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Vegetables and Their Bioactive Compounds as Anti-Aging Drugs. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072316. [PMID: 35408714 PMCID: PMC9000296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a continuous process over time that is mainly related to natural alterations in mechanical–biological processes. This phenomenon is due to several factors, including the time and energy of biological processes. Aging can be attributed to biological factors such as oxidative stress, cell longevity, and stem cell senescence. Currently, aging is associated with several diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other diseases related to oxidative stress. In addition, certain natural molecules, including those derived from vegetables, have shown the ability to delay the aging process. Their effects are linked to different mechanisms of action, such as tissue regeneration and the activation of longevity and anti-senescence genes. The present work discusses the impact of vegetables, and bioactive compounds isolated from vegetables, against the physiological and pathological aging process and accompanying human diseases.
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Avsar O. Investigation of Putative Functional SNPs of Human HAT1 Protein: A Comprehensive “in silico” Study. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Fukuyama S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kiso M, Nakajima N, Gregg RW, Katsura H, Tomita Y, Maemura T, da Silva Lopes TJ, Watanabe T, Shoemaker JE, Hasegawa H, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. Pathogenesis of Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in Aged Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1155-1164. [PMID: 32433769 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has caused high mortality rates in humans, especially in the elderly; however, little is known about the mechanistic basis for this. In the current study, we used nonhuman primates to evaluate the effect of aging on the pathogenicity of A(H7N9) virus. We observed that A(H7N9) virus infection of aged animals (defined as age 20-26 years) caused more severe symptoms than infection of young animals (defined as age 2-3 years). In aged animals, lung inflammation was weak and virus infection was sustained. Although cytokine and chemokine expression in the lungs of most aged animals was lower than that in the lungs of young animals, 1 aged animal showed severe symptoms and dysregulated proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. These results suggest that attenuated or dysregulated immune responses in aged animals are responsible for the severe symptoms observed among elderly patients infected with A(H7N9) virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fukuyama
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert W Gregg
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiroaki Katsura
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Tomita
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Maemura
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tiago Jose da Silva Lopes
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jason E Shoemaker
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Tyr198 is the Essential Autophosphorylation Site for STK16 Localization and Kinase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194852. [PMID: 31574902 PMCID: PMC6801969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STK16, reported as a Golgi localized serine/threonine kinase, has been shown to participate in multiple cellular processes, including the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGN protein secretion and sorting, as well as cell cycle and Golgi assembly regulation. However, the mechanisms of the regulation of its kinase activity remain underexplored. It was known that STK16 is autophosphorylated at Thr185, Ser197, and Tyr198 of the activation segment in its kinase domain. We found that STK16 localizes to the cell membrane and the Golgi throughout the cell cycle, but mutations in the auto-phosphorylation sites not only alter its subcellular localization but also affect its kinase activity. In particular, the Tyr198 mutation alone significantly reduced the kinase activity of STK16, abolished its Golgi and membrane localization, and affected the cell cycle progression. This study demonstrates that a single site autophosphorylation of STK16 could affect its localization and function, which provides insights into the molecular regulatory mechanism of STK16's kinase activity.
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Morioka Y, Teshigawara K, Tomono Y, Wang D, Izushi Y, Wake H, Liu K, Takahashi HK, Mori S, Nishibori M. The specific localization of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in rat pancreatic islets. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 134:218-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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6
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Stegeman R, Weake VM. Transcriptional Signatures of Aging. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2427-2437. [PMID: 28684248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide studies of aging have identified subsets of genes that show age-related changes in expression. Although the types of genes that are age regulated vary among different tissues and organisms, some patterns emerge from these large data sets. First, aging is associated with a broad induction of stress response pathways, although the specific genes and pathways involved differ depending on cell type and species. In contrast, a wide variety of functional classes of genes are downregulated with age, often including tissue-specific genes. Although the upregulation of age-regulated genes is likely to be governed by stress-responsive transcription factors, questions remain as to why particular genes are susceptible to age-related transcriptional decline. Here, we discuss recent findings showing that splicing is misregulated with age. While defects in splicing could lead to changes in protein isoform levels, they could also impact gene expression through nonsense-mediated decay of intron-retained transcripts. The discovery that splicing is misregulated with age suggests that other aspects of gene expression, such as transcription elongation, termination, and polyadenylation, must also be considered as potential mechanisms for age-related changes in transcript levels. Moreover, the considerable variation between genome-wide aging expression studies indicates that there is a critical need to analyze the transcriptional signatures of aging in single-cell types rather than whole tissues. Since age-associated decreases in gene expression could contribute to a progressive decline in cellular function, understanding the mechanisms that determine the aging transcriptome provides a potential target to extend healthy cellular lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stegeman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - V M Weake
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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7
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Sirota FL, Maurer-Stroh S, Eisenhaber B, Eisenhaber F. Single-residue posttranslational modification sites at the N-terminus, C-terminus or in-between: To be or not to be exposed for enzyme access. Proteomics 2016; 15:2525-46. [PMID: 26038108 PMCID: PMC4745020 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are the result of an enzymatic reaction. The modifying enzyme has to recognize the substrate protein's sequence motif containing the residue(s) to be modified; thus, the enzyme's catalytic cleft engulfs these residue(s) and the respective sequence environment. This residue accessibility condition principally limits the range where enzymatic PTMs can occur in the protein sequence. Non‐globular, flexible, intrinsically disordered segments or large loops/accessible long side chains should be preferred whereas residues buried in the core of structures should be void of what we call canonical, enzyme‐generated PTMs. We investigate whether PTM sites annotated in UniProtKB (with MOD_RES/LIPID keys) are situated within sequence ranges that can be mapped to known 3D structures. We find that N‐ or C‐termini harbor essentially exclusively canonical PTMs. We also find that the overwhelming majority of all other PTMs are also canonical though, later in the protein's life cycle, the PTM sites can become buried due to complex formation. Among the remaining cases, some can be explained (i) with autocatalysis, (ii) with modification before folding or after temporary unfolding, or (iii) as products of interaction with small, diffusible reactants. Others require further research how these PTMs are mechanistically generated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L Sirota
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Matrix, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Matrix, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Matrix, Singapore
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Matrix, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,School of Computer Engineering (SCE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
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Sivan SS, Wachtel E, Roughley P. Structure, function, aging and turnover of aggrecan in the intervertebral disc. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3181-9. [PMID: 25065289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggrecan is the major non-collagenous component of the intervertebral disc. It is a large proteoglycan possessing numerous glycosaminoglycan chains and the ability to form aggregates in association with hyaluronan. Its abundance and unique molecular features provide the disc with its osmotic properties and ability to withstand compressive loads. Degradation and loss of aggrecan result in impairment of disc function and the onset of degeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes current knowledge concerning the structure and function of aggrecan in the normal intervertebral disc and how and why these change in aging and degenerative disc disease. It also outlines how supplementation with aggrecan or a biomimetic may be of therapeutic value in treating the degenerate disc. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Aggrecan abundance reaches a plateau in the early twenties, declining thereafter due to proteolysis, mainly by matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanases, though degradation of hyaluronan and non-enzymic glycation may also participate. Aggrecan loss is an early event in disc degeneration, although it is a lengthy process as degradation products may accumulate in the disc for decades. The low turnover rate of the remaining aggrecan is an additional contributing factor, preventing protein renewal. It may be possible to retard the degenerative process by restoring the aggrecan content of the disc, or by supplementing with a bioimimetic possessing similar osmotic properties. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides a basis for scientists and clinicians to understand and appreciate the central role of aggrecan in the function, degeneration and repair of the intervertebral disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Sara Sivan
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel 21982 Israel.
