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Dehdilani N, Taemeh SY, Goshayeshi L, Dehghani H. Genetically engineered birds; pre-CRISPR and CRISPR era. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:24-46. [PMID: 34668968 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating biopharmaceuticals in genetically engineered bioreactors continues to reign supreme. Hence, genetically engineered birds have attracted considerable attention from the biopharmaceutical industry. Fairly recent genome engineering methods have made genome manipulation an easy and affordable task. In this review, we first provide a broad overview of the approaches and main impediments ahead of generating efficient and reliable genetically engineered birds, and various factors that affect the fate of a transgene. This section provides an essential background for the rest of the review, in which we discuss and compare different genome manipulation methods in the pre-CRISPR and CRISPR era in the field of avian genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Dehdilani
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Yousefi Taemeh
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lena Goshayeshi
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Oue M, Handa H, Matsuzaki Y, Suzue K, Murakami H, Hirai H. The murine stem cell virus promoter drives correlated transgene expression in the leukocytes and cerebellar Purkinje cells of transgenic mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51015. [PMID: 23226450 PMCID: PMC3511439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine stem cell virus (MSCV) promoter exhibits activity in mouse hematopoietic cells and embryonic stem cells. We generated transgenic mice that expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the MSCV promoter. We obtained 12 transgenic founder mice through 2 independent experiments and found that the bodies of 9 of the founder neonates emitted different levels of GFP fluorescence. Flow cytometric analysis of circulating leukocytes revealed that the frequency of GFP-labeled leukocytes among white blood cells ranged from 1.6% to 47.5% across the 12 transgenic mice. The bodies of 9 founder transgenic mice showed various levels of GFP expression. GFP fluorescence was consistently observed in the cerebellum, with faint or almost no fluorescence in other brain regions. In the cerebellum, 10 founders exhibited GFP expression in Purkinje cells at frequencies of 3% to 76%. Of these, 4 mice showed Purkinje cell-specific expression, while 4 and 2 mice expressed GFP in the Bergmann glia and endothelial cells, respectively. The intensity of the GFP fluorescence in the body was relative to the proportion of GFP-positive leukocytes. Moreover, the frequency of the GFP-expressing leukocytes was significantly correlated with the frequency of GFP-expressing Purkinje cells. These results suggest that the MSCV promoter is useful for preferentially expressing a transgene in Purkinje cells. In addition, the proportion of transduced leukocytes in the peripheral circulation reflects the expression level of the transgene in Purkinje cells, which can be used as a way to monitor transgene expression properties in the cerebellum without invasive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Oue
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Parasitology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Murakami
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Pushing the envelope of retinal ganglion cell genesis: context dependent function of Math5 (Atoh7). Dev Biol 2012; 368:214-30. [PMID: 22609278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The basic-helix-loop helix factor Math5 (Atoh7) is required for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) development. However, only 10% of Math5-expressing cells adopt the RGC fate, and most become photoreceptors. In principle, Math5 may actively bias progenitors towards RGC fate or passively confer competence to respond to instructive factors. To distinguish these mechanisms, we misexpressed Math5 in a wide population of precursors using a Crx BAC or 2.4 kb promoter, and followed cell fates with Cre recombinase. In mice, the Crx cone-rod homeobox gene and Math5 are expressed shortly after cell cycle exit, in temporally distinct, but overlapping populations of neurogenic cells that give rise to 85% and 3% of the adult retina, respectively. The Crx>Math5 transgenes did not stimulate RGC fate or alter the timing of RGC births. Likewise, retroviral Math5 overexpression in retinal explants did not bias progenitors towards the RGC fate or induce cell cycle exit. The Crx>Math5 transgene did reduce the abundance of early-born (E15.5) photoreceptors two-fold, suggesting a limited cell fate shift. Nonetheless, retinal histology was grossly normal, despite widespread persistent Math5 expression. In an RGC-deficient (Math5 knockout) environment, Crx>Math5 partially rescued RGC and optic nerve development, but the temporal envelope of RGC births was not extended. The number of early-born RGCs (before E13) remained very low, and this was correlated with axon pathfinding defects and cell death. Together, these results suggest that Math5 is not sufficient to stimulate RGC fate. Our findings highlight the robust homeostatic mechanisms, and role of pioneering neurons in RGC development.
