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England SJ, Rusnock AK, Mujcic A, Kowalchuk A, de Jager S, Hilinski WC, Juárez-Morales JL, Smith ME, Grieb G, Banerjee S, Lewis KE. Molecular analyses of zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons and identification of transcriptional regulators downstream of Evx1 and Evx2 in these cells. Neural Dev 2023; 18:8. [PMID: 38017520 PMCID: PMC10683209 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-023-00176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND V0v spinal interneurons are highly conserved, glutamatergic, commissural neurons that function in locomotor circuits. We have previously shown that Evx1 and Evx2 are required to specify the neurotransmitter phenotype of these cells. However, we still know very little about the gene regulatory networks that act downstream of these transcription factors in V0v cells. METHODS To identify candidate members of V0v gene regulatory networks, we FAC-sorted wild-type and evx1;evx2 double mutant zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons and expression-profiled them using microarrays and single cell RNA-seq. We also used in situ hybridization to compare expression of a subset of candidate genes in evx1;evx2 double mutants and wild-type siblings. RESULTS Our data reveal two molecularly distinct subtypes of zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons at 48 h and suggest that, by this stage of development, evx1;evx2 double mutant cells transfate into either inhibitory spinal interneurons, or motoneurons. Our results also identify 25 transcriptional regulator genes that require Evx1/2 for their expression in V0v interneurons, plus a further 11 transcriptional regulator genes that are repressed in V0v interneurons by Evx1/2. Two of the latter genes are hmx2 and hmx3a. Intriguingly, we show that Hmx2/3a, repress dI2 interneuron expression of skor1a and nefma, two genes that require Evx1/2 for their expression in V0v interneurons. This suggests that Evx1/2 might regulate skor1a and nefma expression in V0v interneurons by repressing Hmx2/3a expression. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies two molecularly distinct subsets of zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons, as well as multiple transcriptional regulators that are strong candidates for acting downstream of Evx1/2 to specify the essential functional characteristics of these cells. Our data further suggest that in the absence of both Evx1 and Evx2, V0v spinal interneurons initially change their neurotransmitter phenotypes from excitatory to inhibitory and then, later, start to express markers of distinct types of inhibitory spinal interneurons, or motoneurons. Taken together, our findings significantly increase our knowledge of V0v and spinal development and move us closer towards the essential goal of identifying the complete gene regulatory networks that specify this crucial cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amra Mujcic
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Sarah de Jager
- Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - José L Juárez-Morales
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Programa de IxM-CONAHCYT, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | | | - Ginny Grieb
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Biological Sciences Department, SUNY-Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
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England SJ, Woodard AK, Mujcic A, Kowalchuk A, de Jager S, Hilinski WC, Juárez-Morales JL, Smith ME, Grieb G, Banerjee S, Lewis KE. Molecular Analyses of V0v Spinal Interneurons and Identification of Transcriptional Regulators Downstream of Evx1 and Evx2 in these Cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3290462. [PMID: 37693471 PMCID: PMC10491344 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3290462/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background V0v spinal interneurons are highly conserved, glutamatergic, commissural neurons that function in locomotor circuits. We have previously shown that Evx1 and Evx2 are required to specify the neurotransmitter phenotype of these cells. However, we still know very little about the gene regulatory networks that act downstream of these transcription factors in V0v cells. Methods To identify candidate members of V0v gene regulatory networks, we FAC-sorted WT and evx1;evx2 double mutant zebrafish V0v spinal interneurons and expression-profiled them using microarrays and single cell RNA-seq. We also used in situ hybridization to compare expression of a subset of candidate genes in evx1;evx2 double mutants and wild-type siblings. Results Our data reveal two molecularly distinct subtypes of V0v spinal interneurons at 48 h and suggest that, by this stage of development, evx1;evx2 double mutant cells transfate into either inhibitory spinal interneurons, or motoneurons. Our results also identify 25 transcriptional regulator genes that require Evx1/2 for their expression in V0v interneurons, plus a further 11 transcriptional regulator genes that are repressed in V0v interneurons by Evx1/2. Two of the latter genes are hmx2 and hmx3a. Intriguingly, we show that Hmx2/3a, repress dI2 interneuronal expression of skor1a and nefma, two genes that require Evx1/2 for their expression in V0v interneurons. This suggests that Evx1/2 might regulate skor1a and nefma expression in V0v interneurons by repressing Hmx2/3a expression. Conclusions This study identifies two molecularly distinct subsets of V0v spinal interneurons, as well as multiple transcriptional regulators that are strong candidates for acting downstream of Evx1/2 to specify the essential functional characteristics of these cells. Our data further suggest that in the absence of both Evx1 and Evx2, V0v spinal interneurons initially change their neurotransmitter phenotypes from excitatory to inhibitory and then, later, start to express markers of distinct types of inhibitory spinal interneurons, or motoneurons. Taken together, our findings significantly increase our knowledge of V0v and spinal development and move us closer towards the essential goal of identifying the complete gene regulatory networks that specify this crucial cell type.