| | - Ellen Wachtel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Peter Roughley
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Genetics Unit, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
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Posttranscriptional Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses by Macrophages in Middle-Aged Mice: A Possible Role for Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 α. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:292986. [PMID: 24808968 PMCID: PMC3997978 DOI: 10.1155/2014/292986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensities of macrophage inflammatory responses to bacterial components gradually decrease with age. Given that a reduced rate of protein synthesis is a common age-related biochemical change, which is partially mediated by increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 α (eIF-2 α ), we investigated the mechanism responsible for the deterioration of macrophage inflammatory responses, focusing specifically on the age-related biochemical changes in middle-aged mice. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from 2-month-old (young) and 12-month-old (middle-aged) male BALB/c mice were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Although LPS-stimulated secretion of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ) by the macrophages from middle-aged mice was significantly lower than that from young mice, LPS caused marked increases in levels of TNF- α mRNA in macrophages from middle-aged as well as young mice. Moreover, LPS evoked similar levels of phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B) in young and middle-aged mice. In contrast, the basal level of phosphorylated eIF-2 α in macrophages from middle-aged mice was higher than that in macrophages from young mice. Salubrinal, an inhibitor of the phosphatase activity that dephosphorylates eIF-2 α , suppressed the LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in a murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. These results suggest that posttranscriptional suppression of macrophage inflammatory responses during middle age requires phosphorylation of eIF-2 α .
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Age-related changes in the mitochondrial proteome of the fungus Podospora anserina analyzed by 2D-DIGE and LC-MS/MS. J Proteomics 2013; 91:358-74. [PMID: 23872087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many questions concerning the molecular processes during biological aging remain unanswered. Since mitochondria are central players in aging, we applied quantitative two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled to protein identification by mass spectrometry to study the age-dependent changes in the mitochondrial proteome of the fungus Podospora anserina - a well-established aging model. 67 gel spots exhibited significant, but remarkably moderate intensity changes. While typically the observed changes in protein abundance occurred progressively with age, for several proteins a pronounced change was observed at late age, sometimes inverting the trend observed at younger age. The identified proteins were assigned to a wide range of metabolic pathways including several implicated previously in biological aging. An overall decrease for subunits of complexes I and V of oxidative phosphorylation was confirmed by Western blot analysis and blue-native electrophoresis. Changes in several groups of proteins suggested a general increase in protein biosynthesis possibly reflecting a compensatory mechanism for increased quality control-related protein degradation at later age. Age-related augmentation in abundance of proteins involved in biosynthesis, folding, and protein degradation pathways sustain these observations. Furthermore, a significant decrease of two enzymes involved in the degradation of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) supported its previously suggested involvement in biological aging. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE We have followed the time course of changes in protein abundance during aging of the fungus P. anserina. The observed moderate but significant changes provide insight into the molecular adaptations to biological aging and highlight the metabolic pathways involved, thereby offering new leads for future research.