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Johansson ÅC, Nandakumar KS, Persson AM, Olsson I, Hansson M. Secretory lysosome targeting and induced secretion of human soluble TNF-α receptor in murine hematopoietic cells in vivo as a principle for immunoregulation in inflammation and malignancy. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:969-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The zinc finger protein growth factor independent-1 (Gfi1) is a transcriptional repressor that is critically required for normal granulocytic differentiation. GFI1 loss-of-function mutations are found in some patients with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN). The SCN-associated GFI1-mutant proteins act as dominant negatives to block granulopoiesis through selective deregulation of a subset of GFI1 target genes. Here we show that Gfi1 is a master regulator of microRNAs, and that deregulated expression of these microRNAs recapitulates a Gfi1 loss-of-function block to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-stimulated granulopoiesis. Specifically, bone marrow cells from a GFI1-mutant SCN patient and Gfi1(-/-) mice display deregulated expression of miR-21 and miR-196B expression. Flow cytometric analysis and colony assays reveal that the overexpression or depletion of either miR induces changes in myeloid development. However, coexpression of miR-21 and miR-196b (as seen in Gfi1(-/-) mice and a GFI1N382S SCN patient) completely blocks G-CSF-induced granulopoiesis. Thus, our results not only identify microRNAs whose regulation is required during myelopoiesis, but also provide an example of synergy in microRNA biologic activity and illustrate potential mechanisms underlying SCN disease pathogenesis.
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Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry using vectors expressing a multimeric hammerhead ribozyme targeting the CCR5 mRNA. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2252-2261. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rz1–7is a multimeric hammerhead ribozyme targeting seven unique sites within the human CCR5 mRNA that is activein vitro. Mouse stem cell virus-based MGIN and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-based HEG1 vectors were used to express Rz1–7in a human CD4+T lymphoid cell line. Stable transductants expressed Rz1–7, which was further shown to be active, since CCR5 mRNA and surface CCR5 protein expression levels decreased. High levels of progeny virus were produced when the transduced cells were challenged with an X4-tropic HIV-1 (NL4-3) strain, suggesting that Rz1–7expression does not affect X4-tropic virus replication. When the transduced cells expressing Rz1–7were challenged with the R5-tropic HIV-1 (BaL) strain, 99–100 % inhibition of progeny virus production was observed for the duration of the experiment (∼2 months). When the cells were precultured for 2–3 months prior to HIV-1 infection, inhibition was more prominent in cells transduced with MGIN-Rz1–7than with HEG1-Rz1–7. Inhibition occurred at the level of viral entry, as no HIV-1 DNA could be detected. These results demonstrate that Rz1–7confers excellent inhibition of R5-tropic HIV-1 replication at the level of entry. Therefore, we anticipate that this multimeric ribozyme will be beneficial for HIV-1 gene therapy.
