev VL. Chlorin Endogenous to the North Pacific Brittle Star Ophiura sarsii for Photodynamic Therapy Applications in Breast Cancer and Glioblastoma Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010134. [PMID: 35052813 PMCID: PMC8773836 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a powerful avenue for anticancer treatment. PDT relies on the use of photosensitizers—compounds accumulating in the tumor and converted from benign to cytotoxic upon targeted photoactivation. We here describe (3S,4S)-14-Ethyl-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoic acid (ETPA) as a major metabolite of the North Pacific brittle stars Ophiura sarsii. As a chlorin, ETPA efficiently produces singlet oxygen upon red-light photoactivation and exerts powerful sub-micromolar phototoxicity against a panel of cancer cell lines in vitro. In a mouse model of glioblastoma, intravenous ETPA injection combined with targeted red laser irradiation induced strong necrotic ablation of the brain tumor. Along with the straightforward ETPA purification protocol and abundance of O. sarsii, these studies pave the way for the development of ETPA as a novel natural product-based photodynamic therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Klimenko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Elvira E. Rodina
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Denis Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Maria Begun
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Anton S. Benditkis
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (A.S.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Anton S. Kozlov
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (A.S.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Krasnovsky
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (A.S.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Yuri S. Khotimchenko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Smith KL, Sherman AD, McGill PR, Henthorn RG, Ferreira J, Connolly TP, Huffard CL. Abyssal Benthic Rover, an autonomous vehicle for long-term monitoring of deep-ocean processes. Sci Robot 2021; 6:eabl4925. [PMID: 34731026 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abl4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Smith
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - A D Sherman
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - P R McGill
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - R G Henthorn
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - J Ferreira
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - T P Connolly
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San José State University, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - C L Huffard
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
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Klimenko A, Huber R, Marcourt L, Chardonnens E, Koval A, Khotimchenko YS, Ferreira Queiroz E, Wolfender JL, Katanaev VL. A Cytotoxic Porphyrin from North Pacific Brittle Star Ophiura sarsii. Mar Drugs 2020; 19:md19010011. [PMID: 33383654 PMCID: PMC7824513 DOI: 10.3390/md19010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the deadliest form of gynecological tumors currently lacking targeted therapies. The ethanol extract of the North Pacific brittle star Ophiura sarsii presented promising anti-TNBC activities. After elimination of the inert material, the active extract was submitted to a bioguided isolation approach using high-resolution semipreparative HPLC-UV, resulting in one-step isolation of an unusual porphyrin derivative possessing strong cytotoxic activity. HRMS and 2D NMR resulted in the structure elucidation of the compound as (3S,4S)-14-Ethyl-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoic acid. Never identified before in Ophiuroidea, porphyrins have found broad applications as photosensitizers in the anticancer photodynamic therapy. The simple isolation of a cytotoxic porphyrin from an abundant brittle star species we describe here may pave the way for novel natural-based developments of targeted anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Klimenko
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.K.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Robin Huber
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.H.); (L.M.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.H.); (L.M.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Chardonnens
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.K.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.H.); (L.M.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Yuri S. Khotimchenko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.H.); (L.M.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (E.F.Q.); (J.-L.W.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (R.H.); (L.M.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (E.F.Q.); (J.-L.W.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.K.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690090 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Correspondence: (E.F.Q.); (J.-L.W.); (V.L.K.)
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Lang
- AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetic Research, Edinburgh Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS
| | - J. W. Wells
- AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetic Research, Edinburgh Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS
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Rodrigo AP, Martins C, Costa MH, Alves de Matos AP, Costa PM. A morphoanatomical approach to the adaptive features of the epidermis and proboscis of a marine Polychaeta: Eulalia viridis (Phyllodocida: Phyllodocidae). J Anat 2018; 233:567-579. [PMID: 30073651 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eulalia viridis is a marine Polychaeta of the rocky intertidal that, despite its simple anatomy, is an active predator of much larger invertebrates, from which it extracts pieces of soft tissue through suction. This uncanny feeding strategy triggered the pursuit for the morphological mechanisms that enable adaptation to its environment. The evaluation of the worm anatomy and microanatomy, combining electron and optical microscopy, revealed a series of particular adaptations in the epidermis and in the proboscis (the heavily muscled eversible pharynx). Besides its function in feeding, the proboscis is the main sensory organ, being equipped with numerous sensorial papillae holding chemoreceptors. Additionally, the proboscis possesses tentacles that become exposed when the organ is everted. These provide fast release of mucus and toxins, from mucocytes and special serous cells, respectively (the latter involving both merocrine and apocrine processes), whenever contact with a prey occurs. In its turn, the epidermis provides protection by cuticle and mucus secretion and has a sensorial function that may be associated to the worm's uncommon green pigment cells. Eulalia viridis presents a series of elegant adaptive tools to cope with its environment that are evolutionarily designed to counterbalance its relatively simple body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Rodrigo