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McCoy RG, Nair KS. The 2010 ESPEN Sir David Cuthbertson Lecture: new and old proteins: clinical implications. Clin Nutr 2013; 32:728-36. [PMID: 23481224 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The past century had witnessed vast advances in biomedical research, particularly in the fields of genomics and proteomics, yet the translation of these discoveries into clinical practice has been hindered by gaps in mechanistic understanding of variability governing disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Among the greatest challenges are the dynamic nature of the proteome and the imperfect methodologies currently available to study it. Here, we review key recently developed proteomic techniques that have allowed for dynamic characterization of protein quality, as well as quantity, and discuss their potential applications in understanding aging and metabolic disorders including diabetes. These methodologies revealed that senescence is characterized, in part, by decreased rates of de novo protein synthesis and potentially also degradation, in addition to concomitantly increased levels of oxidative stress, ultimately resulting in excessive accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional proteins. Insulin may be a key mediator in these pathologies, as hyperinsulinemia has been shown to hinder protein degradation while transient insulin deficiency may accelerate oxidative damage. We also discuss two interventions that have been proposed to delay, and possibly reverse, senescence by augmenting protein degradation: chronic caloric restriction and aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalina G McCoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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12
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Sivan SS, Van El B, Merkher Y, Schmelzer CEH, Zuurmond AM, Heinz A, Wachtel E, Varga PP, Lazary A, Brayda-Bruno M, Maroudas A. Longevity of elastin in human intervertebral disc as probed by the racemization of aspartic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1671-7. [PMID: 22728886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging and degeneration of human intervertebral disc (IVD) are associated with biochemical changes, including racemization and glycation. These changes can only be counteracted by protein turnover. Little is known about the longevity of IVD elastin in health or disease. Yet, such knowledge is important for a quantitative understanding of tissue synthesis and degradation. METHODS We have measured the accumulation of d-Asp and pentosidine in IVD elastin. Samples representing a broad range of ages (28-82years) and degeneration grades (1-5) were analyzed. RESULTS d/l-Asp for elastin increased linearly with age from 3.2% (early 30s) to 14.8% (early 80s) for normal tissue (grades 1-2) and from 1.7% (late 20s) to 6.0% (until the mid 50s) for degenerate tissue (grades 3-5) with accumulation rates of 16.2±3.1×10(-4) and 11.7±3.8×10(-4)year(-1), respectively; no significant difference was found between these values (p<0.05). Above the mid 50s, a decrease in d-Asp accumulation was recorded in the degenerate tissue. d-Asp accumulation correlated well with pentosidine content for elastin from healthy and degenerate tissues combined. We conclude that IVD elastin is metabolically-stable and long-lived in both healthy and degenerate human IVDs, with signs of new synthesis in the latter. The correlation of d-Asp with pentosidine content suggests that both these agents may be used as markers in the overall aging process of IVD. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Accumulation of modified IVD elastin argues for its longevity and may have a negative impact on its role in disc function. Weak signs of newly synthesized molecules may act to counteract this effect in degenerate tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit-Sara Sivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Butenas S, Amblo-Krudysz J, Mann KG. Posttranslational modifications of tissue factor. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4:381-91. [PMID: 22201880 DOI: 10.2741/385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF), a membrane protein, is an initiator of blood coagulation in vivo. In this review we discuss how posttranslational modifications affect activity and other properties of TF. Glycosylation of the extracellular domain and the composition of carbohydrates at three glycosylation sites have an influence on TF activity in the extrinsic FXase by increasing the rate of FX proteolysis. No influence of TF glycosylation on the activity of the FVIIa/TF complex towards small synthetic substrates was observed, suggesting that glycosylation has no effect on TF interaction with FVIIa. There are no published data suggesting a direct influence of phosphorylation or palmitoylation in the cytoplasmic domain on TF procoagulant activity. There has been a debate in the recent literature related to the role and formation of the Cys¹⁸⁶-Cys²⁰⁹ disulfide bond. Published opinions from various laboratories range from this bond being essential for the expression of cell TF activity to having no role in it. Overall, it is clear that some modifications of TF have an effect on TF procoagulant activity, signaling functions and trafficking. The influences of other modifications are debatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulius Butenas
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05446, USA.
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15
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Kozieł R, Greussing R, Maier AB, Declercq L, Jansen-Dürr P. Functional interplay between mitochondrial and proteasome activity in skin aging. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:594-603. [PMID: 21191400 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
According to the mitochondrial theory of aging, reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived primarily from mitochondria cause cumulative oxidative damage to various cellular molecules and thereby contribute to the aging process. On the other hand, a pivotal role of the proteasome, as a main proteolytic system implicated in the degradation of oxidized proteins during aging, is suggested. In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial function in dermal fibroblasts derived from biopsies obtained from healthy young, middle-aged, and old donors. We also determined proteasome activity in these cells, using a degron-destabilized green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based reporter protein. We found a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in samples from aged donors, accompanied by a significant increase in ROS levels. Respiratory activity was not significantly altered with donor age, probably reflecting genetic variation. Proteasome activity was significantly decreased in fibroblasts from middle-aged donors compared with young donors; fibroblasts derived from the oldest donors displayed a high heterogeneity in this assay. We also found intraindividual coregulation of mitochondrial and proteasomal activities in all human fibroblast strains tested, suggesting that both systems are interdependent. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome led to decreased mitochondrial function, whereas inhibition of mitochondrial function in turn reduced proteasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Kozieł
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Rattan SIS. Synthesis, Modification and Turnover of Proteins during Aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 694:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7002-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Wang H, Brozoski TJ, Turner JG, Ling L, Parrish JL, Hughes LF, Caspary DM. Plasticity at glycinergic synapses in dorsal cochlear nucleus of rats with behavioral evidence of tinnitus. Neuroscience 2009; 164:747-59. [PMID: 19699270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen percent to 35% of the United States population experiences tinnitus, a subjective "ringing in the ears". Up to 10% of those afflicted report severe and disabling symptoms. Tinnitus was induced in rats using unilateral, 1 h, 17 kHz-centered octave-band noise (116 dB SPL) and assessed using a gap-startle method. The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is thought to undergo plastic changes suggestive of altered inhibitory function during tinnitus development. Exposed rats showed near pre-exposure auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds for clicks and all tested frequencies 16 weeks post-exposure. Sound-exposed rats showed significantly worse gap detection at 24 and 32 kHz 16 weeks following sound exposure, suggesting the development of chronic, high frequency tinnitus. Message and protein levels of alpha(1-3,) and beta glycine receptor subunits (GlyRs), and the anchoring protein, gephyrin, were measured in DCN fusiform cells 4 months following sound exposure. Rats with evidence of tinnitus showed significant GlyR alpha(1) protein decreases in the middle and high frequency regions of the DCN while alpha(1) message levels were paradoxically increased. Gephyrin levels showed significant tinnitus-related increases in sound-exposed rats suggesting intracellular receptor trafficking changes following sound exposure. Consistent with decreased alpha(1) subunit protein levels, strychnine binding studies showed significant tinnitus-related decreases in the number of GlyR binding sites, supporting tinnitus-related changes in the number and/or composition of GlyRs. Collectively, these findings suggest the development of tinnitus is likely associated with functional GlyR changes in DCN fusiform cells consistent with previously described behavioral and neurophysiologic changes. Tinnitus related GlyR changes could provide a unique receptor target for tinnitus pharmacotherapy or blockade of tinnitus initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, PO Box 19629, Springfield, IL 62794-9629, USA
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18
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Hwang ES, Yoon G, Kang HT. A comparative analysis of the cell biology of senescence and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2503-24. [PMID: 19421842 PMCID: PMC11115533 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Various intracellular organelles, such as lysosomes, mitochondria, nuclei, and cytoskeletons, change during replicative senescence, but the utility of these changes as general markers of senescence and their significance with respect to functional alterations have not been comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, the relevance of these alterations to cellular and functional changes in aging animals is poorly understood. In this paper, we review the studies that report these senescence-associated changes in various aging cells and their underlying mechanisms. Changes associated with lysosomes and mitochondria are found not only in cells undergoing replicative or induced senescence but also in postmitotic cells isolated from aged organisms. In contrast, other changes occur mainly in cells undergoing in vitro senescence. Comparison of age-related changes and their underlying mechanisms in in vitro senescent cells and aged postmitotic cells would reveal the relevance of replicative senescence to the physiological processes occurring in postmitotic cells as individuals age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea.