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Baum KJ, Ren R. Effect of Ras inhibition in hematopoiesis and BCR/ABL leukemogenesis. J Hematol Oncol 2008; 1:5. [PMID: 18577264 PMCID: PMC2438443 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras small GTPases are activated in many hematopoietic growth factor signaling and in hematological malignancies, but their role in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis is not completely known. Here we examined the effect of Ras inhibition by a dominant negative mutant of Ras, N17 H-Ras, in adult hematopoiesis and in BCR/ABL leukemogenesis using the mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation approach. We found that N17 H-Ras expression suppressed B- and T-lymphopoiesis and erythropoiesis. Interestingly, N17 H-Ras did not suppress myelopoiesis in the bone marrow, yet it greatly attenuated BCR/ABL-induced chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)-like myeloproliferative disease. Most BCR/ABL + N17 H-Ras mice eventually developed pro-B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL). These results suggest that Ras activation is essential for the development of lymphoid and erythroid cells but not myeloid cells and that Ras is a critical target of BCR/ABL in the pathogenesis of CML, but not B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Baum
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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Zarebski A, Velu CS, Baktula AM, Bourdeau T, Horman SR, Basu S, Bertolone SJ, Horwitz M, Hildeman DA, Trent JO, Grimes HL. Mutations in growth factor independent-1 associated with human neutropenia block murine granulopoiesis through colony stimulating factor-1. Immunity 2008; 28:370-80. [PMID: 18328744 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is characterized by a deficiency of mature neutrophils, leading to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Although mutations in Elastase-2, neutrophil (ELA2) predominate in human SCN, mutation of Ela2 in mice does not recapitulate SCN. The growth factor independent-1 (GFI1) transcription factor regulates ELA2. Mutations in GFI1 are associated with human SCN, and genetic deletion of Gfi1 results in murine neutropenia. We examined whether human SCN-associated GFI1N382S mutant proteins are causal in SCN and found that GFI1 functions as a rate-limiting granulopoietic molecular switch. The N382S mutation inhibited GFI1 DNA binding and resulted in a dominant-negative block to murine granulopoiesis. Moreover, Gfi1N382S selectively derepressed the monopoietic cytokine CSF1 and its receptor. Gfi1N382S-expressing Csf1-/- cells formed neutrophils. These results reveal a common transcriptional program that underlies both human and murine myelopoiesis, and that is central to the pathogenesis of SCN associated with mutations in GFI1. This shared transcriptional pathway may provide new avenues for understanding SCN caused by mutations in other genes and for clinical intervention into human neutropenias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Zarebski
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Koch P, Siemen H, Biegler A, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Brüstle O. Transduction of human embryonic stem cells by ecotropic retroviral vectors. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:e120. [PMID: 16998181 PMCID: PMC1636442 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The steadily increasing availability of human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines has created strong interest in applying available tools for gene transfer in murine cells to human systems. Here we present a method for the transduction of hES cells with ecotropic retroviral vectors. hES cells were transiently transfected with a construct carrying the murine retrovirus receptor mCAT1. Subsequently, the cells were exposed to replication-deficient Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) derivatives or pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. With oncoretroviral vectors, this procedure yields overall transduction efficiencies of up to 20% and permits selection of permanently transduced clones with high frequency. Selected clones maintained expression of pluripotency-associated markers and exhibited multi-germ layer differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. HES cell-derived somatic cells including neural progeny maintained high levels of transgene expression. Lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the MoMuLV envelope could be introduced in the same manner with efficiencies of up to 33%. Transgene expression of lentivirally transduced hES cells remained permanent after differentiation even without selection pressure. Bypassing the regulatory issues associated with the use of amphotropic retroviral systems and exploiting the large pool of existing murine vectors, this method provides a safe and versatile tool for gene transfer and lineage analysis in hES cells and their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Brüstle
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. Tel: +49 228 6885 500; Fax: +49 228 6885 501;