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Sekimata M, Murakami-Sekimata A, Homma Y. CpG methylation prevents YY1-mediated transcriptional activation of the vimentin promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:767-72. [PMID: 22005459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vimentin exhibits a complex pattern of tissue-specific and developmentally regulated expression, but the mechanisms underlying the complex transcriptional regulation remain poorly understood. Here we examined whether vimentin expression can be regulated by CpG methylation of the vimentin promoter. Two subclones of the rat C6 glioma cells were established with (C6vim+) and without (C6vim-) vimentin. Bisulfite genomic sequencing revealed that the vicinity of the transcription start site within the vimentin promoter is highly methylated in C6vim- cells but not in C6vim+ cells. Treatment of C6vim- cells with a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, restored vimentin expression, indicating that hypermethylation of the promoter region correlates with transcriptional silencing of the vimentin gene. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and transient transfection experiments demonstrated that YY1 is a key transcriptional activator regulating vimentin expression and that CpG methylation is sufficient to prevent the binding of YY1 to the vimentin promoter. These data suggest that the inability of YY1 to access the hypermethylated promoter may be one of the mechanisms that mediate vimentin downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sekimata
- Division of Theoretical Nursing and Genetics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Bringmann A, Iandiev I, Pannicke T, Wurm A, Hollborn M, Wiedemann P, Osborne NN, Reichenbach A. Cellular signaling and factors involved in Müller cell gliosis: neuroprotective and detrimental effects. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28:423-51. [PMID: 19660572 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are active players in normal retinal function and in virtually all forms of retinal injury and disease. Reactive Müller cells protect the tissue from further damage and preserve tissue function by the release of antioxidants and neurotrophic factors, and may contribute to retinal regeneration by the generation of neural progenitor/stem cells. However, Müller cell gliosis can also contribute to neurodegeneration and impedes regenerative processes in the retinal tissue by the formation of glial scars. This article provides an overview of the neuroprotective and detrimental effects of Müller cell gliosis, with accounts on the cellular signal transduction mechanisms and factors which are implicated in Müller cell-mediated neuroprotection, immunomodulation, regulation of Müller cell proliferation, upregulation of intermediate filaments, glial scar formation, and the generation of neural progenitor/stem cells. A proper understanding of the signaling mechanisms implicated in gliotic alterations of Müller cells is essential for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies that increase the supportive/protective and decrease the destructive roles of gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Chay CH, Pienta KJ. Evidence for lectin signaling to the nuclear matrix: cellular interpretation of the glycocode. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 2001; Suppl 35:123-9. [PMID: 11389541 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(2000)79:35+<123::aid-jcb1135>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C H Chay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0946, USA.