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Wang H, Turner JG, Ling L, Parrish JL, Hughes LF, Caspary DM. Age-related changes in glycine receptor subunit composition and binding in dorsal cochlear nucleus. Neuroscience 2009; 160:227-39. [PMID: 19217931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss, presbycusis, can be thought of, in part, as a slow progressive peripheral deafferentation. Previous studies suggest that certain deficits seen in presbycusis may partially result from functional loss of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine in dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The present study assessed age-related behavioral gap detection changes and neurochemical changes of postsynaptic glycine receptor (GlyRs) subunits and their anchoring protein gephyrin in fusiform cells of young (7-11 months) and aged (28-33 months) Fischer brown Norway (FBN) rats. Aged rats showed significantly (20-30 dB) elevated auditory brainstem-evoked response thresholds across all tested frequencies and worse gap detection ability compared to young FBN rats. In situ hybridization and quantitative immunocytochemistry were used to measure GlyR subunit message and protein levels. There were significant age-related increases in the alpha(1) subunit message with significant age-related decreases in alpha(1) subunit protein. Gephyrin message and protein showed significant increases in aged DCN fusiform cells. The pharmacologic consequences of these age-related subunit changes were assessed using [3H] strychnine binding. In support of the age-related decrease of alpha(1) subunit protein levels in DCN, there was a significant age-related decrease in the total number of GlyR binding sites with no significant change in affinity. These age-related changes may reflect an effort to reestablish a homeostatic balance between excitation and inhibition impacting on DCN fusiform cells by downregulation of inhibitory function in the face of an age-related loss of peripheral input. Age-related decrease in presynaptic glycine release results in altered subunit composition and this may correlate with loss of temporal coding of the aged fusiform cell in DCN. The previously reported role for gephyrin in retrograde intracellular receptor subunit trafficking could contribute to the alpha(1) decrease in the face of increased message.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 North Rutledge Street, P.O. Box 19629, Springfield, IL 62794-9629, USA
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20
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Li Z, Wright FA, Royland J. Age-dependent variability in gene expression in male Fischer 344 rat retina. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:281-92. [PMID: 18936298 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that older adults may be a sensitive population with regard to environmental exposure to toxic compounds. One source of this sensitivity could be an enhanced variability in response. Studies on phenotypic differences have suggested that variation in response does increase with age. However, few reports address the question of variation in gene expression as an underlying cause for increased variability of phenotypic response in the aged. In this study, we utilized global analysis to compare variation in constitutive gene expression in the retinae of young (4 months), middle-aged (11 months), and aged (23 months) Fischer 344 rats. Three hundred and forty transcripts were identified in which variance in expression increased from 4 to 23 months of age, while only 12 transcripts were found for which it decreased. Functional roles for identified genes were clustered in basic biological categories including cell communication, function, metabolism, and response to stimuli. Our data suggest that population stochastically induced variability should be considered in assessing sensitivity due to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Carolina Environmental Bioinformatics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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21
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Hipkiss AR. On methionine restriction, suppression of mitochondrial dysfunction and aging. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:685-8. [PMID: 18593287 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats and mice, when subjected to methionine restriction (MetR), may live longer with beneficial changes to their mitochondria. Most explanations of these observations have centered on MetR somehow suppressing the effects of oxygen free radicals. It is suggested here that MetR's effects on protein metabolism should also be considered when attempting to explain its apparent anti-aging actions. Methionine is the initiating amino acid in mRNA translation. It is proposed that MetR decreases the protein biosynthesis rate due to methionine limitation, which correspondingly decreases generation of ribosomal-mediated error proteins, which then lowers the total abnormal protein load that cellular proteases and chaperone proteins (mitochondrial and cytoplasmic) must deal with. This will increase protease availability for elimination of proteins damaged postsynthetically and help delay abnormal protein accumulation, the major molecular symptom of aging. The slowed rate of protein synthesis may also alter protein folding, which could also alter polypeptide susceptibility to oxidative attack. MetR will also increase lysosomal proteolysis, including autophagy of dysfunctional mitochondria, and promote mitogenesis. MetR may decrease synthesis of S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM), which could decrease spontaneous O(6)-methylguanine formation in DNA. However decreased SAM may compromise repair of protein isoaspartate residues by protein-isoaspartate methyltransferase (PIMT). Changes in SAM levels may also affect gene silencing. All the above may help explain, at least in part, the beneficial effects of MetR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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22
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Ding Q, Dimayuga E, Keller JN. Oxidative stress alters neuronal RNA- and protein-synthesis: Implications for neural viability. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:903-10. [PMID: 17654047 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701416996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that impaired protein synthesis occurs in several neurodegenerative conditions associated with oxidative stress. Studies have also demonstrated that administration of oxidative stressors is sufficient to impair different and discrete regulatory aspects of protein synthesis in neural cells, with the majority of these studies focused on the effects of oxidative stressors towards initiation factors. Currently, little is known with regards to oxidative stress effects on the rates of RNA- and protein-synthesis, or the relationship between oxidant-induced impairments in RNA-/protein-synthesis to subsequent neuron death. In the present study, we demonstrate that administration of an oxidative stressor (hydrogen peroxide) induces a significant and time-dependent decrease in both RNA- and protein-synthesis in primary neurons and neural SH-SY5Y cells. Increases in RNA oxidation and disruption of ribosome complexes were selectively observed following the longer durations of oxidant exposure. Significant correlations between the loss of RNA- and protein-synthesis and the amount of oxidant-induced neuron death were also observed. Interestingly, the addition of a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) did not significantly alter the amount of neuron death induced by the oxidative stressor. These data demonstrate that oxidant exposure promotes a time-dependent decrease in both RNA- and protein-synthesis in neurons, and demonstrate a role for elevations in RNA oxidation and ribosome dysfunction as potential mediators of impaired protein synthesis. These data also suggest that there is a complex relationship between the ability of oxidative stressors to modulate RNA- and protein-synthesis, and the ability of oxidative stressors to ultimately induce neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunxing Ding