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Miething C, Feihl S, Mugler C, Grundler R, von Bubnoff N, Lordick F, Peschel C, Duyster J. The Bcr-Abl mutations T315I and Y253H do not confer a growth advantage in the absence of imatinib. Leukemia 2006; 20:650-7. [PMID: 16482207 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Bcr-Abl kinase domain are a frequent cause of imatinib resistance in patients with advanced CML or Ph+ ALL. The impact of these mutations on the overall oncogenic potential of Bcr-Abl and on the clinical course of the disease in the absence of imatinib is presently unclear. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the Bcr-Abl P-loop mutation Y253H and the highly imatinib resistant T315I mutation on kinase activity in vitro and transforming efficiency of Bcr-Abl in vitro and in vivo. Immunoprecipitated Bcr-AblY253H and Bcr-AblT315I proteins displayed similar kinase activities and substrate phosphorylation patterns as Bcr-Abl wildtype. We directly compared the proliferative capacity of mutant to wildtype Bcr-Abl in primary BM cells in vitro and in a murine transplantation model of CML by using a competitive repopulation assay. The results implicate that in the absence of imatinib, there is no growth advantage for cells carrying Bcr-AblT315I or Bcr-AblY253H compared to Bcr-Ablwt, whereas imatinib treatment clearly selects for leukemic cells expressing mutant Bcr-Abl both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the analysed Bcr-Abl mutants confer imatinib resistance, but do not induce a growth advantage in the absence of imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Miething
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr, Munich, Germany
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Carella C, Potter M, Bonten J, Rehg JE, Neale G, Grosveld GC. The ETS factor TEL2 is a hematopoietic oncoprotein. Blood 2006; 107:1124-32. [PMID: 16234363 PMCID: PMC1895909 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TEL2/ETV7 is highly homologous to the ETS transcription factor TEL/ETV6, a frequent target of chromosome translocation in human leukemia. Although both proteins are transcriptional inhibitors binding similar DNA recognition sequences, they have opposite biologic effects: TEL inhibits proliferation while TEL2 promotes it. In addition, forced expression of TEL2 but not TEL blocks vitamin D3-induced differentiation of U937 and HL60 myeloid cells. TEL2 is expressed in the hematopoietic system, and its expression is up-regulated in bone marrow samples of some patients with leukemia, suggesting a role in oncogenesis. Recently we also showed that TEL2 cooperates with Myc in B lymphomagenesis in mice. Here we show that forced expression of TEL2 alone in mouse bone marrow causes a myeloproliferative disease with a long latency period but with high penetrance. This suggested that secondary mutations are necessary for disease development. Treating mice receiving transplants with TEL2-expressing bone marrow with the chemical carcinogen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) resulted in significantly accelerated disease onset. Although the mice developed a GFP-positive myeloid disease with 30% of the mice showing elevated white blood counts, they all died of T-cell lymphoma, which was GFP negative. Together our data identify TEL2 as a bona fide oncogene, but leukemic transformation is dependent on secondary mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Carella
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Shafarenko M, Liebermann DA, Hoffman B. Egr-1 abrogates the block imparted by c-Myc on terminal M1 myeloid differentiation. Blood 2005; 106:871-8. [PMID: 15840692 PMCID: PMC1895156 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-08-3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both deregulated growth and blocks in differentiation cooperate in the multistage process of leukemogenesis. Thus, understanding functional interactions between genes that regulate normal blood cell development, including cell growth and differentiation, and how their altered expression contributes to leukemia, is important for rational drug design. Previously, we have shown that the zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 plays a role in monocytic differentiation. Ectopic expression of Egr-1 in M1 myeloblastic leukemia cells was observed to activate the macrophage differentiation program in the absence of the differentiation inducer interleukin 6 (IL-6) and to promote terminal differentiation in its presence. In addition, we have shown that deregulated expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc blocks the myeloid terminal differentiation program. Here we show that restoring expression of Egr-1 in M1 cells that express deregulated c-Myc abrogates the c-Myc block in terminal differentiation, resulting in cells that undergo functional macrophage maturation. However, there is an absence of both growth arrest and cell adhesion. In addition, Egr-1 expression diminished M1myc leukemogenicity in vivo. These findings indicate that Egr-1 can act as a tumor suppressor gene and suggest that Egr-1 or Egr-1 targets may provide important tools for differentiation therapy in certain leukemic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Shafarenko
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Abstract
Imatinib, a potent inhibitor of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL, has shown remarkable clinical activity in patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). However, this drug does not completely eradicate BCR-ABL-expressing cells from the body, and resistance to imatinib emerges. Although BCR-ABL remains an attractive therapeutic target, it is important to identify other components involved in CML pathogenesis to overcome this resistance. What have clinical trials of imatinib and studies using mouse models for BCR-ABL leukaemogenesis taught us about the functions of BCR-ABL beyond its kinase activity, and how these functions contribute to CML pathogenesis?