- UCIBIO - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - C Martins
- UCIBIO - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - M H Costa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - A P Alves de Matos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - P M Costa
- UCIBIO - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Williams ST, Lockyer AE, Dyal P, Nakano T, Churchill CKC, Speiser DI. Colorful seashells: Identification of haem pathway genes associated with the synthesis of porphyrin shell color in marine snails. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10379-10397. [PMID: 29238562 PMCID: PMC5723588 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the evolution of molluskan shell pigments, although Mollusca is a highly diverse, species rich, and ecologically important group of animals comprised of many brightly colored taxa. The marine snail genus Clanculus was chosen as an exceptional model for studying the evolution of shell color, first, because in Clanculus margaritarius and Clanculus pharaonius both shell and foot share similar colors and patterns; and second, because recent studies have identified the pigments, trochopuniceus (pink‐red), and trochoxouthos (yellow‐brown), both comprised of uroporphyrin I and uroporphyrin III, in both shell and colored foot tissue of these species. These unusual characteristics provide a rare opportunity to identify the genes involved in color production because, as the same pigments occur in the shell and colored foot tissue, the same color‐related genes may be simultaneously expressed in both mantle (which produces the shell) and foot tissue. In this study, the transcriptomes of these two Clanculus species along with a third species, Calliostoma zizyphinum, were sequenced to identify genes associated with the synthesis of porphyrins. Calliostoma zizyphinum was selected as a negative control as trochopuniceus and trochoxouthos were not found to occur in this species. As expected, genes necessary for the production of uroporphyrin I and III were found in all three species, but gene expression levels were consistent with synthesis of uroporphyrins in mantle and colored foot tissue only in Clanculus. These results are relevant not only to understanding the evolution of shell pigmentation in Clanculus but also to understanding the evolution of color in other species with uroporphyrin pigmentation, including (mainly marine) mollusks soft tissues and shells, annelid and platyhelminth worms, and some bird feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne E Lockyer
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies Brunel University London Uxbridge UK
| | - Patricia Dyal
- Core Research Laboratories Natural History Museum London UK
| | - Tomoyuki Nakano
- Seto Marine Biological Laboratory Kyoto University Nishimuro Wakayama Prefecture Japan
| | | | - Daniel I Speiser
- Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia SC USA
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Williams ST, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Goral T, Edwards NP, Wogelius RA, Henkel T, de Oliveira LFC, Maia LF, Strekopytov S, Jeffries T, Speiser DI, Marsden JT. Identification of Shell Colour Pigments in Marine Snails Clanculus pharaonius and C. margaritarius (Trochoidea; Gastropoda). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156664. [PMID: 27367426 PMCID: PMC4930200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour and pattern are key traits with important roles in camouflage, warning and attraction. Ideally, in order to begin to understand the evolution and ecology of colour in nature, it is important to identify and, where possible, fully characterise pigments using biochemical methods. The phylum Mollusca includes some of the most beautiful exemplars of biological pigmentation, with the vivid colours of sea shells particularly prized by collectors and scientists alike. Biochemical studies of molluscan shell colour were fairly common in the last century, but few of these studies have been confirmed using modern methods and very few shell pigments have been fully characterised. Here, we use modern chemical and multi-modal spectroscopic techniques to identify two porphyrin pigments and eumelanin in the shell of marine snails Clanculus pharaonius and C margaritarius. The same porphyrins were also identified in coloured foot tissue of both species. We use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to show definitively that these porphyrins are uroporphyrin I and uroporphyrin III. Evidence from confocal microscopy analyses shows that the distribution of porphyrin pigments corresponds to the striking pink-red of C. pharaonius shells, as well as pink-red dots and lines on the early whorls of C. margaritarius and yellow-brown colour of later whorls. Additional HPLC results suggest that eumelanin is likely responsible for black spots. We refer to the two differently coloured porphyrin pigments as trochopuniceus (pink-red) and trochoxouthos (yellow-brown) in order to distinguish between them. Trochopuniceus and trochoxouthos were not found in the shell of a third species of the same superfamily, Calliostoma zizyphinum, despite its superficially similar colouration, suggesting that this species has different shell pigments. These findings have important implications for the study of colour and pattern in molluscs specifically, but in other taxa more generally, since this study shows that homology of visible colour cannot be assumed without identification of pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Williams
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - S. Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1–98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - K. Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1–98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - T. Goral
- Natural History Museum, Imaging and Analysis Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. P. Edwards
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - R. A. Wogelius
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - T. Henkel
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - L. F. C. de Oliveira
- NEEM Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - L. F. Maia
- NEEM Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - S. Strekopytov
- Natural History Museum, Imaging and Analysis Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - T. Jeffries
- Natural History Museum, Imaging and Analysis Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - D. I. Speiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. T. Marsden