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
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23
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Argüelles S, Machado A, Ayala A. 'In vitro' protective effect of a hydrophilic vitamin E analogue on the decrease in levels of elongation factor 2 in conditions of oxidative stress. Gerontology 2007; 53:282-8. [PMID: 17510559 DOI: 10.1159/000102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein synthesis is inhibited by oxidative stress. Among the possible causes of this inhibition are the modifications of elongation factor 2 (eEF-2), the protein that catalyzes the translocation of the ribosome through mRNA. eEF-2 is extremely sensitive to oxidative stress caused mainly by lipid peroxidant compounds such as cumene hydroperoxide (CH). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the antioxidant Trolox prevents the effect of CH on the levels of hepatic eEF-2. METHODS The effect was determined in liver homogenates treated with both compounds. Lipid peroxides and carbonyl content were also measured. RESULTS The results show that Trolox at certain doses prevents the decrease in the level of eEF-2 caused by CH. CONCLUSION Under oxidative stress circumstances, vitamin E can prevent the effect of oxidations on relevant biological processes such as protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Argüelles
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Bromatología y Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
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24
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Hipkiss AR. On why decreasing protein synthesis can increase lifespan. Mech Ageing Dev 2007; 128:412-4. [PMID: 17452047 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An explanation is offered for the increased lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans when mRNA translation is inhibited due to loss of the initiation factor IFE-2 [Hansen, M., Taubert, T., Crawford, D., Libina, N., Lee, S.-J., Kenyon, C., 2007. Lifespan extension by conditions that inhibit translation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Ageing Cell 6, 95-110; Pan, K.Z., Palter, J.E., Rogers, A.N., Olsen, A., Chen, D., Lithgow, G.J., Kapahi, P., 2007. Inhibition of mRNA translation extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Ageing Cell 6, 111-119; Syntichaki, P., Troulinaki, K., Tavernarakis, N., 2007. eIF4E function in somatic cells modulates ageing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 445, 922-926]. It is suggested that the general reduction of protein synthesis, due to the decreased frequency of mRNA translation, also lowers the cellular load of erroneously synthesized polypeptides which the constitutive protein homeostatic apparatus (proteases and chaperones proteins) normally eliminates. This situation results in "spare" proteolytic and chaperone function which can then deal with those proteins modified post-synthetically, e.g. by oxidation and/or glycation, which are thought to contribute to the senescent phenotype. This increased availability of proteolytic and chaperone functions may thereby contribute to the observed increase in organism stress resistance and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Bart's and the London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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25
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Potamias G, Dermon CR. Protein synthesis profiling in the developing brain: a graph theoretic clustering approach. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2004; 76:115-129. [PMID: 15451161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mapping regional brain development in terms of protein synthesis (PS) activity yields insight on specific spatio-temporal ontogenetic patterns. The biosynthetic activity of an individual brain nucleus is represented as a time-series object, and clustering of time-series contributes to the problem of inducing indicative patterns of brain developmental events and forming respective PS chronological maps. Clustering analysis of PS chronological maps, in comparison with epigenetic influences of alpha2 adrenoceptors treatment, reveals relationships between distantly located brain structures. Clustering is performed with a novel graph theoretic clustering approach (GTC). The approach is based on the weighted graph arrangement of the input objects and the iterative partitioning of the corresponding minimum spanning tree. The final result is a hierarchical clustering-tree organization of the input objects. Application of GTC on the PS patterns in developing brain revealed five main clusters that correspond to respective brain development indicative profiles. The induced profiles confirm experimental findings, and provide evidence for further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Potamias
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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26
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Poyatos JF, Carnero A. Non-neutral role of replicative senescence in tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis. J Theor Biol 2004; 230:333-41. [PMID: 15302543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Normal somatic cells divide only a limited number of times reaching a state known as replicative senescence. This restraint in reproductive potential has been proposed as a mechanism evolved in higher eukaryotes to protect the organism from developing cancer. However, despite this protection there is a positive correlation between tumor incidence and organism aging when cells are potentially closer to their replication limit. We use simple mathematical models derived from quasispecies theory to analyse the role of senescence in various scenarios with different cell types according to their replicative capacity. The models predict that a situation with cells launching more often the senescence response plays against tissue homeostasis favoring tumor initiation. It is also shown that cancer cells arising early in organism life are more sensitive to genetic instabilities progressing less often toward tissue invasion. The passage of cells through crisis emerges as a mechanism to maintain tissue homeostasis that is weakened in aged individuals. The models introduced, though simple, help to integrate experimental information relating tumorigenesis with cellular and organism aging phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Poyatos
- Evolutionary Systems Biology Initiative, Structural and Computational Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029.