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Mice
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibao Ren
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, MS029, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
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Shafarenko M, Amanullah A, Gregory B, Liebermann DA, Hoffman B. Fos modulates myeloid cell survival and differentiation and partially abrogates the c-Myc block in terminal myeloid differentiation. Blood 2004; 103:4259-67. [PMID: 14982872 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-09-2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that Fos/Jun transcription factor complexes function as positive modulators of myeloid differentiation. Fos, which is stably induced during normal myeloid differentiation, is not induced upon differentiation of M1 myeloblastic leukemia cells. Establishing M1 cells that express a β-estradiol-conditional FosER chimera, we show that in the absence of the differentiation inducer interleukin-6 (IL-6), Fos expression in M1 myeloblasts promoted apoptotic cell death, entailing cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation. In contrast, in the presence of IL-6, Fos-mediated apoptosis was abrogated, and Fos promoted terminal differentiation, increasing the sensitivity of M1 cells to be induced for differentiation by IL-6. Fos-mediated apoptosis was accelerated by deregulated c-Myc. Furthermore, restoring Fos expression in M1 partially abrogated the block imparted by deregulated c-Myc on the myeloid differentiation program, increased the sensitivity of the cells to be induced for differentiation, and curtailed their leukemic phenotype. These data provide evidence that Fos/Jun transcription factor complexes play a role in modulating both myeloid cell survival and differentiation and suggest that genetic lesions that alter Fos expression may cooperate with deregulated c-Myc in leukemogenesis. (Blood. 2004;103:4259-4267)
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Shafarenko
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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15
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Witt CM, Hurez V, Swindle CS, Hamada Y, Klug CA. Activated Notch2 potentiates CD8 lineage maturation and promotes the selective development of B1 B cells. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:8637-50. [PMID: 14612407 PMCID: PMC262652 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.23.8637-8650.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies have shown that the Notch2 family member is critical for embryonic development, little is known concerning its role in hematopoiesis. In this study, we show that the effects of an activated form of Notch2 (N2IC) on the T-cell lineage are dosage related. High-level expression of N2IC results in the development of T-cell leukemias. In contrast, lower-level expression of N2IC does not lead to transformation but skews thymocyte development to the CD8 lineage. Underlying this skew is a dramatic enhancement in positive selection and CD8SP maturation. N2IC permits early B-cell development but blocks the maturation of conventional B2 cells at the pre-B stage, which is the limit of endogenous Notch2 protein expression in developing B cells. Most strikingly, while B2 B cell development is blocked at the pre-B-cell stage, N2IC promotes the selective development of LPS-responsive B1 B cells. This study implicates a role for Notch2 in the maturation of the CD8 lineage and suggests a novel function for Notch2 in the development of the B1 B-cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Witt
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3300, USA
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Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a complex disease that impinges on stem cell biology, the regulation of blood lineage determination and/or selection, as well as the overall regulation of hematopoietic cell proliferation, survival, adhesion and migration. Establishment of murine models for CML in recent years has enabled experimental analyses of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CML at the organismal level. This review summarizes the approaches used to develop murine models for CML and the analyses of the roles of functional domains and downstream signaling pathways of BCR-ABL (an oncoprotein generated by the t(9;22)(q34;ql1) translocation found in CML patients) and the roles of related tyrosine kinase oncoproteins, altered cytokine production and oncogene cooperation in the pathogenesis of CML-like disease using murine models. These in vivo studies of leukemogenesis will help to advance therapies for CML, as well as to understand fundamental rules of leukemogenesis and hematopoiesis, which should contribute in turn to the development of therapies for other related diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- src Homology Domains