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Costa ML, Mermelstein CS, Fróes MM, Chagas C, Moura Neto V. Differences in the isodesmin pattern between the electric organs of Electrophorus electricus L. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 119:715-9. [PMID: 9787763 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Desmin, the intermediate filament protein of muscle, is present in the electric organs of Electrophorus electricus L. as five isovariants, instead of the one to two isovariants found in muscle. We analyzed the isodesmin pattern in the three different electric organs using densitometry of Coomassie blue-stained bands in electrofocusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We were able to compare the relative amount of each of the five desmin isovariants in an isodesmin pattern characteristic of each electric organ. These patterns proved to be, in some cases, statistically different. Desmin in each electric organ could have slightly different functions in order to correlate with the organ-specific isovariant patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Costa
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. mlcosta@chagas. biof.ufrj.br
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Nagano R, Kanai Y, Kurohmaru M, Hayashi Y, Nishida T. Distribution of desmin and fibronectin in chick embryo gonad during testicular cord formation. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:581-5. [PMID: 9271454 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of desmin and fibronectin in the chick embryo gonad in and after sexual differentiation was investigated immunohistochemically. In the undifferentiated gonad (stage 27), fibronectin was detected in the dorsal mesentery, basement membrane and part of the parenchyma, while desmin was not recognized. After sexual differentiation (stages 31 to 34), desmin-positive cells gradually increased in number with the progress of development. They were obviously seen in developing interstitial regions between testicular cords. However, fibronectin was hardly observed at the same stages. At stage 37, desmin-positive cells were present only in a part of the Leydig cells and myoid cells, while fibronectin was discontinuous in the basement membrane surrounding testicular cords. In addition, the expressions of desmin and fibronectin were simultaneously and adjacently recognized. These results suggest that myoid cells may produce fibronectin protein and that fibronectin mainly contributes to the formation of testicular cord basement membrane in chick embryos. Thus, the cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions may be important in testicular morphogenesis of chick embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagano
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Wang SM, Chen JS, Fong TH, Wu JC. Immunocytochemical demonstration of a new vimentin-associated protein in 3T3 fibroblasts. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1996; 28:469-76. [PMID: 8872136 DOI: 10.1007/bf02331406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a xanthophore cytoskeletal preparation as immunogen, we have produced a monoclonal antibody, A2, which recognized a 160 kDa protein in 3T3 fibroblasts. This protein makes up a cytoplasmic filamentous system, which colocalizes with vimentin filaments. When microtubules and actin filaments are dissolved by high salt extraction, staining with antibody A2 is unaffected. Immunoblot analysis confirms that the 160 kDa protein is co-isolated with vimentin during in vivo high salt extraction. Following vinblastine treatment, both the 160 kDa protein and vimentin become localized to perinuclear caps, as do other intermediate filaments and their associated proteins; after vinblastine removal, the immunostaining produced by A2 becomes filamentous. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrates that antibody A2 stains a filament system with a diameter of about 10 nm. Our observations suggest that the 160 kDa protein may be a new vimentin-associated protein which differs from the intermediate filament-associated proteins previously reported, and is widely distributed in several cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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Cianciarullo AM, Meirelles MDN. Comparative study of immature erythroid cells of the diploid Bufo ictericus and the tetraploid Odontophrynus americanus (Amphibia, Anura): ultrastructural cytochemical detection of nucleic acids and polysaccharides, and mapping of the element phosphorus. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 278:187-95. [PMID: 7525070 DOI: 10.1007/bf00305791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we used ultrastructural cytochemistry to analyze the distribution of nuclear and cytoplasmic nucleic acids and polysaccharides, and electron spectroscopic imaging to map the element phosphorus in immature erythroid cells taken from two amphibians, the diploid Bufo ictericus and the tetraploid Odontophrynus americanus. In the cytoplasm of cells from the tetraploid species, we detected numerous inclusions containing a material that was similar to the dispersed chromatin seen in the nucleus of these cells. The RNase-gold complex labeled both the dispersed nuclear chromatin and the cytoplasmic inclusions. The Thiéry technique showed that glycoconjugates were present in all the membranous complexes of the erythroid cells of both types of amphibians under study, although they were absent within or around the cytoplasmic RNA inclusions. Electron spectroscopic imaging revealed the presence of phosphorus in these inclusions. These data suggest that an increase in RNA synthesis occurs in tetraploid amphibian cells, probably as a result of an alteration in the mechanisms of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cianciarullo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