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27
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Takahashi R, Goto S. Dietary restriction initiated late in life can restore age-related changes in protein metabolism. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2004.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Goto S, Takahashi R, Nakamoto H. Aging and Oxidized Proteins: Generation and Degradation. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2004. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.35.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sataro Goto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Ryoya Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Hideko Nakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
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Kang MJ, Ahn HS, Lee JY, Matsuhashi S, Park WY. Up-regulation of PDCD4 in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:617-21. [PMID: 12054647 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) has a common MI domain sharing with death associated protein 5 (DAP5) and a component of eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF4G) complex and it might also work as a tumor suppressor. We could find that the message and product of Pdcd4 gene were up-regulated in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. In yeast two hybrid analysis, the C-terminal region of PDCD4 interacted with ribosomal protein S13 (RPS13), ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5), and TI-227H. In in vitro binding assay, RPS13, a component of 40S ribosome was stably bound to PDCD4. We also found that PDCD4 was localized to polysome fractions. We could pull out eIF4G with GST-PDCD4, but eIF4E did not interact with PDCD4. From these results, we could assume that PDCD4 might regulate the eIF4G-dependent translation through direct interactions with eIF4G and RPS13 in senescent fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Ilchun Molecular Medicine Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongondong, Chongnogu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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30
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Tamburro A, Allocati N, Masulli M, Rotilio D, Di Ilio C, Favaloro B. Bacterial peptide methionine sulphoxide reductase: co-induction with glutathione S-transferase during chemical stress conditions. Biochem J 2001; 360:675-81. [PMID: 11736659 PMCID: PMC1222272 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3600675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide methionine sulphoxide reductase (MsrA; EC 1.8.4.6) is a ubiquitous enzyme catalysing the reduction of methionine sulphoxide to methionine in proteins, while the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a major family of detoxification enzymes. A gene homologous to MsrA was identified in a chromosomal fragment from the bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi, and this gene is located just downstream of a GST gene identified previously (OaGST) [Favaloro, Tamburro, Angelucci, De Luca, Melino, Di Ilio and Rotilio (1998) Biochem. J. 335, 573-579]. This raises the question of whether the products of these two genes may be involved in a common cellular protection function. To test this hypothesis, the hypothetical MsrA protein has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a functional 51 kDa GST fusion protein. Following cleavage with thrombin and purification, the soluble 24 kDa protein showed MsrA activity with N-acetylmethionine sulphoxide as substrate, as well as with other sulphoxide compounds. Therefore polyclonal antibodies were raised against the recombinant protein, and the modulation of MsrA in this bacterium, grown in the presence of different stimulants simulating several stress conditions, was investigated. The level of expression of MsrA was detected both by measuring the mRNA level and by immunoblotting experiments, in addition to measuring its catalytic activity. MsrA is a constitutive enzyme which is also inducible by chemical stress involving phenolic compounds such as phenol and 4-chlorophenol. Recently we reported that the GST of this bacterium, like MsrA, is only modulated by toxic chemical compounds [Favaloro, Tamburro, Trofino, Bologna, Rotilio and Heipieper (2000) Biochem. J. 346, 553-559]; therefore this is the first indication of a co-induction of the MsrA and GST enzymes during chemical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tamburro
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, G. Paone Environmental Health Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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31
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Cynober L, Alix E, Arnaud-Battandier F, Bonnefoy M, Brocker P, Cals MJ, Cherbut C, Coplo C, Ferry M, Ghisolfi-Marque A, Kravtchenko T, Lesourd B, Mignot C, Patureau Mirand P. Apports nutritionnels conseillés chez la personne âgée. NUTR CLIN METAB 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(00)80002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Shinde U, Inouye M. Intramolecular chaperones: polypeptide extensions that modulate protein folding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2000; 11:35-44. [PMID: 10736262 DOI: 10.1006/scdb.1999.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins are synthesized as precursors in the form of pre-pro-proteins. While the pre-regions function as signal peptides that are involved in transport, the propeptides can often catalyze correct folding of their associated proteins. Such propeptides have been termed intramolecular chaperones. In cases where propeptides may not directly catalyze the folding reaction, it appears that they can facilitate processes such as structural organization and oligomerization, localization, sorting and modulation of enzymatic activity and stability of proteins. Based on the available literature it appears that propeptides may actually function as 'post-translational modulators' of protein structure and function. Propeptides can be classified into two broad categories: Class I propeptides that function as intramolecular chaperones and directly catalyze the folding reaction; and Class II propeptides that are not directly involved in folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Shinde
- Department of Biochemistry, UMDNJ-RWJMS, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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33
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Mukherjee S, Asaithambi A, Thakur MK. Sex steroids modulate the synthesis and phosphorylation of proteins in the brain cortex of aging mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1999; 111:13-22. [PMID: 10576604 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(99)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed the synthesis and phosphorylation of total cellular proteins and their modulation by sex steroids (testosterone and 17beta-estradiol) in the brain cortex of adult (25-28 weeks) and old (54-58 weeks) male and female AKR mice. The level of (35S) methionine incorporation in total proteins is comparatively higher in males than females. It declines significantly in older males but shows no difference with age in females. After gonadectomy, the extent of (35S) methionine incorporation decreases in adults but not in the old. The incorporation is induced remarkably by estradiol in males and by both sex steroids in females. Further analysis by fluorography shows several proteins, but only a few (66, 45 and 29 kDa) vary in levels significantly with age, sex and hormonal treatment. The data on phosphorylation of total cellular proteins by (32P) orthophosphate incorporation exhibit no age-dependent variation. However, it is reduced drastically by gonadectomy in adults. After the addition of testosterone, the extent of phosphorylation is enhanced significantly in adults but remains the same in the old of both sexes. Estradiol also increases this modification remarkably in males of both ages and adult females, but shows no effect in old females. These results suggest that both testosterone and estradiol modulate the synthesis and phosphorylation of brain cortex proteins in age- and sex-dependent manner. This