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Dierov J, Xu Q, Dierova R, Carroll M. TEL/platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta activates phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase and requires PI3 kinase to regulate the cell cycle. Blood 2002; 99:1758-65. [PMID: 11861293 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.5.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TEL/platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGF beta R) is the protein product of the t(5;12) translocation in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. TEL/PDGF beta R transforms interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent Ba/F3 and 32D cells to IL-3 independence and induces a murine myeloproliferative disease in a bone marrow transplantation model of leukemogenesis. The fusion protein encodes a constitutively activated, cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that activates multiple signal transduction pathways. To identify the signaling pathways that are necessary for transformation by TEL/PDGF beta R, transformed Ba/F3 and 32D cells were studied. TEL/PDGF beta R activates the kinase activity of phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase and stimulates phosphorylation of its downstream substrates, including Akt and p70S6 kinase. Activation of this pathway requires the kinase activity of TEL/PDGF beta R and is inhibited by the PDGF beta R inhibitor, STI571. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3 kinase with the pharmacologic inhibitor, LY294002, inhibits growth of the transformed cells. Treated cells arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle within 16 hours but do not undergo apoptosis. To study the mechanism of cell cycle arrest by LY294002, the activity of the cdk4 complex, which regulates the transit of cells from the G1 to S phase in hematopoietic cells, was examined. Both STI571 and LY294002 lead to a decrease in the activity of cdk4 kinase activity and a decrease in expression of both Cyclin D2 and Cyclin E within several hours. These studies demonstrate the presence of a signaling pathway from TEL/PDGF beta R to PI3 kinase and subsequently to regulation of the cdk4 kinase complex. Activation of this pathway is necessary for transformation by TEL/PDGF beta R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Dierov
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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18
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Svedberg H, Richter J, Gullberg U. Forced expression of the Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) gene inhibits proliferation of human hematopoietic CD34(+) progenitor cells. Leukemia 2001; 15:1914-22. [PMID: 11753613 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2000] [Accepted: 08/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Wilms tumor gene (WT1) encodes a zinc-finger containing transcription factor present in primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. WT1 is also highly expressed in most cases of acute myeloid leukemia. Moreover, WT1 can interfere with induced differentiation of leukemic cell lines. These data suggest a function of WT1 in the maintenance of a primitive phenotype and a role in leukemogenesis by interfering with differentiation, prompting us to investigate its function in human hematopoietic progenitor cells. By retroviral transfer, human CD34(+) cord blood progenitor cells were transduced with a vector encoding either of two splicing variants of WT1, with or without the KTS insert in the zinc-finger domain, linked to expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) via an internal ribosomal entry site. When compared to cells transduced with vector containing GFP only, WT1 expressing cells showed strongly reduced colony formation in methylcellulose and inhibited proliferation in suspension culture, with no apparent reduction in viability. Cell cycle phase distribution was not affected by WT1 expression. No signs of impaired differentiation, as judged by the surface markers CD11b, CD14 and glycophorin were detected. In contrast to the results with human CD34(+) progenitor cells, the proliferation of murine bone marrow cells was not significantly affected by WT1, consistent with previous data. We conclude that forced expression of WT1 in highly enriched human hematopoietic progenitor cells leads to strong anti-proliferative effects but is compatible with induced maturation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Svedberg
- Department of Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Deregulated E2F-1 blocks terminal differentiation and loss of leukemogenicity of M1 myeloblastic leukemia cells without abrogating induction of p15INK4B and p16INK4A. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.2.475.014k38_475_482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F-1 has been postulated to play a crucial role in the control of cell cycle progression because of its ability to be bound and regulated by the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb). Exogenous expression of E2F-1, under growth restrictive conditions, was shown to result in p53-dependent programmed cell death. The consequences of deregulated expression of E2F-1 on terminal differentiation of hematopoietic cells in the absence of E2F-1–mediated apoptosis, as well as mechanistic insights into how deregulated E2F-1 may affect terminal differentiation, have not been established. The autonomously proliferating M1 myeloblastic leukemia cell line, which is null for p53 expression and can be induced by interleukin-6 (IL-6) to undergo terminal macrophage differentiation with concomitant loss of leukemogenicity, provides a particularly attractive model system to address these issues. Deregulated and continued expression of E2F-1 blocked the IL-6–induced terminal differentiation program at an early blast stage, giving rise to immature cells, which continued to proliferate without undergoing apoptosis and retained their leukemogenic phenotype. Although E2F-1 blocked IL-6–mediated terminal differentiation and its associated growth arrest, it did not prevent the rapid induction of both p15INK4B and p16INK4A, inhibition of cdk4 kinase activity, and subsequent hypophosphorylation of pRb. The results obtained imply that genetic alterations that both impair p53 function and deregulate E2F-1 expression may render hematopoietic cells refractory to the induction of differentiation and are, thereby, likely to play a major role in the progression of leukemias.