- Viapath, Reference Biochemistry Laboratories, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Stubenhaus BM, Dustin JP, Neverett ER, Beaudry MS, Nadeau LE, Burk-McCoy E, He X, Pearson BJ, Pellettieri J. Light-induced depigmentation in planarians models the pathophysiology of acute porphyrias. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27240733 PMCID: PMC4887210 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are disorders of heme metabolism frequently characterized by extreme photosensitivity. This symptom results from accumulation of porphyrins, tetrapyrrole intermediates in heme biosynthesis that generate reactive oxygen species when exposed to light, in the skin of affected individuals. Here we report that in addition to producing an ommochrome body pigment, the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea generates porphyrins in its subepithelial pigment cells under physiological conditions, and that this leads to pigment cell loss when animals are exposed to intense visible light. Remarkably, porphyrin biosynthesis and light-induced depigmentation are enhanced by starvation, recapitulating a common feature of some porphyrias – decreased nutrient intake precipitates an acute manifestation of the disease. Our results establish planarians as an experimentally tractable animal model for research into the pathophysiology of acute porphyrias, and potentially for the identification of novel pharmacological interventions capable of alleviating porphyrin-mediated photosensitivity or decoupling dieting and fasting from disease pathogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14175.001 Porphyrias are rare diseases that involve ring-shaped molecules called porphyrins accumulating in various parts of the body. Porphyrins are produced as part of the normal process that makes an important molecule called heme, which is required to transport oxygen. However, high levels of porphyrins can be toxic. For example, porphyrins deposited in the skin can cause swelling and blistering when the skin is exposed to bright light. Other disease symptoms include neurological issues ranging from anxiety and confusion to seizures or paralysis. It has been speculated that porphyrias may have affected several historical figures, including the artist Vincent van Gogh. In addition to their role in heme production, porphyrins also have other roles. For example, they are used as pigments in the wing feathers of some owls. Researchers are trying to understand more about how organisms regulate porphyrin production so that it might be possible to develop more effective treatments for porphyria in humans. Here, Stubenhaus et al. studied how a flatworm called Schmidtea mediterranea makes porphyrins. A group of undergraduate students noticed that these animals – which are normally brown in color – turned white when they were exposed to sunlight for several days. Stubenhaus et al. found that S. mediterranea makes porphyrins in the pigment cells of its skin using the same genes that make porphyrins in humans. Together with other molecules called ommochromes, the porphyrins give rise to the normal color of this flatworm. However, when the animals are exposed to intense light for extended periods of time, which is unlikely to occur in the wild, porphyrin production leads to loss of the pigment cells. The experiments also show that starvation increases the rate of pigment cell loss in light-exposed flatworms, which mirrors the worsening of disease symptoms some porphyria patients experience when they diet or fast. Stubenhaus et al. propose that flatworms are useful models in which to study the molecular processes that are responsible for porphyrias in humans. Further research is required to determine the exact chemical structure of the porphyrin and ommochrome molecules produced in different flatworm species. Stubenhaus et al. also plan to use flatworms to screen for drugs that could potentially be developed into new treatments for porphyria. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14175.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Dustin
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Emily R Neverett
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Megan S Beaudry
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Leanna E Nadeau
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Ethan Burk-McCoy
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, United States
| | - Xinwen He
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bret J Pearson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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Granick S, Beale SI. Hemes, chlorophylls, and related compounds: biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:33-203. [PMID: 345768 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122914.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Marine animals, especially those from tropical waters, are often brilliantly coloured, and bright colouration is widespread in both sessile and non-sessile invertebrates. These spectacular natural colours are common in species inhabiting shallow waters, and appear not only in animals exposed to bright light, but also in those living in dark areas where colours are visible only with artificial illumination. Marine organisms also show variation in colour with depth and geographical location, and display great variety in colour patterning. These colour characteristics are the result of several different processes, and serve various purposes - the distribution and function of pigments seems to vary between invertebrate groups. In addition to playing an important role in how marine organisms interact, pigments may be involved in physiological processes. Although nitrogenous pigments predominate, marine organisms contain pigments belonging to all the major structural classes of natural products, as well as some that are unique to the marine environment. This review discusses the nature and significance of such pigments, the chemical and biological processes involved, the factors responsible for and affecting bright colourations, as well as their evolution and speculation as to their function.
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D'Ambrosio M, Guerriero A, Pietra F, Debitus C, Ribes O. On the Novel Free Porphyrins Corallistin B, C, D, and E: Isolation from the demospongeCorallistes sp. of the Coral Sea and Reactivity of Their Nickel 55 (II) Complexes toward Formylating Reagents. Helv Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19930760410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sassa S, Kappas A. Genetic, metabolic, and biochemical aspects of the porphyrias. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1981; 11:121-231. [PMID: 7023204 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8303-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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