leads to alterations in physiological activities of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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McIntire WE, Schey KL, Knapp DR, Hildebrandt JD. A major G protein alpha O isoform in bovine brain is deamidated at Asn346 and Asn347, residues involved in receptor coupling. Biochemistry 1998; 37:14651-8. [PMID: 9778339 DOI: 10.1021/bi981642q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural differences between two major forms of the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein GO were found to be due to deamidation of either of two Asn residues near the C-terminus of the proteins, in a region involved in receptor recognition. GO is the most abundant heterotrimeric G protein in mammalian brain. Two forms of the protein, GOA and GOB, are known to be generated by alternative splicing of a single GOalpha gene. A third isoform, alphaOC, represents about 1/3 of the alphaO protein in brain and is related to alphaOA, from which it is thought to be generated by protein modification. Mass spectrometry and chemical derivatization of tryptic fragments of the proteins were used to localize the structural difference between alphaOA and alphaOC to a C-terminal peptide. Sequence analysis of a C-terminal chymotryptic fragment both by ion trap mass spectrometry and by Edman degradation identified Asn346 and Asn347 of alphaOA as alternative deamidation sites in alphaOC. These structural differences have immediate implications for G protein function, as they occur in a conformationally sensitive part of the protein involved in receptor recognition and activation. Since Asn347 is a conserved residue present in most G protein alpha subunits outside the alphas family, these observations may have general significance for many G proteins. Deamidation may be a component of a novel process for modifying or adapting cellular responses mediated by G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E McIntire
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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35
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Keppler D, Sordat B, Sierra F. T-kininogen present in the liver of old rats is biologically active and readily forms complexes with endogenous cysteine proteinases. Mech Ageing Dev 1997; 98:151-65. [PMID: 9379711 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported an increase in T-kininogen mRNA levels in the liver of ageing Sprague-Dawley rats. T-Kininogen functions both as a precursor to the vasoactive peptide T-kinin, and as a potent and specific inhibitor of cysteine proteinases. Under normal physiological conditions, the majority of cysteine proteinases are found intracellularly and we have shown that a significant proportion of T-kininogen also accumulates intracellularly in the liver of old rats. Therefore, our aim was to determine whether or not this T-kininogen is biologically active as an inhibitor of cysteine proteases. Titration of whole liver extracts indicates that old rats do indeed contain a 4-fold higher level of cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity than younger counterparts. Using gel permeation chromatography in conjunction with an enzyme inhibitor assay, we show that this difference is mainly due to the presence of a low level of free biologically active T-kininogen. However, Western blot analysis of the gel permeation chromatography fractions demonstrate that most of the intrahepatic T-kininogen is found as enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Alkaline inactivation of the cysteine proteinase component of these complexes leads to the release of biologically competent free T-kininogen. These findings are discussed with regard to the possible mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of T-kininogen within the aged rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Keppler
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Ciorba MA, Heinemann SH, Weissbach H, Brot N, Hoshi T. Modulation of potassium channel function by methionine oxidation and reduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:9932-7. [PMID: 9275229 PMCID: PMC23300 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of amino acid residues in proteins can be caused by a variety of oxidizing agents normally produced by cells. The oxidation of methionine in proteins to methionine sulfoxide is implicated in aging as well as in pathological conditions, and it is a reversible reaction mediated by a ubiquitous enzyme, peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase. The reversibility of methionine oxidation suggests that it could act as a cellular regulatory mechanism although no such in vivo activity has been demonstrated. We show here that oxidation of a methionine residue in a voltage-dependent potassium channel modulates its inactivation. When this methionine residue is oxidized to methionine sulfoxide, the inactivation is disrupted, and it is reversed by coexpression with peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase. The results suggest that oxidation and reduction of methionine could play a dynamic role in the cellular signal transduction process in a variety of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ciorba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Bowen 5660, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gafni
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2007, USA
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Pintucci G, Quarto N, Rifkin DB. Methylation of high molecular weight fibroblast growth factor-2 determines post-translational increases in molecular weight and affects its intracellular distribution. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7:1249-58. [PMID: 8856668 PMCID: PMC275976 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.7.8.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high molecular weight (HMW) forms (24, 22.5, and 22 kDa) of basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) contain an N-terminal extension responsible for their predominantly nuclear localization. These forms of FGF-2 are post-translationally modified, resulting in a 1- to 2-kDa increase in apparent molecular mass. Here we show that this post-translational modification is inhibited by methionine starvation and by the methyltransferase inhibitors 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) and 3-deaza-adenosine. Inhibition of the methylation-dependent modification results in a significant decrease in HMW FGF-2 nuclear accumulation, suggesting that methylation is relevant to the intracellular distribution of these forms of FGF-2. Treatment with MTA does not affect either the synthesis or the intracellular fate of another nuclear protein, the SV40 large T antigen, demonstrating that this drug does not have a generalized effect on nuclear protein accumulation. These results link HMW FGF-2 post-translational modification to its intracellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pintucci
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
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39
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Abstract
Slowing down of bulk protein synthesis is one of the most commonly observed biochemical changes during aging. The implications and consequences of slower rates of protein synthesis are manifold, including a decrease in the availability of enzymes for the maintenance, repair, and normal metabolic functioning of the cell, an inefficient removal of inactive, abnormal, and damaged macromolecules in the cell, the inefficiency of the intracellular and intercellular signalling pathways, and a decrease in the production and secretion of hormones, antibodies, neurotransmitters, and the components of the extracellular matrix. Age-related changes in the activity, specificity, and stability of a large number of proteins have been reported. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for such alterations are still poorly understood. Studies on various components of the protein synthetic machinery have revealed a decline in the efficiency and accuracy of ribosomes, an increase in the levels of rRNA and tRNA, and a decrease in the amounts and activities of elongation factors. Because posttranslational modifications of proteins determine their activity and stability, alterations in the extent and level of various modifications such as phosphorylation, methylation, ADP-ribosylation, oxidation, glycation, and conformational changes during aging are being studied. Changes in the regulation of protein synthesis, posttranslational modifications, and protein turnover are crucial determinants of age-related decline in the maintenance, repair, and survival of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Rattan