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Olink-Coux M, Arcangeletti C, Pinardi F, Minisini R, Huesca M, Chezzi C, Scherrer K. Cytolocation of prosome antigens on intermediate filament subnetworks of cytokeratin, vimentin and desmin type. J Cell Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.107.3.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis by double-label indirect immunofluorescence of PtK1 and HeLa cells had previously demonstrated that prosome* antigens form networks that superimpose on those of the intermediate filaments of the cytokeratin type. We show here that in PtK1 cells various prosomal antigens also reside to a variable extent on intermediate filaments subnetworks of the vimentin type. In proliferating human fibroblasts the prosome and vimentin networks were found to coincide, while in proliferating myoblasts of the C2.7 mouse myogenic cell line the prosomal antigens seem to superimpose on the intermediate filaments of the desmin type. Thus, the prosomes, which are RNP particles of variable composition and subcomplexes of untranslated mRNP, and carry a multicatalytic proteinase activity, seem to co-localize with the specific kind of cytoplasmic intermediate filament in relation to the cell type. These results, which generalize the previous data, are discussed in view of possible role(s) for prosomes in mRNA metabolism and/or intermediate filaments remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Olink-Coux
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Universite Paris 7, France
| | | | - F. Pinardi
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Universite Paris 7, France
| | - R. Minisini
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Universite Paris 7, France
| | - M. Huesca
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Universite Paris 7, France
| | - C. Chezzi
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Universite Paris 7, France
| | - K. Scherrer
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Universite Paris 7, France
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Halonen SK, Weidner E. Overcoating of Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuoles with host cell vimentin type intermediate filaments. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1994; 41:65-71. [PMID: 8124268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1994.tb05936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole and vimentin-type intermediate filaments in Vero cells was investigated via immunofluorescence microscopy. A significant rearrangement of host cell vimentin around the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuoles occurs throughout the course of infection. Host cell vimentin associates with the parasitophorous vacuoles within an hour after invasion. This vimentin overcoating of the vacuole is initiated at the host cell nuclear surface. During parasite multiplication, vimentin retains a closely defined association with the cytosolic surface of the parasitophorous vacuole. In addition, the vimentin intermediate filaments originating from the host cell nuclear surface are progressively rearranged around the enlarging parasitophorous compartment. During infections, the order of vimentin cytoskeleton is normal throughout the cell and appears redefined only at the vicinity of the parasitophorous vacuole. Depolymerization of the intermediate filaments was achieved with the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A. Disruption of the intermediate filament networks resulted in displacement of the parasitophorous vacuoles from the host cell nuclear surface. The data indicate that host cell vimentin binds to the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuoles and that the host intermediate filament network serves to dock the parasite compartment to the host cell nuclear surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Halonen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Sato Y, Matsumori A, Sasayama S. Autoantibodies against vimentin in a murine model of myocarditis. Autoimmunity 1994; 18:145-8. [PMID: 7742476 DOI: 10.3109/08916939409007988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies in the sera of patients with myocarditis has suggested that autoimmunity is a sequela of myocarditis. In this study, we examined anti-vimentin antibodies in a murine model of myocarditis. Four-week-old male DBA/2 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10 plaque-forming units of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. The surviving mice were killed on Days 0 (n = 7), 2 (n = 6), 5 (n = 6), 7 (n = 6), 9 (n = 6), 14 (n = 5), 60 (n = 6) and 540 (n = 3) after virus inoculation. The presence of anti-vimentin autoantibodies in the sera of mice was determined by ELISA. The optical density (OD) of anti-vimentin IgG and IgM autoantibodies of day 0 mice was 0.03 +/- 0.03 and 0.12 +/- 0.08, respectively, when positive antibody was defined as over the mean value plus 2-standard deviations of the sera of day 0 mice, anti-vimentin IgG antibodies were negative before day 5 but positive in all mice on day 9. Both IgG and IgM OD of the sera from day 9 mice (IgG; 0.26 +/- 0.12, IgM; 0.30 +/- 0.08) were significantly higher than those of the sera from day 0 mice (p < 0.005) and decreased thereafter on day 