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Deregulated E2F-1 blocks terminal differentiation and loss of leukemogenicity of M1 myeloblastic leukemia cells without abrogating induction of p15INK4B and p16INK4A. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.2.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe transcription factor E2F-1 has been postulated to play a crucial role in the control of cell cycle progression because of its ability to be bound and regulated by the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb). Exogenous expression of E2F-1, under growth restrictive conditions, was shown to result in p53-dependent programmed cell death. The consequences of deregulated expression of E2F-1 on terminal differentiation of hematopoietic cells in the absence of E2F-1–mediated apoptosis, as well as mechanistic insights into how deregulated E2F-1 may affect terminal differentiation, have not been established. The autonomously proliferating M1 myeloblastic leukemia cell line, which is null for p53 expression and can be induced by interleukin-6 (IL-6) to undergo terminal macrophage differentiation with concomitant loss of leukemogenicity, provides a particularly attractive model system to address these issues. Deregulated and continued expression of E2F-1 blocked the IL-6–induced terminal differentiation program at an early blast stage, giving rise to immature cells, which continued to proliferate without undergoing apoptosis and retained their leukemogenic phenotype. Although E2F-1 blocked IL-6–mediated terminal differentiation and its associated growth arrest, it did not prevent the rapid induction of both p15INK4B and p16INK4A, inhibition of cdk4 kinase activity, and subsequent hypophosphorylation of pRb. The results obtained imply that genetic alterations that both impair p53 function and deregulate E2F-1 expression may render hematopoietic cells refractory to the induction of differentiation and are, thereby, likely to play a major role in the progression of leukemias.
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21
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Amanullah A, Liebermann DA, Hoffman B. p53-independent apoptosis associated with c-Myc-mediated block in myeloid cell differentiation. Oncogene 2000; 19:2967-77. [PMID: 10871848 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that deregulated expression of c-myc in M1 myeloid leukemic cells blocked IL-6-induced differentiation and its associated growth arrest; however, the cells proliferated at a significantly reduced rate compared to untreated cells. The basis for the increased doubling time of IL-6-treated M1myc cells was found to be due to the induction of a p53-independent apoptotic pathway. The apoptotic response was not completely penetrant; in the same population of cells both proliferation and apoptosis were continuously ongoing. Down-regulation of Bcl-2 was insufficient to account for the apoptotic response, since deregulated expression of Bcl-2 delayed, but did not block, the onset of apoptosis. Furthermore, our results indicated that the IL-6-induced partial hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb), observed in M1myc cells, was not responsible for the apoptotic response. Finally, the findings in M1 cells were extended to myeloid cells derived from the bone marrow of wild type and p53-deficient mice, where the deregulated expression of c-myc was also shown to block terminal differentiation and induce apoptosis independent of p53. These findings provide new insights into how myc participates in the neoplastic process, and how additional mutations can promote more aggressive tumors. Oncogene (2000) 19, 2967 - 2977
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amanullah
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19140, USA
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Gordon MS, Kato RM, Lansigan F, Thompson AA, Wall R, Rawlings DJ. Aberrant B cell receptor signaling from B29 (Igbeta, CD79b) gene mutations of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:5504-9. [PMID: 10792036 PMCID: PMC25858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.090087097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells characteristically exhibit low or undetectable surface B cell receptor (BCR) and diminished responses to BCR-mediated signaling. These features suggest that CLL cells may have sustained mutations affecting one or more of the BCR proteins required for receptor surface assembly and signal transduction. Loss of expression and mutations in the critical BCR protein B29 (Igbeta, CD79b), are prevalent in CLL and could produce the hallmark features of these leukemic B cells. Because patient CLL cells are intractable to manipulation, we developed a model system to analyze B29 mutations. Jurkat T cells stably expressing micro, kappa, and mb1 efficiently assembled a functional BCR when infected with recombinant vaccinia virus bearing wild-type B29. In contrast, a B29 CLL mutant protein truncated in the transmembrane domain did not associate with mu or mb1 at the cell surface. Another B29 CLL mutant lacking the C-terminal immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif tyrosine and distal residues brought the receptor to the surface as well as wild-type B29 but showed significant impairment in anti-IgM-stimulated signaling events including mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. These findings demonstrate that B29 mutations previously identified in CLL patients can affect BCR-dependent signaling and may contribute to the unresponsive B cell phenotype in CLL. Finally, the features of the B29 mutations in CLL predict that they may be generated by somatic hypermutation.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD79 Antigens
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Gordon
- Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Microbiology, Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Gene Marking and the Biology of Hematopoietic Cell Transfer in Human Clinical Trials. BLOOD CELL BIOCHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4889-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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