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Guldenaar SE, Swabb DF. Estimation of oxytocin mRNA in the human paraventricular nucleus in AIDS by means of quantitative in situ hybridization. Brain Res 1995; 700:107-14. [PMID: 8624699 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00939-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a 40% reduction in the total of oxytocin immunoreactive neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in AIDS patients was reported. In the present study, we determined whether this decrease is associated with a diminished amount of oxytocin mRNA. We used in situ hybridization combined with densitometric image analysis for the quantitative assessment of oxytocin gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus of a group of AIDS patients (n=10) and a carefully matched control group (n=8). We found no significant difference (P=0.08) in the amount of oxytocin mRNA per total paraventricular nucleus between the two groups. In addition, no significant differences were found in the part of the volume of the paraventricular nucleus that was occupied by hybridized cells (P=0.12) or in the mean signal density (P=0.08). The findings do not support the hypothesis that the extensive decrease in oxytocin immunoreactive neurons of the paraventricular nucleus in AIDS is associated with a decrease in total oxytocin mRNA content in this nucleus. The data are compatible with the suggestion that in AIDS the biosynthesis of oxytocin is changed in an unknown way at the (post)transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Guldenaar
- Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Fabian TJ, Johnson TE. Total RNA, rRNA and poly(A)+RNA abundances during aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mech Ageing Dev 1995; 83:155-70. [PMID: 8583834 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(95)01605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This is the second in a series of studies in which we characterize gene expression at the level of RNA during aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we quantitatively analyzed total RNA, poly(A)+ RNA, and ribosomal RNA as a function of chronological age in two different strains (TJ1060 and TJ1061) having wild-type life spans and in a long-lived age-1 mutant strain (TJ1062). In addition, we compared the age-dependent abundance patterns of these RNAs in two different culture environments. Total RNA yield did not show a consistent pattern of age-related changes. However, total RNA yield was significantly higher in all three strains when grown on agar than when grown in liquid. In addition, total RNA yield was significantly lower from strain TJ1061 than from strain TJ1060 and TJ1062. Relative to total RNA, rRNA did not exhibit any consistent differences with age, strain or environment. Poly(A)+ RNA decreased by 23-43% in old animals from the long-lived strain and one of the wild-type strains, but was not changed in the second wild-type strain. In addition, control experiments to determine the amount of RNA contributed by E. coli bacteria (present in the nematode culture medium as a food source) suggest that the age-1 mutant strain has a lower bacterial infection rate, which may contribute to the increased life span of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Fabian
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder 80309-0447, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review recent progress and consider future approaches for basic research on aging with clinical applicability. DATA SOURCES Peer-reviewed publications on experimental gerontology and geriatrics. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Studies were selected that described experimental approaches in gerontology and geriatrics, starting with the evolutionary basis of aging, through theories trying to explain its major causes, to novel experimental approaches, e.g., computer informatics, protein chemistry and genetics. DATA SYNTHESIS Our increased understanding of the evolutionary basis of aging has made it possible to consider a number of experimental strategies more rationally. Most theories on the causes of aging involve some kind of somatic damage that accumulates with age, the rate of which is determined by environmental, genetic, and behavioral factors. The recent emergence of more powerful methodology offers new possibilities for identifying basic mechanisms of aging, which would increase our understanding of biologically based susceptibility to age-related health problems. CONCLUSIONS There is a growing awareness that age-related deterioration will affect an ever growing number of people, in both absolute and relative terms. It can be expected that this will further increase the resources that will be made available for research on aging. Although ultimately unavoidable, aging is a process that appears to be experimentally accessible. Therefore, the mechanisms of senescence and death may eventually be more completely understood, with the promise of preventing and/or delaying many of the adverse effects associated with aging, including most of the common diseases, and possibly also of extending lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vijg
- Division on Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Rattan
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Rattan SI. Chapter 10 Protein synthesis and regulation in eukaryotes. CELL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY: PART 1 1995. [PMCID: PMC7147887 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2582(06)80012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Teerlink T. Derivatization of posttranslationally modified amino acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 659:185-207. [PMID: 7820276 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
After a brief overview of posttranslational modifications of protein amino acids, the use of various derivatizing reagents for amino acid analysis is discussed. Derivatization and chromatographic separation of hydroxyproline, methylhistidine, and phosphorylated amino acids are discussed in detail to illustrate some of the strategies that can be applied to the analysis of posttranslationally modified amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Teerlink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Derventzi A, Rattan SI, Clark BF. Phorbol ester PMA stimulates protein synthesis and increases the levels of active elongation factors EF-1 alpha and EF-2 in ageing human fibroblasts. Mech Ageing Dev 1993; 69:193-205. [PMID: 8412369 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(93)90023-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phorbol esters modulate gene expression, reorganize the cytoskeleton and stimulate bulk protein synthesis and the steps of initiation and elongation. We have observed that a phorbol ester PMA stimulates protein synthesis and increases the amounts of active elongation factors, EF-1 alpha and EF-2 in cultured human fibroblasts MRC-5 undergoing ageing. Although bulk protein synthesis slows down during ageing, the cellular response to the stimulatory effects of PMA is higher in senescent cells. Similarly, despite the age-related decline in the amounts of active EF-1 alpha and EF-2, senescent cells exhibit a higher response to PMA. The results indicate an age-dependent increase of cellular responsiveness to PMA and provide evidence about both the integrity of the translational apparatus and the effectiveness of the signal transduction pathways during cellular ageing. In comparison, the effects of PMA on SV40-transformed MRC-5V2 cells were minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Derventzi
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark
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