14. In the chronic stage, five of six mice were positive on day 60 and two of three mice were positive on day 540. Although further studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenetic role of anti-vimentin antibodies, these antibodies may be a parameter of the interstitial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Cheng TJ, Lai YK. Transient increase in vimentin phosphorylation and vimentin-HSC70 association in 9L rat brain tumor cells experiencing heat-shock. J Cell Biochem 1994; 54:100-9. [PMID: 8126080 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240540111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic changes in vimentin were studied in 9L rat brain tumor cells treated at 45 degrees C. During heat-shock treatment, vimentin molecules were rapidly phosphorylated and reorganized from a filamentous form into a perinuclear higher-order structure that was less extractable by nonionic detergent. These effects were found to be highly transient, peaked at 30 min after the onset of heat-shock treatment, and subsided thereafter. Simultaneously, the solubility of the constitutively expressed heat-shock protein 70 (HSC70) was also temporarily decreased and the kinetics was identical to that of vimentin. The results indicated that HSC70 and vimentin were co-insolubilized during the heat-shock treatment. We propose that the reorganization of the intermediate filaments resulted from enhanced phosphorylation of vimentin leads to the concurrent association of HSC70 to the intermediate filaments. This process may play an essential role in regulating heat-shock genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Cheng
- Institute of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Baumann MH, Heinrich K, Sahn SA, Green C, Harley R, Strange C. Electron microscopic analysis of the normal and the activated pleural macrophage. Exp Lung Res 1993; 19:731-42. [PMID: 8281917 DOI: 10.3109/01902149309064368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite an apparent role in pleural pathophysiology, little information is known about pleural macrophage morphology. Intrapleural tetracycline (TCN) results in pleural macrophage influx and pleural fibrosis; intrapleural carrageenan (CAR) induces macrophage influx without ensuing fibrosis. Pleural macrophages collected from normal (NL) and TCN- or CAR-exposed rabbit pleural spaces were examined with electron microscopy. Cellular size; number of microvilli; pseudopods; coated pits (CP) and coated vesicles (CV); and prevalence of golgi, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and intermediate filaments (IF) were determined. The means of each variable in each group were assessed by one-way analysis of variance, with post hoc testing performed by Scheffe F test; p < or = .05 was considered significant. TCN-stimulated pleural macrophages were characterized by their small perimeters. CAR-induced pleural macrophages were marked by their large size and abundant intracellular amorphous material. They had larger perimeters, areas, and diameters than the TCN-induced or normal macrophages and thus smaller numbers of CV + CP per area. The normal pleural macrophages were characterized by more IF, microvilli, and microvilli per perimeter than either the CAR- or TCN-induced pleural macrophages. No differences between groups were found in nuclear cytoplasmic ratios, number of pseudopods, and content of golgi or of RER. The results suggest that normal pleural macrophages and TCN- and CAR-induced pleural macrophages differ morphologically and that these morphologic differences reflect functional differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Baumann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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Cai JW, Henderson BW, Shen JW, Subjeck JR. Induction of glucose regulated proteins during growth of a murine tumor. J Cell Physiol 1993; 154:229-37. [PMID: 8425905 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041540204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic anoxia, glucose starvation, low pH, and numerous other conditions induce the glucose-regulated system of stress proteins (GRPs), whose principal members are observed at 78, 94, and 170 kDa. These stresses may be expected to occur during growth in untreated tumors. To examine the possibility that GRPs are correspondingly induced, we have examined the protein profiles of small (< 0.1 g), intermediate (0.2-0.8 g), and large (> 1.8 g) radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors grown on C3H mice. One and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicate that the principal GRPs at 78 and 94 are coordinately and substantially increased in large tumor masses, relative to the small, and may be partially increased in the intermediate tumors. Necrotic material removed from large tumors exhibited an identical pattern of GRP induction with no visible indication of protein degradation and also contained a significant fraction of viable cells. Western blot analysis using rabbit antisera raised against the 78 and 170 kDa GRPs also demonstrated the enhanced accumulation of these proteins in the large tumors. The antibody against the 170 kDa GRP was also capable of detecting the induction of this stress protein in large tumors by indirect immunofluorescence analysis. Northern blot studies using a probe for the GRP 78 gene also showed an increase in GRP 78 message in large tumors as well as in RIF cells exposed to anoxic stress in vitro. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that the major heat shock proteins at 70 and 90 kDa were not increased in the larger tumors, and the amount of the 90 kDa species was reduced. Finally, the quantity of vimentin and its degradation products is significantly diminished in large tumors and in anoxic cells. This study demonstrates that RIF tumor cells undergo a glucose regulated stress response in situ during tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Cai
- Division of Radiation Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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Activation of the human vimentin gene by the Tax human T-cell leukemia virus. I. Mechanisms of regulation by the NF-kappa B transcription factor. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Pienta KJ, Murphy BC, Getzenberg RH, Coffey DS. The Tissue Matrix and The Regulation of Gene Expression in Cancer Cells. BIOLOGY OF THE CANCER CELL 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
The reverse transformation reaction whereby malignant cells are restored to a more normal phenotype has been reviewed. The primary causative action is ascribed to the genome exposure reaction in which a peripheral nuclear DNA region is restored to high sensitivity to DNase I, like that in normal cells. Various aspects of genome exposure around the nucleoli and the nuclear periphery are considered. The special role of the cytoskeleton in regulating exposure resulting in normal differentiation on the one hand and malignant transformation on the other is discussed. The action of the two-level system for regulation of the mammalian genome previously proposed is reviewed in relation to normal differentiation and malignancy with brief indication of roles played by various metabolites, transcription factors, protooncogenes, cell organelles, and processes like specific phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Possible implications for cancer therapy and prevention and for the fields of genetic disease and toxicology are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Puck
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, Denver, Colorado 80206
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van de Klundert FA, van Eldik GJ, Pieper FR, Jansen HJ, Bloemendal H. Identification of two silencers flanking an AP-1 enhancer in the vimentin promoter. Gene 1992; 122:337-43. [PMID: 1487148 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90223-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the 5' upstream sequences required for the transcriptional regulation of the hamster gene encoding the intermediate filament protein, vimentin. Although vimentin is regarded as the intermediate filament protein of mesothelial tissue, it is also produced in most cultured cells. The human mammary carcinoma cell line, MCF-7, belongs to the exceptions. It contains no vimentin, and the complete upstream promoter region is inactive in this particular cell line. By using transient transfection of chimeric constructs into MCF-7 and HeLa cells, and subsequent chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays, we were able to show the presence of two negative control regions flanking a double AP-1 enhancer element. Our data indicate that these elements exert their effect irrespective of orientation and position, suggesting that they are silencers. In vitro footprinting assays, gel mobility assays and Southwestern (protein-DNA) blotting revealed the presence of trans-acting factors interacting with both silencer elements. The silencing effect was particularly pronounced in MCF-7 cells, although DNA-binding proteins are present in HeLa cells as well.
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21
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Lipton BH, Bensch KG, Karasek MA. Histamine-modulated transdifferentiation of dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 1992; 199:279-91. [PMID: 1544369 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90436-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic and inflammatory functions of skin microvessels are tightly regulated by vasoactive amines. Following stimulation with histamine, dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MEC) undergo a rapid change in phenotype (transdifferentiation) and subsequently exhibit an enhanced rate of growth. To elucidate mechanisms regulating MEC transdifferentiation, this study investigated the functional relationships among vimentin, Ca2+, and protein kinase C (PKC) in histamine-modulated dermal MEC in vitro. Distribution of vimentin and PKC in foreskin-derived MEC cultivated in a modified Iscove's medium was assessed with immunocytochemistry. Calcium ion kinetics in histamine-treated MEC were analyzed using the Ca2+ probe Fluo-3 in conjunction with interactive laser cytometry. Histamine, acting through H-1 receptors, produces a rapid (less than 100 ms) and differential elevation of free calcium in each of three cytological compartments defined by the vimentin cytoskeleton in epithelial MEC. A distinctive compartmentalized and nonuniform distribution of PKC precisely coincides with that observed for free-Ca2+ released in response to histamine. The studies reveal that histamine modulation of the MEC phenotype is associated with a rapid patterned reorganization of the vimentin skeleton. It is hypothesized that histamine induces vimentin post-translational modifications by activating a spatially localized interaction among cytoplasmic free Ca2+, PKC, and the vimentin matrix. The results further suggest that vimentin, in addition to its structural role, may participate in signal transduction and gene regulation processes in effecting MEC transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Lipton
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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22
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Russell B, Dix DJ. Mechanisms for intracellular distribution of mRNA: in situ hybridization studies in muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 262:C1-8. [PMID: 1733227 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.1.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular distribution of mRNA in striated muscle fibers is highly ordered, as is the structural organization of the fibers' contractile apparatus. Results from in situ hybridization of muscle mRNA are reviewed in an attempt to discern the mechanisms involved in mRNA distribution and to determine its relationship to developmental, growth, and repair processes in muscle. Nonradioactively labeled complementary RNA probes allow anatomic localization of mRNA at the light and electron microscopic level. Myosin mRNA in striated muscle is concentrated around transcriptionally active nuclei, myosin mRNA is excluded by the myofibrillar mass, myosin mRNA distribution correlates with that of cytoskeletal elements, and myosin mRNA is concentrated in regions of rapid growth and repair. The even distribution of myosin mRNA along the length of myofibrils gives no indication of specific association with either the thick or thin filaments. Of the possible mechanisms directing mRNA distribution, results from in situ hybridization and other analyses support a restricted diffusion model. Diffusion of mRNA (and polysomes) is severely limited by the myofibrillar lattice. It is possible that myosin mRNA is also associated with a cytoskeletal element, which may direct the mRNA to specific intracellular locations and affect translational activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Russell
- Department of Physiology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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23
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Melloni E, Pontremoli S. The calpain-calpastatin system: structural and functional properties. J Nutr Biochem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(91)90102-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Shoeman RL, Höner B, Stoller TJ, Kesselmeier C, Miedel MC, Traub P, Graves MC. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease cleaves the intermediate filament proteins vimentin, desmin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:6336-40. [PMID: 2201025 PMCID: PMC54528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.16.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermediate filament proteins vimentin, desmin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein are cleaved in vitro by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (HIV-1 PR). Microsequencing showed that HIV-1 PR cleaved both human and murine vimentin between leucine-422 and arginine-423 within the sequence between positions 418 and 427, Ser-Ser-Leu-Asn-Leu/Arg-Glu-Thr-Asn-Leu (SSLNL/RETNL). Minor cleavages at other sites were also observed. Heat-denatured vimentin was cleaved by HIV-1 PR less efficiently than native vimentin. A decapeptide containing the sequence SSLN-LRETNL was also cleaved in vitro by HIV-1 PR as predicted. The presence of a charged residue (arginine) at the primary cleavage site distinguishes this from other known naturally occurring cleavage sites. Microinjection of HIV-1 PR into cultured human fibroblasts resulted in a 9-fold increase in the percentage of cells with an altered and abnormal distribution of vimentin intermediate filaments. Most commonly, the intermediate filaments collapsed into a clump with a juxtanuclear localization. These results support the possibility that intermediate filament proteins may serve as substrates within HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Shoeman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie, Abteilung Traub, Rosenhof, Federal Republic of Germany
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25
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Cress AE, Kurath KM, Stea B, Bowden GT. The crosslinking of nuclear protein to DNA using ionizing radiation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1990; 116:324-30. [PMID: 2391355 DOI: 10.1007/bf01612913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA-protein complexes were generated in intact Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by the use of ionizing radiation. The DNA-protein crosslinks, as measured by a filter-binding assay, occurred immediately following the irradiation, were produced in a dose-dependent manner and were reversible. The reversibility of the crosslinks in the intact cells was dependent upon general protein synthesis. Three proteins that were attached to DNA in unirradiated cells were analyzed according to the presence of DNA attached to the proteins before, during and after exposure to ionizing radiation. All three proteins contained more DNA reversibly attached to the proteins after exposure to 5 Gy ionizing radiation as compared to unirradiated cells. One of the proteins was increasingly attached to DNA using 2.5-50 Gy X-ray. These data suggest that the increased DNA-protein crosslinking observed with ionizing radiation may involve the increase in particular protein(s) crosslinked to DNA as well as an increase in the amount of DNA attached to specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Cress
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson 85724
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26
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French SW, Kawahara H, Katsuma Y, Ohta M, Swierenga SH. Interaction of intermediate filaments with nuclear lamina and cell periphery. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY REVIEWS 1989; 2:17-51. [PMID: 2491340 DOI: 10.1016/0892-0354(89)90009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural observations of the cytoskeleton suggest that the connection of the intermediate filaments (IFs) to actin microfilaments (MFs) at the plasma membrane and the nuclear lamina inside the nuclear membrane link signals received at the cell periphery to the nucleus. When these connections are viewed in three dimensions using detergent extracted cytoskeletal preparations from tissue cultures or slices made from tissue, the IFs are seen to run without interruption from the cell periphery to the nucleus and back. The IFs form side to side connections with the nuclear lamina and pore complexes. The nucleus and the centrioles are supported and held suspended in these extracted cells where all organelles and cytosol have been removed. The IFs are particularly dense in the ectoplasm where they form a sheet and provide the scaffolding which maintains the shape of the extracted cells. The IFs in the ectoplasm are attached to desmoplakin at cell-cell desmosome adhesions and to MFs where the cells are attached to the fibronectin substratum possibly through integrin linkages at adhesion plaques. This was graphically shown by immunogold labelling of IF cells treated with nickel. In this way, it was possible to visualize the loss of the cell-cell connections at desmosomes and the disruption of the IF-MF connections in the ectoplasm. The MFs after losing their connections with the IFs, redistribute to cover the entire cell periphery. The nickel treatment of primary liver cell cultures lead to the loss of several functions including formation of the bile canaliculus, the ability to secrete fluorescein diacetate and the ability to take up horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by endocytosis. These observations support the conclusion that the IF-MF connections at the cell periphery provide both structural and functional polarity of the liver cells including uptake and secretion and the formation of bile canaliculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W French
- Dept. of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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27
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The binding in vitro of the intermediate filament protein vimentin to synthetic oligonucleotides containing telomere sequences. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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28
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Cattoretti G, Andreola S, Clemente C, D'Amato L, Rilke F. Vimentin and p53 expression on epidermal growth factor receptor-positive, oestrogen receptor-negative breast carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1988; 57:353-7. [PMID: 3291921 PMCID: PMC2246580 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinate expression of the nuclear p53 protein, cytoplasmic intermediate filament vimentin (VIM) and membrane epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) was significantly associated with oestrogen receptor immunocytochemical nuclear stain (ER-ICA) negative breast carcinomas. Twenty-three (51.1%), 26 (57.8%) and 27 (60%) of 45 ER-ICA -ve cancers were respectively p53 +ve, VIM +ve and EGF-R +ve; whereas of 151 ER-ICA +ve tumours 8 (5.3%) were p53 +ve (P less than 0.0001), 23 (15.2%) VIM +ve (P less than 0.001) and 40 (26.5%) EGF-R +ve P less than 0.001). Thirty-six of 45 (80%) ER-ICA -ve carcinomas were positive for at least one of the markers versus 55/151 (36.4%) ER-ICA +ve cases (chi 2 = 28.92, P less than 0.001). A prevalence of high grade carcinomas was found among p53 +ve, VIM +ve cases; the latter subset of tumours also had a larger mean diameter. These results suggest that ER -ve breast carcinoma cells display a coordinate expression of cell cycle-related proteins and marked changes of both the cytoskeleton and the membrane receptor repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cattoretti
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Cytology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
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29
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Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of the intermediate filament protein vimentin and its amino terminus with lipid bilayers. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)76489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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30
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Kippert F. Endocytobiotic coordination, intracellular calcium signaling, and the origin of endogenous rhythms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 503:476-95. [PMID: 3304083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Cohen RS. Cell biology of the neural circuit for steroid-dependent female reproductive behavior. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1987; 72:137-51. [PMID: 2441431 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Interaction in vitro of nonepithelial intermediate filament proteins with total cellular lipids, individual phospholipids, and a phospholipid mixture. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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